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Corrigan TS, Lotti Diaz LM, Border SE, Ratigan SC, Kasper KQ, Sojka D, Fajtova P, Caffrey CR, Salvesen GS, McElroy CA, Hadad CM, Doğan Ekici Ö. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of aza-peptide aldehydes and ketones as novel and selective protease inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1387-1402. [PMID: 32633155 PMCID: PMC7470110 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1781107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aza-peptide aldehydes and ketones are a new class of reversible protease inhibitors that are specific for the proteasome and clan CD cysteine proteases. We designed and synthesised aza-Leu derivatives that were specific for the chymotrypsin-like active site of the proteasome, aza-Asp derivatives that were effective inhibitors of caspases-3 and -6, and aza-Asn derivatives that inhibited S. mansoni and I. ricinus legumains. The crystal structure of caspase-3 in complex with our caspase-specific aza-peptide methyl ketone inhibitor with an aza-Asp residue at P1 revealed a covalent linkage between the inhibitor carbonyl carbon and the active site cysteinyl sulphur. Aza-peptide aldehydes and ketones showed no cross-reactivity towards cathepsin B or chymotrypsin. The initial in vitro selectivity of these inhibitors makes them suitable candidates for further development into therapeutic agents to potentially treat multiple myeloma, neurodegenerative diseases, and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Corrigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leilani M Lotti Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah E Border
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven C Ratigan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kayla Q Kasper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fajtova
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Özlem Doğan Ekici
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University at Newark, Newark, OH, USA
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2
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Know your enemy - transcriptome of myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae reveals potential drug targets against proliferative kidney disease in salmonids. Parasitology 2021; 148:726-739. [PMID: 33478602 PMCID: PMC8056827 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a widely spread endoparasite that causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonid fish. We developed an in silico pipeline to separate transcripts of T. bryosalmonae from the kidney tissue of its natural vertebrate host, brown trout (Salmo trutta). After stringent filtering, we constructed a partial transcriptome assembly T. bryosalmonae, comprising 3427 transcripts. Based on homology-restricted searches of the assembled parasite transcriptome and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) proteome, we identified four protein targets (Endoglycoceramidase, Legumain-like protease, Carbonic anhydrase 2, Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2) for the development of anti-parasitic drugs against T. bryosalmonae. Earlier work of these proteins on parasitic protists and helminths suggests that the identified anti-parasitic drug targets represent promising chemotherapeutic candidates also against T. bryosalmonae, and strengthen the view that the known inhibitors can be effective in evolutionarily distant organisms. In addition, we identified differentially expressed T. bryosalmonae genes between moderately and severely infected fish, indicating an increased abundance of T. bryosalmonae sporogonic stages in fish with low parasite load. In conclusion, this study paves the way for future genomic research in T. bryosalmonae and represents an important step towards the development of effective drugs against PKD.
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Lorenzo MA, Gauna AN, Herrera J, Bermúdez H, Losada S, Noya O, Serrano ML. In silico modeling and structural analysis of asparaginyl endopeptidase of schistosoma mansoni (Sm32): Immunological and drug target implications. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 78:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Structure and function of legumain in health and disease. Biochimie 2015; 122:126-50. [PMID: 26403494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The last years have seen a steady increase in our understanding of legumain biology that is driven from two largely uncoupled research arenas, the mammalian and the plant legumain field. Research on legumain, which is also referred to as asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) or vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), is slivered, however. Here we summarise recent important findings and put them into a common perspective. Legumain is usually associated with its cysteine endopeptidase activity in lysosomes where it contributes to antigen processing for class II MHC presentation. However, newly recognized functions disperse previously assumed boundaries with respect to their cellular compartmentalisation and enzymatic activities. Legumain is also found extracellularly and even translocates to the cytosol and the nucleus, with seemingly incompatible pH and redox potential. These different milieus translate into changes of legumain's molecular properties, including its (auto-)activation, conformational stability and enzymatic functions. Contrasting its endopeptidase activity, legumain can develop a carboxypeptidase activity which remains stable at neutral pH. Moreover, legumain features a peptide ligase activity, with intriguing mechanistic peculiarities in plant and human isoforms. In pathological settings, such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease, the proper association of legumain activities with the corresponding cellular compartments is breached. Legumain's increasingly recognized physiological and pathological roles also indicate future research opportunities in this vibrant field.
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5
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Zhang M, Hong Y, Han Y, Han H, Peng J, Qiu C, Yang J, Lu K, Fu Z, Lin J. Proteomic analysis of tegument-exposed proteins of female and male Schistosoma japonicum worms. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5260-70. [PMID: 23909873 DOI: 10.1021/pr400476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between sexes is a prerequisite for female growth, reproductive maturation, and egg production, and the basis of schistosome pathopoiesis and propagation. The tegument is in direct contact with the host environment and its surface membranes are particularly crucial for schistosome survival in the definitive host. In this study, a streptavidin-biotin affinity purification technique combined with LC-MS/MS was used to analyze putative tegument-exposed proteins in female and male adult Schistosoma japonicum worms. In total, 179 proteins were identified in females and 300 in males, including 119 proteins common to both sexes, and 60 female biased and 181 male biased proteins. Some (e.g., serpin and CD36-like class B scavenger receptor) were involved in host-schistosome interactions, while some (e.g., gynecophoral canal protein) were important in the interplay between sexes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that proteins involved in protein glycosylation and lysosome were highly expressed in females, while proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction, regulation of actin filament polymerization, and proteasome core complex were highly expressed in males. These results might elucidate physiological differences between the sexes. Our study provides new insights into schistosome growth and sexual maturity in the final host and permits the screening of vaccine candidates or drug targets for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
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6
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Ovat A, Muindi F, Fagan C, Brouner M, Hansell E, Dvořák J, Sojka D, Kopáček P, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR, Powers JC. Aza-Peptidyl Michael Acceptor and Epoxide Inhibitors—Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni and Ixodes ricinus Legumains (Asparaginyl Endopeptidases). J Med Chem 2009; 52:7192-210. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ovat
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Fanuel Muindi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Crystal Fagan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Michelle Brouner
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Elizabeth Hansell
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jan Dvořák
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - James C. Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
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7
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Götz MG, James KE, Hansell E, Dvořák J, Seshaadri A, Sojka D, Kopáček P, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR, Powers JC. Aza-peptidyl Michael Acceptors. A New Class of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Asparaginyl Endopeptidases (Legumains) from Evolutionarily Diverse Pathogens. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2816-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701311r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion G. Götz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Karen Ellis James
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Elizabeth Hansell
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Jan Dvořák
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Amritha Seshaadri
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Daniel Sojka
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Petr Kopáček
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - James H. McKerrow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
| | - James C. Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, Byers Hall, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla
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8
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Alim MA, Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Islam MK, Huang X, Hatta T, Fujisaki K. HlLgm2, a member of asparaginyl endopeptidases/legumains in the midgut of the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, is involved in blood-meal digestion. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:573-585. [PMID: 18222467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a cDNA encoding the second asparaginyl endopeptidase/legumain (HlLgm2) from the midgut of the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Endogenous HlLgm2 was expressed in all the developmental stages of the tick, localized mainly in the midgut epithelium and was up-regulated by the host blood-feeding process, as demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed that the HlLgm2 gene was expressed at a lower level during all phases of blood-feeding than our previously characterized legumain (HlLgm) gene from the same tick. More strikingly, there was no expression of HlLgm2 mRNA beyond 96 h of blood-feeding, while HlLgm mRNA expression continued until full engorgement. Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant HlLgm2 (rHlLgm2) efficiently hydrolysed the legumain-specific synthetic substrate. rHlLgm2 activity was inhibited by iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide and also by Fe(2+), Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Ni(2+). rHlLgm2 digested bovine haemoglobin and exhibited strict specificity for the asparaginyl bonds on the carboxy-terminal side of a peptide, as demonstrated by internal amino acid sequence analysis of the cleaved bovine serum albumin products. Our results suggest that HlLgm2, together with HlLgm, plays a pivotal role in host blood-meal digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdul Alim
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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9
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Adisakwattana P, Viyanant V, Chaicumpa W, Vichasri-Grams S, Hofmann A, Korge G, Sobhon P, Grams R. Comparative molecular analysis of two asparaginyl endopeptidases and encoding genes from Fasciola gigantica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 156:102-16. [PMID: 17714804 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe the first cysteine proteinases of the MEROPS Clan CD family C13 in Fasciola gigantica. Family C13 contains asparaginyl endopeptidases and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor transamidases and is also called the legumain family due to the discovery of the first asparaginyl endopeptidase in a legume. The cDNAs encoding two asparaginyl endopeptidases, FgLGMN-1 and FgLGMN-2, were cloned and used for the analysis of nucleic acid and protein properties. The deduced amino acid sequences showed 47.4% identity to each other and from 42.2 to 51.1% identity to homologs of other trematode species. The catalytic site residues histidine, cysteine and preceding hydrophobic residues, characteristic for the cysteine proteinase families C11, C13, C14, and C25, were found conserved. Northern and reverse transcription PCR analyses demonstrated that the transcriptional products are present in metacercariae, juveniles and adults. RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that RNA and protein products of the two genes are specifically expressed in the intestinal epithelium of juveniles and adults. Immune sera of mice infected with F. gigantica reacted with immunoblotted, bacterially expressed recombinant proteins starting 4 weeks after infection. Polyclonal antisera raised against the recombinant proteins detected 40 and 30 kDa antigens, respectively in crude worm protein extracts but not in the excretion-secretion products of adult parasites. Likewise, legumain-specific activity was found in crude worm protein extracts but not in excretion-secretion products. This study elucidates the molecular characteristics of these proteins in F. gigantica and demonstrates differences in the biology between Fasciola and Schistosoma which may prove useful for the development of vaccines against fasciolosis in domestic livestock.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Blotting, Northern
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/parasitology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/immunology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Fasciola/enzymology
- Fasciola/genetics
- Fasciola/immunology
- Fasciola/isolation & purification
- Fascioliasis/parasitology
- Fascioliasis/veterinary
- Gene Expression
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Poom Adisakwattana
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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10
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Abdul Alim M, Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Khyrul Islam M, Huang X, Motobu M, Fujisaki K. Characterization of asparaginyl endopeptidase, legumain induced by blood feeding in the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:911-22. [PMID: 17681230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We characterize here a cDNA from the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, which encodes an asparaginyl endopeptidase, legumain (HlLgm), that was present as a functional molecule in the midgut of this tick. Endogenous HlLgm was detected as a 38-kDa antigen in H. longicornis extracts and was seen throughout all developmental stages. Endogenous HlLgm was mainly localized in the midgut epithelium by immunohistochemistry, and was shown to be up-regulated by the host blood-feeding process. Recombinant HlLgm (rHlLgm) produced in Escherichia coli was shown to hydrolyze the synthetic substrate Z-Ala-Ala-Asn-MCA at the rate of 6.42x10(-4)mumol/min/mg protein. Its activity was inhibited by the thiol blocking reagents iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide. The enzyme was shown to possess a unique feature of having an autocatalyzed cleavage at asparagines(364-365) at the C-terminus of both endogenous HlLgm and rHlLgm. rHlLgm degraded bovine hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) showing its strict specificity for hydrolysis of the peptide on the carboxyl side of the asparagines, as demonstrated by internal amino acid sequence analysis of proteolytic product of BSA cleavage. These results suggest that HlLgm plays an important role in host blood-meal digestion and may be critical for the final process of digestion of blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdul Alim
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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11
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Srivastava Y, Rathaur S, Bhandari YP, Reddy MVR, Harinath BC. Adult 175 kDa collagenase antigen ofSetaria cerviin immunoprophylaxis againstBrugia malayiin jirds. J Helminthol 2007; 78:347-52. [PMID: 15575994 DOI: 10.1079/joh2004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA 175 kDa antigen fraction with collagenase activity was isolated and purified from somatic extracts of adultSetaria cervifemales using column chromatography involving consecutive steps of DEAE-Sepharose CL6B and Sephadex G-100. The optimum pH for 175 kDa collagenase was found to be pH 7.0. Sensitivities to a variety of inhibitors and activators indicated that the 175 kDa coIlagenolytic enzyme was metalloserine in nature. The enzyme hydrolysed a variety of protein substrates such as haemoglobin, casein, azocasein (general substrates) and collagen, FALGPA (furanoyl-acryloyl-leu-gly-pro-ala), the specific substrate of collagenase. The enzyme showed 57% inhibition by jird anti-somatic collagenase antibodies and reacted insignificantly with normal jird sera. Further analysis was undertaken on the immunoprophylactic potential of 175 kDa collagenase in inducing immunity againstBrugia malayi(a human filarial parasite) in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)in vitroandin situ. Immune sera of jirds raised against this antigen promoted partial adherence of peritoneal exudate cells toB. malayimicrofilariae (mf) and infective larvae (L3)in vitroand induced partial cytotoxicity to the parasites within 48 h. The anti-S. cervi175 kDa antigen serum was more effective in inducing cytotoxicity toB. malayiL3, than mf. In the microchambers implanted inside immune jirds, host cells could migrate and adhere to the mf and infective larvae thereby killing them partially within 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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12
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Shaw E. Cysteinyl proteinases and their selective inactivation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 63:271-347. [PMID: 2407065 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123096.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The affinity-labeling of cysteinyl proteinases may now be carried out with a number of peptide-derived reagents with selectivity, particularly for reactions carried out in vitro. These reagents have been described with emphasis on their selectivity for cysteine proteinases and lack of action on serine proteinases, the most likely source of side reactions among proteinases. Perhaps a crucial feature of this selectivity is an enzyme-promoted activation due to initial formation of a hemiketal, which may destabilize the reagent. Prominent among the reagent types that have this class selectivity are the peptidyl diazomethyl ketones, the acyloxymethyl ketones, the peptidylmethyl sulfonium salts, and peptidyl oxides analogous to E-64. The need for specific inhibitors capable of inactivating the target enzyme in intact cells and animals is inevitably pushing the biochemical application of these inhibitors into more complex molecular environments where the possibilities of competing reactions are greatly increased. In dealing with the current state and potential developments for the in vivo use of affinity-labeling reagents of cysteine proteinases, the presently known variety of cysteinyl proteinases had to be considered. Therefore this chapter has, at the same time, attempted to survey these proteinases with respect to specificity and gene family. The continual discovery of new proteinases will increase the complexity of this picture. At present the lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and L and the cytoplasmic calcium-dependent proteinases are reasonable goals for a fairly complete metabolic clarification. The ability of investigators to inactivate individual members of this family in vivo, possibly without complications due to concurrent inactivation of serine proteinases by improvements in reagent specificity, is increasing. Among the cysteine proteinases, at least those of the papain super family, hydrophobic interactions in the S2 and S3 subsites are important and some specificity has been achieved by taking advantage of topographical differences among members of this group. Some of this has probably involved surface differences removed from the regions involved in proteolytic action. The emerging cysteine proteinases include some which, in contrast to the papain family, have a pronounced specificity in S1 for the binding of basic side chains, familiar in the trypsin family of serine proteinases. At least a potential conflict with serine proteinases can be avoided by choice of a covalent bonding mechanism. The departing group region, has not been exploited. As a sole contributor to binding, this region may be rather limited as a source of specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shaw
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Chacón N, Losada S, Bermúdez H, Cesari IM, Hoebeke J, Noya O. Immunogenicity of polymerizable synthetic peptides derived from a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis: the asparaginyl endopeptidase (Sm32). Immunol Lett 2003; 88:199-210. [PMID: 12941479 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The asparaginyl endopeptidase (Sm32) is expressed in the gastrodermal cells of the schistosome gut and in the head glands of the cercariae. Possibly, Sm32 hydrolyzes pro-proteins involved in the degradation of host hemoglobin [Parasitol. Today 12 (1996) 125]. Preliminary evidences using an Sj32/Sm32 murine vaccine have shown a profound effect on oviposition and worm burden [Chin. J. Schist. Control. 7 (1995) 72; Bull. Human Med. Univ. 24 (1999) 225; Vaccine 20 (2002) 439]. The importance of Sm32 as a novel vaccine candidate is based on the possibility of preventing the maturation of other cathepsins and/or preventing schistosome skin invasion. We studied the immunogenicity of polymerizable peptides derived from Sm32 to select potential protective epitopes. Sm32 prediction of T and B epitopes and homology studies with human legumain were performed. Among the variety of factors that influence the antibody response, we specifically examined the effect of: (i) genetic background of mouse strain, inbred (C57BL/6) versus outbred (Swiss) mice; and (ii) vaccination with a single peptide versus pool of peptides. Swiss mice raised antibodies to three different regions of the Sm32, as tested by the Multiple Antigen Blot Assay (MABA): 182-215 (peptides IMT-70 and 72), 244-273 (IMT-64) and 336-355 (IMT-66). None of these regions were immunogenic for C57BL/6. On the contrary, other peptides, IMT-4 (21-40), IMT-12 (101-120) and IMT-26 (292-313) were highly immunogenic for this inbred strain. Only Swiss mice immunized with a single peptide (IMT-64 and 72) or with three different pools of IMT-peptides (Pool A-II: 14, 16, 18, 70, 72, 89; pool A-III: 22, 64, 24, 26, 28 and pool A-V: 64, 66, 28, 70, 72) recognized the original protein in a crude extract of the worm antigen by Western blot. Peptides IMT-64, 14 and 26 were responsible for this recognition. In general, the vaccination with pool of peptides was more immunogenic for both mouse strains. Predicted B cell epitopes, with hydrophilicity scores over +10 (IMT-12, 64, 26) were always immunogenic after either single or combined peptide vaccination. Sm32 sequences 41-80 (IMT-6 and 8), 141-160 (IMT-16) and 182-215 (IMT-70 and 72) were nearly identical to the corresponding human legumain regions and should be excluded from the human vaccine. We can conclude that the regions of Sm32 that were recognized by antibodies of mice immunized with polymerizable peptides depended on the mice strain and on the hydrophilicity score of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chacón
- Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 47623, Zona Postal 1041-A, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas, Venezuela
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14
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Noya O, Alarcón de Noya B, Guzmán F, Bermúdez H. Immunogenicity of Sm32 synthetic peptides derived from the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:211-9. [PMID: 12941480 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The previously called "hemoglobinase" Sm32 molecule of the adult worm of Schistosoma mansoni was chemically synthesized in 22 polymeric peptides based on the t-boc strategy. Their immunogenicity was evaluated in rabbits to which a mixture of five to six peptides of 20 amino acids long were given in three doses with Freund's adjuvant. Seventeen peptides were found to be immunogenic, and sera from immunized rabbits corresponding to the molecule from the first 335 amino acids, recognized the 32 kDa native protein from the adult worm antigen by western blot. Of those, the relevant peptides responsible of the recognition of the original molecule corresponded to amino acids 101-120, 121-140 and 244-268, based on inhibition competitive assays. Because Sm32 is one of the excretory and secretory molecules released with the vomitus of the adult worm, it is one of the target antigens for detection in plasma of infected individuals. The production of these polyclonal monospecific antibodies against the synthetic peptides could be of value in the immunodiagnosis of this parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Noya
- Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti and Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47624, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela.
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15
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Kim TY, Kang SY, Park SH, Sukontason K, Sukontason K, Hong SJ. Cystatin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis and profile of captured antigenic protein of Clonorchis sinensis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:1076-80. [PMID: 11687443 PMCID: PMC96229 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.6.1076-1080.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with crude extracts of adult Clonorchis sinensis has been reported to have a high degree of sensitivity with a moderate degree of specificity for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. The cystatin capture ELISA was investigated for its usefulness for the serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis. Cystatin bound specifically to cysteine proteinases in crude extracts of adult C. sinensis worms, and its binding capacity was not hindered competitively by the other proteinase inhibitors tested. The cystatin capture ELISA for clonorchiasis showed a higher degree of specificity than the conventional ELISA, which produced some cross-reactivities to sera from patients with cysticercosis, sparganosis, and opisthorchiasis. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to C. sinensis cysteine proteinases were produced in experimental rabbits at week 3, and their levels increased rapidly and remained at a plateau after 8 weeks of infection. Of the proteins from the C. sinensis crude extract captured with cystatin, seven proteins were reactive with the serum from patients with clonorchiasis. The cystatin capture ELISA is indicated to be a sensitive and highly specific immunodiagnostic assay for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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16
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Skelly PJ, Shoemaker CB. Schistosoma mansoni proteases Sm31 (cathepsin B) and Sm32 (legumain) are expressed in the cecum and protonephridia of cercariae. J Parasitol 2001; 87:1218-21. [PMID: 11695408 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1218:smpscb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult Schistosoma mansoni parasites live in the bloodstream of their vertebrate hosts where they consume red blood cells. Hemoglobin, released from the ingested red blood cells, is degraded by a variety of parasite proteases, including Sm31 (cathepsin B) and Sm32 (schistosome legumain). In this study the localization pattern of the Sm31 and Sm32 enzymes in cercariae (the infectious life cycle stage) was examined. Antibodies generated against recombinant Sm31 and Sm32 recognize their respective proteins in Western blots of soluble parasite extracts. Highest levels are seen in adult female extracts, whereas the level of both proteins is below detection in cercarial extracts. However, in fixed, whole cercariae, both proteins are seen in the cecum and protonephridia. In the cecum, the staining pattern has a granular appearance, suggesting that the proteins are packaged in vesicles. In the protonephridial system, Sm31 and Sm32 are detected in all 8 flame cells in the cercarial body and in both flame cells in the cercarial tail. The distribution of the 2 proteins differs in the flame cells. Examination of immunostained cercariae using laser scanning confocal microscopy shows that whereas Sm31 is located in the tubule cell, Sm32 is found in both the tubule cell and its adjoining cap cell. These findings suggest that the proteins are involved in the proposed excretory and osmoregulatory roles of flame cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Skelly
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Francis SE, Sullivan DJ, Goldberg DE. Hemoglobin metabolism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Annu Rev Microbiol 2001; 51:97-123. [PMID: 9343345 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin degradation in intraerythrocytic malaria parasites is a vast process that occurs in an acidic digestive vacuole. Proteases that participate in this catabolic pathway have been defined. Studies of protease biosynthesis have revealed unusual targeting and activation mechanisms. Oxygen radicals and heme are released during proteolysis and must be detoxified by dismutation and polymerization, respectively. The quinoline antimalarials appear to act by preventing sequestration of this toxic heme. Understanding the disposition of hemoglobin has allowed identification of essential processes and metabolic weakpoints that can be exploited to combat this scourge of mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Francis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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18
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Ros-Moreno RM, Vázquez-López C, Giménez-Pardo C, de Armas-Serra C, Rodríguez-Caabeiro F. A study of proteases throughout the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2000; 47:49-54. [PMID: 10833016 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2000.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present report we study the proteolytic activity of the excretion-secretion and crude extracts of different stages of Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1895, (muscle-stage larvae, adult worms before and after mating, and newborn larvae) using natural substrates (structural and hematic mammalian proteins). The analysis of the results allow us to set up a certain stage-specificity, as well as an important relationship between the protease patterns throughout the parasite life cycle and how the parasite may overcome both mechanical and humoral barriers within the host. Muscle-stage larvae present a great activity against structural proteins (collagen), while newborn larvae and adult worms degrade principally hematic proteins (hemoglobin, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G).
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ros-Moreno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Caffrey CR, Mathieu MA, Gaffney AM, Salter JP, Sajid M, Lucas KD, Franklin C, Bogyo M, McKerrow JH. Identification of a cDNA encoding an active asparaginyl endopeptidase of Schistosoma mansoni and its expression in Pichia pastoris. FEBS Lett 2000; 466:244-8. [PMID: 10682836 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidases, or legumains, are a recently identified family of cysteine-class endopeptidases. A single gene encoding a Schistosoma mansoni asparaginyl endopeptidase (a.k.a. Sm32 or schistosome legumain) has been reported, but by sequence homology it would be expected to yield an inactive product as the active site C197 had been replaced by N. We now describe a new S. mansoni gene in which C197 is present. Both gene products were expressed in Pichia pastoris. Autocatalytic processing to fully active C197 Sm32 occurred at acid pH. In contrast, N197 Sm32 was not processed and this is consistent with the hypothesis that C197 is essential for catalysis. This was confirmed by mutation of N197 to C and re-expression in Pichia. The availability of recombinant active Sm32 allows detailed analysis of its catalytic mechanism and its function(s) in the biology of this important human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Caffrey
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, VAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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20
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Tort J, Brindley PJ, Knox D, Wolfe KH, Dalton JP. Proteinases and associated genes of parasitic helminths. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 43:161-266. [PMID: 10214692 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites have deployed proteinases to accomplish some of the tasks imposed by a parasitic life style, including tissue penetration, digestion of host tissue for nutrition and evasion of host immune responses. Information on proteinases from trematodes, cestodes and nematode parasites is reviewed, concentrating on those worms of major medical and economical importance. Their biochemical characterization is discussed, along with their putative biological roles and, where available, their associated genes. For example, proteinases expressed by the various stages of the schistosome life-cycle, in particular the well-characterized cercarial elastase which is involved in the penetration of the host skin and the variety of proteinases, such as cathepsin B (Sm31), cathepsin L1, cathepsin L2, cathepsin D, cathepsin C and legumain (Sm32), which are believed to be involved in the catabolism of host haemoglobin. The various endo- and exoproteinases of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of liver fluke disease, are reviewed, and recent reports of how these enzymes have been successfully employed in cocktail vaccines are discussed. The various proteinases of cestodes and of the diverse superfamilies of parasitic nematodes are detailed, with special attention being given to those parasites for which most is known, including species of Taenia, Echinococcus, Spirometra, Necator, Acylostoma and Haemonchus. By far the largest number of papers in the literature and entries to the sequence data bases dealing with proteinases of parasitic helminths report on enzymes belonging to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. Accordingly, the final section of the review is devoted to a phylogenetic analysis of this superfamily using over 150 published sequences. This analysis shows that the papain superfamily can be divided into two major branches. Branch A contains the cathepin Bs, the cathepsin Cs and a novel family termed cathepsin Xs, while Branch B contains the cruzipains, cathepsin Ls, papain-like and aleurain/cathepsin H-like proteinases. The relationships of the helminth proteinases, and similar proteinases from protozoan parasites and other organisms, within these groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tort
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland
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21
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El-Sayed LH, Ghoneim H, Demian SR, El-Sayed MH, Tawfik NM, Sakr I, Abou-Basha LM, Renganathan E, Klinkert MQ, Abou-Rawash N. Diagnostic significance of Schistosoma mansoni proteins Sm31 and Sm32 in human schistosomiasis in an endemic area in Egypt. Trop Med Int Health 1998; 3:721-7. [PMID: 9754667 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We performed a series of ELISAs to evaluate the diagnostic significance of two Schistosoma mansoni proteins, Sm31 (cysteine proteinase, cathepsin B) and Sm32 (asparaginyl endopeptidase). Our study populations were chosen from two villages in an endemic area close to Alexandria. Using fusion proteins MS2-Sm31 and MS2-Sm32 as antigens, 70% and 78.9%, respectively, of patient sera from 134 parasitologically confirmed cases reacted positively. The percentage of seropositivity increased to 84.5% when parasite-derived proteins Sm31 and Sm32 were used. The serum levels of antibodies to these two proteins in recombinant or native forms do not correlate with intensity of infection and hence are detected even when egg counts are low, which makes proteins Sm31 and Sm32 useful antigens in the identification of S. mansoni infected cases, particularly in endemic areas in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H El-Sayed
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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22
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Brindley PJ, Kalinna BH, Dalton JP, Day SR, Wong JY, Smythe ML, McManus DP. Proteolytic degradation of host hemoglobin by schistosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 89:1-9. [PMID: 9297696 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes acquire amino acids for growth, development, and reproduction by catabolizing hemoglobin obtained from ingested host erythrocytes. While the biochemical pathway(s) involved has not been determined definitively, a number of proteases including schistosome legumain and cathepsin L-, D-, B- and C-like enzymes have been ascribed roles in the degradation of hemoglobin to diffusible peptides. Transcripts encoding these schistosome proteases, which appear to be expressed in the gastrodermis and cecum of the schistosome, have been reported. Because these enzymes are candidate targets at which to direct novel anti-schistosomal therapies, the comparative biochemistry of these and their counterpart mammalian proteases is now the focus of research in a number of laboratories. This paper reviews reports dating from 40 years ago to the present on how schistosomes digest host-derived hemoglobin, and interprets apparent anomalies in some earlier compared to later reports, the latter having benefited from the availability of PCR and gene cloning technologies. More specifically, the review concentrates on five proteolytic enzymes, and their associated genes, which have been ascribed key roles in the pathway of hemoglobin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Brindley
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia.
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23
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24
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Wasilewski MM, Lim KC, Phillips J, McKerrow JH. Cysteine protease inhibitors block schistosome hemoglobin degradation in vitro and decrease worm burden and egg production in vivo. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1996; 81:179-89. [PMID: 8898333 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(96)02703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome parasites utilize hemoglobin as a major protein source for their metabolism. Degradation of hemoglobin has been hypothesized to be mediated by both cysteine and aspartyl proteases secreted into the lumen of the parasite intestine. We now show that two distinct types of irreversible cysteine protease-specific inhibitors both arrest schistosome hemoglobin degradation in vitro. Arrest of hemoglobin degradation is followed by death of developing schistosomula 1 week later. Schistosome infected mice treated by a dose of 2 mg inhibitor per day for 1 week early in infection, and 2 weeks at the time of egg production, showed a significant reduction in worm burden, hepatomegaly, and the number of eggs produced per female worm. Histopathology showed a minimal immune response to those eggs which were produced, consistent with a delay in egg production relative to untreated infections. By tagging the inhibitor with biotin, specific cysteine protease targets were identified in extracts of schistosome worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wasilewski
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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25
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Dalton JP, Clough KA, Jones MK, Brindley PJ. Characterization of the cathepsin-like cysteine proteinases of Schistosoma mansoni. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1328-34. [PMID: 8606097 PMCID: PMC173922 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1328-1334.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult Schistosoma mansoni parasites synthesize and secrete both cathepsin L and cathepsin B cysteine proteinases. These cysteine proteinase activities, believed to be involved in hemoglobin digestion by adult schistosomes, were characterized by using specific fluorogenic peptide substrates and zymography. Both cathepsin L- and B-like activities with pH optima of 5.2 and 6.2, respectively, predominated in soluble extracts of worms, and both these activities were secreted by adult worms into the culture medium. The specific activity of cathepsin L was about double that of cathepsin B when each was assayed at its pH optimum, and moreover, the specific activities of cathepsins L and B in extracts of female schistosomes were 50 to 100% higher than in extracts of male schistosomes. Analysis of the primary structure of two cloned S. mansoni cathepsins L, here termed cathepsin L1 and cathepsin L2, revealed that they are only 44% similar and that cathepsin L2 showed more identity (52%) with human cathepsin L than with schistosome cathepsin L1. Moreover, differences in their active site, propeptide region, and potential for glycosylation suggest separate functions for schistosome cathepsin L1 and cathepsin L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia
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26
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27
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Monroy FP, Dresden MH. The developmental expression of cysteine proteinases in Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 1996; 26:109-12. [PMID: 9198585 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study several probes were used to identify and characterize cysteine proteinases (CP) from Schistosoma mansoni developmental stages. Proteinase activity was detected in all developmental stages using fluorogenic substrates. Specific activity was 4- to 11-fold higher against CBZ-phe-arg-AFC than against CBZ-arg-arg-AFC. A 32 kDa S. mansoni CP (Sm32) was identified in all stages by the radiolabelled active site CP inhibitor, CBZ-[125I]tyr-ala-CHN2. A second CP, of 31 kDa (Sm31) was only detected in adult worms, primarily female worms and late schistosomula. Monoclonal antibodies for Sm32 and Sm31 reacted with homologous CP only in adult worms and late schistosomula. This study defines the developmental expression of CP activity in S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Monroy
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Dalton JP, Hola-Jamriska L, Brindley PJ. Asparaginyl endopeptidase activity in adult Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1995; 111 ( Pt 5):575-80. [PMID: 8559590 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000077052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sequence comparisons have recently shown that the Schistosoma mansoni protein Sm32 is similar to asparaginyl endoproteinases, a novel family of cysteine proteinases, of which the legumains from legumes are the best characterized. By synthesizing and employing fluorogenic peptide substrates for the specific detection of asparaginyl endopeptidases, we have identified this type of activity in extracts of adult S. mansoni. The S. mansoni activity is similar to that of the legumains in its substrate specificity and sensitivity to thiol inhibitors, but differs in its pH and temperature optima for activity. In contrast, unlike the legumains, the schistosome asparaginyl endopeptidase activity is not activated by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. As suggested for legumains, Sm32 may function in the post-translational modification processes that regulate the activity of other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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29
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Dalton JP, Smith AM, Clough KA, Brindley PJ. Digestion of haemoglobin by schistosomes: 35 years on. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 11:299-303. [PMID: 15275329 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult schistosomes obtain nutrients by digesting haemoglobin, which they obtain from ingested host red blood cells. Here John Dalton, Angela Smith, Karen Clough and Paul Brindley argue that a cathepsin L proteinase recently identified in their laboratory as the predominant cysteine proteinase activity of Schistosoma mansoni may play the leading role in haemoglobin digestion. They discuss the importance of elucidating the roles of both cathepsin B and cathepsin L in the digestion of haemoglobin, since both should be considered important targets to which novel schistosomicidal agents could be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland.
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30
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Zhong C, Skelly PJ, Leaffer D, Cohn RG, Caulfield JP, Shoemaker CB. Immunolocalization of a Schistosoma mansoni facilitated diffusion glucose transporter to the basal, but not the apical, membranes of the surface syncytium. Parasitology 1995; 110 ( Pt 4):383-94. [PMID: 7753579 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000064726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult parasites of Schistosoma mansoni reside within vertebrate mesenteric veins where they consume immense quantities of host glucose after transporting the sugar through their surface syncytium or tegument. Previously we obtained cDNA clones encoding two functional facilitated diffusion glucose transporter proteins expressed by S. mansoni adult worms (Skelly et al. 1994). Antibodies specific for one transporter (SGTP1) have been generated against an extrafacial and an internal domain of the protein and used to localize the protein by light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy both antibodies stain a linear structure approximately 1-5 microns from the surface of the tegument of adult male and female schistosomes. Electron microscopic examination of frozen thin sections show binding of the antibodies to membranes in the base of the tegument and not to the membranes covering the outer surface or their invaginations. Analysis of the gold distribution suggests that the extrafacial domain is disposed toward the interstitial space beneath the tegument and the internal domain faces the syncytial plasm. The localization suggests that SGTP1 may function to transport free glucose from within the tegument and into the interstitial fluids that bathe the internal organs of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhong
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Abstract
Codon usage and bias has been examined in 20 genes of Schistosoma mansoni. Significant heterogeneity was detected in the patterns of codon usage and bias among genes by metric multidimensional scaling and three general indicators of bias (GC3S, Nc and B). In keeping with observations on sporozoan parasites, codon usage bias was observed to be dependent on the overall base composition of the genes analysed, which in turn was reflected in the types of codons that were over or under-represented in the sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ellis
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Smith AM, Dalton JP, Clough KA, Kilbane CL, Harrop SA, Hole N, Brindley PJ. Adult Schistosoma mansoni express cathepsin L proteinase activity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994; 67:11-9. [PMID: 7838171 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This report presents the deduced amino acid sequence of a novel cathepsin L proteinase from Schistosoma mansoni, and describes cathepsin L-like activity in extracts of adult schistosomes. Using consensus primers specific for cysteine proteinases, gene fragments were amplified from adult S. mansoni cDNA by PCR and cloned. One of these fragments showed marked identity to Sm31, the cathepsin B cysteine proteinase of adult S. mansoni, whereas another differed from Sm31 and was employed as a probe to isolate two cDNAs from an adult S. mansoni gene library. Together these cDNAs encoded a novel preprocathepsin L of 319 amino acids; this zymogen is predicted to be processed in vivo into a mature, active cathepsin L proteinase of 215 amino acids. Closest homologies were with cathepsins L from rat, mouse, and chicken (46-47% identity). Southern hybridization analysis suggested that only one or a few copies of the gene was present per genome, demonstrated that its locus was distinct from that of Sm31, and that a homologous sequence was present in Schistosoma japonicum. Because these results indicated that schistosomes expressed a cathepsin L proteinase, extracts of adult S. mansoni were examined for acidic, cysteine proteinase activity. Based on rates of cleavage of peptidyl substrates employed to discriminate between classes of cysteine proteinases, namely cathepsin L (Z-phe-arg-AMC), cathepsin B (Z-arg-arg-AMC) and cathepsin H (Bz-arg-AMC), the extracts were found to contain vigorous cathepsin L-like activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Smith
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Australia
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33
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Knox DP. Parasite enzymes and the control of roundworm and fluke infestation in domestic animals. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1994; 150:319-37. [PMID: 8076166 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The potential application of parasite enzymes to the serodiagnosis and control of veterinary helminthiases is reviewed. Consideration is given to the use of secreted enzymes as potential antihelminth vaccine components, in the search for novel anthelmintic agents and as serodiagnostic targets. The discussion focuses on recent advances in the definition of the molecular and functional properties of helminth enzymes and the application of this information to the development of novel anthelmintics as well as vaccines. Enzymes included are acetylcholinesterases, enzymes of polyamine and carbohydrate metabolism, proteases and detoxifying activities such as superoxide dismutases and glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
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34
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Abstract
This chapter presents families of cysteine peptidases. The activity of all cysteine peptidases depends on a catalytic dyad of cysteine and histidine. The order of the cysteine and histidine residues (Cys/His or His/Cys) in the linear sequence differs between families and this is among the lines of evidence suggesting that cysteine peptidases have had many separate evolutionary origins. The families C1, C2, and C10 can be described as “papainlike,” and form clan CA. The papain family contains peptidases with a wide variety of activities, including endopeptidases with broad specificity, endopeptidases with narrow specificity, aminopeptidases, and peptidases with both endopeptidase and exopeptidase activities. Papain homologs are generally either lysosomal or secreted proteins. The calpain family includes the calcium-dependent cytosolic endopeptidase calpain, which is known from birds and mammals, and the product of the sol gene in Drosophila. Calpain is a complex of two peptide chains. Picornains are a family of polyprotein-processing endopeptidases from single-stranded RNA viruses. Each picornavirus has two picornains (2A and 3C).
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Rawlings
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Skelly PJ, Stein LD, Shoemaker CB. Expression of Schistosoma mansoni genes involved in anaerobic and oxidative glucose metabolism during the cercaria to adult transformation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 60:93-104. [PMID: 8396206 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90032-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomes switch rapidly from the use of stored glycogen to a reliance on host glucose during the transformation from free-living cercariae to parasitic schistosomula. We have cloned a set of cDNAs encoding proteins involved in glucose metabolism to allow us to examine the expression of these genes during this transformation. We first obtained and characterized Schistosoma mansoni cDNA clones encoding the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (SMDH) and the mitochondrial encoded electron transport protein, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (SCOX1). Northern blots were then prepared using mRNA isolated from whole cercariae, cercarial tails, schistosomula, adult males and adult females. The Northern blots were successively hybridized with a variety of probes including those for SMDH, SCOX, the glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and several control probes. Probes were additionally hybridized to mRNA dot blots and the signals were quantified using storage phosphor technology. These studies reveal that transcripts encoding these metabolic enzymes are localized at much higher levels in cercarial tails than in whole cercariae or transformed schistosomula, and support the notion of a dominant aerobic metabolism in tails. Male and female adult worms express each of the mRNAs at roughly equal levels. Adults express the metabolic mRNAs, including those involved in oxidative glucose metabolism, at relatively high levels suggesting that adult schistosomes retain a significant capacity to produce energy through aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Skelly
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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36
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van Dam GJ, Kornelis D, Van Zeyl RJ, Rotmans JP, Deelder AM. Schistosoma mansoni: analysis of monoclonal antibodies reactive with gut-associated antigens. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:55-62. [PMID: 7682328 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed in our laboratory against gut-associated antigens of Schistosoma mansoni is described. It was found that mAbs that recognized epitopes of antigens in the gut and on the eggshell were mainly of the IgM isotype; these epitopes are likely to be carbohydrate in composition. Of a number of mAbs that were reactive with antigens important to the human humoral immune response, 75% appeared to be reactive with the circulating cathodic antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J van Dam
- Laboratory for Parasitology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Richter D, Harn DA. Candidate vaccine antigens identified by antibodies from mice vaccinated with 15- or 50-kilorad-irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Infect Immun 1993; 61:146-54. [PMID: 8418037 PMCID: PMC302699 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.146-154.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In murine schistosomiasis, the highest levels of resistance to cercarial challenge are obtained by vaccination with radiation-attenuated cercariae. To identify candidate vaccine antigens relevant to the vaccine model, we examined parasite antigens recognized by antibodies from mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. To optimize recognition of a wide spectrum of antigens, several factors that influence the level of protection in this model were varied; specifically, we examined the effect of (i) single versus multiple vaccinations with irradiated cercariae, (ii) the dose of irradiation (15 or 50 kilorads) administered to the cercariae, and (iii) the genetic background of mouse strains, high-responder (C57BL/6J) versus moderate-responder (CBA/J) mice. We found that the number of vaccinations did not alter antibody specificity but modified the relative antibody titers against particular antigens. The dose of irradiation used to attenuate the immunizing cercariae had a similar effect on antibody titers but in addition influenced antibody specificity. Only mice that had been vaccinated with moderately irradiated cercariae recognized cathepsin B (Sm31) and Sm32. Interestingly, when vaccinated mice of the two strains, C57BL/6J and CBA/J, were compared, differences in antibody responses to particular antigens were observed. Both strains recognized the integral membrane protein Sm23, glutathione S-transferase, and cathepsin B, whereas Sm32 and paramyosin were recognized only by CBA/J mice, and heat shock protein 70 was recognized exclusively by C57BL/6J mice. In this study, we conclusively identified six distinct antigens that are specifically recognized by the humoral immune response of vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Richter
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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38
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Kumar S, Pritchard DI. The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22:563-72. [PMID: 1399239 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(92)90003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Following the observation that live third-stage larvae (L3) could digest gelatin in vitro, gelatinolytic protease activity has been demonstrated at pH 8.5, in both exsheathing fluid (EF) and excretory/secretory (ES) products of infective L3 of Necator americanus. EF resolved as a single band of proteolytic activity, with a mol. wt of 116 kDa, while L3 ES products exhibited multiple bands of proteolysis, at 219, 200, 195, 166, 137, 92, 72 and 62 kDa; weak bands were detectable at 92 and 72 kDa. The EF protease was characterized as cysteine, whereas ES apparently possessed one serine (195 kDa) and seven (219, 200, 166, 137, 92, 72 and 62 kDa) cysteine protease bands and a combination of metallo- and cysteine proteases of approximately the same mol. wts (62, 137 and 219 kDa). Though EF was not able to cleave immunoglobulins, ES was shown to cleave IgG, IgA and IgM, but not IgD or IgE. The activity appeared to be directed toward the Fc portion of the molecule, and was inhibited by PMSF, which is indicative of serine protease activity. The significance of the presence of such apparently diverse proteases in larval products is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, U.K
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39
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Fagbemi BO, Hillyer GV. Partial purification and characterisation of the proteolytic enzymes of Fasciola gigantica adult worms. Vet Parasitol 1991; 40:217-26. [PMID: 1788929 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(91)90102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The proteases of adult Fasciola gigantica whole worm were analysed by preparative isoelectric focusing and by gelatin-substrate gel electrophoresis at acidic and neutral pH (4.5 and 7.0). At least 15 bands of proteases were observed. These proteases had molecular weights ranging from 26 to 193 kDa and isoelectric points of 4.92-7.63. Protease-rich fractions were subsequently separated from whole worm preparation of the parasite by filtration in Sephacryl S-200. The proteases were able to digest bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) and globin (derived from bovine haemoglobin) in vitro. The sizes of the proteases in these fractions were from 26 to 96 kDa, and they were inhibited by the protease inhibitors phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), leupeptin and trasylol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Fagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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40
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Healer J, Ashall F, Maizels RM. Characterization of proteolytic enzymes from larval and adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasitology 1991; 103 Pt 2:305-14. [PMID: 1745556 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000059588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteases from infective larval (L3) and adult stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were investigated with a combination of techniques involving gelatin degradation and cleavage of fluorogenic substrates. Analysis of L3 excretory-secretory (ES) products revealed enzymes of Mr 51, 58, 79, approximately 150 and approximately 250 kDa. Inhibition profiles indicate that the major 51 kDa protease is a metallo-enzyme. Significantly, little activity was present in larval somatic extracts, suggesting the synthesis of zymogens or precursor forms prior to secretion. Adult ES contained a distinct enzyme, of 50 kDa, and a number of other proteases were detected in somatic extracts of this stage, ranging from 51 to greater than 300 kDa. The largest of these adult somatic enzymes is also a putative metallo-protease. While nearly all enzymes from both L3 and adult are heat labile, incubation at 100 degrees C generated a previously unobserved activity at 20 kDa. Furthermore, a protease of similar size may be found in uninfected rat intestinal tissue, suggesting specific uptake of a host-associated enzyme by the parasite in the form of an inactive, heat-labile complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Healer
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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41
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Bennett MW, Caulfield JP. Schistosoma mansoni: ingestion of dextrans, serum albumin, and IgG by schistosomula. Exp Parasitol 1991; 73:52-61. [PMID: 1711478 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90007-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni develop the ability to ingest and digest red blood cells after the fourth day post-transformation. Here, we have used fluorescently-labeled dextrans and two plasma proteins, albumin and IgG, to test whether day-old schistosomula can ingest and process macromolecules prior to the time that they eat red cells. Worms ingested dextrans of molecular weights 4,000, 70,000 and 2 x 10(6) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The dextran remained in the cecal lumen for up to 2 days after feeding. Parasites ingested both fluorescein-conjugated bovine serum albumin and rabbit IgG, but neither of these proteins remained confined to the cecum over time. Instead, fluorescence redistributed to the acetabular glands within a few hours. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that schistosomula degraded fluorescein-conjugated albumin to fluorescein-conjugated peptides approximately 10-15 amino acids long. The volume of the cecum was estimated to be 2431 microns 3 and the surface area 299 microns 2. These results demonstrate that larval schistosomes can ingest both proteins and complex carbohydrates shortly after transformation, before they can ingest red cells. Further, the gut apparently releases proteases that cleave plasma proteins, but not saccharidases that cleave dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Bennett
- Program in Cell and Development Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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42
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Idris MA, Ruppel A. Diagnostic Mr 31/32000 proteins of Schistosoma mansoni (Sm31/32) and S. haematobium (Sh31/32): stability and reaction conditions for prospective field tests. J Helminthol 1991; 65:89-94. [PMID: 1908874 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x0001052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The existence of adult Schistosoma haematobium worm proteins (Sh31/32) homologous to the diagnostic Sm31/32 of S. mansoni is shown. Sm31/32 and Sh31/32, adsorbed on nitrocellulose and kept dry on the bench before immunoblot analysis, were antigenically stable for at least 4 years including storage for 17 months in tropical climates. The antigens react with patient sera in the absence of defined buffers under rather simple conditions ("humid chamber blot"). The results add to the use of these antigens for serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Idris
- Institute for Tropical Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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43
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Song CY, Rege AA. Cysteine proteinase activity in various developmental stages of Clonorchis sinensis: a comparative analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:137-40. [PMID: 1959323 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Cysteine proteinase activity in acidic extracts of various developmental stages of Clonorchis sinensis (metacercariae, 1-, 2-, and 3-month old worms) was examined. All the activities were maximum at acidic pH and showed inhibitor susceptibilities similar to the vertebrate cysteine proteinases. 2. Specific activity of cysteine proteinase(s) was highest in metacercariae with either CBZ-phe-arg-AFC or Azocoll as the substrate. The immature and mature worms had similar (but less than metacercariae) levels of activity. 3. A soluble cysteine proteinase with a native molecular weight of approximately 20,000 +/- 1414 was partially purified from 1-, 2-, and 3-month worms. The molecular weight of similar activity in metacercariae was approximately 32,000. 4. Results suggest developmental regulation of cysteine proteinase activity in the life cycle of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Song
- Department of Biology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Felleisen R, Beck E, Usmany M, Vlak J, Klinkert MQ. Cloning and expression of Schistosoma mansoni protein Sm32 in a baculovirus vector. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1990; 43:289-92. [PMID: 2090949 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90153-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Felleisen
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, University of Heidelberg, F.R.G
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45
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Doenhoff MJ, Curtis RH, Ngaiza J, Modha J. Proteases in the schistosome life cycle: a paradigm for tumour metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9:381-92. [PMID: 2097086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancers and parasites have a number of properties in common, particularly those that relate to their respective capacities to evade host defence mechanisms. This review highlights the similarities between metastatic tumours and schistosomes in particular, and describes the role that proteases may have in the migration, growth, survival and transmission of the different stages of the schistosome life-cycle in the vertebrate host. An elastase-like serine protease of schistosome larvae has been particularly well characterized, and its substrate profile and other properties are indicative of a role in facilitating migration of the parasite through skin tissue early after infection. The primary structures of a cathepsin B-like enzyme, and a putative 'haemoglobinase' found in adult worms have also recently been derived, these enzymes being responsible for degradation of haemoglobin in erythrocytes upon which the adults feed. Adult schistosome worms reside and produce eggs intravascularly, and the processes that mediate the extravasation and subsequent migration of the egg through host tissue are dependent on both blood platelets and the immune response. Fibrino(geno)lytic enzymatic activity that is present in the egg could modulate the thrombogenic potential that eggs might have as a result of their capacity to cause platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The roles of other proteases and peptidases that have been found in schistosome larvae, worms and eggs are less clear. Some of these enzymes may modulate immunological and haemostatic defence mechanisms and thus prolong survival of the parasite, and the consequences of the interactions between schistosomes and host protease inhibitors could also be immune modulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Doenhoff
- School of Biological Sciences, University College of North Wales, UK
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46
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Munro GH, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: morphology and ultrastructure of adult worms recovered from cyclosporin A-treated mice. Parasitology 1990; 100 Pt 1:19-28. [PMID: 2107504 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A administered to Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice at around day 20 of infection reduces the worm burden by greater than 60%, as assessed by portal perfusion on days 28 and 86. Those worms recovered at perfusion have been examined by light and electron microscopy for drug-induced changes in morphology. Gross parasite damage was characterized by massive bolus formation and subsequent herniation of the gut. This event was attributed to the abnormal accumulation of crystalline structures in the lumen; the crystals were closely associated with lipid droplets, and were shown by X-ray micro-analysis to contain iron. Such crystals were seen only rarely in the intestines of control worms, but they too gave small iron peaks when examined by X-ray micro-analysis. In some drug-treated worms the caecal epithelium had ruptured, thereby releasing luminal contents throughout the worm body. In addition, herniations of the gut were seen protruding through the tegument causing surface deformation and disruption of tegumental and parenchymal tissues. The structural integrity of the worm was ultimately compromised allowing access to cytotoxic effector cells of the host. The combined effects of drug action and cellular cytotoxicity presumably account for the very significant levels of worm killing achieved by CsA treatment of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Munro
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London
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47
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Xu H, Miller S, van Keulen H, Wawrzynski MR, Rekosh DM, LoVerde PT. Schistosoma mansoni tropomyosin: cDNA characterization, sequence, expression, and gene product localization. Exp Parasitol 1989; 69:373-92. [PMID: 2806461 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(89)90087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have defined the polypeptide pattern of 3-hr Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula on nonequilibrium two-dimensional gels (NEPHGE). An acidic group of polypeptides with a molecular weight of about 40 kDa and a pI value of around 5.0 (numbered 48/59/53) were identified as antigens on Western blots probed with chronic human infection sera or vaccinated mouse sera. Polypeptides 48/49/53 from silver-stained NEPHGE gels produced antisera that were specific as demonstrated by Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitations of in vitro translation products. A cDNA clone (clone 1) from a S. mansoni adult worm pBR322 library was isolated by using cDNA probes made from size-fractionated mRNA and defined as encoding polypeptide 49 by hybridization selection of the mRNA which was in vitro translated and immunoprecipitated with specific mouse antiserum. A lambda gt 11 expression clone which contained an insert close to the full length mRNA was isolated from a S. mansoni cercariae library. The complete sequence of the mRNA was determined by sequencing the insert of this clone as well as primer extension of total RNA. The only open reading frame coding for 284 amino acids in the 1316 nucleotide sequence showed a 44.76 to 55.44% homology with the amino acid sequences of 18 different tropomyosins from various species. Computer-predicted secondary structure of schistosome tropomyosin was mainly alpha-helix which was very similar to other tropomyosins. Northern analysis showed the mRNA to be about 1.5 kb in size and detectable at much higher levels in the adult worm stage as compared to the cercariae and the egg stages. Western blot analysis likewise showed that greater amounts of tropomyosin were detected in extracts from adult worm stage as compared to extracts from cercariae and egg stages. Immunocytochemical analysis shows that tropomyosin is strongly associated with the tegument of adult worms. The restriction digestion pattern given by genomic Southern analysis suggests the existence of introns and/or multiple gene copies. Thus polypeptide 49, an immunodominant antigen, represents schistosome tropomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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48
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Klinkert MQ, Felleisen R, Link G, Ruppel A, Beck E. Primary structures of Sm31/32 diagnostic proteins of Schistosoma mansoni and their identification as proteases. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989; 33:113-22. [PMID: 2725581 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed cDNA clones containing the complete nucleotide sequences coding for two highly antigenic Schistosoma mansoni adult worm proteins, Sm31 and Sm32. The predicted amino acid sequence of Sm31 shows significant homology to mouse, rat and human cathepsin B. The nucleotide sequence of Sm32 is identical to that reported by others for S. mansoni "haemoglobinase'. The different nucleotide sequences demonstrate the existence of two different proteolytic enzymes, both of which are synthesised in the form of precursor molecules. Structural homology of the schistosome cathepsin B to the mammalian ones indicates that the mature protein is processed from a propeptide. The calculated molecular weight of haemoglobinase of 47,000 suggests that post-translational processing is also involved in generating an active protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Klinkert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, University of Heidelberg, F.R.G
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49
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Reis MG, Kuhns J, Blanton R, Davis AH. Localization and pattern of expression of a female specific mRNA in Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989; 32:113-9. [PMID: 2927441 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand mechanisms involved in sex-specific gene expression in Schistosoma mansoni, a cDNA (fs800) was isolated that hybridized to an 800 nucleotide mRNA present in high levels only in mature female worms. The fs800 cDNA sequence was characterized by two long open reading frames and central stretches of repeated amino acids. Fs800 did not share similarities with other known sequences in computer searches. In situ hybridization, however, revealed that the mRNA corresponding to fs800 was found only in female vitelline cells, suggesting that the product of this gene may be involved in the production or function of eggs. Fs800 is developmentally regulated as expression of this gene is dependent on the maturity of female worms. Furthermore, during in vitro culture, when female worms are known to stop egg production, expression of fs800 selectively ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Reis
- Escola de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
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50
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Chappell CL, Hackel J, Davis AH. Cloned Schistosoma mansoni proteinase (hemoglobinase) as a putative serodiagnostic reagent. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:196-8. [PMID: 2492298 PMCID: PMC267263 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.1.196-198.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expressed cDNA encoding a proteolytic enzyme from Schistosoma mansoni has been cloned recently. Circulating antibodies reacting with the recombinant protein have been detected in the blood of mice and humans infected with S. mansoni, S. japonicum, or S. haematobium. S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection can be distinguished by antibody titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chappell
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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