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Ulianich L, Mirra P, Garbi C, Calì G, Conza D, Treglia AS, Miraglia A, Punzi D, Miele C, Raciti GA, Beguinot F, Consiglio E, Di Jeso B. The Pervasive Effects of ER Stress on a Typical Endocrine Cell: Dedifferentiation, Mesenchymal Shift and Antioxidant Response in the Thyrocyte. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:588685. [PMID: 33240221 PMCID: PMC7680880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.588685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are triggered following an imbalance between protein load and protein folding. Until recently, two possible outcomes of the unfolded protein response have been considered: life or death. We sought to substantiate a third alternative, dedifferentiation, mesenchymal shift, and activation of the antioxidant response by using typical endocrine cells, i.e. thyroid cells. The thyroid is a unique system both of endoplasmic reticulum stress (a single protein, thyroglobulin represents the majority of proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum by the thyrocyte) and of polarized epithelium (the single layer of thyrocytes delimiting the follicle). Following endoplasmic reticulum stress, in thyroid cells the folding of thyroglobulin was disrupted. The mRNAs of unfolded protein response were induced or spliced (X-box binding protein-1). Differentiation was inhibited: mRNA levels of thyroid specific genes, and of thyroid transcription factors were dramatically downregulated, at least in part, transcriptionally. The dedifferentiating response was accompanied by an upregulation of mRNAs of antioxidant genes. Moreover, cadherin-1, and the thyroid (and kidney)-specific cadherin-16 mRNAs were downregulated, vimentin, and SNAI1 mRNAs were upregulated. In addition, loss of cortical actin and stress fibers formation were observed. Together, these data indicate that ER stress in thyroid cells induces dedifferentiation, loss of epithelial organization, shift towards a mesenchymal phenotype, and activation of the antioxidant response, highlighting, at the same time, a new and wide strategy to achieve survival following ER stress, and, as a sort of the other side of the coin, a possible new molecular mechanism of decline/loss of function leading to a deficit of thyroid hormones formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore,” CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Conza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Sonia Treglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Punzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Eduardo Consiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Traslazionali Universita’ “Federico II” & URT dell’Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bruno Di Jeso, , orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-5984
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Citterio CE, Veluswamy B, Morgan SJ, Galton VA, Banga JP, Atkins S, Morishita Y, Neumann S, Latif R, Gershengorn MC, Smith TJ, Arvan P. De novo triiodothyronine formation from thyrocytes activated by thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15434-15444. [PMID: 28743746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland secretes primarily tetraiodothyronine (T4), and some triiodothyronine (T3). Under normal physiological circumstances, only one-fifth of circulating T3 is directly released by the thyroid, but in states of hyperactivation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors (TSHRs), patients develop a syndrome of relative T3 toxicosis. Thyroidal T4 production results from iodination of thyroglobulin (TG) at residues Tyr5 and Tyr130, whereas thyroidal T3 production may originate in several different ways. In this study, the data demonstrate that within the carboxyl-terminal portion of mouse TG, T3 is formed de novo independently of deiodination from T4 We found that upon iodination in vitro, de novo T3 formation in TG was decreased in mice lacking TSHRs. Conversely, de novo T3 that can be formed upon iodination of TG secreted from PCCL3 (rat thyrocyte) cells was augmented from cells previously exposed to increased TSH, a TSHR agonist, a cAMP analog, or a TSHR-stimulating antibody. We present data suggesting that TSH-stimulated TG phosphorylation contributes to enhanced de novo T3 formation. These effects were reversed within a few days after removal of the hyperstimulating conditions. Indeed, direct exposure of PCCL3 cells to human serum from two patients with Graves' disease, but not control sera, led to secretion of TG with an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 upon in vitro iodination. Furthermore, TG secreted from human thyrocyte cultures hyperstimulated with TSH also showed an increased intrinsic ability to form T3 Our data support the hypothesis that TG processing in the secretory pathway of TSHR-hyperstimulated thyrocytes alters the structure of the iodination substrate in a way that enhances de novo T3 formation, contributing to the relative T3 toxicosis of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.,the CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), C1120AAR Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Balaji Veluswamy
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valerie A Galton
- the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - J Paul Banga
- the Department of Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen Atkins
- the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Susanne Neumann
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rauf Latif
- the Thyroid Research Unit, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10468
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- the National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology (LERB), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Terry J Smith
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.,the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,
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Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a vertebrate secretory protein synthesized in the thyrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it acquires N-linked glycosylation and conformational maturation (including formation of many disulfide bonds), leading to homodimerization. Its primary functions include iodide storage and thyroid hormonogenesis. Tg consists largely of repeating domains, and many tyrosyl residues in these domains become iodinated to form monoiodo- and diiodotyrosine, whereas only a small portion of Tg structure is dedicated to hormone formation. Interestingly, evolutionary ancestors, dependent upon thyroid hormone for development, synthesize thyroid hormones without the complete Tg protein architecture. Nevertheless, in all vertebrates, Tg follows a strict pattern of region I, II-III, and the cholinesterase-like (ChEL) domain. In vertebrates, Tg first undergoes intracellular transport through the secretory pathway, which requires the assistance of thyrocyte ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, as well as coordination of distinct regions of Tg, to achieve a native conformation. Curiously, regions II-III and ChEL behave as fully independent folding units that could function as successful secretory proteins by themselves. However, the large Tg region I (bearing the primary T4-forming site) is incompetent by itself for intracellular transport, requiring the downstream regions II-III and ChEL to complete its folding. A combination of nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, splice site mutations, and missense mutations in Tg occurs spontaneously to cause congenital hypothyroidism and thyroidal ER stress. These Tg mutants are unable to achieve a native conformation within the ER, interfering with the efficiency of Tg maturation and export to the thyroid follicle lumen for iodide storage and hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Di Jeso B, Morishita Y, Treglia AS, Lofrumento DD, Nicolardi G, Beguinot F, Kellogg AP, Arvan P. Transient covalent interactions of newly synthesized thyroglobulin with oxidoreductases of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11488-11496. [PMID: 24599957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized thyroglobulin (Tg), the thyroid prohormone, forms detectable high molecular weight mixed disulfide adducts: until now, only Tg "adduct B" was identified as primarily engaging the endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductases ERp57 and protein disulfide isomerase. Here, we demonstrate that the faster migrating Tg adduct C primarily engages the CaBP1/P5 oxidoreductase, whereas the slower migrating Tg adduct A primarily engages ERp72. Upon siRNA-mediated knockdown of CaBP1/P5 or ERp72, adducts C or A, respectively, are decreased. Within the three Tg adduct bands that do not exhibit a precursor-product relationship, Tg exhibits distinct oxidation patterns. We present evidence suggesting that disulfide maturation occurs within Tg monomers engaged in each of the adduct bands. Moreover, the same Tg substrate molecules can form simultaneous mixed disulfides with both CaBP1/P5 and protein disulfide isomerase, although these are generally viewed as components of distinct oxidoreductase-chaperone protein complexes. Such substrate-oxidoreductase combinations offer Tg the potential for simultaneous oxidative maturation along different parallel tracks leading to the native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy,.
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Antonella S Treglia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario D Lofrumento
- Laboratorio di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universita' del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy, and
| | - Giuseppe Nicolardi
- Laboratorio di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universita' del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy, and
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali e Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aaron P Kellogg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,.
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Ulianich L, Terrazzano G, Annunziatella M, Ruggiero G, Beguinot F, Di Jeso B. ER stress impairs MHC Class I surface expression and increases susceptibility of thyroid cells to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:431-8. [PMID: 21199669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that, in thyroid cells, ER stress triggered by thapsigargin or tunicamycin, two well known ER stressing agents, induced dedifferentiation and loss of the epithelial phenotype in rat thyroid cells. In this study, we sought to evaluate if, in thyroid cells, ER stress could affect MHC class I expression and the possible implications of this effect in the alteration of function of natural killer cells, suggesting a role in thyroid pathology. In both, a human line of fetal thyroid cells (TAD-2 cells) and primary cultures of human thyroid cells, thapsigargin and tunicamicin triggered ER stress evaluated by BiP mRNA levels and XBP-1 splicing. In both cell types, TAD-2 cell line and primary cultures, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) plasmamembrane expression was significantly reduced by ER stress. This effect was accompanied by signs of natural killer activation. Thus, natural killer cells dramatically increased IFN-γ production and markedly increased their cytotoxicity against thyroid cells. Together, these data indicate that ER stress induces a decrease of MHC class I surface expression in thyroid cells, resulting in reduced natural killer-cell self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ulianich
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Ulianich L, Garbi C, Treglia AS, Punzi D, Miele C, Raciti GA, Beguinot F, Consiglio E, Di Jeso B. ER stress is associated with dedifferentiation and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like phenotype in PC Cl3 thyroid cells. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:477-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.017202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions perturbing the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause accumulation of unfolded proteins and trigger ER stress. In PC Cl3 thyroid cells, thapsigargin and tunicamycin interfered with the folding of thyroglobulin, causing accumulation of this very large secretory glycoprotein in the ER. Consequently, mRNAs encoding BiP and XBP-1 were induced and spliced, respectively. In the absence of apoptosis, differentiation of PC Cl3 cells was inhibited. mRNA and protein levels of the thyroid-specific genes encoding thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and the sodium/iodide symporter and of the genes encoding the thyroid transcription factors TTF-1, TTF-2 and Pax-8 were dramatically downregulated. These effects were, at least in part, transcriptional. Moreover, they were selective and temporally distinct from the general and transient PERK-dependent translational inhibition. Thyroid dedifferentiation was accompanied by changes in the organization of the polarized epithelial monolayer. Downregulation of the mRNA encoding E-cadherin, and upregulation of the mRNAs encoding vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, α(1)(I) collagen and SNAI1/SIP1, together with formation of actin stress fibers and loss of trans-epithelial resistance were found, confirming an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The thyroid-specific and epithelial dedifferentiation by thapsigargin or tunicamycin were completely prevented by the PP2 inhibitor of Src-family kinases and by stable expression of a dominant-negative Src. Together, these data indicate that ER stress induces dedifferentiation and an EMT-like phenotype in thyroid cells through a Src-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ulianich
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare `L. Califano', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Sonia Treglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche Fisiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi di Lecce, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Punzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare `L. Califano', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare `L. Califano', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare `L. Califano', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eduardo Consiglio
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale “G. Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare `L. Califano', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Di Jeso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche Fisiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi di Lecce, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Di Jeso B, Park YN, Ulianich L, Treglia AS, Urbanas ML, High S, Arvan P. Mixed-disulfide folding intermediates between thyroglobulin and endoplasmic reticulum resident oxidoreductases ERp57 and protein disulfide isomerase. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9793-805. [PMID: 16260597 PMCID: PMC1280251 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.9793-9805.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first identification of transient folding intermediates of endogenous thyroglobulin (Tg; a large homodimeric secretory glycoprotein of thyrocytes), which include mixed disulfides with endogenous oxidoreductases servicing Tg folding needs. Formation of disulfide-linked Tg adducts with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductases begins cotranslationally. Inhibition of ER glucosidase activity blocked formation of a subgroup of Tg adducts containing ERp57 while causing increased Tg adduct formation with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), delayed adduct resolution, perturbed oxidative folding of Tg monomers, impaired Tg dimerization, increased Tg association with BiP/GRP78 and GRP94, activation of the unfolded protein response, increased ER-associated degradation of a subpopulation of Tg, partial Tg escape from ER quality control with increased secretion of free monomers, and decreased overall Tg secretion. These data point towards mixed disulfides with the ERp57 oxidoreductase in conjunction with calreticulin/calnexin chaperones acting as normal early Tg folding intermediates that can be "substituted" by PDI adducts only at the expense of lower folding efficiency with resultant ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Facoltà di Scienze MFN, Università degli Studi di Lecce, Centro Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
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Abstract
Thyroglobulin measurements in tissue and serum play an integral role in the evaluation of patients who have thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemical detection of thyroglobulin in surgical specimens is useful in the differential diagnosis of tumors of unknown origin; however, the most important application of thyroglobulin measurement in clinical practice is in the postsurgical management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Serum thyroglobulin is a highly specific and sensitive tumor marker for detecting persistent or recurrent thyroid cancer and for monitoring clinical status. The reappearance of circulating thyroglobulin after total thyroid ablation is pathognomonic for the presence of tumor. The measurement of thyroglobulin in serum is challenging, however, and several analytical problems limit assay performance. Thyroglobulin autoantibody interference is a particularly significant concern that requires all thyroglobulin samples to be screened for their presence. No immunoassay is totally free from interference by thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA to detect circulating tumor cells may help to overcome some of the limitations of current protein-detection methods; serum thyroglobulin will continue to remain the "gold standard." The complex functional features of thyroid carcinomas make sole reliance upon any one diagnostic technique, including thyroglobulin assessments, potentially misleading. Thyroglobulin measurements are a critical component of a multifaceted diagnostic approach to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Whitley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-02963, USA.
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Leonardi A, Vito P, Mauro C, Pacifico F, Ulianich L, Consiglio E, Formisano S, Di Jeso B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes thyroglobulin retention in this organelle and triggers activation of nuclear factor-kappa B via tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2169-77. [PMID: 12021180 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.6.8825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perturbing the endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis of thyroid cell lines with thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) adenosine triphosphatases, and tunicamycin, an inhibitor of the N-linked glycosylation, blocked Tg in the endoplasmic reticulum. This event was signaled outside the endoplasmic reticulum and resulted in activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) stress response pathways. Activation of the JNK/stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was assessed by measuring the amount of phospho-JNK and the activity of JNK by kinase assays. Activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway was assessed by measuring the level of inhibitory subunit I kappa B alpha, DNA binding, and transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B. Cycloheximide treatment, at a dose able to profoundly inhibit protein synthesis in FRTL-5 cells, obliterated the decrease in the level of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B alpha produced by thapsigargin and tunicamycin. Therefore, protein synthesis was required to generate a signal from stressed endoplasmic reticulum. This substantiates the hypothesis that endoplasmic reticulum retention of newly synthesized Tg and other cargo (secretory and membrane) proteins functions upstream of signal activation. Dominant negative TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) inhibited activation of NF-kappa B, which was also inhibited in embryonic fibroblasts derived from TRAF2(-/-) mice, respect to their normal counterpart. These data extend the recent demonstration that TRAF2 mediated JNK activation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and strongly strengthened the idea that endogenous stress signals initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum proceed by a pathway similar to that initiated by plasma membrane receptors in response to extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Federico II, University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy
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Woodworth A, Baenziger JU. The man/GalNAc-4-SO4-receptor has multiple specificities and functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2001; 33:123-38. [PMID: 11190671 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-46410-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Woodworth
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Di Jeso B, Formisano S, Consiglio E. Depletion of divalent cations within the secretory pathway inhibits the terminal glycosylation of complex carbohydrates of thyroglobulin. Biochimie 1999; 81:497-504. [PMID: 10403181 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Newly synthesized thyroglobulin transiting the secretory pathway is posttranslationally modified by addition of oligosaccharides to asparagine N-linked residues. The effect of divalent cation depletion on oligosaccharide processing of Tg was studied in FRTL-5 cells. Treatment with an ionophore, A23187, or thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ATPases delayed Tg secretion. These effects were accompanied by a normal distribution of the marker of the endoplasmic reticulum protein disulfide isomerase. Analysis of the thyroglobulin oligosaccharides by Bio-gel P4 chromatography showed that in the presence of A23187 and thapsigargin the addition of peripheral sialic acid and possibly galactose is inhibited. These findings were strengthened by experiments of exoglycosidase digestion and SDS-PAGE analysis of the resulting products. These results reveal a cellular mechanism of production of thyroglobulin with incompletely processed complex chains, i.e., the ligand of the recently described GlcNAc and asialoglycoprotein receptors of the thyroid. Since A23187 and thapsigargin inhibit biosynthetically the addition of peripheral sugars on N-linked oligosaccharides chains, the thyroglobulin molecules secreted in the presence of A23187 and thapsigargin should greatly facilitate studies on the function of the GlcNAc and asialoglycoprotein receptors of the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Di Jeso
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare L. Califano and Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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Ikekita M, Yajima H, Murata T, Takatera K, Watanabe T, Sonoyama M, Tezuka Y, Ishii T, Tarutani O. Carbohydrate analysis of porcine thyroglobulin isoforms with different iodine contents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:557-65. [PMID: 9367184 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To further validate the relationship between thyroid hormone formation and the carbohydrate structure of thyroglobulin (Tg), we reinvestigated the relationship between the iodine content and the asparagine-linked oligosaccharide structures of porcine Tg. Purified porcine Tg was further separated into isoforms (Tg-F1, -F2 and -F3) with a DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography column. The iodine residues, neutral sugar and sialic acid were analyzed for the separated Tg isoforms and their asparagine-linked oligosaccharide structures were analyzed. The asparagine-linked oligosaccharides were released from Tg-F1, -F2 and -F3 by hydrazinolysis and each oligosaccharide was labeled with p-aminobenzoic acid octyl ester (ABOE). The ABOE-labeled oligosaccharides from Tg-F1, -F2 and -F3 were analyzed for their relative content in oligosaccharides of each structure type by chemical methods and DEAE- and ConA high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. As a result, it was revealed that the Tg fraction eluted at higher ionic strength from a DEAE-cellulose column is apt to contain more of each iodoamino acid, as well as total content of iodine, larger negative zeta-potential, conforming to sialic acid content in the Tg molecule and to a higher content of di-sialo-bi-antennary complex and to high mannose type oligosaccharides. These results support the conclusion that iodine organification of the Tg molecule is correlated with asparagine-linked oligosaccharide completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikekita
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
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Di Jeso B, Formisano S, Ulianich L. Perturbation of cellular calcium delays the secretion and alters the glycosylation of thyroglobulin in FRTL-5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234:133-6. [PMID: 9168976 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of FRTL-5 cells with a Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, or a specific inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases, thapsigargin, delayed thyroglobulin secretion. The secreted thyroglobulin showed an increased electrophoretic mobility and a reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase. Only thyroglobulin that was still in the endoplasmic reticulum was sensitive to the Ca(2+)-perturbant drugs as shown by experiments in which the drugs were added at different times during a chase. Analysis of the carbohydrate chains by BioGel P4 showed that thyroglobulin secreted in the presence of the Ca(2+)-perturbants displayed an increased ratio high mannose/complex chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Di Jeso
- Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Desruisseau S, Valette A, Franc JL, Chabaud O. Thyrotropin controls dolichol-linked sugar pools and oligosaccharyltransferase activity in thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996; 122:223-8. [PMID: 8902853 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(96)03880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that thyroglobulin (Tg) glycosylation is enhanced 1.5-fold under thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation, corresponding to an increased number of oligosaccharide chains per molecule of Tg. Now the steps involving dolichol components and oligosaccharyltransferase activity have been studied. Porcine thyroid cells were cultured on porous bottom filters with or without TSH and incubated with [14C]mevalonate. Under TSH regulation, the level of the whole of dolichol components was increased 1.25-fold without modifying their distribution. Dolichol, and free and monosaccharide-linked dolichyl-phosphate, represented respectively 40% and 45% of total dolichol components while dolichyl-pyrophosphate-oligosaccharide represented 3% only. A marked enhancement (4.2-fold) of oligosaccharyltransferase activity occurred in stimulated cells, which could correspond to the addition of the two TSH effects: stimulation of Tg synthesis (3-fold) and of Tg glycosylation (1.5-fold). The amount of lipid carriers appeared to be insufficiently increased but no component is a limiting step, suggesting that the turnover of dolichol derivatives may be increased under TSH control through their use by higher amounts of Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desruisseau
- INSERM CJF 93-11, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
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Mallet B, Lejeune PJ, Baudry N, Niccoli P, Carayon P, Franc JL. N-glycans modulate in vivo and in vitro thyroid hormone synthesis. Study at the N-terminal domain of thyroglobulin. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:29881-8. [PMID: 8530385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.50.29881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is the substrate for thyroid hormone biosynthesis, which requires tyrosine iodination and iodotyrosine coupling and occurs at the apical membrane of the thyrocytes. Tg glycoconjugates have been shown to play a major role in Tg routing through cellular compartments and recycling after endocytosis. Here we show that glycoconjugates also play a direct role in hormonosynthesis. The N-terminal domain (NTD; Asn1-Met171) of human Tg, which bears the preferential hormonogenic site, brings two N-glycans (Asn57 and Asn91). NTD preparations were purified from Tg with low and mild iodine content in vivo and from poorly iodinated Tg after in vitro iodination and coupling. NTD separated from poorly iodinated Tg was also submitted to iodination and coupling after desialylation and deglycosylation. The various NTD isoforms were analyzed for their N-glycan structures and hormone contents. Our results show that 1) in vivo as well as in vitro unglycosylated isoforms did not synthesize hormones, whereas fully or partially (at Asn91) glycosylated isoforms did; 2) high mannose type structures enhanced the hormone content; and 3) desialylation did not affect in vitro hormone synthesis. Evidence of a direct involvement in hormonosynthesis adds to the role of N-glycans in Tg function and opens the way to new mechanisms for regulation (e.g. TSH modulation of N-glycan) or alteration (e.g. Asn91 mutation) of thyroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mallet
- Unité 38, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Grollman E, Saji M, Shimura Y, Lau J, Ashwell G. Thyrotropin regulation of sialic acid expression in rat thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Di Jeso B, Gentile F. TSH-induced galactose incorporation at the NH2 terminus of thyroglobulin secreted by FRTL-5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189:1624-30. [PMID: 1482368 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90263-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
FRTL-5 cells were cultured in media containing standard growth factors with or without TSH, plus labeled precursors of N-linked oligosaccharide chains. The thyroglobulin secreted in the medium was purified and fragmented with CNBr. Three peptides were identified by NH2-terminal sequencing, that were labeled mainly with D-[2-3H]mannose, independent of TSH. One of them, corresponding to the NH2-terminus of thyroglobulin, incorporated both more D-[2-3H]mannose and more D-[1-3H]galactose upon TSH addition. These data likely reflect a TSH-induced increment of N-linked glycosylation at the NH2-terminus of thyroglobulin, mostly with the maturation of high-mannose to complex chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Di Jeso
- Centro di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale del C.N.R., Naples, Italy
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