1
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Barton MI, Paterson RL, Denham EM, Goyette J, van der Merwe PA. Ligand requirements for immunoreceptor triggering. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1138. [PMID: 39271744 PMCID: PMC11399299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes interact with other cells using cell surface receptors. The largest group of such receptors are non-catalytic tyrosine phosphorylated receptors (NTRs), also called immunoreceptors. NTR signalling requires phosphorylation of cytoplasmic tyrosine residues by SRC-family tyrosine kinases. How ligand binding to NTRs induces this phosphorylation, also called NTR triggering, remains controversial, with roles suggested for size-based segregation, clustering, and mechanical force. Here we exploit a recently developed cell-surface generic ligand system to explore the ligand requirements for NTR triggering. We examine the effect of varying the ligand's length, mobility and valency on the activation of representative members of four NTR families: SIRPβ1, Siglec 14, NKp44 and TREM-1. Increasing the ligand length impairs activation via NTRs, despite enhancing cell-cell conjugation, while varying ligand mobility has little effect on either conjugation or activation. Increasing the valency of the ligand, while enhancing cell-cell conjugation, does not enhance activation at equivalent levels of conjugation. These findings are more consistent with a role for size-based segregation, rather than mechanical force or clustering, in NTR triggering, suggesting a role for the kinetic-segregation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Barton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel L Paterson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Portugal
| | - Eleanor M Denham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Enara Bio, The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, 1 Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Rubin AJ, Dao TT, Schueppert AV, Regev A, Shalek AK. LAT encodes T cell activation pathway balance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.26.609683. [PMID: 39253472 PMCID: PMC11383308 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.26.609683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells transduce environmental stimuli into responses essential for host health via complex signaling cascades. T cells, in particular, leverage their unique T cell receptors (TCRs) to detect specific Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-presented peptides. TCR activation is then relayed via linker for activation of T cells (LAT), a TCR-proximal disordered adapter protein, which organizes protein partners and mediates the propagation of signals down diverse pathways including NFAT and AP-1. Here, we studied how balanced downstream pathway activation is encoded in the amino acid sequence of LAT. To comprehensively profile the sequence-function relationship of LAT, we developed a pooled, single-cell, high-content screening approach in which a large series of mutants in the LAT protein were analyzed to characterize their effects on T cell activation. Measuring epigenetic, transcriptomic, and cell surface protein dynamics of single cells harboring distinct LAT mutants, we found functional regions spanning over 40% of the LAT amino acid sequence. Conserved sequence motifs for protein interactions along with charge distribution are critical sequence features, and contribute to interpretation of human genetic variation in LAT. While mutant defect severity spans from moderate to complete loss of function, nearly all defective mutants, irrespective of their position in LAT, confer balanced defects across all downstream pathways. To understand the molecular basis for this observation, we performed proximal protein labeling which demonstrated that disruption of LAT interaction with a single partner protein indirectly disrupts other partner interactions, likely through the dual roles of these proteins as effectors of downstream pathways and bridging factors between LAT molecules. Overall, we report widely distributed functional regions throughout a disordered adapter and a precise physical organization of LAT and interacting molecules which constrains signaling outputs. More broadly, we describe an approach for interrogating sequence-function relationships for proteins with complex activities across regulatory layers of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rubin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler T Dao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amelia V Schueppert
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Current address: Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Chu GJ, Bailey CG, Nagarajah R, Sagnella SM, Adelstein S, Rasko JEJ. The 4-1BBζ costimulatory domain in chimeric antigen receptors enhances CD8+ T-cell functionality following T-cell receptor stimulation. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:327. [PMID: 38105188 PMCID: PMC10726568 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have revolutionized the treatment of CD19- and B-cell maturation antigen-positive haematological malignancies. However, the effect of a CAR construct on the function of T-cells stimulated via their endogenous T-cell receptors (TCRs) has yet to be comprehensively investigated. METHODS Experiments were performed to systematically assess TCR signalling and function in CAR T-cells using anti-mesothelin human CAR T-cells as a model system. CAR T-cells expressing the CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory endodomains were manufactured and compared to both untransduced T-cells and CAR T-cells with a non-functional endodomain. These cell products were treated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B to stimulate the TCR, and in vitro functional assays were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Increased proliferation, CD69 expression and IFNγ production were identified in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cells compared to control untransduced CD8+ T-cells. These functional differences were associated with higher levels of phosphorylated ZAP70 after stimulation. In addition, these functional differences were associated with a differing immunophenotype, with a more than two-fold increase in central memory cells in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cell products. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the 4-1BBζ CAR enhances CD8+ TCR-mediated function. This could be beneficial if the TCR targets epitopes on malignant tissues or infectious agents, but detrimental if the TCR targets autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Chu
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Haigh S, Brown ZL, Shivers MA, Sellers HG, West MA, Barman SA, Stepp DW, Csanyi G, Fulton DJR. A Reappraisal of the Utility of L-012 to Measure Superoxide from Biologically Relevant Sources. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1689. [PMID: 37759992 PMCID: PMC10525458 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of superoxide anion (O2●-) in biological tissues remains challenging. Barriers to convenient and reproducible measurements include expensive equipment, custom probes, and the need for high sensitivity and specificity. The luminol derivative, L-012, has been used to measure O2●- since 1993 with mixed results and concerns over specificity. The goal of this study was to better define the conditions for use and their specificity. We found that L-012 coupled with depolymerized orthovanadate, a relatively impermeable tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, yielded a highly sensitive approach to detect extracellular O2●-. In O2●- producing HEK-NOX5 cells, orthovanadate increased L-012 luminescence 100-fold. The combination of L-012 and orthovanadate was highly sensitive, stable, scalable, completely reversed by superoxide dismutase, and selective for O2●- generating NOXes versus NOX4, which produces H2O2. Moreover, there was no signal from cells transfected with NOS3 (NO●) and NOS2(ONOO-). To exclude the effects of altered tyrosine phosphorylation, O2●- was detected using non-enzymatic synthesis with phenazine methosulfate and via novel coupling of L-012 with niobium oxalate, which was less active in inducing tyrosine phosphorylation. Overall, our data shows that L-012 coupled with orthovanadate or other periodic group 5 salts yields a reliable, sensitive, and specific approach to measuring extracellular O2●- in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Zach L. Brown
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Mitch A. Shivers
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Hunter G. Sellers
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Madison A. West
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Scott A. Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - David W. Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - Gabor Csanyi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
- David Fulton Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CB 3316, Augusta, GA 30909, USA
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5
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Kim HG, Jeong SG, Kim JH, Cho JY. Phosphatase inhibition by sodium orthovanadate displays anti-inflammatory action by suppressing AKT-IKKβ signaling in RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1883-1893. [PMID: 36518371 PMCID: PMC9742970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) is an inhibitor of phosphatases that acts as a phosphate analog and is being developed as an anti-diabetes drug. Phosphatases play important roles in inflammatory signal pathways by modulating the removal of phosphate moieties of key signaling proteins. However, the role of protein phosphatases on the inflammatory response has not been fully established. In this study, we investigated how phosphatases can control the inflammatory response using Na3VO4 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and explored the molecular mechanisms by NO assay, mRNA analysis, immunoblotting analysis, kinase assay, luciferase reporter gene assay, and mutation strategy. Na3VO4 decreased the release of nitric oxide (NO) and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes at the transcriptional level, without cytotoxicity. The translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits into the nucleus and the level of p-IκBα were reduced by Na3VO4, as was IKKβ activity. Na3VO4 inhibited NF-κB-Luc activity under AKT1/2 and IKKβ overexpression. However, the inhibitory effect of Na3VO4 against NF-κB-Luc was not observed in the group overexpressing both AKT2 and IKKβ-M10, a mutant in which the 10 serine residues in the autophosphorylated region of the C-terminal were replaced with alanine. Na3VO4 directly decreased the activity of protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) and protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) by 95%. Phosphatase inhibition by Na3VO4 also selectively suppressed AKT-IKKβ signaling by directly blocking the phosphatase activity of PP1 and PP2A, consequently down-regulating NF-κB and inflammatory gene expression. Therefore, these results suggest that vanadium compounds including Na3VO4 can be developed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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7
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Castro-Sanchez P, Teagle AR, Prade S, Zamoyska R. Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608747. [PMID: 33425916 PMCID: PMC7793860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early TCR signaling is dependent on rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of multiple signaling and adaptor proteins, leading to T cell activation. This process is tightly regulated by an intricate web of interactions between kinases and phosphatases. A number of tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to modulate T cell responses and thus alter T cell fate by negatively regulating early TCR signaling. Mutations in some of these enzymes are associated with enhanced predisposition to autoimmunity in humans, and mouse models deficient in orthologous genes often show T cell hyper-activation. Therefore, phosphatases are emerging as potential targets in situations where it is desirable to enhance T cell responses, such as immune responses to tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about tyrosine phosphatases that regulate early TCR signaling and discuss their involvement in autoimmunity and their potential as targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sanchez
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra R Teagle
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Prade
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Schamel WW, Alarcon B, Minguet S. The TCR is an allosterically regulated macromolecular machinery changing its conformation while working. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:8-25. [PMID: 31402501 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is a multiprotein complex controlling the activation of T cells. Although the structure of the complete TCR is not known, cumulative evidence supports that the TCR cycles between different conformational states that are promoted either by thermal motion or by force. These structural transitions determine whether the TCR engages intracellular effectors or not, regulating TCR phosphorylation and signaling. As for other membrane receptors, ligand binding selects and stabilizes the TCR in active conformations, and/or switches the TCR to activating states that were not visited before ligand engagement. Here we review the main models of TCR allostery, that is, ligand binding at TCRαβ changes the structure at CD3 and ζ. (a) The ITAM and proline-rich sequence exposure model, in which the TCR's cytoplasmic tails shield each other and ligand binding exposes them for phosphorylation. (b) The membrane-ITAM model, in which the CD3ε and ζ tails are sequestered inside the membrane and again ligand binding exposes them. (c) The mechanosensor model in which ligand binding exerts force on the TCR, inducing structural changes that allow signaling. Since these models are complementary rather than competing, we propose a unified model that aims to incorporate all existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Ahsan N, Wilson RS, Rao RSP, Salvato F, Sabila M, Ullah H, Miernyk JA. Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification of Phospho-Tyr in Plant Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:561-571. [PMID: 31967836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
O-Phosphorylation (phosphorylation of the hydroxyl-group of S, T, and Y residues) is among the first described and most thoroughly studied posttranslational modification (PTM). Y-Phosphorylation, catalyzed by Y-kinases, is a key step in both signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity in mammalian systems. Canonical Y-kinase sequences are absent from plant genomes/kinomes, often leading to the assumption that plant cells lack O-phospho-l-tyrosine (pY). However, recent improvements in sample preparation, coupled with advances in instrument sensitivity and accessibility, have led to results that unequivocally disproved this assumption. Identification of hundreds of pY-peptides/proteins, followed by validation using genomic, molecular, and biochemical approaches, implies previously unappreciated roles for this "animal PTM" in plants. Herein, we review extant results from studies of pY in plants and propose a strategy for preparation and analysis of pY-peptides that will allow a depth of coverage of the plant pY-proteome comparable to that achieved in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biology and Medicine , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States.,Center for Cancer Research Development, Proteomics Core Facility , Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States
| | - Rashaun S Wilson
- Keck Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center , Yenepoya University , Mangalore 575018 , India
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Mercy Sabila
- Department of Biology , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Ján A Miernyk
- Division of Biochemistry , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
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11
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Enhancement of oncolytic virotherapy by vanadium(V) dipicolinates. Biometals 2019; 32:545-561. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Felce JH, Sezgin E, Wane M, Brouwer H, Dustin ML, Eggeling C, Davis SJ. CD45 exclusion- and cross-linking-based receptor signaling together broaden FcεRI reactivity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/561/eaat0756. [PMID: 30563863 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) FcεRI, which is expressed by mast cells and basophils, has been widely held to be the exemplar of cross-linking (that is, aggregation dependent) signaling receptors. We found, however, that FcεRI signaling could occur in the presence or absence of receptor cross-linking. Using both cell and cell-free systems, we showed that FcεRI signaling was stimulated by surface-associated monovalent ligands through the passive, size-dependent exclusion of the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from plasma membrane regions of FcεRI-ligand engagement. Similarly to the T cell receptor, FcεRI signaling could also be initiated in a ligand-independent manner. These data suggest that a simple mechanism of CD45 exclusion-based receptor triggering could function together with cross-linking-based FcεRI signaling, broadening mast cell and basophil reactivity by enabling these cells to respond to both multivalent and surface-presented monovalent antigens. These findings also strengthen the case that a size-dependent, phosphatase exclusion-based receptor triggering mechanism might serve generally to facilitate signaling by noncatalytic immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Madina Wane
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. .,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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13
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Choi J, Saraf A, Florens L, Washburn MP, Busino L. PTPN14 regulates Roquin2 stability by tyrosine dephosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2243-2255. [PMID: 30209976 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1522912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of cellular signaling pathways and fundamental mechanisms in cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that the mRNA decay factor Roquin2 is phosphorylated at tyrosine residue in position 691 in vivo. This phosphorylation disrupts the interaction with KLHL6, the E3 ligase for Roquin2. Furthermore, we establish that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14 specifically interacts with Roquin2 through its phosphatase domain and dephosphorylates Roquin2 tyrosine 691. Overexpression of PTPN14 promotes Roquin2 degradation in a KLHL6-dependant manner by promoting interaction with KLHL6. Collectively, our findings reveal that PTPN14 negatively regulates the protein stability of Roquin2, thereby adding a new layer of regulation to the KLHL6-Roquin2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Anita Saraf
- b The Stowers Institute of Medical Research , Kansas , MO , USA
| | | | - Michael P Washburn
- b The Stowers Institute of Medical Research , Kansas , MO , USA.,c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , The University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas , KS , USA
| | - Luca Busino
- a Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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14
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Phull AR, Nasir B, Haq IU, Kim SJ. Oxidative stress, consequences and ROS mediated cellular signaling in rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 281:121-136. [PMID: 29258867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous extra- and intra-cellular processes involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Augmented ROS generation can cause the damage of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acid and lipids. ROS act as an intracellular signaling component and is associated with various inflammatory responses, chronic arthropathies, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is well documented that ROS can activate different signaling pathways having a vital importance in the patho-physiology of RA. Hence, understanding of the molecular pathways and their interaction might be advantageous in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongju Daehak-Ro, Gongju-Si, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bakht Nasir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongju Daehak-Ro, Gongju-Si, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Redox Regulation of Inflammatory Processes Is Enzymatically Controlled. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8459402. [PMID: 29118897 PMCID: PMC5651112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8459402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signaling cascades. Thioredoxin family proteins are key regulators of the redox state of proteins. They regulate the formation and removal of oxidative modifications by specific thiol reduction and oxidation. All of these redox enzymes affect inflammatory processes and the innate and adaptive immune response. Interestingly, this regulation involves different mechanisms in different biological compartments and specialized cell types. The localization and activity of distinct proteins including, for instance, the transcription factor NFκB and the immune mediator HMGB1 are redox-regulated. The transmembrane protein ADAM17 releases proinflammatory mediators, such as TNFα, and is itself regulated by a thiol switch. Moreover, extracellular redox enzymes were shown to modulate the activity and migration behavior of various types of immune cells by acting as cytokines and/or chemokines. Within this review article, we will address the concept of redox signaling and the functions of both redox enzymes and redox active molecules in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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16
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Ratzon E, Bloch I, Nicola M, Cohen E, Ruimi N, Dotan N, Landau M, Gal M. A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Involved in B-Cell Signaling. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4398-4410. [PMID: 31457731 PMCID: PMC6641755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are fundamental within almost all cellular signal transduction networks. Among these, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), which belongs to the Tec family of proteins, plays an imperative part in B-cell signaling. Owing to its role, Btk has been established as an important therapeutic target for a vast range of disorders related to B-cell development and function, such as the X-linked agammaglobulinemia, various B-cell malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Herein, using computer-based screening of a library of 20 million small molecules, we identified a small molecule capable of directly binding the Btk kinase domain. On the basis of this hit compound, we conducted a focused structure-similarity search to explore the effect of different chemical modifications on binding toward Btk. This search identified the molecule N2,N6-bis(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine as a potent inhibitor of Btk. The latter small molecule binds Btk with a dissociation constant of 250 nM and inhibits Btk activity both in vitro and in-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Ratzon
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Itai Bloch
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Meshel Nicola
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Elad Cohen
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Nili Ruimi
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Nesly Dotan
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department
of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maayan Gal
- Biochemistry
Department, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel
- Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic
College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
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17
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Van Den Ham KM, Smith LK, Richer MJ, Olivier M. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibition Prevents Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Precluding CXCR3 Expression on T Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5478. [PMID: 28710387 PMCID: PMC5511231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection is dependent on the sequestration of cytotoxic T cells within the brain and augmentation of the inflammatory response. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity significantly attenuates T cell sequestration within the brain and prevents the development of neuropathology. Mechanistically, the initial upregulation of CXCR3 on splenic T cells upon T cell receptor stimulation was critically decreased through the reduction of T cell-intrinsic PTP activity. Furthermore, PTP inhibition markedly increased IL-10 production by splenic CD4+ T cells by enhancing the frequency of LAG3+CD49b+ type 1 regulatory cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate that modulation of PTP activity could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cerebral malaria and other CXCR3-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Van Den Ham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Logan K Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre and Associate Member, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada. .,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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18
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Mukhopadhyay H, de Wet B, Clemens L, Maini PK, Allard J, van der Merwe PA, Dushek O. Multisite Phosphorylation Modulates the T Cell Receptor ζ-Chain Potency but not the Switchlike Response. Biophys J 2017; 110:1896-1906. [PMID: 27119648 PMCID: PMC4850346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite phosphorylation is ubiquitous in cellular signaling and is thought to provide signaling proteins with additional regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, mathematical models have revealed a large number of mechanisms by which multisite phosphorylation can produce switchlike responses. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit receptor on the surface of T cells that is a prototypical multisite substrate as it contains 20 sites that are distributed on 10 conserved immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). The TCR ζ-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites) and exhibits a number of properties that are predicted to be sufficient for a switchlike response. We have used cellular reconstitution to systematically study multisite phosphorylation of the TCR ζ-chain. We find that multisite phosphorylation proceeds by a nonsequential random mechanism, and find no evidence that multiple ITAMs modulate a switchlike response but do find that they alter receptor potency and maximum phosphorylation. Modulation of receptor potency can be explained by a reduction in molecular entropy of the disordered ζ-chain upon phosphorylation. We further find that the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 increases receptor potency but does not modulate the switchlike response. In contrast to other multisite proteins, where phosphorylations act in strong concert to modulate protein function, we suggest that the multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben de Wet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Clemens
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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19
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Chang VT, Fernandes RA, Ganzinger KA, Lee SF, Siebold C, McColl J, Jönsson P, Palayret M, Harlos K, Coles CH, Jones EY, Lui Y, Huang E, Gilbert RJC, Klenerman D, Aricescu AR, Davis SJ. Initiation of T cell signaling by CD45 segregation at 'close contacts'. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:574-582. [PMID: 26998761 PMCID: PMC4839504 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the local segregation of kinases and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 underpins T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggering, but how such segregation occurs and whether it can initiate signaling is unclear. Using structural and biophysical analysis, we show that the extracellular region of CD45 is rigid and extends beyond the distance spanned by TCR-ligand complexes, implying that sites of TCR-ligand engagement would sterically exclude CD45. We also show that the formation of 'close contacts', new structures characterized by spontaneous CD45 and kinase segregation at the submicron-scale, initiates signaling even when TCR ligands are absent. Our work reveals the structural basis for, and the potent signaling effects of, local CD45 and kinase segregation. TCR ligands have the potential to heighten signaling simply by holding receptors in close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T Chang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Matthieu Palayret
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Charlotte H Coles
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Yuan Lui
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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20
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Kan WC, Lu TL, Ling P, Lee TH, Cho CY, Huang CYF, Jeng WY, Weng YP, Chiang CY, Wu JB, Lu TJ. Pervanadate induces Mammalian Ste20 Kinase 3 (MST3) tyrosine phosphorylation but not activation. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:33-9. [PMID: 27118027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Ste20 (sterile) protein kinase, which is a serine/threonine kinase, responds to the stimulation of the G proteincoupled receptor (GPCR) pheromone receptor. Ste20 protein kinase serves as the critical component that links signaling from the GPCR/G proteins to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in yeast. The yeast Ste20p functions as a MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) in the pheromone response. Ste20-like kinases are structurally conserved from yeast to mammals. The mechanism by which MAP4K links GPCR to the MAPK pathway is less clearly defined in vertebrates. In addition to MAP4K, the tyrosine kinase cascade bridges G proteins and the MAPK pathway in vertebrate cells. Mammalian Ste20 Kinase 3 (MST3) has been categorized into the Ste20 family and has been reported to function in the regulation of cell polarity and migration. However, whether MST3 tyrosine phosphorylation regulates diverse signaling pathways is unknown. In this study, the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate was found to induce MST3 tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells, and the activity of tyrosine-phosphorylated MST3 was measured. This tyrosine-directed phosphorylation was independent of MST3 activity. Parameters including protein conformation, Triton concentration and ionic concentration influenced the sensitivity of MST3 activity. Taken together, our data suggests that the serine/threonine kinase MST3 undergoes tyrosinedirected phosphorylation. The tyrosine-phosphorylated MST3 may create a docking site for the structurally conserved SH2/SH3 (Src Homology 2 and 3) domains within the Src oncoprotein. The unusual tyrosinephosphorylated MST3 may recruit MST3 to various signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Kan
- Department of Nephrology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yui-Ping Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chiang
- Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin Bin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Te-Jung Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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21
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Comrie WA, Burkhardt JK. Action and Traction: Cytoskeletal Control of Receptor Triggering at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27014258 PMCID: PMC4779853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that F-actin dynamics drive the micron-scale cell shape changes required for migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation. In addition, recent evidence points to a more intimate role for the actin cytoskeleton in promoting T cell activation. Mechanotransduction, the conversion of mechanical input into intracellular biochemical changes, is thought to play a critical role in several aspects of immunoreceptor triggering and downstream signal transduction. Multiple molecules associated with signaling events at the IS have been shown to respond to physical force, including the TCR, costimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, and several downstream adapters. In at least some cases, it is clear that the relevant forces are exerted by dynamics of the T cell actomyosin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, there is evidence that the cytoskeleton of the antigen-presenting cell also plays an active role in T cell activation, by countering the molecular forces exerted by the T cell at the IS. Since actin polymerization is itself driven by TCR and costimulatory signaling pathways, a complex relationship exists between actin dynamics and receptor activation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanosensitive aspects of T cell activation, paying specific attention to how F-actin-directed forces applied from both sides of the IS fit into current models of receptor triggering and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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22
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Sun C, Ouyang M, Cao Z, Ma S, Alqublan H, Sriranganathan N, Wang Y, Lu C. Electroporation-delivered fluorescent protein biosensors for probing molecular activities in cells without genetic encoding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:11536-9. [PMID: 25133322 PMCID: PMC5783554 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein biosensors are typically implemented via genetic encoding which makes the examination of scarce cell samples impractical. By directly delivering the protein form of the biosensor into cells using electroporation, we detected intracellular molecular activity with the sample size down to ~100 cells with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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23
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Roy SK, Carey GB, Daino H. The natural tumorcide Manumycin-A targets protein phosphatase 1α and reduces hydrogen peroxide to induce lymphoma apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:136-45. [PMID: 25556058 PMCID: PMC9976551 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous compounds for treating human disease have been discovered in nature. Manumycin-A (Man-A) is a natural, well-tolerated microbial metabolite and a potent experimental tumoricide. We recently showed that Man-A stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were upstream of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) dephosphorylation and caspase-dependent cleavage of MEK and Akt in lymphoma apoptosis. Conversely, activation-specific, Ser/Thr phosphorylation of MEK and Akt proteins was stable in Man-A-resistant tumors suggesting that stimulation of Ser/Thr PPase activity might be required for Man-A tumoricidal activity. Pre-treatment with Calyculin-A, an equipotent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A, blocked all downstream effects of Man-A whereas, the PP2A-selective inhibitor, Okadaic acid did not, suggesting that PP1 and not PP2A played a role in Man-A action. Phosphorylation of PP1α on Thr320 inhibits its activity. Hence, we posited that if PP1α was important for Man-A action, then Man-A treatment should promote dephosphorylation of PP1α on Thr320. Indeed, T320 was only dephosphorylated in the tumors that underwent apoptosis. Lastly, stable over-expression of a constitutively active PP1α mimetic (PP1αT320A mutant), elevated basal ROS levels and enhanced Man-A-stimulated apoptosis. Taken together, we conclude that PP1α is an important proximal effector of Man-A mediated lymphoma apoptosis and that the mechanisms of Man-A action warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Gregory B. Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201,Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201,To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Gregory B. Carey, Rm. 313, Biopark 1, 800 W. Baltimore St., Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201. ; Fax:410-706-8243
| | - Hanako Daino
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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24
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Secchi C, Carta M, Crescio C, Spano A, Arras M, Caocci G, Galimi F, La Nasa G, Pippia P, Turrini F, Pantaleo A. T cell tyrosine phosphorylation response to transient redox stress. Cell Signal 2015; 27:777-88. [PMID: 25572700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are crucial to multiple biological processes involved in the pathophysiology of inflammation, and are also involved in redox signaling responses. Although previous reports have described an association between oxidative events and the modulation of innate immunity, a role for redox signaling in T cell mediated adaptive immunity has not been described yet. This work aims at assessing if T cells can sense redox stress through protein sulfhydryl oxidation and respond with tyrosine phosphorylation changes. Our data show that Jurkat T cells respond to -SH group oxidation with specific tyrosine phosphorylation events. The release of T cell cytokines TNF, IFNγ and IL2 as well as the expression of a number of receptors are affected by those changes. Additionally, experiments with spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors showed a major involvement of Syk in these responses. The experiments described herein show a link between cysteine oxidation and tyrosine phosphorylation changes in T cells, as well as a novel mechanism by which Syk inhibitors exert their anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of a response initiated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, University of Sassari, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marissa Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Crescio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Spano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marcella Arras
- Haematology, Hospital Binaghi, ASL 8 Cagliari, I-09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caocci
- Haematology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Galimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, University of Sassari, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Haematology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Proto Pippia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Turrini
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
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25
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Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Gopalakrishnan RP, Berge T, Koll L, Abrahamsen G, Sorlie M, Spurkland A. The kinase Itk and the adaptor TSAd change the specificity of the kinase Lck in T cells by promoting the phosphorylation of Tyr192. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra118. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Ballek O, Valečka J, Manning J, Filipp D. The pool of preactivated Lck in the initiation of T-cell signaling: a critical re-evaluation of the Lck standby model. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:384-95. [PMID: 25420722 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, based on the cobinding of TCR and CD4-Lck heterodimer to a peptide-major histocompatibility complex II on antigen presenting cells, represents a classical model of T-cell signaling. What is less clear however, is the mechanism which translates TCR engagement to the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs on CD3 chains and how this event is coupled to the delivery of Lck function. Recently proposed 'standby model of Lck' posits that resting T-cells contain an abundant pool of constitutively active Lck (pY394(Lck)) required for TCR triggering, and this amount, upon TCR engagement, remains constant. Here, we show that although maintenance of the limited pool of pY394(Lck) is necessary for the generation of TCR proximal signals in a time-restricted fashion, the total amount of this pool, ~2%, is much smaller than previously reported (~40%). We provide evidence that this dramatic discrepancy in the content of pY394(Lck)is likely the consequence of spontaneous phosphorylation of Lck that occurred after cell solubilization. Additional discrepancies can be accounted for by the sensitivity of different pY394(Lck)-specific antibodies and the type of detergents used. These data suggest that reagents and conditions used for the quantification of signaling parameters must be carefully validated and interpreted. Thus, the limited size of pY394(Lck) pool in primary T-cells invites a discussion regarding the adjustment of the quantitative parameters of the standby model of Lck and reevaluation of the mechanism by which this pool contributes to the generation of proximal TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Ballek
- 1] Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic [2] Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Valečka
- 1] Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic [2] Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jasper Manning
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Combination of dehydroepiandrosterone and orthovanadate administration reduces intestinal leukocyte recruitment in models of experimental sepsis. Microvasc Res 2014; 95:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Kläsener K, Maity PC, Hobeika E, Yang J, Reth M. B cell activation involves nanoscale receptor reorganizations and inside-out signaling by Syk. eLife 2014; 3:e02069. [PMID: 24963139 PMCID: PMC4067077 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of antigen to the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates a multitude of events resulting in B cell activation. How the BCR becomes signaling-competent upon antigen binding is still a matter of controversy. Using a high-resolution proximity ligation assay (PLA) to monitor the conformation of the BCR and its interactions with co-receptors at a 10-20 nm resolution, we provide direct evidence for the opening of BCR dimers during B cell activation. We also show that upon binding Syk opens the receptor by an inside-out signaling mechanism that amplifies BCR signaling. Furthermore, we found that on resting B cells, the coreceptor CD19 is in close proximity with the IgD-BCR and on activated B cells with the IgM-BCR, indicating nanoscale reorganization of receptor clusters during B cell activation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02069.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kläsener
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Palash C Maity
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jianying Yang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. The dysregulated activities of PTPs are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Many PTPs have emerged as potential new targets for novel drug discovery. PTP inhibitors have attracted much attention. Many PTP inhibitors have been developed. Some of them have been proven to be efficient in lowering blood glucose levels in vivo or inhibiting tumor xenograft growth. CRITICAL ISSUES Some metal ions and metal complexes potently inhibit PTPs. The metal atoms within metal complexes play an important role in PTP binding, while ligand structures influence the inhibitory potency and selectivity. Some metal complexes can penetrate the cell membrane and selectively bind to their targeting PTPs, enhancing the phosphorylation of the related substrates and influencing cellular metabolism. PTP inhibition is potentially involved in the pathophysiological and toxicological processes of metals and some PTPs may be cellular targets of certain metal-based therapeutic agents. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigating the structural basis of the interactions between metal complexes and PTPs would facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship and accelerate the development of promising metal-based drugs targeting specific PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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30
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Yayama K, Sasahara T, Ohba H, Funasaka A, Okamoto H. Orthovanadate-induced vasocontraction is mediated by the activation of Rho-kinase through Src-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00039. [PMID: 25505586 PMCID: PMC4184709 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthovanadate (OVA), a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitor, exerts contractile effects on smooth muscle in a Rho-kinase-dependent manner, but the precise mechanisms are not elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the potential roles of Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the OVA-induced contraction of rat aortas and the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1; an index of Rho-kinase activity) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Aortic contraction by OVA was significantly blocked not only by Rho kinase inhibitors Y-27632 [R-[+]-trans-N-[4-pyridyl]-4-[1-aminoethyl]-cyclohexanecarboxamide] and hydroxyfasudil [1-(1-hydroxy-5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine] but also by Src inhibitors PP2 [4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(t-butyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine] and Src inhibitor No. 5 [4-(3′-methoxy-6′-chloro-anilino)-6-methoxy-7(morpholino-3-propoxy)-quinazoline], and the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 [4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline] and EGFR inhibitor 1 [cyclopropanecarboxylic acid-(3-(6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-phenyl)-amide]. OVA induced rapid increases in the phosphorylation of MYPT1 (Thr-853), Src (Tyr-416), and EGFR (Tyr-1173) in VSMCs, and Src inhibitors abolished these effects. OVA-induced Src phosphorylation was abrogated by Src inhibitors, but not affected by inhibitors of EGFR and Rho-kinase. Inhibitors of Src and EGFR, but not Rho-kinase, also blocked OVA-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Furthermore, a metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI-0 [N-(R)-[2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl) methyl]-4-methylpentanoyl-l-naphthylalanyl-l-alanine amide] and an inhibitor of heparin-binding EGF (CRM 197) not only abrogated the OVA-induced aortic contraction, but also OVA-induced EGFR and MYPT1 phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of EGFR transactivation. OVA also induced EGFR phosphorylation at Tyr-845, one of residues phosphorylated by Src. These results suggest that OVA-induced vasocontraction is mediated by the Rho-kinase-dependent inactivation of myosin light-chain phosphatase via signaling downstream of Src-induced transactivation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Yayama
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Minatojima 1-1-3, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sasahara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Minatojima 1-1-3, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Ohba
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Minatojima 1-1-3, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Ayaka Funasaka
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Minatojima 1-1-3, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Minatojima 1-1-3, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
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31
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Roncagalli R, Hauri S, Fiore F, Liang Y, Chen Z, Sansoni A, Kanduri K, Joly R, Malzac A, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Malissen M, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M, Malissen B. Quantitative proteomics analysis of signalosome dynamics in primary T cells identifies the surface receptor CD6 as a Lat adaptor-independent TCR signaling hub. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:384-392. [PMID: 24584089 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated activation of T cells requires the interaction of dozens of proteins. Here we used quantitative mass spectrometry and activated primary CD4(+) T cells from mice in which a tag for affinity purification was knocked into several genes to determine the composition and dynamics of multiprotein complexes that formed around the kinase Zap70 and the adaptors Lat and SLP-76. Most of the 112 high-confidence time-resolved protein interactions we observed were previously unknown. The surface receptor CD6 was able to initiate its own signaling pathway by recruiting SLP-76 and the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor Vav1 regardless of the presence of Lat. Our findings provide a more complete model of TCR signaling in which CD6 constitutes a signaling hub that contributes to the diversification of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fréderic Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Amandine Sansoni
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Kartiek Kanduri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Rachel Joly
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Malzac
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
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32
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T cell activation induces CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 intracellular re-localization, production and secretion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:265-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Cordoba SP, Choudhuri K, Zhang H, Bridge M, Basat AB, Dustin ML, van der Merwe PA. The large ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 regulate their segregation from and inhibition of ligated T-cell receptor. Blood 2013; 121:4295-302. [PMID: 23580664 PMCID: PMC3663424 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-442251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering results in a cascade of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation events that ultimately leads to T-cell activation. It is dependent on changes in the relative activities of membrane-associated tyrosine kinases and phosphatases near the engaged TCR. CD45 and CD148 are transmembrane tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains that have activatory and inhibitory effects on TCR triggering. This study investigates whether and how the ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 modulate their inhibitory effect on TCR signaling. Expression in T cells of forms of these phosphatases with truncated ectodomains inhibited TCR triggering. In contrast, when these phosphatases were expressed with large ectodomains, they had no inhibitory effect. Imaging studies revealed that truncation of the ectodomains enhanced colocalization of these phosphatases with ligated TCR at the immunological synapse. Our results suggest that the large ectodomains of CD45 and CD148 modulate their inhibitory effect by enabling their passive, size-based segregation from ligated TCR, supporting the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS-RNS) and other redox active molecules fulfill key functions in immunity. Beside the initiation of cytocidal reactions within the pathogen defense strategy, redox reactions trigger and shape the immune response and are further involved in termination and initialization of cellular restorative processes. Regulatory mechanisms provided by redox-activated signaling events guarantee the correct spatial and temporal proceeding of immunological processes, and continued imbalances in redox homeostasis lead to crucial failures of control mechanisms, thus promoting the development of pathological conditions. Interferon-gamma is the most potent inducer of ROS-RNS formation in target cells like macrophages. Immune-regulatory pathways such as tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and neopterin production by GTP-cyclohydrolase-I are initiated during T helper cell type 1 (Th1-type) immune response concomitant to the production of ROS-RNS by immunocompetent cells. Therefore, increased neopterin production and tryptophan breakdown is representative of an activated cellular immune system and can be used for the in vivo and in vitro monitoring of oxidative stress. In parallel, the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is a central element in immunity leading to cell type and stimulus-specific expression of responsive genes. Furthermore, T cell activation and proliferation are strongly dependent on the redox potential of the extracellular microenvironment. T cell commitment to Th1, Th2, regulatory T cell, and other phenotypes appears to crucially depend on the activation of redox-sensitive signaling cascades, where oxidative conditions support Th1 development while 'antioxidative' stress leads to a shift to allergic Th2-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Systems model of T cell receptor proximal signaling reveals emergent ultrasensitivity. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003004. [PMID: 23555234 PMCID: PMC3610635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor phosphorylation is thought to be tightly regulated because phosphorylated receptors initiate signaling cascades leading to cellular activation. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) on the surface of T cells is phosphorylated by the kinase Lck and dephosphorylated by the phosphatase CD45 on multiple immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Intriguingly, Lck sequentially phosphorylates ITAMs and ZAP-70, a cytosolic kinase, binds to phosphorylated ITAMs with differential affinities. The purpose of multiple ITAMs, their sequential phosphorylation, and the differential ZAP-70 affinities are unknown. Here, we use a systems model to show that this signaling architecture produces emergent ultrasensitivity resulting in switch-like responses at the scale of individual TCRs. Importantly, this switch-like response is an emergent property, so that removal of multiple ITAMs, sequential phosphorylation, or differential affinities abolishes the switch. We propose that highly regulated TCR phosphorylation is achieved by an emergent switch-like response and use the systems model to design novel chimeric antigen receptors for therapy. Recognition of antigen by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a central event in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and for this reason the TCR has been extensively studied. Multiple studies performed over the past 20 years have revealed intriguing findings that include the observation that the TCR has multiple phosphorylation sites that are sequentially phosphorylated by the kinase Lck and that ZAP-70, a cytosolic kinase, binds to these sites with different affinities. The purpose of multiple sites, their sequential phosphorylation by Lck, and the differential binding affinities of ZAP-70 are unknown. Using a novel mechanistic model that incorporates a high level of molecular detail, we find, unexpectedly, that all factors are critical for producing ultrasensitivity (switch-like response) and therefore this signaling architecture exhibits systems-level emergent ultrasensitivity. We use the model to study existing therapeutic chimeric antigen receptors and in the design of novel ones. The work also has direct implications to the study of many other immune receptors.
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36
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Deswal S, Meyer A, Fiala GJ, Eisenhardt AE, Schmitt LC, Salek M, Brummer T, Acuto O, Schamel WWA. Kidins220/ARMS Associates with B-Raf and the TCR, Promoting Sustained Erk Signaling in T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1927-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Subcellular distribution of Lck during CD4 T-cell maturation in the thymic medulla regulates the T-cell activation threshold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7415-20. [PMID: 22529380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119272109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature peripheral T cells respond to foreign but not to self-antigens. During development in the thymus, deletion of high-affinity self-reactive immature thymocytes contributes to tolerance of mature T cells. However, double-positive thymocytes are positively selected to survive if they respond to self-peptide-MHC complexes; thus, there must be mechanisms to prevent overt reactivity to those same complexes in the periphery. "Developmental tuning" is the active process through which T-cell receptor (TCR)-associated signaling pathways of single-positive (SP) thymocytes are attenuated to respond appropriately to self-peptide-MHC complexes in the periphery. We previously showed that MHC class II expression in the thymic medulla was necessary to tune CD4(+) SP (CD4 SP) thymocytes. CD4 SP thymocytes from mice lacking medullary MHC class II expression had inappropriately enhanced proximal TCR signaling to low-affinity self-ligands that was associated with altered cellular distribution of the tyrosine kinase Lck. Now, we report that activation of both tuned and untuned CD4 SP thymocytes is Lck-dependent. Untuned CD4 SP cells contain a pool of Lck with increased basal phosphorylation that is not associated with the CD4 coreceptor. Phosphorylation of this pool of Lck decreases with tuning. Immunogold transmission electron microscopy of membrane sheets permitted direct visualization of Lck. In the absence of tuning, a significant proportion of Lck and the TCR subunit CD3ζ are expressed on the same protein island; this close association of Lck and the TCR probably explains the enhanced activation of untuned CD4 SP cells. Thus, changes in membrane topography during thymic maturation determine the set point for TCR responsiveness.
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38
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Wang Q, Zhu M, Lu L, Yuan C, Xing S, Fu X. Potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by quinquedentate binuclear copper complexes: synthesis, characterization and biological activities. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:12926-34. [PMID: 22027948 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three phosphono-containing multidentate ligands were employed to synthesize quinquedentate binuclear copper complexes, [Cu(2)L(2)] (1-3) (H(2)L1 = diethyl(propane-1,3-diylbis(azanediyl))bis((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)bis(hydrogen phosphonate), H(2)L2 = diethyl(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))bis((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)bis(hydrogen phosphonate), H(2)L3 = diethyl(hexane-1,6-diylbis(azanediyl))bis((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)bis(hydrogen phosphonate)), which were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, X-ray diffraction analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectra. Complexes 1 and 2 crystallized in the triclinic system with space group P ̅1. The speciation of the Cu-H(2)L1 system in aqueous solution was investigated by potentiometric pH titrations. The three dicopper complexes exhibited potent and almost the same inhibitory effects against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) with IC(50) of 0.16-0.24 μM, about 10-fold stronger inhibition than against Src homology phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), 30-fold than against Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) and more than 100-fold than against megakaryocyte protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-MEG2). Fluorescence titrations revealed complex 1 bond to the five PTPs with molar ratio of 1:1 and binding constants of 1.62 × 10(6), 3.09 × 10(6), 1.95 × 10(5), 2.24 × 10(5), 1.55 × 10(4) M(-1) for PTP1B, TCPTP, SHP-1, SHP-2 and PTP-MEG2, respectively, consistent with the inhibitory abilities from IC(50) and K(i) values. Also, the three copper complexes could inhibit phosphatase activity of cell extracts from C6 rat glioma cells. The results suggested the structures of copper complexes influence selectivity over different PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
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39
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Zhao B, Knepper MA, Chou CL, Pisitkun T. Large-scale phosphotyrosine proteomic profiling of rat renal collecting duct epithelium reveals predominance of proteins involved in cell polarity determination. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C27-45. [PMID: 21940666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive phosphoproteomic information is available for renal epithelial cells, previous emphasis has been on phosphorylation of serines and threonines with little focus on tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we have carried out large-scale identification of phosphotyrosine sites in pervanadate-treated native inner medullary collecting ducts of rat, with a view towards identification of physiological processes in epithelial cells that are potentially regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. The method combined antibody-based affinity purification of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides coupled with immobilized metal ion chromatography to enrich tyrosine phosphopeptides, which were identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of 418 unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites in 273 proteins were identified. A large fraction of these sites have not been previously reported on standard phosphoproteomic databases. All results are accessible via an online database: http://helixweb.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/iPY/. Analysis of surrounding sequences revealed four overrepresented motifs: [D/E]xxY*, Y*xxP, DY*, and Y*E, where the asterisk symbol indicates the site of phosphorylation. These motifs plus contextual information, integrated using the NetworKIN tool, suggest that the protein tyrosine kinases involved include members of the insulin- and ephrin-receptor kinase families. Analysis of the gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways whose protein elements are overrepresented in our data set point to structures involved in epithelial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions ("adherens junction," "tight junction," and "focal adhesion") and to components of the actin cytoskeleton as major sites of tyrosine phosphorylation in these cells. In general, these findings mesh well with evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation plays a key role in epithelial polarity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhao
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1603, USA
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Deswal S, Schulze AK, Höfer T, Schamel WWA. Quantitative analysis of protein phosphorylations and interactions by multi-colour IP-FCM as an input for kinetic modelling of signalling networks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22928. [PMID: 21829558 PMCID: PMC3146539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand complex biological signalling mechanisms, mathematical modelling of signal transduction pathways has been applied successfully in last few years. However, precise quantitative measurements of signal transduction events such as activation-dependent phosphorylation of proteins, remains one bottleneck to this success. Methodology/Principal Findings We use multi-colour immunoprecipitation measured by flow cytometry (IP-FCM) for studying signal transduction events to unrivalled precision. In this method, antibody-coupled latex beads capture the protein of interest from cellular lysates and are then stained with differently fluorescent-labelled antibodies to quantify the amount of the immunoprecipitated protein, of an interaction partner and of phosphorylation sites. The fluorescence signals are measured by FCM. Combining this procedure with beads containing defined amounts of a fluorophore allows retrieving absolute numbers of stained proteins, and not only relative values. Using IP-FCM we derived multidimensional data on the membrane-proximal T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signalling network, including the recruitment of the kinase ZAP70 to the TCR-CD3 and subsequent ZAP70 activation by phosphorylation in the murine T-cell hybridoma and primary murine T cells. Counter-intuitively, these data showed that cell stimulation by pervanadate led to a transient decrease of the phospho-ZAP70/ZAP70 ratio at the TCR. A mechanistic mathematical model of the underlying processes demonstrated that an initial massive recruitment of non-phosphorylated ZAP70 was responsible for this behaviour. Further, the model predicted a temporal order of multisite phosphorylation of ZAP70 (with Y319 phosphorylation preceding phosphorylation at Y493) that we subsequently verified experimentally. Conclusions/Significance The quantitative data sets generated by IP-FCM are one order of magnitude more precise than Western blot data. This accuracy allowed us to gain unequalled insight into the dynamics of the TCR-CD3-ZAP70 signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Deswal
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Schulze
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Involvement of phosphatases in proliferation, maturation, and hemoglobinization of developing erythroid cells. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:860985. [PMID: 21785724 PMCID: PMC3139203 DOI: 10.1155/2011/860985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Production of RBCs is triggered by the action of erythropoietin (Epo) through its binding to surface receptors
(Epo-R) on erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. The intensity and the duration of the Epo signal are regulated by several factors,
including the balance between the activities of kinesase and phosphatases. The Epo signal determines the proliferation and maturation
of the precursors into hemoglobin (Hb)-containing RBCs. The activity of various protein tyrosine phosphatases, including those involved in the
Epo pathway, can be inhibited by sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4, vanadate). Adding vanadate to cultured erythroid precursors of normal
donors and patients with β-thalassemia enhanced cell proliferation and arrested maturation. This was associated with an increased production
of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Increased HbF in patients with β-hemoglobinopathies (β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease) ameliorates the clinical
symptoms of the disease. These results raise the possibility that specific and nontoxic inhibitors of phosphatases may be considered as a
therapeutic modality for elevating HbF in patients with β-hemoglobinopathies
as well as for intensifying the Epo response in other forms of anemia.
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Kwon J, Shatynski KE, Chen H, Morand S, de Deken X, Miot F, Leto TL, Williams MS. The nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase Duox1 mediates a positive feedback loop during T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra59. [PMID: 20682913 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species, often by NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidases, plays a role in the signaling responses of cells to many receptor stimuli. Here, we describe the function of the calcium-dependent, nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase Duox1 in primary human CD4(+) T cells and cultured T cell lines. Duox1 bound to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 and was required for early T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) through a pathway that was dependent on TCR-proximal kinases. Transient or stable knockdown of Duox1 inhibited TCR signaling, especially phosphorylation of tyrosine-319 of zeta chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kilodaltons (ZAP-70), store-operated entry of calcium ions (Ca(2+)), and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. The production of cytokines was also inhibited by knockdown of Duox1. Duox1-mediated inactivation of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 promoted the phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and its association with the Src family tyrosine kinase Lck and the CD3zeta chain of the TCR complex. Thus, we suggest that activation of Duox1, downstream of proximal TCR signals, generates H(2)O(2) that acts in a positive feedback loop to enhance and sustain further TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyul Kwon
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Atrih A, Turnock D, Sellar G, Thompson A, Feuerstein G, Ferguson MAJ, Huang JTJ. Stoichiometric quantification of Akt phosphorylation using LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:743-51. [PMID: 19902931 PMCID: PMC2816933 DOI: 10.1021/pr900572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ptdlns-3-kinase (PI3-K) signaling pathway plays a vital role in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in normal cells, as well as in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Quantification of phospho-Akt is a standard way of assessing the activity of the PI3-K signaling pathway in both cells and tumors. This measurement is traditionally performed semiquantitatively using immunoassays such as Western blot. Here we report an LC-MS method to accurately measure the stoichiometry of Akt phosphorylation in biological samples. The procedure includes immunoprecipitation, gel electrophoresis, in-gel digestion, addition of isotopicaly labeled internal standards and LC-MS/MS. Two proteolytic enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin, were used to generate suitable peptide fragments for measuring Thr308 and Ser473 phosphorylation, respectively. The interday imprecision was estimated to be 3.8% and 2.3% for Thr308 and Ser473, respectively. This method has been tested on human T-cells grown in presence and absence of pervanadate and with or without a PI3-K inhibitor and on human glioblastoma cells (U-87 MG) grown in presence and absence of wortmannin (PI3-K inhibitor).The results of T cells suggest that the levels of Akt phosphorylation in untreated cells were below 1% for both phosphorylation sites. Pervanadate treatment provoked an 18-fold increase in phosphorylation of Thr308 and the PI3-K inhibitor partially reversed the increase. A comparison between LC-MS/MS and Western blotting suggests that the LC-MS based method is of comparable sensitivity and provides a more accurate phosphorylation stoichiometry, a wider dynamic range and more in-depth information. The application of the new method and its utility to providing predictive markers of response to targeted therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Atrih
- Translational Medicine Research Collaboration, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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Tandem fluorescence imaging of dynamic S-acylation and protein turnover. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8627-32. [PMID: 20421494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912306107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional significance and regulation of reversible S-acylation on diverse proteins remain unclear because of limited methods for efficient quantitative analysis of palmitate turnover. Here, we describe a tandem labeling and detection method to simultaneously monitor dynamic S-palmitoylation and protein turnover. By combining S-acylation and cotranslational fatty acid chemical reporters with orthogonal clickable fluorophores, dual pulse-chase analysis of Lck revealed accelerated palmitate cycling upon T-cell activation. Subsequent pharmacological perturbation of Lck palmitate turnover suggests yet uncharacterized serine hydrolases contribute to dynamic S-acylation in cells. In addition to dually fatty-acylated proteins, this tandem fluorescence imaging method can be generalized to other S-acylated proteins using azidohomoalanine as a methonine surrogate. The sensitivity and efficiency of this approach should facilitate the functional characterization of cellular factors and drugs that modulate protein S-acylation. Furthermore, diverse protein modifications could be analyzed with this tandem imaging method using other chemical reporters to investigate dynamic regulation of protein function.
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Abstract
Activation and proliferation of T cells require a reducing extracellular microenvironment in the immune synapse that is provided by antigen presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. Stimulation of dendritic cells by T cells activates the NF-kappaB pathway in dendritic cells and induces an antioxidant response. It also enhances system x(c)(-)-dependent cystine uptake, leading to enhanced glutathione synthesis, export, and, finally, degradation to cysteine outside the cell. Accumulation of extracellular cysteine supports glutathione synthesis in T cells while also leading to a more reducing redox potential that is needed for T cell proliferation. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells, a suppressor subpopulation of T cells, prevent autoimmune diseases and maintain peripheral tolerance by suppressing self-reactive effector T cells. They also suppress beneficial immune responses to parasites, viruses, and tumors. However, their mechanism of suppression is still not fully understood. Recently, we have found that inhibition by regulatory T cells of dendritic cell-induced extracellular redox remodeling is a component of the regulatory T cell suppression mechanism. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of redox regulation and signaling in the adaptive immune system with a focus on T cell activation by dendritic cells. The role of regulatory T cells in perturbing redox remodeling by dendritic cells and its implications as a general regulatory T cell suppression mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5606, USA
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Abstract
B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor (BCR) with antigen and ultimately results in the production of protective antibodies against potentially pathogenic invaders. Here we review recent literature concerned with the spatiotemporal dynamic characterization of the early molecular events of B cell activation, including the initiation of BCR triggering, the formation of BCR microclusters, and the dynamic regulation of BCR signaling. Because these events involve the considerable reorganization of molecules within the membrane, an important role for the cytoskeleton is emerging in the regulation of B cell activation. At each stage we highlight the role of the cytoskeleton, establishing its pivotal position during the initiation and regulation of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E. Harwood
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
| | - Facundo D. Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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Welsh JW, Mahadevan D, Ellsworth R, Cooke L, Bearss D, Stea B. The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor MP470 radiosensitizes glioblastoma cells. Radiat Oncol 2009; 4:69. [PMID: 20028557 PMCID: PMC2806296 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-4-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is resistant to current cytotoxic therapies, in part because of enhanced DNA repair. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met has been shown to protect cancer cells from DNA damage. We hypothesized that inhibiting c-Met would decrease this protection and thus sensitize resistant tumor cells to the effects of radiation therapy. Materials and methods Eight human GBM cell lines were screened for radiosensitivity to the small-molecule c-Met inhibitor MP470 with colony-count assays. Double-strand (ds) DNA breaks was quantified by using antibodies to gamma H2AX. Western blotting demonstrate expression of RAD51, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, and other proteins. A murine xenograft tumor flank model was used for in vivo radiosensitization studies. Results MP470 reduced c-Met phosphorylation and enhanced radiation-induced cell kill by 0.4 logs in SF767 cells. Cells pretreated with MP470 had more ds DNA damage than cells treated with radiation alone. Mechanistically, MP470 was shown to inhibit dsDNA break repair and increase apoptosis. MP470 influences various survival and DNA repair related proteins such as pAKT, RAD51 and GSK3β. In vivo, the addition of MP470 to radiation resulted in a tumor-growth-delay enhancement ratio of 2.9 over radiation alone and extended survival time. Conclusions GBM is a disease site where radiation is often used to address both macroscopic and microscopic disease. Despite attempts at dose escalation outcomes remain poor. MP470, a potent small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of c-Met, radiosensitized several GBM cell lines both in vitro and in vivo, and may help to improve outcomes for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Welsh
- Departmentr of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M, D, Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd,, Houston, TX, USA.
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Yu K, Sabelli A, DeKeukelaere L, Park R, Sindi S, Gatsonis CA, Salomon A. Integrated platform for manual and high-throughput statistical validation of tandem mass spectra. Proteomics 2009; 9:3115-25. [PMID: 19526561 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As proteomic data sets increase in size and complexity, the necessity for database-centric software systems able to organize, compare, and visualize all the proteomic experiments in a lab grows. We recently developed an integrated platform called high-throughput autonomous proteomic pipeline (HTAPP) for the automated acquisition and processing of quantitative proteomic data, and integration of proteomic results with existing external protein information resources within a lab-based relational database called PeptideDepot. Here, we introduce the peptide validation software component of this system, which combines relational database-integrated electronic manual spectral annotation in Java with a new software tool in the R programming language for the generation of logistic regression spectral models from user-supplied validated data sets and flexible application of these user-generated models in automated proteomic workflows. This logistic regression spectral model uses both variables computed directly from SEQUEST output in addition to deterministic variables based on expert manual validation criteria of spectral quality. In the case of linear quadrupole ion trap (LTQ) or LTQ-FTICR LC/MS data, our logistic spectral model outperformed both XCorr (242% more peptides identified on average) and the X!Tandem E-value (87% more peptides identified on average) at a 1% false discovery rate estimated by decoy database approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Carpino N, Chen Y, Nassar N, Oh HW. The Sts proteins target tyrosine phosphorylated, ubiquitinated proteins within TCR signaling pathways. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3224-31. [PMID: 19733910 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) detects the presence of infectious pathogens and activates numerous intracellular signaling pathways. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination serve as key regulatory mechanisms downstream of the TCR. Negative regulation of TCR signaling pathways is important in controlling the immune response, and the Suppressor of TCR Signaling proteins (Sts-1 and Sts-2) have been shown to function as critical negative regulators of TCR signaling. Although their mechanism of action has yet to be fully uncovered, it is known that the Sts proteins possess intrinsic phosphatase activity. Here, we demonstrate that Sts-1 and Sts-2 are instrumental in down-modulating proteins that are dually modified by both protein tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Specifically, both naïve and activated T cells derived from genetically engineered mice that lack the Sts proteins display strikingly elevated levels of tyrosine phosphorylated, ubiquitinated proteins following TCR stimulation. The accumulation of the dually modified proteins is transient, and in activated T cells but not naïve T cells is significantly enhanced by co-receptor engagement. Our observations hint at a novel regulatory mechanism downstream of the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Carpino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Room 130, Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA.
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