1
|
Lü P, Zhang R, Yang Y, Tang M, Chen K, Pan Y. Transcriptome analysis indicates the mechanisms of BmNPV resistance in Bombyx mori midgut. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108103. [PMID: 38583693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) caused serious economic losses in sericulture. Analyzing the molecular mechanism of silkworms (B. mori) resistance to BmNPV is of great significance for the prevention and control of silkworm virus diseases and the biological control of agricultural lepidopteran pests. In order to clarify the defense mechanisms of silkworms against BmNPV, we constructed a near isogenic line BC8 with high resistance to BmNPV through the highly BmNPV-resistant strain NB and the highly BmNPV-susceptible strain 306. In this study, RNA-Seq technique was used to analyze the transcriptome level differences in the midgut of BC8 and 306 following BmNPV infection. A total of 1350 DEGs were identified. Clustering analysis showed that these genes could be divided into 8 clusters with different expression patterns. Functional annotations based on GO and KEGG analysis indicated that they were involved in various metabolism pathways. Finally, 32 BmNPV defense responsive genes were screened. They were involved in metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), signal transduction and immune response, and insect hormones. The further verification shows that HSP70 should participate in resistance responses of anti-BmNPV. These findings have paved the way in further functional characterization of candidate genes and subsequently can be used in breeding of BmNPV resistance dominant silkworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rusong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Min Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Ye Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kennelly JP, Tontonoz P. Cholesterol Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041263. [PMID: 35940908 PMCID: PMC9899650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cholesterol in mammalian cells is stored in the plasma membrane (PM). Cholesterol transport from the PM to low-sterol regulatory regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls cholesterol synthesis and uptake, and thereby influences the rates of cholesterol flux between tissues of complex organisms. Cholesterol transfer to the ER is also required for steroidogenesis, oxysterol and bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol esterification. The ER-resident Aster proteins (Aster-A, -B, and -C) form contacts with the PM to move cholesterol to the ER in mammals. Mice lacking Aster-B have low adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and impaired steroidogenesis because of a defect in cholesterol transport from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to the ER. This work reviews the molecular characteristics of Asters, their role in HDL- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol movement, and how cholesterol transferred to the ER is utilized by cells. The roles of other lipid transporters and of membrane lipid organization in maintaining aspects of cholesterol homeostasis are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Besler KJ, Blanchard V, Francis GA. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: A rare inherited dyslipidemia but potential ubiquitous factor in the development of atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:1013266. [PMID: 36204319 PMCID: PMC9530988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1013266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, is the sole neutral lipid hydrolase in lysosomes, responsible for cleavage of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides into their component parts. Inherited forms of complete (Wolman Disease, WD) or partial LAL deficiency (cholesteryl ester storage disease, CESD) are fortunately rare. Recently, LAL has been identified as a cardiovascular risk gene in genome-wide association studies, though the directionality of risk conferred remains controversial. It has also been proposed that the low expression and activity of LAL in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that occurs inherently in nature is a likely determinant of the propensity of SMCs to form the majority of foam cells in atherosclerotic plaque. LAL also likely plays a potential role in fatty liver disease. This review highlights the nature of LAL gene mutations in WD and CESD, the association of LAL with prediction of cardiovascular risk from genome-wide association studies, the importance of relative LAL deficiency in SMC foam cells, and the need to further interrogate the pathophysiological impact and cell type-specific role of enhancing LAL activity as a novel treatment strategy to reduce the development and induce the regression of ischemic cardiovascular disease and fatty liver.
Collapse
|
4
|
Consuelo-Sánchez A, Vázquez-Frias R, Reyes-De La Rosa A, Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno CP, Ortal-Vite MP, Cebolla JJ. Mutations identified in a cohort of Mexican patients with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Ann Hepatol 2019; 18:646-650. [PMID: 31182375 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the LIPA gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q23.31). Up until now, more than 59 mutations have been described and which are the cause of a very wide clinical spectrum. The goal of this study was to identify the mutations present in Mexican pediatric patients with a diagnosis of LAL-D. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out which included all the pediatric patients with LAL-D treated in a tertiary hospital in Mexico from January 2000 to June 2017. RESULTS Sixteen patients with LAL-D were identified with a disease phenotype marked by the accumulation of cholesteryl esters. Eight distinct variants in the LIPA gene sequence were found, four pathogenic variants and four probably pathogenic. In six individuals, the variants were found in the homozygous state and ten were compound heterozygous. The eight variants were inverted, with five found on exon 4 and the others on exons 2, 8 and 10. The variant c.386A>G;p.His129Arg was the most common, being found in six of the 16 individuals (37.5%), making it much more frequent than what had previously been reported in the literature in proportion to the rest of the variants. The mutation known as E8SJM, which has been the mostly frequently found at the international level, was not the most common among this group of Mexican patients. In conclusion, Mexican patients present a different frequency of mutations associated with LAL-D in comparison to European populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Consuelo-Sánchez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rodrigo Vázquez-Frias
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - María P Ortal-Vite
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge J Cebolla
- Group of Haematological and Metabolic Diseases, Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kulhas Celik I, Kucukcongar Yavas A, Unal Uzun O, Siyah Bilgin B, Dibek Misirlioglu E, Gunduz M. Successful sebelipase alfa desensitization in a pediatric patient. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:732-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Analysis of the Lipolytic Activity of Whole-Saliva and Site-Specific Secretions from the Oral Cavity of Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010191. [PMID: 30669294 PMCID: PMC6356603 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently unclear how the process of fat digestion occurs in the mouth of humans. This pilot study therefore aimed to quantify the levels of lipolytic activity at different sites of the mouth and in whole saliva. Samples of whole saliva and from 4 discrete sites in the oral cavity were collected from 42 healthy adult participants. All samples were analyzed for lipolytic activity using two different substrates (olive oil and the synthetic 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6’-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR)). Bland–Altman analyses suggested that the two assays gave divergent results, with 91% and 23% of site-specific and 40% and 26% of whole-saliva samples testing positive for lipolytic activity, respectively. Non-parametric multiple comparisons tests highlighted that median (IQR) of lipolytic activity (tested using the olive oil assay) of the samples from the parotid 20.7 (11.7–31.0) and sublingual 18.4 (10.6–47.2) sites were significantly higher than that of whole saliva 0.0 (0.0–35.7). In conclusion, lipolysis appears to occur in the oral cavity of a proportion of individuals. These findings give a preliminary indication that lipolytic agent activity in the oral cavity may be substrate-specific but do not discount that the enzyme is from sources other than oral secretions (e.g., microbes, gastric reflux).
Collapse
|
7
|
Bernstein DL, Lobritto S, Iuga A, Remotti H, Schiano T, Fiel MI, Balwani M. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency allograft recurrence and liver failure- clinical outcomes of 18 liver transplantation patients. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 124:11-19. [PMID: 29655841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) results in progressive microvesicular hepatosteatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, dyslipidemia, and vascular disease. Interventions available prior to enzyme replacement therapy development, including lipid lowering medications, splenectomy, hematopoietic stem cell and liver transplantation were unsuccessful at preventing multi-systemic disease progression, and were associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We report two sisters, diagnosed in infancy, who succumbed to LAL-D with accelerated disease progression following splenectomy and liver transplantation. The index patient died one year after hematopoietic stem cell transplant and liver transplantation. Her younger sister survived five years post liver-transplantation, complicated by intermittent, acute rejection. Typical LAL-D hepatopathology, including progressive, microvesicular steatosis, foamy macrophage aggregates, vacuolated Kupffer cells, advanced fibrosis and micronodular cirrhosis recurred in the liver allograft. She died before a second liver transplant could occur for decompensated liver failure. Neither patient received sebelipase alfa enzyme replacement therapy, human, recombinant, lysosomal acid lipase enzyme, FDA approved in 2015. Here are reviewed 18 LAL-D post-liver transplantation cases described in the literature. Multi-systemic LAL-D progression occurred in 11 patients (61%) and death in six (33%). These reports demonstrate that liver transplantation may be necessary for LAL-D-associated liver failure, but is not sufficient to prevent disease progression, or liver disease recurrence, since the pathophysiology is predominantly mediated by deficient enzyme activity in bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophages. Enzyme replacement therapy addresses systemic disease and hepatopathology, potentially improving liver-transplantation outcomes. This is the first systematic review of liver transplantation for LAL-D, and the first account of liver allograft LAL-D-associated hepatopathology recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lee Bernstein
- GenoPheno, LLC, New York, NY, United States; Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven Lobritto
- New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alina Iuga
- New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Hospital, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Helen Remotti
- New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Hospital, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Schiano
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute/Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology Laboratories, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the growing obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming one of the leading causes of liver disease worldwide. Although obesity is a main risk factor for the development of NAFLD, it can also develop in lean subjects and can be encountered in different clinical setting and in association with an array of genetic, metabolic, nutritional, infectious and drug-induced disorders. Areas covered: This article discusses causes of fatty liver in non-obese subjects focusing on Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D), a commonly overlooked disorder reviewing its prevalence, genetics, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. It will also review other causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which can be encountered in the absence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Expert commentary: Although the prevalence of LAL-D has been estimated in the range of 1 in 40,000 and 1 in 300,000, this estimate is much more than the identified cases reported in the literature, which suggests that that the disease may be considerably under-diagnosed. There is a pressing need to educate clinicians about the disease, especially with the development of new promising therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H A-Kader
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics , The University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pericleous M, Kelly C, Wang T, Livingstone C, Ala A. Wolman's disease and cholesteryl ester storage disorder: the phenotypic spectrum of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:670-679. [PMID: 28786388 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in the gene encoding lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) that result in reduced or absent activity of this essential enzyme. The severity of the resulting disease depends on the nature of the underlying mutation and magnitude of its effect on enzymatic function. Wolman's disease is a severe disorder that presents during infancy, resulting in failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, and hepatic failure, and an average life expectancy of less than 4 months. Cholesteryl ester storage disorder arises later in life and is less severe, although the two diseases share many common features, including dyslipidaemia and transaminitis. The prevalence of these diseases has been estimated at one in 40 000 to 300 000, but many cases are undiagnosed and unreported, and awareness among clinicians is low. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency-which can be diagnosed using dry blood spot testing-is often misdiagnosed as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hereditary dyslipidaemia, or cryptogenic cirrhosis. There are no formal guidelines for treatment of these patients, and treatment options are limited. In this Review we appraise the existing literature on Wolman's disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease, and discuss available treatments, including enzyme replacement therapy, oral lipid-lowering therapy, stem-cell transplantation, and liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Pericleous
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Claire Kelly
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Tim Wang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK; School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Callum Livingstone
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK; School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Aftab Ala
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare, life-threatening, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the LIPA gene, which encodes for lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). This enzyme is necessary for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride in lysosomes. Deficient LAL activity causes accumulation of these lipids in lysosomes and a marked decrease in the cytoplasmic free cholesterol concentration, leading to dysfunctional cholesterol homeostasis. The accumulation of neutral lipid occurs predominantly in liver, spleen, and macrophages throughout the body, and the aberrant cholesterol homeostasis causes a marked dyslipidemia. LAL-D is characterized by accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and hepatic microvesicular or mixed steatosis, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. LAL-D presents as a clinical continuum with two phenotypes: the infantile-onset phenotype, formally referred to as Wolman disease, and the later-onset phenotype, formerly referred to as cholesteryl ester storage disease. Infants with LAL-D present within the first few weeks of life with vomiting, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, failure to thrive and rapid progression to liver failure and death by 6-12 months of age. Children and young adults with LAL-D generally present with marked dyslipidemia, hepatic enzyme elevation, hepatomegaly and mixed steatosis by liver biopsy. The average age of the initial signs and symptoms of the later-onset phenotype is about 5 years old. The typical dyslipidemia is a significantly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration and a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration, placing these individuals at heightened risk for premature ASCVD. Diagnosis of the later-onset phenotype of LAL-D requires a heightened awareness of the disease because the dyslipidemia and hepatic transaminase elevation combination are common and overlap with other metabolic disorders. LAL-D should be considered in the differential diagnosis of healthy weight children and young adults with unexplained hepatic transaminase elevation accompanied by an elevated LDL-C level (>160 mg/dL) and low HDL-C level (<35 mg/dL) that is not caused by monogenic and polygenic lipid disorders or secondary factors. Treatment of LAL-D with sebelipase alfa (LAL replacement enzyme) should be considered as the standard of treatment in all individuals diagnosed with LAL-D. Other ASCVD risk factors that may be present (hypertension, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, etc.) should be managed appropriately, consistent with secondary prevention goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Maciejko
- Division of Cardiology, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, 22101 Moross Road, Detroit, MI, 48236, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bilgin M, Nylandsted J, Jäättelä M, Maeda K. Quantitative Profiling of Lysosomal Lipidome by Shotgun Lipidomics. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1594:19-34. [PMID: 28456974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6934-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have illuminated novel roles of lysosomes that go far beyond simple catabolism and function in the coordination of cellular metabolism and signaling. Promising therapeutic strategies emerge from knowledge in the molecular mechanisms and physiological roles of lipid metabolism in lysosomes. Global monitoring of the function and dysregulation of lysosomal lipid metabolism requires a methodology that resolves the complexity of lysosomal lipidome by quantitatively detecting hundreds of lipid species of diverse physicochemical properties. We describe here a detailed protocol that couples isolation of superparamagnetic iron dextran-loaded lysosomes from cultured mammalian cell lines with quantitative mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Bilgin
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK -2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK -2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK -2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK -2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ismael FO, Barrett TJ, Sheipouri D, Brown BE, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Role of Myeloperoxidase Oxidants in the Modulation of Cellular Lysosomal Enzyme Function: A Contributing Factor to Macrophage Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168844. [PMID: 27997605 PMCID: PMC5173366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major source of lipid within atherosclerotic lesions. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in lesions and forms the reactive oxidants hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). These oxidants modify LDL and have been strongly linked with the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effect of HOCl, HOSCN and LDL pre-treated with these oxidants on the function of lysosomal enzymes responsible for protein catabolism and lipid hydrolysis in murine macrophage-like J774A.1 cells. In each case, the cells were exposed to HOCl or HOSCN or LDL pre-treated with these oxidants. Lysosomal cathepsin (B, L and D) and acid lipase activities were quantified, with cathepsin and LAMP-1 protein levels determined by Western blotting. Exposure of J774A.1 cells to HOCl or HOSCN resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of the Cys-dependent cathepsins B and L, but not the Asp-dependent cathepsin D. Cathepsins B and L were also inhibited in macrophages exposed to HOSCN-modified, and to a lesser extent, HOCl-modified LDL. No change was seen in cathepsin D activity or the expression of the cathepsin proteins or lysosomal marker protein LAMP-1. The activity of lysosomal acid lipase was also decreased on treatment of macrophages with each modified LDL. Taken together, these results suggest that HOCl, HOSCN and LDL modified by these oxidants could contribute to lysosomal dysfunction and thus perturb the cellular processing of LDL, which could be important during the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahd O. Ismael
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tessa J. Barrett
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diba Sheipouri
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwyn E. Brown
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J. Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clare L. Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuranobu N, Murakami J, Okamoto K, Nishimura R, Murayama K, Takamura A, Umeda T, Eto Y, Kanzaki S. Cholesterol ester storage disease with a novel LIPA mutation (L264P) that presented massive hepatomegaly: A case report. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:477-82. [PMID: 26385844 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficient lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity, resulting in cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation. CESD patients have liver disease associated with mixed dyslipidemia leading to liver failure. We here report the case of an 11-year-old male CESD patient with a novel mutation who had the chief complaint of massive hepatomegaly. The patient's liver reached to his pelvis, and his spleen was 2 cm below the costal margin. The patient had elevated serum liver enzymes and mixed dyslipidemia. The liver biopsy tissue showed characteristic CESD pathology, which included microvesicular steatosis, mild fibrosis and foamy macrophages. Electron microscopy showed a remnant cleft of CE crystals, and dried blood spot testing showed reduced LAL activity. We identified compound heterozygous mutations in the LIPA gene in this patient, namely, c.607G>C and c.791T>C. The former mutation was previously reported only in a Japanese patient, whereas the latter mutation is novel. The findings of this study suggest that LIPA gene mutations in Japanese CESD patients are different from those in Western patients. Although CESD is rare, it is likely that many patients are unrecognized or misdiagnosed, and thus the possibility of CESD should be considered in patients with hepatosplenomegaly and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kuranobu
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Jun Murakami
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ken Okamoto
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Rei Nishimura
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takamura
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshiko Umeda
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Susumu Kanzaki
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou C. Novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1112-1120. [PMID: 26924429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease emerges as a worldwide epidemic and there is urgent need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this chronic disease. The chemical environment to which we are exposed has significantly changed in the past few decades and recent research has implicated its contribution to the development of many chronic human diseases. However, the mechanisms of how exposure to chemicals contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease are poorly understood. Numerous chemicals have been identified as ligands for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor functioning as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. In the past decade, the function of PXR in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism has been extensively studied by many laboratories and the role of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has been well-established. The identification of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has provided an important tool for the study of new mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure impacts human chronic diseases. Recent studies have revealed novel and unexpected roles of PXR in modulating obesity, insulin sensitivity, lipid homeostasis, atherogenesis, and vascular functions. These studies suggest that PXR signaling may contribute significantly to the pathophysiological effects of many known xenobiotics on cardiometabolic disease in humans. The discovery of novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease not only contributes to our understanding of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to chronic diseases but also provides strong evidence to inform future risk assessment for relevant chemicals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rajamohan F, Reyes AR, Ruangsiriluk W, Hoth LR, Han S, Caspers N, Tu M, Ward J, Kurumbail RG. Expression and functional characterization of human lysosomal acid lipase gene (LIPA) mutation responsible for cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) phenotype. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Benedito-Palos L, Ballester-Lozano G, Pérez-Sánchez J. Wide-gene expression analysis of lipid-relevant genes in nutritionally challenged gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Gene 2014; 547:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
17
|
Kojima S, Watanabe N, Takashimizu S, Kagawa T, Shiraishi K, Koizumi J, Hirabayashi KI, Ohkubo T, Kamiguchi H, Tsuda M, Mine T. Senescent case of cholesterol ester storage disease that progressed to liver cirrhosis with a novel mutation (N250H) of lysosomal acid lipase gene. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:1361-7. [PMID: 23675960 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The patient, a 69-year-old man, had a chief complaint of hepatomegaly. The liver was palpated four fingerbreadths below the costal margin, and the spleen was three fingerbreadths below the costal margin. There were no other abnormal findings. Laparoscopy showed that the liver resembled an orange-yellow crayon in appearance and was nodular. The pathological findings of the liver biopsy tissue were consistent with liver cirrhosis. Inside the fibrous septum was an apparent aggregation of enlarged macrophages that phagocytosed lipid components, as well as enlarged Kupffer cells that phagocytosed lipid droplets. Electron microscopy showed the lipid droplets to have a moth-eaten appearance. Using monocytes extracted from the peripheral blood, acid lipase activity was measured by fluorescence spectrometry using 4-methylumbelliferone palmitate as a substrate. This patient's human lysosomal acid lipase activity was 0.020 nM/min per 10(6) cells, corresponding to 5.9% of that in healthy subjects (0.332 ± 0.066 nM/min per 10(6) cells). Cholesterol ester storage disease was therefore diagnosed. The acid lipase A base sequence obtained from leukocytes by direct sequencing was compared with a library. This patient had a point mutation of N250H/N250H in exon 7, a novel gene abnormality that has not previously been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reynolds T. Cholesteryl ester storage disease: a rare and possibly treatable cause of premature vascular disease and cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:918-23. [PMID: 23999269 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a variety of mutations of the LIPA gene. These cause reduced activity of lysosomal acid lipase, which results in accumulation of cholesteryl esters in lysosomes. If enzyme activity is very low/absent, presentation is in infancy with failure to thrive, malabsorption, hepatosplenomegaly and rapid early death (Wolman disease). With higher but still low enzyme activity, presentation is later in life with hepatic fibrosis, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis.Identification of this rare disorder is difficult as it is essential to assay leucocyte acid phosphatase activity. An assay using specific inhibitors has now been developed that facilitates measurement in dried blood spots. Treatment of CESD has until now been limited to management of the dyslipidaemia, but this does not influence the liver effects. A new enzyme replacement therapy (Sebelipase) has now been developed that could change treatment options for the future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Balwani M, Breen C, Enns GM, Deegan PB, Honzík T, Jones S, Kane JP, Malinova V, Sharma R, Stock EO, Valayannopoulos V, Wraith JE, Burg J, Eckert S, Schneider E, Quinn AG. Clinical effect and safety profile of recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase in patients with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Hepatology 2013; 58:950-7. [PMID: 23348766 PMCID: PMC3728169 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), an inherited deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), is an underappreciated cause of progressive liver disease with no approved therapy. Presenting features include dyslipidemia, elevated transaminases, and hepatomegaly. To assess the clinical effects and safety of the recombinant human LAL, sebelipase alfa, nine patients received four once-weekly infusions (0.35, 1, or 3 mg·kg(-1) ) in LAL-CL01, which is the first human study of this investigational agent. Patients completing LAL-CL01 were eligible to enroll in the extension study (LAL-CL04) in which they again received four once-weekly infusions of sebelipase alfa (0.35, 1, or 3 mg·kg(-1) ) before transitioning to long-term every-other-week infusions (1 or 3 mg·kg(-1) ). Sebelipase alfa was well tolerated, with mostly mild adverse events unrelated to sebelipase alfa. No antidrug antibodies were detected. Transaminases decreased in patients in LAL-CL01 and increased between studies. In seven patients receiving ongoing sebelipase alfa treatment in LAL-CL04, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) decreases for alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase at week 12 compared to the baseline values in LAL-CL01 were 46 ± 21 U/L (-52%) and 21 ± 14 U/L (-36%), respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Through week 12 of LAL-CL04, these seven patients also showed mean decreases from baseline in total cholesterol of 44 ± 41 mg/dL (-22%; P = 0.047), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol of 29 ± 31 mg/dL (-27%; P = 0.078), and triglycerides of 50 ± 38 mg/dL (-28%, P = 0.016) and increases in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol of 5 mg/dL (15%; P = 0.016). CONCLUSION These data establish that sebelipase alfa, an investigational enzyme replacement, in patients with CESD is well tolerated, rapidly decreases serum transaminases, and that these improvements are sustained with long-term dosing and are accompanied by improvements in serum lipid profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Breen
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Tomas Honzík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John P Kane
- Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism (JPK) and Cardiology (EOS), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vera Malinova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Reena Sharma
- Salford Royal Hospital Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Eveline O Stock
- Divisions of Endocrinology & Metabolism (JPK) and Cardiology (EOS), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - J Edmond Wraith
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Jennifer Burg
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Eckert
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anthony G Quinn
- Synageva BioPharma Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bernstein DL, Hülkova H, Bialer MG, Desnick RJ. Cholesteryl ester storage disease: review of the findings in 135 reported patients with an underdiagnosed disease. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1230-43. [PMID: 23485521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) is caused by deficient lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity, predominantly resulting in cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation, particularly in the liver, spleen, and macrophages throughout the body. The disease is characterized by microvesicular steatosis leading to liver failure, accelerated atherosclerosis and premature demise. Although CESD is rare, it is likely that many patients are unrecognized or misdiagnosed. Here, the findings in 135 CESD patients described in the literature are reviewed. Diagnoses were based on liver biopsies, LAL deficiency and/or LAL gene (LIPA) mutations. Hepatomegaly was present in 99.3% of patients; 74% also had splenomegaly. When reported, most patients had elevated serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and transaminases (AST, ALT, or both), while HDL-cholesterol was decreased. All 112 liver biopsied patients had the characteristic pathology, which is progressive, and includes microvesicular steatosis, which leads to fibrosis, micronodular cirrhosis, and ultimately to liver failure. Pathognomonic birefringent CE crystals or their remnant clefts were observed in hepatic cells. Extrahepatic manifestations included portal hypertension, esophageal varices, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Liver failure in 17 reported patients resulted in liver transplantation and/or death. Genotyping identified 31 LIPA mutations in 55 patients; 61% of mutations were the common exon 8 splice-junction mutation (E8SJM(-1G>A)), for which 18 patients were homozygous. Genotype/phenotype correlations were limited; however, E8SJM(-1G>A) homozygotes typically had early-onset, slowly progressive disease. Supportive treatment included cholestyramine, statins, and, ultimately, liver transplantation. Recombinant LAL replacement was shown to be effective in animal models, and recently, a phase I/II clinical trial demonstrated its safety and indicated its potential metabolic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Bernstein
- Division of Medical Genetics, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 1554 Northern Boulevard, Suite 204, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Helsley RN, Sui Y, Ai N, Park SH, Welsh WJ, Zhou C. Pregnane X receptor mediates dyslipidemia induced by the HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1190-9. [PMID: 23519392 PMCID: PMC3657097 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.085753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) have been used successfully in extending the life span of people infected with HIV. The use of PIs has also been associated with dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Several PIs have been implicated in activating the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Recent studies indicate that PXR may also play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. In the present study, we identified amprenavir, a widely used HIV PI, as a potent PXR-selective agonist. Computational docking studies combined with site-direct mutagenesis identified several key residues within the ligand-binding pocket of PXR that constitute points of interaction with amprenavir. Amprenavir efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Short-term exposure to amprenavir significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in PXR-deficient mice. Amprenavir-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of several key intestinal genes involved in lipid homeostasis. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight for understanding the impact of PIs on cardiovascular disease and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating the adverse effects of HIV PIs in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang LN, Liu PP, Zhou J, Huang RS, Yuan F, Fei LJ, Huang Y, Xu L, Hao LM, Qiu XJ, Le Y, Yang X, Xu W, Huang X, Ye M, Lian J, Duan S. Positive correlation between variants of lipid metabolism‑related genes and coronary heart disease. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:260-6. [PMID: 23653095 PMCID: PMC3724684 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Four gene variants related to lipid metabolism (including the rs562338 and rs503662 variants of the APOB gene, the rs7767084 variant of the LPA gene and the rs2246942 variant of the LIPA gene) have been shown to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of the present study was to assess their association with CHD in the Han Chinese population and to assess the contribution of these gene variants to CHD. Using the standardized coronary angiography method, we enrolled 290 CHD patients and 193 non-CHD patients as non-CHD controls from Lihuili Hospital (Ningbo, China). In addition, we recruited 330 unrelated healthy volunteers as healthy controls from the Xi Men Community (Ningbo, China). Our results demonstrated that the rs503662 and rs562338 variants of the APOB gene were extremely rare in the Han Chinese population (minor allele frequency <1%). Genotype rs2246942-GG of the LIPA gene was associated with an increased risk of CHD [CHD cases versus healthy controls: P=0.04; odds ratio (OR)=1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02–2.60). Genotype rs7767084-CC of the LPA gene was identified as a protective factor against CHD in females (CHD cases versus non-CHD controls: P=0.04, OR=0.21; CHD cases versus healthy controls: P=0.02, OR=0.21). The results of our meta-analysis indicated that rs7767084 was not associated with a high risk of CHD (P=0.83; combined OR=0.93; 95% CI=0.47–1.85). In the present study, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in lipid metabolism (rs2246942 and rs7767084) were identified to be significantly associated with CHD in the Han Chinese population. Specifically, rs2246942-GG of the LIPA gene was a risk factor for CHD, while rs7767084-CC of the LPA gene was a protective factor against CHD in females. However, our meta-analysis indicated that rs7767084 is not associated with a higher risk of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Orthotopic liver transplantation in an adult with cholesterol ester storage disease. JIMD Rep 2012; 8:41-6. [PMID: 23430518 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2012_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder associated with mutations of the gene encoding lysosomal acid lipase, manifestations of which include chronic liver disease and early atherosclerosis. Although normally presenting in childhood, severity is variable and the condition can occasionally remain undetected until middle age. Typical presentation is with asymptomatic hepatosplenomegaly and hyperlipidaemia, though the condition is probably underdiagnosed. Treatment is supportive and may include attention to cardiovascular risk factors. Phase I/II trials of enzyme replacement therapy are ongoing, but this approach remains experimental. We present the case of a 42-year-old woman diagnosed with CESD in childhood who ran an indolent course until re-presentation with cirrhotic hydrothorax. She underwent orthotopic liver transplantation but required re-transplantation for hepatic artery thrombosis. She remains well with excellent graft function 2 years later. Although atherosclerosis was apparent at assessment, and may have contributed to hepatic artery thrombosis, partial correction of the metabolic defect and restoration of liver function by transplantation together with ongoing medical therapy should permit reasonable survival over the longer term from both a liver and a vascular perspective. This is the first reported case of orthotopic liver transplantation for CESD in an adult, which was the only available option to improve survival. The case highlights the importance of monitoring patients with CESD through adulthood and suggests that liver replacement at a later stage may yet be indicated and remain of benefit.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fasano T, Pisciotta L, Bocchi L, Guardamagna O, Assandro P, Rabacchi C, Zanoni P, Filocamo M, Bertolini S, Calandra S. Lysosomal lipase deficiency: molecular characterization of eleven patients with Wolman or cholesteryl ester storage disease. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:450-6. [PMID: 22227072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wolman Disease (WD) and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) represent two distinct phenotypes of the same recessive disorder caused by the complete or partial deficiency of lysosomal acidic lipase (LAL), respectively. LAL, encoded by the LIPA gene, hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters derived from cell internalization of plasma lipoproteins. WD is a rapidly progressive and lethal disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption, hepatic and adrenal failure. CESD is characterized by hepatic fibrosis, hyperlipidemia and accelerated atherosclerosis. Aim of the study was the identification of LIPA mutations in three WD and eight CESD patients. The WD patients, all deceased before the first year of age, were homozygous for two novel mutations (c.299+1G>A and c.419G>A) or a mutation (c.796G>T) previously reported as compound heterozygosity in a CESD patient. The two mutations (c.419G>A and c.796G>T) resulting in truncated proteins (p.W140* and p.G266*) and the splicing mutation (c.229+1G>A) were associated with undetectable levels of LIPA mRNA in fibroblasts. All eight CESD patients carried the common mutation c.894G>A known to result not only in a major non-functional transcript with the skipping of exon 8 (p.S275_Q298del), but also in a minor normally spliced transcript producing 5-10% residual LAL activity. The c.894G>A mutation was found in homozygosity in four patients and, as compound heterozygosity, in association with a known (p.H295Y and p.G342R) or a novel (p.W140*) mutation in four other CESD patients. Segregation analysis performed in all patients harboring c.895G>A showed its occurrence on the same haplotype suggesting a common founder ancestor. The other WD and CESD mutations were associated with different haplotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miller WL, Bose HS. Early steps in steroidogenesis: intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2111-2135. [PMID: 21976778 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol, primarily derived from lipoproteins that enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In endo-lysosomes, cholesterol is released from cholesterol esters by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; disordered in Wolman disease) and exported via Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) proteins (disordered in NPC disease). These diseases are characterized by accumulated cholesterol and cholesterol esters in most cell types. Mechanisms for trans-cytoplasmic cholesterol transport, membrane insertion, and retrieval from membranes are less clear. Cholesterol esters and "free" cholesterol are enzymatically interconverted in lipid droplets. Cholesterol transport to the cholesterol-poor outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) appears to involve cholesterol transport proteins. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) then initiates steroidogenesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Acute steroidogenic responses are regulated by cholesterol delivery from OMM to IMM, triggered by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Chronic steroidogenic capacity is determined by CYP11A1 gene transcription. StAR mutations cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, with absent steroidogenesis, potentially lethal salt loss, and 46,XY sex reversal. StAR mutations initially destroy most, but not all steroidogenesis; low levels of StAR-independent steroidogenesis are lost later due to cellular damage, explaining the clinical findings. Rare P450scc mutations cause a similar syndrome. This review addresses these early steps in steroid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143.
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404; and; Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Holmes RS, VandeBerg JL, Cox LA. Genomics and proteomics of vertebrate cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). 3 Biotech 2011; 1:99-109. [PMID: 22582164 PMCID: PMC3324826 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA; EC 3.1.1.13) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H; EC 1.14.99.48) play essential role in cholesterol metabolism in the body by hydrolysing cholesteryl esters and triglycerides within lysosomes (LIPA) and catalysing the formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol (CH25H) which acts to repress cholesterol biosynthesis. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, structures and genomic features of several vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes and proteins, and to examine the phylogeny of vertebrate LIPA. Amino acid sequence alignments and predicted subunit structures enabled the identification of key sequences previously reported for human LIPA and CH25H and transmembrane structures for vertebrate CH25H sequences. Vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes were located in tandem on all vertebrate genomes examined and showed several predicted transcription factor binding sites and CpG islands located within the 5′ regions of the human genes. Vertebrate LIPA genes contained nine coding exons, while all vertebrate CH25H genes were without introns. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the distinct nature of the vertebrate LIPA gene and protein family in comparison with other vertebrate acid lipases and has apparently evolved from an ancestral LIPA gene which predated the appearance of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S. Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD Australia
| | - John L. VandeBerg
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Laura A. Cox
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Valles-Ayoub Y, Esfandiarifard S, No D, Sinai P, Khokher Z, Kohan M, Kahen T, Darvish D. Wolman disease (LIPA p.G87V) genotype frequency in people of Iranian-Jewish ancestry. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:395-8. [PMID: 21291321 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolman disease (WD) is a rare inherited condition caused by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency first described in Iranian-Jewish (IJ) children. Newborns with WD are healthy and active, but soon the infant develops symptoms of severe malnutrition in the first few months of life, and often dies before the age of 1 year. Harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, intestine, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes. Although worldwide incidence is estimated at 1/350,000 newborns, WD occurs at higher than expected frequency in the IJ community of the Los Angeles area. As a validation study, we analyzed 162 DNA specimens of IJ origin by automated sequencing. For LIPA p.G87V (ggc>gtc, alternative numbering p.G66V), a heterozygous frequency of 5/162 (3.086%) was discovered. Thus, we estimate that as high as 1 in 4200 newborns of IJ couples may be at risk. Additional studies are required to confirm and further validate the higher frequencies seen in our sample pool, and to determine if people of IJ and even possibly Middle Eastern descent are at a higher risk for WD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wild PS, Zeller T, Schillert A, Szymczak S, Sinning CR, Deiseroth A, Schnabel RB, Lubos E, Keller T, Eleftheriadis MS, Bickel C, Rupprecht HJ, Wilde S, Rossmann H, Diemert P, Cupples LA, Perret C, Erdmann J, Stark K, Kleber ME, Epstein SE, Voight BF, Kuulasmaa K, Li M, Schäfer AS, Klopp N, Braund PS, Sager HB, Demissie S, Proust C, König IR, Wichmann HE, Reinhard W, Hoffmann MM, Virtamo J, Burnett MS, Siscovick D, Wiklund PG, Qu L, El Mokthari NE, Thompson JR, Peters A, Smith AV, Yon E, Baumert J, Hengstenberg C, März W, Amouyel P, Devaney J, Schwartz SM, Saarela O, Mehta NN, Rubin D, Silander K, Hall AS, Ferrieres J, Harris TB, Melander O, Kee F, Hakonarson H, Schrezenmeir J, Gudnason V, Elosua R, Arveiler D, Evans A, Rader DJ, Illig T, Schreiber S, Bis JC, Altshuler D, Kavousi M, Witteman JCM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Folsom AR, Barbalic M, Boerwinkle E, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, O'Donnell CJ, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Cambien F, Lackner KJ, Tiret L, Salomaa V, Munzel T, Ziegler A, Blankenberg S. A genome-wide association study identifies LIPA as a susceptibility gene for coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:403-12. [PMID: 21606135 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.958728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND eQTL analyses are important to improve the understanding of genetic association results. We performed a genome-wide association and global gene expression study to identify functionally relevant variants affecting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS In a genome-wide association analysis of 2078 CAD cases and 2953 control subjects, we identified 950 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with CAD at P<10(-3). Subsequent in silico and wet-laboratory replication stages and a final meta-analysis of 21 428 CAD cases and 38 361 control subjects revealed a novel association signal at chromosome 10q23.31 within the LIPA (lysosomal acid lipase A) gene (P=3.7×10(-8); odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.14). The association of this locus with global gene expression was assessed by genome-wide expression analyses in the monocyte transcriptome of 1494 individuals. The results showed a strong association of this locus with expression of the LIPA transcript (P=1.3×10(-96)). An assessment of LIPA SNPs and transcript with cardiovascular phenotypes revealed an association of LIPA transcript levels with impaired endothelial function (P=4.4×10(-3)). CONCLUSIONS The use of data on genetic variants and the addition of data on global monocytic gene expression led to the identification of the novel functional CAD susceptibility locus LIPA, located on chromosome 10q23.31. The respective eSNPs associated with CAD strongly affect LIPA gene expression level, which was related to endothelial dysfunction, a precursor of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rosenbaum AI, Maxfield FR. Niemann-Pick type C disease: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. J Neurochem 2011; 116:789-95. [PMID: 20807315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important lipid of mammalian cells. Its unique physicochemical properties modulate membrane behavior and it serves as the precursor for steroid hormones, oxysterols and vitamin D. Cholesterol is effluxed from the late endosomes/lysosomes via the concerted action of at least two distinct proteins: Niemann-Pick C (NPC)1 and NPC2. Mutations in these two proteins manifest as NPC disease - a very rare, usually fatal, autosomal, recessive, neurovisceral, lysosomal storage disorder. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of action for NPC1 and NPC2 in mediating cholesterol efflux, as well as the different therapeutic approaches being pursued for the treatment of this lipid storage disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton I Rosenbaum
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
VanderVen BC, Hermetter A, Huang A, Maxfield FR, Russell DG, Yates RM. Development of a novel, cell-based chemical screen to identify inhibitors of intraphagosomal lipolysis in macrophages. Cytometry A 2010; 77:751-60. [PMID: 20653015 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in tissue homeostasis and the immune system. Their primary function is to internalize cellular debris and microorganisms for degradation within their phagosomes. In this context, their capacity to process and sequester lipids such as triacylglycerides and cholesteryl esters makes them key players in circulatory diseases, such as atheroclerosis. To discover new inhibitors of lipolytic processing within the phagosomal system of the macrophage, we have developed a novel, cell-based assay suitable for high-throughput screening. We employed particles carrying a fluorogenic triglyceride substrate and a calibration fluor to screen for inhibitors of phagosomal lipolysis. A panel of secondary assays were employed to discriminate between lipase inhibitors and compounds that perturbed general phagosomal trafficking events. This process enabled us to identify a new structural class of pyrazole-methanone compounds that directly inhibit lysosomal and lipoprotein lipase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Holmes RS, Cox LA, VandeBerg JL. Comparative studies of mammalian acid lipases: Evidence for a new gene family in mouse and rat (Lipo). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 5:217-26. [PMID: 20598663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
At least six families of mammalian acid lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.-) catalyse the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the body, designated as LIPA (lysosomal), LIPF (gastric), LIPJ (testis) and LIPK, LIPM and LIPN (epidermal), which belong to the AB hydrolase superfamily. In this study, in silico methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures, and gene locations for acid lipase genes and encoded proteins using data from several mammalian genome projects. Mammalian acid lipase genes were located within a gene cluster for each of the 8 mammalian genomes examined, including human (Homo sapiens), chimpanzee (Pons troglodytes), rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta), mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), cow (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus) and dog (Canis familaris), with each containing 9 coding exons. Human and mouse acid lipases shared 44-87% sequence identity and exhibited sequence alignments and identities for key amino acid residues and conservation of predicted secondary and tertiary structures with those previously reported for human gastric lipase (LIPF) (Roussel et al., 1999). Evidence for a new family of acid lipase genes is reported for mouse and rat genomes, designated as Lipo. Mouse acid lipase genes are subject to differential mRNA tissue expression, with Lipa showing wide tissue expression, while others have a more restricted tissue expression in the digestive tract (Lipf), salivary gland (Lipo) and epidermal tissues (Lipk, Lipm and Lipn). Phylogenetic analyses of the mammalian acid lipase gene families suggested that these genes are products of gene duplication events prior to eutherian mammalian evolution and derived from an ancestral vertebrate LIPA gene, which is present in the frog, Xenopus tropicalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pisciotta L, Fresa R, Bellocchio A, Pino E, Guido V, Cantafora A, Di Rocco M, Calandra S, Bertolini S. Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease (CESD) due to novel mutations in the LIPA gene. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:143-8. [PMID: 19307143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease (CESD) is a rare recessive disorder due to mutations in LIPA gene encoding the lysosomal acidic lipase (LAL). CESD patients have liver disease associated with mixed hyperlipidemia and low plasma levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of three patients with CESD. LAL activity was measured in blood leukocytes. In two patients (twin sisters) the clinical diagnosis of CESD was made at 9 years of age, following the fortuitous discovery of elevated serum liver enzymes in apparently healthy children. They had mixed hyperlipidemia, hepatosplenomegaly, reduced LAL activity (approximately 5% of control) and heteroalleic mutations in LIPA gene coding sequence: (i) the common c.894 G>A mutation and (ii) a novel nonsense mutation c.652 C>T (p.R218X). The other patient was an 80 year-old female who for several years had been treated with simvastatin because of severe hyperlipidemia associated with low plasma HDL. In this patient the sequence of major candidate genes for monogenic hypercholesterolemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia was negative. She was found to be a compound heterozygote for two LIPA gene mutations resulting in 5% LAL activity: (i) c.894 G>A and (ii) a novel complex insertion/deletion leading to a premature termination codon at position 82. These findings suggest that, in view of the variable severity of its phenotypic expression, CESD may sometimes be difficult to diagnose, but it should be considered in patients with severe type IIb hyperlipidemia associated with low HDL, mildly elevated serum liver enzymes and hepatomegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pisciotta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hooper AJ, Tran HA, Formby MR, Burnett JR. A novel missense LIPA gene mutation, N98S, in a patient with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 398:152-4. [PMID: 18775687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase plays an important role in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Complete absence of lysosomal acid lipase activity results in Wolman disease and usually death in infancy, whereas partial deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase results in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). We describe a 26 year-old female with CESD who presented with recurrent right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Abnormal liver function tests and a subsequent liver biopsy revealed features consistent with CESD. Sequencing of the LIPA gene revealed that she was a compound heterozygote for the previously reported exon 8 splice junction mutation and a novel missense mutation (N98S) in exon 4. The splice junction mutation allows some (approximately 3%) normal splicing to occur, and therefore gives rise to residual lysosomal acid lipase activity. Asn98 in lysosomal acid lipase is highly conserved among species and mutation of this residue could influence catalytic activity or accessibility to the active site. In summary, we describe a CESD patient compound heterozygous for the LIPA exon 8 splice junction mutation and a novel missense mutation, N98S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hooper
- Department of Core Clinical Pathology & Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Meugnier E, Bossu C, Oliel M, Jeanne S, Michaut A, Sothier M, Brozek J, Rome S, Laville M, Vidal H. Changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to fat overfeeding in lean men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:2583-94. [PMID: 18070749 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adaptive mechanisms in response to excess energy supply are still poorly known in humans. Our aims were to define metabolic responses and changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle of healthy volunteers during fat overfeeding. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Eight lean young healthy men were given a diet rich in saturated fat with an excess of approximately 550 kcal/d for 4 weeks. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, gene expression changes in skeletal muscle were analyzed at Day 0, Day 14, and Day 28. RESULTS Fat overfeeding led to an increase in body weight (1.0 +/- 0.3 kg) and waist circumference (2.2 +/- 0.5 cm, p = 0.005) and a significant decrease in fasting non-esterified fatty acid plasma levels (-29 +/- 5%, p = 0.028). Respiratory quotient was significantly increased (0.84 +/- 0.01 to 0.88 +/- 0.02, p = 0.034) and lipid oxidation rate tended to decrease. The expression of 55 genes was modified in skeletal muscle. The main pathways indicated a coordinated stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis, inhibition of lipolysis, reduction of fatty acid oxidation, and development of adipocytes. Promoter analysis of the regulated genes suggests that sterol regulatory element binding proteins might be important players of the short-term adaptation to fat overfeeding in human skeletal muscle. DISCUSSION This combined metabolic and genomic investigation shows that fat overfeeding for 28 days promotes the storage of the excess energy in lean men and demonstrates the usefulness of a transcriptomic approach to a better understanding of the metabolic adaptation to changes in nutritional behavior in human.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hajjar DP. Regulation of cholesteryl ester hydrolases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 69:45-82. [PMID: 7817870 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123157.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in understanding the biochemical and molecular nature of the CE hydrolases and their impact on cellular cholesterol trafficking have further defined the enzyme's mechanism of action with reasonable clarity. The availability of the cDNA probe for the human lysosomal acid lipase/CE hydrolase and the hormone-sensitive lipase now makes it possible to study CE hydrolase gene regulation and expression in human tissue; and it can now be stated with more assurance that the cytoplasmic CE hydrolase (NCEH) is most likely activated through phosphorylation by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Evidence also shows that the NCEH is most likely identical to the hormone-sensitive lipase and that it plays an important role in cholesterol efflux properties of the cell. Recent advances in the discovery of the role of the eicosanoid/cytokine network in the regulation of CE hydrolysis, highlighted in Figure 10, further emphasize the interesting but complex nature of the cholesterol trafficking processes in cells, particularly under pathophysiological conditions such as cell injury, repair, and inflammation. It can be speculated that in several years, when the crystal structure of the CE hydrolase is known, the structure-function properties of this enzyme's catalytic domain, as it relates to the physical state of the CE substrates, should further clarify the precise role of this enzyme in intracellular cholesterol mobilization and trafficking under a variety of cellular conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Hajjar
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Paliwal A, De PK. Purification, cloning and regulation of a novel acid-lipase-like protein of hamster expressed in lacrimal glands and tears during lactation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1771:55-65. [PMID: 17141562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel 48-kDa tear acid-lipase-like protein (TALLP), which is markedly induced in lacrimal glands (LG) and secreted in tears of hamster dams during lactation. TALLP is undetectable in LG and tears of normal hamsters, but is also induced after gonadectomy in both sexes and this is prevented by androgen, estrogen or thyroid hormone treatment. These observations and the obliteration of TALLP upon cessation of lactation suggest that endogenous estrogens (in females) and androgens (in males) completely repress TALLP expression. Purified TALLP is monomeric, contains approximately 18% N-glycosylation and several pI isoforms. TALLP expression was tissue-specific and immunolocalized in LG acinar cells. The cDNA deduced amino-acid sequence of TALLP precursor (398 residue, containing a 19 residues signal-peptide) showed only 43-48% identity with all known mammalian acid-lipases, including even those of other rodents, suggesting that TALLP is a prototype of a new category, within the acid-lipase family. Surprisingly, although the catalytic triad residues and other sequence features important for lipolytic activity are conserved in TALLP, it has no detectable lipase activity. However, TALLP binds the polarity sensitive hydrophobic probe, 1-aminoanthracene (K(d)=12 microM). TALLP might have a unique substrate-specificity or a lipid-binding/carrier function in tears of hamster dams. This is the first report of an acid-lipase-like protein secreted in tears of any species. Since TALLP lacks the usual lipase activity, it can be an excellent model to understand better what other structural features in acid-lipases influence their catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Paliwal
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zschenker O, Illies T, Ameis D. Overexpression of lysosomal acid lipase and other proteins in atherosclerosis. J Biochem 2006; 140:23-38. [PMID: 16877765 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the western world. The existing data of elevated expression levels of proteins like DNA damage and DNA repair enzymes in human atherosclerotic plaques are reviewed. From the literature, the effect of overexpression of different proteins using adenoviral vectors or the model of transgenic mice on the development of atherosclerosis will be discussed. Special focus is placed on the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), because LAL connects extra-cellular with intra-cellular lipid metabolism and is the only hydrolase for cleavage of cholesteryl esters delivered to the lysosomes. Patients with a deficiency of LAL show an accumulation of lipids in the cells and develop pre-mature atherosclerosis. To answer the question of the influence of LAL in atherosclerosis if overexpressed, we show for the first time data of transgenic mice overexpressing LAL and the effect on the lipid level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zschenker
- Medical Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Takeda Y, Aono R, Doukyu N. Purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of organic-solvent-tolerant cholesterol esterase from cyclohexane-tolerant Burkholderia cepacia strain ST-200. Extremophiles 2006; 10:269-77. [PMID: 16463077 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular cholesterol esterase of Burkholderia cepacia strain ST-200 was purified from the culture supernatant. Its molecular mass was 37 kDa. The enzyme was stable at pH 5.5-12 and active at pH 5.5-6, showing optimal activity at pH 7.0 at 45 degrees C. Relative to the commercially available cholesterol esterases, the purified enzyme was highly stable in the presence of various water-miscible organic solvents. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed long-chain fatty acid esters of cholesterol, except for that of cholesteryl palmitate. The enzyme exhibited lipolytic activity toward various p-nitrophenyl esters. The hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl caprylate was enhanced 3.5- to 7.2-fold in the presence of 5-20% (vol/vol) water-miscible organic solvents relative to that in the absence of organic solvents. The structural gene encoding the cholesterol esterase was cloned and sequenced. The primary translation product was predicted to be 365 amino acid residues. The mature product is composed of 325 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the product showed the highest similarity to the lipase LipA (87%) from B. cepacia DSM3959.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Takeda
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tadiboyina VT, Liu DM, Miskie BA, Wang J, Hegele RA. Treatment of dyslipidemia with lovastatin and ezetimibe in an adolescent with cholesterol ester storage disease. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:26. [PMID: 16255772 PMCID: PMC1291391 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) is an autosomal recessive illness that results from mutations in the LIPA gene encoding lysosomal acid lipase. CESD patients present in childhood with hepatomegaly and dyslipidemia characterized by elevated total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), with elevated triglycerides and depressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Usual treatment includes a low fat diet and a statin drug. Results In an 18-year old with CESD, we documented compound heterozygosity for two LIPA mutations: a novel frameshift nonsense mutation and a deletion of exon 8. The patient had been treated with escalating doses of lovastatin for ~80 months, with ~15% decline in mean LDL-C. The addition of ezetimibe 10 mg to lovastatin 40 mg resulted in an additional ~16% decline in mean LDL-C. Conclusion These preliminary anecdotal findings in a CESD patient with novel LIPA mutations support the longer term safety of statins in an adolescent patient and provide new data about the potential efficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe in this patient group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venu T Tadiboyina
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Vascular Biology Group and Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics, Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Dora M Liu
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Brooke A Miskie
- Vascular Biology Group and Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics, Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Vascular Biology Group and Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics, Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Vascular Biology Group and Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics, Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ikeda S, Nikaido K, Araki K, Yoshitake A, Kumagai H, Isoai A. Production of recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: development of a fed-batch fermentation and purification process. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 98:366-73. [PMID: 16233721 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fed-batch fermentation process has been developed to enable the production of large quantities of recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase (hLAL; EC 3.1.1.13), in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, for preclinical studies as a potential enzyme therapy drug. Recombinant S. pombe, clone ASP397-21, expressed enzymatically active hLAL in the secreted form. A feedback fed-batch system was used to determine the optimal feed rate of a 50% glucose solution used as the carbon source. The feed rate of the glucose solution was calculated by a computer-aided system according to the equation; F=q(sf)(VX)/S(in) (q(sf), specific substrate feed rate [gram substrate/gram dry cell weight/h]; V, volume of culture broth [l]; X, cell density [gram dry cell weight/l]; S(in), concentration of growth limiting substrate in feed solution [gram substrate/gram feed solution]). At the time of the initial consumption of glucose in the batch-phase culture, the nutrient supply was automatically initiated by means of monitoring the respiratory quotient change. The obtained profile of the feed rate was applied to the feed forward control fermentation. Finally, the cells were grown up to >50 g dry cell weight/l, and the hLAL expression level was approximately 16,000 U/l. Expressed hLAL protein was purified in a two-step process by hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange chromatographies. Purified recombinant hLAL exhibited a 90-150 kDa broad band upon SDS-PAGE with specific activity of about 300 U/mg. After endoglycosidase H treatment, the band converged to 45 kDa, equal to the calculated molecular weight, suggesting that hLAL produced in S. pombe was hyper-glycosylated. N-terminal analysis of de-glycosylated hLAL revealed that the signal sequence of hLAL was correctly processed in S. pombe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ikeda
- ASPEX Division, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., 1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8755, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jandrositz A, Petschnigg J, Zimmermann R, Natter K, Scholze H, Hermetter A, Kohlwein SD, Leber R. The lipid droplet enzyme Tgl1p hydrolyzes both steryl esters and triglycerides in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1735:50-8. [PMID: 15922657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on sequence homology to mammalian acid lipases, yeast reading frame YKL140w was predicted to encode a triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase in yeast and was hence named as TGL1, triglyceride lipase 1. A deletion of TGL1, however, resulted in an increase of the cellular steryl ester content. Fluorescently labeled lipid analogs that become covalently linked to the enzyme active site upon catalysis were used to discriminate between the lipase and esterase activities of Tgl1p. Tgl1p preferred single-chain esterase inhibitors over lipase inhibitors in vitro. Under assay conditions optimal for acid lipases, Tgl1p exhibited steryl esterase activity only and lacked any triglyceride lipase activity. In contrast, at pH 7.4, Tgl1p also exhibited TAG lipase activity; however, steryl ester hydrolase activity was still predominant. Tgl1p localized exclusively to lipid droplets which are the intracellular storage compartment of steryl esters and triacylglycerols in the yeast S. cerevisiae. In a tgl1 deletion mutant, the mobilization of steryl esters in vivo was delayed, but not abolished, suggesting the existence of additional enzymes involved in steryl ester mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jandrositz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, SFB Biomembrane Research Center, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, A8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death in the developed countries. In addition to lipid-lowering drugs - statins, dietary control, and exercise, new approaches are needed for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the role(s) of lysosomal acid lipase and its use as an enzyme therapy to reduce atherosclerotic lesions in a mouse model and to examine the molecular basis supporting this novel strategy and its mechanism of effect. RECENT FINDINGS Administration of human lysosomal acid lipase via tail vein into mice with atherosclerosis eliminates early aortic and coronary ostial lesions and reduces lesional size in advanced disease. The reduction of advanced lesional area is related to decreases in foamy macrophages, collagen positive areas, and necrotic areas. Compared with sham-treated mice, the human lysosomal acid lipase-treated mice also have reduced levels of plasma cholesteryl esters, and reduced levels of hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides. SUMMARY These studies indicate that administrated lysosomal acid lipase affects the atherogenesis by at least two mechanisms: (1) direct targeting of lesional macrophages with resultant decreases in cholesteryl esters and triglyceride in the lysosomes of macrophages in the lesions; (2) systemic effects that mediate the liver to reduce the hepatic cholesteryl ester and triglyceride release, possibly leading to reduced production of VLDL and LDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- The Children's Hospital Research Foundation of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lewin TM, Coleman RA. Regulation of myocardial triacylglycerol synthesis and metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2003; 1634:63-75. [PMID: 14643794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies showing a correlation of excess myocardial triacylglycerol stores with apoptosis, fibrosis, and contractile dysfunction indicate that dysregulation of triacylglycerol metabolism may contribute to cardiac disease. This review covers the regulation of heart triacylglycerol accumulation at the critical control points of fatty acid uptake, enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis, lipolysis, and lipoprotein secretion. These pathways are discussed in the context of the central role myocardial triacylglycerol plays in cardiac energy metabolism and heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal M Lewin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, CB #7400, Pittsboro Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ochi M, Osawa H, Onuma H, Murakami A, Nishimiya T, Shimada F, Kato K, Shimizu I, Shishino K, Murase M, Fujii Y, Ohashi J, Makino H. The absence of evidence for major effects of the frequent SNP +299G>A in the resistin gene on susceptibility to insulin resistance syndrome associated with Japanese type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 61:191-8. [PMID: 12965109 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, specifically secreted from adipocytes, antagonizes insulin and represents a promising candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. We reported that a frequent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) +299G>A in this gene is not associated with type 2 diabetes. To determine whether this SNP affects insulin resistance syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes, we examined its effects on susceptibility to obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension in type 2 diabetic subjects and on susceptibility to type 2 diabetes by interaction with other frequent genes involved in lipid metabolism, namely, beta3-adrenergic receptor (b3AR) Trp64Arg, phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) c.1389G>A or lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) Thr-6Pro. The 99 type 2 diabetic and 99 control subjects were typed by PCR direct sequencing or PCR-RFLP. No differences in frequencies of obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension were found between the type 2 diabetic subjects with G/G and those with G/A or A/A genotypes of the resistin SNP. When the combination of the resistin SNP with each of b3AR, PDE3B and LAL SNPs was assessed, no association with type 2 diabetes was evident. Therefore, the frequent SNP +299G>A in the resistin gene is unlikely to have major effects on susceptibility to insulin resistance syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ochi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu, 791-0295 Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Duport C, Schoepp B, Chatelain E, Spagnoli R, Dumas B, Pompon D. Critical role of the plasma membrane for expression of mammalian mitochondrial side chain cleavage activity in yeast. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1502-14. [PMID: 12654006 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered yeast cells efficiently convert ergosta-5-eneol to pregnenolone and progesterone provided that endogenous pregnenolone acetylase activity is disrupted and that heterologous sterol delta7-reductase, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (CYP11A1) and 3beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD) activities are present. CYP11A1 activity requires the expression of the mammalian NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase (Adrp) and adrenodoxin (Adxp) proteins as electron carriers. Several parameters modulate this artificial metabolic pathway: the effects of steroid products; the availability and delivery of the ergosta-5-eneol substrate to cytochrome P450; electron flux and protein localization. CYP11A1, Adxp and Adrp are usually located in contact with inner mitochondrial membranes and are directed to the outside of the mitochondria by the removal of their respective mitochondrial targeting sequences. CYP11A1 then localizes to the plasma membrane but Adrp and Adxp are detected in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol as expected. The electron transfer chain that involves several subcellular compartments may control side chain cleavage activity in yeast. Interestingly, Tgl1p, a potential ester hydrolase, was found to enhance steroid productivity, probably through both the availability and/or the trafficking of the CYP11A1 substrate. Thus, the observation that the highest cellular levels of free ergosta-5-eneol are found in the plasma membrane suggests that the substrate is freely available for pregnenolone synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Protéines Membranaires, CGM du CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Steiner JM, Wilson BG, Williams DA. Purification and partial characterization of feline classical pancreatic lipase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:151-9. [PMID: 12524043 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Classical pancreatic lipase has been purified and partially characterized in many species. The objective of this project was to purify feline classical pancreatic lipase (fPL) from pancreatic tissue and partially characterize this protein. Pancreata were collected from cats (Felis catus) euthanized for unrelated research projects. Fat was removed by trimming away grossly visible fat and by extraction in organic solvents. The delipidated pancreatic extract was further purified by extracting the enzymes in a Tris-buffer containing two different protease inhibitors, benzamidine and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, followed by anion-exchange, size-exclusion, and cation-exchange chromatography. Feline pancreatic lipase was successfully purified from feline pancreatic tissue. The purified product showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of approximately 52.5 kDa. Exact molecular mass was determined by mass spectrometry as 52.4 kDa. Approximate specific absorbance at 280 nm of fPL was 1.18 for a 1 mg/ml solution. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 25 amino acid residues showed the sequence Lys-Glu-Ile-?-Phe-Pro-Arg-Leu-Gly-?-Phe-Ser-Asp-Asp-Ala-Pro-Trp-Ala-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gln-Arg-Pro-Leu. This sequence showed close homology with the amino acid sequence of classical pancreatic lipase in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Trickett JI, Patel DD, Knight BL, Saggerson ED, Gibbons GF, Pease RJ. Characterization of the rodent genes for arylacetamide deacetylase, a putative microsomal lipase, and evidence for transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39522-32. [PMID: 11481320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101764200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we have determined the cDNA and the genomic sequences of the arylacetamide deacetylase (AADA) gene in mice and rats. The AADA genes in the rat and mouse consist of five exons and have 2.4 kilobases of homologous promoter sequence upstream of the initiating ATG codon. AADA mRNA is expressed in hepatocytes, intestinal mucosal cells (probably enterocytes), the pancreas and also the adrenal gland. In mice, there is a diurnal rhythm in hepatic AADA mRNA concentration, with a maximum 10 h into the light (post-absorptive) phase. This diurnal regulation is attenuated in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha knockout mice. Intestinal but not hepatic AADA mRNA was increased following oral administration of the fibrate, Wy-14,643. The homology of AADA with hormone-sensitive lipase and the tissue distribution of AADA are consistent with the view that AADA plays a role in promoting the mobilization of lipids from intracellular stores and in the liver for assembling VLDL. This hypothesis is supported by parallel changes in AADA gene expression in animals with insulin-deficient diabetes and following treatment with orotic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Trickett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zschenker O, Jung N, Rethmeier J, Trautwein S, Hertel S, Zeigler M, Ameis D. Characterization of lysosomal acid lipase mutations in the signal peptide and mature polypeptide region causing Wolman disease. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
50
|
Tietge UJ, Sun G, Czarnecki S, Yu Q, Lohse P, Du H, Grabowski GA, Glick JM, Rader DJ. Phenotypic correction of lipid storage and growth arrest in wolman disease fibroblasts by gene transfer of lysosomal acid lipase. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:279-89. [PMID: 11177564 DOI: 10.1089/10430340150218413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolman disease is a lethal lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). Wolman disease is characterized by pronounced hepatic involvement while neurological symptoms are uncommon, making Wolman disease an attractive candidate for liver-directed gene therapy. This study was performed to test the effects of gene replacement in fibroblasts lacking LAL, using a recombinant adenovirus encoding the human LAL cDNA (AdhLAL). Human fibroblasts from a Wolman disease patient were infected with AdhLAL and showed a dose-dependent increase in LAL protein and activity up to 5-fold above levels in control fibroblasts. Furthermore, 72 hr after infection with AdhLAL there was a dose-dependent correction of the severe lipid storage phenotype of Wolman disease fibroblasts. Electron microscopy confirmed significant correction of the lysosomal lipid storage in AdhLAL-infected Wolman disease fibroblasts at the ultrastructural level. Intravenous injection of AdhLAL into wild-type mice resulted in a 13.5-fold increase in hepatic LAL activity, and overexpression of LAL was not associated with toxic side effects. These data demonstrate high-level lysosomal expression of recombinant LAL in vitro and in vivo and show the feasibility of gene therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Wolman disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U J Tietge
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|