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Salman S, Baiwog F, Page-Sharp M, Griffin S, Karunajeewa HA, Mueller I, Rogerson SJ, Siba PM, Ilett KF, Davis TME. Optimal Antimalarial Dose Regimens for Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine with or without Azithromycin in Pregnancy Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02291-16. [PMID: 28242669 PMCID: PMC5404578 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02291-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal dosing of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy remains to be established, particularly when coadministered with azithromycin (AZI). To further characterize SP pharmacokinetics in pregnancy, plasma concentration-time data from 45 nonpregnant and 45 pregnant women treated with SP-AZI (n = 15 in each group) and SP-chloroquine (n = 30 in each group) were analyzed. Population nonlinear mixed-effect pharmacokinetic models were developed for pyrimethamine (PYR), sulfadoxine (SDOX), and N-acetylsulfadoxine (the SDOX metabolite NASDOX), and potential covariates were included. Pregnancy increased the relative clearance (CL/F) of PYR, SDOX, and NASDOX by 48, 29, and 70%, respectively, as well as the relative volumes of distribution (V/F) of PYR (46 and 99%) and NASDOX (46%). Coadministration of AZI resulted in a greater increase in PYR CL/F (80%) and also increased NASDOX V/F by 76%. Apparent differences between these results and those of published studies of SP disposition may reflect key differences in study design, including the use of an early postpartum follow-up study rather than a nonpregnant comparator group. Simulations based on the final population model demonstrated that, compared to conventional single-dose SP in nonpregnant women, two such doses given 24 h apart should ensure that pregnant women have similar drug exposure, while three daily SP doses may be required if SP is given with AZI. The results of past and ongoing trials using recommended adult SP doses with or without AZI in pregnant women may need to be interpreted in light of these findings and consideration given to using increased doses in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Salman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francisca Baiwog
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Madhu Page-Sharp
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Griffin
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Harin A Karunajeewa
- Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kenneth F Ilett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy M E Davis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Mammary stem cells (MaSC) provide for net growth, renewal and turnover of mammary epithelial cells, and are therefore potential targets for strategies to increase production efficiency. Appropriate regulation of MaSC can potentially benefit milk yield, persistency, dry period management and tissue repair. Accordingly, we and others have attempted to characterize and alter the function of bovine MaSC. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of MaSC gained from studies using mouse and human model systems and present research on bovine MaSC within that context. Recent data indicate that MaSC retain labeled DNA for extended periods because of their selective segregation of template DNA strands during mitosis. Relying on this long-term retention of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled DNA, we identified putative bovine MaSC. These label-retaining epithelial cells (LREC) are in low abundance within mammary epithelium (<1%). They are predominantly estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and localized in a basal or suprabasal layer of the epithelium throughout the gland. Thus, the response of MaSC to estrogen, the major mitogen in mammary gland, is likely mediated by paracrine factors released by cells that are ER-positive. This is consistent with considerable evidence for cross-talk within and between epithelial cells and surrounding stromal cells. Excision of classes of cells by laser microdissection and subsequent microarray analysis will hopefully provide markers for MaSC and insights into their regulation. Preliminary analyses of gene expression in laser-microdissected LREC and non-LREC are consistent with the concept that LREC represent populations of stem cells and progenitor cells that differ with regard to their properties and location within the epithelial layer. We have attempted to modulate the MaSC number by infusing a solution of xanthosine through the teat canal and into the ductal network of the mammary glands of prepubertal heifers. This treatment increased the number of putative stem cells, as evidenced by an increase in the percentage of LREC and increased telomerase activity within the tissue. The exciting possibility that stem cell expansion can influence milk production is currently under investigation.
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Mellenberger RW, Bauman DE, Nelson DR. Metabolic adaptations during lactogenesis: fatty acid and lactose synthesis in cow mammary tissue. 1973. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:261-8. [PMID: 19649776 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1973] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
SummaryThe concentrations of lactose, potassium, sodium, chloride and citric acid were determined in milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats. For cows, sows and ewes trends with lactation are reported and for all species correlations between constituents in milks secreted in mid-lactation are given. The results are discussed in relation to the secretion of water-soluble constituents in milk.
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Metabolite levels and enzyme activities in the bovine mammary gland in different stages of lactation: II. Some metabolite levels and enzyme activities of the citric acid cycle. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900014734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummarySamples of the mammary gland were obtained by the freeze-clamping technique from heifers, lactating and dry cows. Levels of acetyl CoA, citrate, isocitrate and α-oxoglutarate were determined in extracts of the samples and calculated per g fresh gland and per mg DNA. All mammary metabolite levels were significantly higher in lactating cows than in heifers or dry cows. The accumulation in the lactating gland increased in the sequence acetyl CoA–α-oxoglutarate–isocitrate–citrate. NADP/NADPH ratios in cytoplasm, as calculated from the equilibrium of isocitrate dehydrogenase, were lowest in lactating glands. The activities of some enzymes were also determined in the cytoplasm and calculated per g fresh gland, per mg protein and per mg DNA. Mammary citrate synthase activity did not vary significantly between different groups of cattle, whereas mammary isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was higher in lactating cows than in heifers or dry cows. No activity of ATP citrate lyase was detected.
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Pang WW, Hartmann PE. Initiation of human lactation: secretory differentiation and secretory activation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:211-21. [PMID: 18027076 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories for the origin of milk have been recorded since the time of Ancient Greeks. In those times it was believed that milk was derived from special vessels that connected the uterus to the breasts. The "chyle theory" on the origin of milk was another prominent theory which persisted well into the nineteenth century before the realisation that milk components were derived from blood and some milk constituents were actually synthesized within the breasts. The demonstration that milk ejection was the expulsion of milk that had already been secreted and that milk secretion was a separate continuous process, set the background for the development for the current understanding of milk synthesis and secretion. Today we know that there are two stages in the initiation of lactation- secretory differentiation and secretory activation. Secretory differentiation represents the stage of pregnancy when the mammary epithelial cells differentiate into lactocytes with the capacity to synthesize unique milk constituents such as lactose. This process requires the presence of a 'lactogenic hormone complex' of the reproductive hormones, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and some metabolic hormones. Secretory activation on the other hand, is the initiation of copious milk secretion and is associated with major changes in the concentrations of many milk constituents. The withdrawal of progesterone triggers the onset of secretory activation but prolactin, insulin and cortisol must also be present. This review describes the works of pioneers that have led to our current understanding of the biochemical and endocrinological processes involved in the initiation of human lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Pang
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, M310, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
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Hadsell D, George J, Torres D. The declining phase of lactation: peripheral or central, programmed or pathological? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:59-70. [PMID: 17286209 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In most species the functional activity of the mammary gland during lactation follows a biphasic developmental pattern. This pattern starts with a rapid increase in milk output that occurs with secretory activation and continues with a more gradual increase until the point of peak lactation is reached. Following this gain-of-function phase, the ability of the gland to produce milk decreases. This decrease occurs even if the lactation is prolonged by the presence of continued suckling stimulus and complete milk removal. This review describes the current state of our knowledge concerning the factors that regulate milk synthesis capacity by the mammary gland during the lactation cycle. The review describes four potential alternatives as mechanisms governing the process, which we refer to as secretory diminution. These alternatives are not presented as mutually exclusive of each other or other possible mechanisms, but are proposed as potential contributing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Hadsell
- USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Hill RL, Brew K. Lactose synthetase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 43:411-90. [PMID: 812340 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122884.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Levy HR. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:97-192. [PMID: 367106 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122938.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Binienda Z, Holson R, Chen FX, Oriaku E, Kim C, Flynn T, Slikker W, Paule M, Feuers R, Ferguson S. Effects of ischemia-hypoxia induced by interruption of uterine blood flow on fetal rat liver and brain enzyme activities and offspring behavior. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(96)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Binienda
- Division of Neurotoxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - R.R. Holson
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - F.-X. Chen
- Division of Genetic Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - E. Oriaku
- Division of Genetic Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - C.S. Kim
- Division of Toxicological Studies; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition/FDA; Washington DC 20204 USA
| | - T.J. Flynn
- Division of Toxicological Studies; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition/FDA; Washington DC 20204 USA
| | - W. Slikker
- Division of Neurotoxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - M.G. Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - R.J. Feuers
- Division of Genetic Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - S.A. Ferguson
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology; National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
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Dijkstra J, France J, Dhanoa MS, Maas JA, Hanigan MD, Rook AJ, Beever DE. A model to describe growth patterns of the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. J Dairy Sci 1997; 80:2340-54. [PMID: 9361206 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Extensive proliferation and death of cells in the mammary gland occur during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, a mechanistic model was developed that yielded a single equation to describe the pattern of mammary growth of mammals throughout pregnancy and lactation. The model contains a single pool, which is the cell population of the mammary gland; one influx, representing cell proliferation; and one efflux, representing cell death. The parameters of the equation lend themselves to direct physiological interpretation. The model fitted data on mammary gland DNA adequately and can be related to current knowledge on factors and inhibitors of mammary gland growth. A unique definition of the parameters of the model can be difficult because of the high degree of variation among animals, an improper number of observations, or timing, as indicated by analyses of simulated data. The model can also be applied to the study of the entire lactation curve. The widely applied gamma equation and the equation that was developed in this study were compared using weekly production data from dairy cows. The new model performed well, particularly when a sharp peak in milk production occurred. The model has the advantage of providing, for the first time, a simple biological description of the lactation curve that can be used to discriminate changes in lactational performance that are associated with experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dijkstra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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12
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Valenzuela MA, Collados L, Kettlun AM, Mancilla M, Lara H, Puente J, Aranda E, Chayet L, Alvarez A, Traverso-Cori A. Changes in apyrase activity in uterus and mammary gland during the lactogenic cycle. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 103:113-8. [PMID: 1451429 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90421-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this present research was to explore the possible roles of ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) in two tissues with high energetic demands during cell proliferation and differentiation. 2. Changes in apyrase activities during the pregnancy lactation cycle were examined in the rat uterus and mammary gland. 3. A significant decrease in apyrase activity (ATPase-ADPase) was observed in the pregnant uterus; this observation correlates with a minor inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. 4. In mammary gland, the enzyme activity increases during lactation in parallel with an increase in blood supply, synthesis of glycoproteins and cell proliferation. 5. Apyrase activity did not change during the estrous cycle. Estradiol administration to rats slightly increased (20%) both ATPase-ADPase activities. 6. The probable function of apyrase is finally discussed, based on its substrate specificity and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Valenzuela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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13
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Grant R, Colenbrander V, Mertens D. Milk Fat Depression in Dairy Cows: Role of Particle Size of Alfalfa Hay. J Dairy Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Walker NI, Bennett RE, Kerr JF. Cell death by apoptosis during involution of the lactating breast in mice and rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1989; 185:19-32. [PMID: 2782275 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001850104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of cell death in involution of lactating breast was investigated in mice and rats by light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis, recognized by sharply demarcated compaction of chromatin against the nuclear envelope and by shrinkage and budding of the whole cell to form membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies, was responsible for major loss of cells in both species. In the mouse, rapid involution during the first 2 days was associated with shedding of large numbers of apoptotic bodies derived from alveolar epithelial cells into alveolar lumens. This was followed by more gradual regression, during which the bodies were mostly phagocytosed by macrophages within the epithelium. In the rat, glandular involution was a more gradual and uniform process, with shedding of apoptotic epithelial cells into alveolar lumens being much less conspicuous. Apoptosis of myoepithelial cells was observed in mice, the resulting apoptotic bodies being phagocytosed by intraepithelial macrophages, but was not detected in rats. Apoptosis of capillary endothelial cells caused rapid regression of the capillary beds in both mice and rats. Intraepithelial macrophages increased in number during involution, developed cytoplasmic lipofuscin pigment, and either remained within the epithelium or migrated to the interstitium and regional nodes. Cell loss by apoptosis has been demonstrated during involution and atrophy of a variety of other glands. It characteristically results in shrinkage of a tissue without disruption of its basic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Walker
- Department of Pathology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
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15
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Eastridge ML, Cunningham MD, Patterson JA. Effect of dietary energy source and concentration on performance of dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:2959-66. [PMID: 3230185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen Holstein heifers were placed into groups of 3 according to projected calving date, prepartum BW, and prepartum condition score. Following parturition, animals within each group were assigned randomly to one of three diets and remained on the experiment for 45 d. Diets consisted of forage:concentrate ratios of 72:28, 53:47, or 73:27 (isocaloric to the 53:47 ratio by addition of 8% soybean oil). Diets were fed twice daily as total mixed rations. Blood, rumen fluid, and adipose tissue were sampled at -7, 5, 20, and 45 d of lactation. Performance means were, respectively: DM intake (kg/d) 13.9, 14.9, and 12.4; milk (kg/d) 24.5, 25.8, and 18.6; milk fat (%) 3.77, 3.59, and 3.62; milk protein (%) 3.03, 2.99, and 3.11; body condition score (0 = thin, 5 = fat) 1.53, 1.87, and 1.99; and BW (kg) 514, 523, and 505. Cows fed soybean oil had higher ruminal isoacids than those fed the other diets and higher acetate than cows on the 53:47 diet. Diets had no effect on blood metabolites or activity of adipose glycerol-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). The soybean oil diet reduced short-chain fatty acids and increased long-chain fatty acids in milk. Feed intake and milk production were highest for cows receiving the 53:47 diet. As expected, animals on the 72:28 diet did not consume adequate energy to maintain high production which concurrently resulted in lower body condition scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eastridge
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Farrell HM, Deeney JT, Tubbs K, Walsh RA. Role of the isocitrate dehydrogenases and other Krebs cycle enzymes in lactating bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:781-8. [PMID: 3584614 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the isocitrate dehydrogenases and other Krebs cycle enzymes in bovine mammary metabolism was studied by investigation of their distribution between cytosol and mitochondria. Citrate synthase was used as a marker for mitochondrial disruption, and distributions were normalized to this enzyme. Aconitase, fumarase, and NAD+:malate dehydrogenase were distributed between the mitochondria and the cytosol; evidence for the possible involvement of an aspartate:malate shuttle was also found. The NADP+:isocitrate dehydrogenase is predominantly cytosolic with a small but significant amount of mitochondrial component. Using the dye dichlorophenol-indophenol, a low level of NAD+:isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was observed in bovine mammary tissues. This assay also allows for detection of the enzyme in fresh mitochondria from a variety of other bovine tissues (heart, liver, kidney, and brain). Activities of the isocitrate dehydrogenases were also examined as a function of gestation and lactation. The NAD+:isocitrate dehydrogenase is apparently depressed during gestation with the NADP+ form of the enzyme (cytosolic) elevated postpartum. These results indicate that a substantial portion of Krebs cycle activity may become extramitochondrial in bovine mammary gland at the onset of lactation.
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Wijayasinghe MS, Smith NE, Baldwin RL. Effects of age, milk replacer composition, and rumen function on lipogenesis in adipose tissue of young calves. J Dairy Sci 1986; 69:2358-69. [PMID: 3782589 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of utilization of glucose, acetate, and lactate and activities of selected enzymes were determined in vitro to evaluate the effects of age and diet on lipogenesis in perirenal adipose tissue of calves. Three-day-old Holstein bull calves were fed up to 12 wk of age on one of three dietary treatments: a high carbohydrate milk replacer; a high fat milk replacer; and weaning at 6 wk of age from high fat replacer to calf starter. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from calves at 2, 5, 8, and 12 wk of age. Rates of fatty acid synthesis and activities of enzymes of the pentose phosphate and citrate cleavage pathways were increased in calves fed high carbohydrate milk replacer. These parameters were decreased in calves fed high fat replacer and were further depressed after weaning. Substrate preference for fatty acid synthesis in all calves was acetate, then lactate, then glucose. With increase in age from 2 to 12 wk, adipose tissue of calves fed milk replacer partitioned more acetate and lactate toward fatty acid synthesis and less toward oxidation. The pentose phosphate cycle was characterized by high rate of recycling and contributed at least 50% of reducing equivalents required for fatty acid synthesis. It appeared that several features of lipogenesis characteristic of functional ruminants are also shared by preruminant calves.
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Abstract
The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase have been determined in secreted milk from sows, rats and rabbits. Within each species, although there was considerable variation in the absolute activities of these enzymes, the relative activities were similar to those observed for, or previously published for mammary homogenates. The only exception was milk glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which tended to lose activity upon prolonged storage in the mammary gland. These results suggest that the pattern of milk enzymes can be an accurate reflection of that occurring in the mammary gland.
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Faulkner A, Blatchford DR, White JM, Peaker M. Changes in the concentrations of metabolites in milk at the onset and cessation of lactation in the goat. J DAIRY RES 1982; 49:399-405. [PMID: 7142527 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900022548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYChanges in the concentrations of various metabolites in mammary secretions (organic acids, UDP-hexoses and nucleotides) have been observed at the onset and cessation of lactation. All metabolites, with the exception of galactose, increased dramatically in concentration just before and immediately after parturition. Galactose concentrations decreased with the onset of lactation. After regular milking ceased, the concentrations of these metabolites in milk contained within the udder fell, but the rates of decline varied.
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Sizemore SR, Cole RD. A test for hormonal responsiveness in a mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMg. IN VITRO 1982; 18:668-74. [PMID: 6290375 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The NMuMG cell line derived from normal mouse mammary epithelial cells was tested for responsiveness to hormones. The hormones studied included insulin, glucocorticoids (cortisol and dexamethasone), and prolactin. In addition to membrane bound insulin receptors and prolactin receptors, the cells had 2 X 10(4) cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors per cell. Morphological changes were observed in response to hormones. Clusters of cells appeared with greatly increased diameter, and the number of cells per plate was reduced. The rate of DNA synthesis, corrected by cell number, indicates that cell division, and hence cell turnover, was increased by the combination of all three hormones. Insulin greatly enhanced protein synthesis, but glucocorticoid and prolactin did not further increase the rate. The combination of three hormones produced a change in the synthesis of histones, consistent with the increase in cell turnover. There were substantial responses of enzyme activities to hormonal treatment of the cells. Insulin by itself induced a doubling of the activity of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and perhaps a modest increase in NADH-cytochrome c reductase. Lactose synthetase activity showed a three- to fourfold induction of both A and B subunits of the enzyme when the cells were treated with insulin, glucocorticoid, and prolactin, and the effect of the latter two hormones was shown to be additional to that of insulin.
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Kaur S, Guraya SS. Effects of low doses of alpha chlorohydrin on the dehydrogenases and oxidases of rat epididymal epithelium and sperms: a correlative histochemical and biochemical study. Andrologia 1981; 13:225-31. [PMID: 6943944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1981.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Histochemical studies have been made of the isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, DPN diaphorase, TPN diaphorase, delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymides of normal and alpha chlorohydrin (6.5 mg/kg/9 days) treated rats. Administration of alpha chlorohydrin in a low dose caused a conspicuous decrease in all these enzymes except delta 5-3 beta-HSD, in various cell types of epididymal epithelium and sperms. Biochemical estimations of isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-HSD have further supported and confirmed these histochemical observations. These changes in enzyme activities after treatment with low dose of alpha chlorohydrin strongly suggest that TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism of epididymis become defective, much earlier before any histological damage to the epididymis becomes visible.
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Mattick JS, Zehner ZE, Calabro MA, Wakil SJ. The isolation and characterization of fatty-acid synthetase mRNA from rat mammary gland. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 114:643-51. [PMID: 6113142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Feuers RJ, Delongchamp RR, Casciano DA, Burkhart JG, Mohrenweiser HW. Assay for mouse tissue enzymes: levels of activity and statistical variation for 29 enzymes of liver or brain. Anal Biochem 1980; 101:123-30. [PMID: 7356121 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mohrenweiser HW, Erickson RP. Enzyme changes associated with mitoichondrial malic enzyme deficiency in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 587:313-23. [PMID: 549645 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A genetically determined absence of mitochondrial malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in c3H/c6H mice is accompanied by a four-fold increase in liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a two-fold increase for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. Smaller increases in the activity of serine dehydratase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase are observed while the level of glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity is reduced in the liver of deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the level of activity of total malic enzyme in the livers of mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice is increased approximately 50% compared to littermate controls. No similar increase in soluble malic enzyme activity is observed in heart of kidney tissue of mutant mice and the levels of total malic enzyme in these tissues are in accord with expected levels of activity in mitochondrial malic enzyme-deficient mice. The divergence in levels of enzyme activity between mutant and wild-type mice begins at 19--21 days of age. Immunoinactivation experiments with monospecific antisera to the soluble malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase demonstrate that the activity increases represent increases in the amount of enzyme protein. The alterations are not consistent with a single hormonal response.
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Smith S, Ryan P. Asynchronous appearance of two enzymes concerned with medium chain fatty acid synthesis in developing rat mammary gland. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Caffrey M, Kinsella JE. Growth and acyltransferase activity of rabbit mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. J Lipid Res 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Waldemarson KH, Karlsson BW. Dehydrogenases, nucleic acids and soluble proteins in mammary gland of the Mongolian gerbil during pregnancy, lactation and involution. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 55:109-15. [PMID: 947657 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Szutowicz A, Stepień M, Lysiak W, Angielski S. Purification and kinetic properties of ATP: citrate oxaloacetate lyase from rat brain. J Neurochem 1975; 25:11-20. [PMID: 237061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb07687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Louis SL, Baldwin RL. Changes in the cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate system of rat mammary gland during lactation cycle. J Dairy Sci 1975; 58:861-9. [PMID: 167062 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(75)84650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several aspects of the cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate system of rat mammary glands were investigated including effects of stage of pregnancy and lactation upon tissue cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate amounts and adenyl cyclase, cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase, and protein kinase activities. Cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate decreased at early lactation, and this decrease coincided with an increase in phosphodiesterase activity. Adenyl cyclase activity remained unchanged from late pregnancy to end of lactation. At late pregnancy, activity of protein kinase was about the same as during lactation indicating that increase in protein kinase activities in the glands precedes increases in activities of other major enzymes and the increase in ribonucleic acids in late pregnancy or early lactation. Epinephrine, prolactin, growth hormone, thyroxine, and prostaglandine caused 60, 80, 140, 200, and 270% increases in adenyl cyclase activity in vitro.
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SMITH STUART, ABRAHAM S. The Composition and Biosynthesis of Milk Fat1 1Supported by grants AM 16073 and AM 17489 from the National Institute of Health and grant BMS 7412723 from the National Science Foundation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024913-8.50011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Sapag-Hagar M, Greenbaum AL. Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and hormone interrelationships in the mammary gland of the rat during pregnancy and lactation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:303-12. [PMID: 4369755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sapag-Hagar M, Greenbaum AL, Lewis DJ, Hallowes RC. The effects of di-butyryl cAMP on enzymatic and metabolic changes in explants of rat mammary tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59:261-8. [PMID: 4367124 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ceriani RL. Proceedings: Hormones and other factors controlling growth in the mammary gland: a review. J Invest Dermatol 1974; 63:93-108. [PMID: 4365990 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12678104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bauman DE, Mellenberger RW, Ingle DL. Metabolic adaptations in fatty acid and lactose biosynthesis by sheep mammary tissue during cessation of lactation. J Dairy Sci 1974; 57:719-23. [PMID: 4152176 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(74)84954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Briand P, Daehnfeldt JL. Enzyme patterns of glucose catabolism in hormone-dependent and -independent mammary tumours of GR mice. Eur J Cancer 1973; 9:763-70. [PMID: 4279172 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(73)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shirley JE, Emery RS, Convey EM, Oxender WD. Enzymic changes in bovine adipose and mammary tissue, serum and mammary tissue hormonal changes with initiation of lactation. J Dairy Sci 1973; 56:569-74. [PMID: 4704188 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gumaa KA, Greenbaum AL, McLean P. Adaptive changes in satellite systems related to lipogenesis in rat and sheep mammary gland and in adipose tissue. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 34:188-98. [PMID: 4144830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rao GA, Abraham S. -Glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity and levels of glyceride-glycerol precursors in mouse mammary tissues. Lipids 1973; 8:232-4. [PMID: 4695134 DOI: 10.1007/bf02544640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Baldwin RL, Reichl JR, Louis S, Smith NE, Yang YT, Osborne E. Effects of age, pregnancy, and lactation on rat, guinea pig, and cow adipose enzyme activities and cow adipose metabolism. J Dairy Sci 1973; 56:340-9. [PMID: 4696176 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carlsson EI, Karlsson BW, Waldemarson KH. Dehydrogenases and nucleic acids in rat mammary gland during involution initiated at various stages of lactation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 44:93-108. [PMID: 4684008 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dehydrogenases in the kidney of developing neonatal pigs as compared with the foetal and adult pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(73)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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