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Diogo GR, Sparrow A, Paul MJ, Copland A, Hart PJ, Stelter S, van Dolleweerd C, Drake PMW, Macallan DC, Reljic R. Murine IL-4Δ2 splice variant down-regulates IL-4 activities independently of IL-4Rα binding and STAT-6 phosphorylation. Cytokine 2017; 99:154-162. [PMID: 28917204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is highly Th2 polarizing. The ratio of IL-4 and its splice variant IL-4Δ2 observed in human health and disease suggests a role for both isoforms. In the present study, the biological function of murine IL-4Δ2 and the potential mechanism of action were studied. We report for the first time the generation of a functional, recombinant murine IL-4Δ2 form which is suggestive of its possible biological role in this species. Recombinant murine IL-4Δ2 inhibited IL-4 mediated cellular processes in macrophages and lymphocytes. Specifically, (i) it reversed IL-4 mediated inhibition of IFN-γ induced nitric oxide release by macrophages, (ii) inhibited IL-4 mediated induction of T cell proliferation, and (iii) prevented IL-4 stimulation of IgE synthesis by B cells. However, IL-4Δ2 did not compete with IL-4 for IL-4Rα binding and did not interfere with the downstream STAT-6 phosphorylation in T cells, suggesting an alternative mechanism for its antagonism of specific IL4-driven effects. These findings suggest that the mouse is a suitable experimental model for studies of the biology of IL-4 and its alternative splice variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil R Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Adam Sparrow
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Peter J Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Szymon Stelter
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK.
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2
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Abstract
The human body combats infection and promotes wound healing through the remarkable process of inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by the recruitment of stromal cell activity including recruitment of immune cells and induction of angiogenesis. These cellular processes are regulated by a class of soluble molecules called cytokines. Based on function, cell target, and structure, cytokines are subdivided into several classes including: interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines. While cytokines regulate normal physiological processes, chronic deregulation of cytokine expression and activity contributes to cancer in many ways. Gene polymorphisms of all types of cytokines are associated with risk of disease development. Deregulation RNA and protein expression of interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines have been detected in many solid tumors and hematopoetic malignancies, correlating with poor patient prognosis. The current body of literature suggests that in some tumor types, interleukins and chemokines work against the human body by signaling to cancer cells and remodeling the local microenvironment to support the growth, survival, and invasion of primary tumors and enhance metastatic colonization. Some lymphokines are downregulated to suppress tumor progression by enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity and inhibiting tumor cell survival. In this review, we will describe the structure/function of several cytokine families and review our current understanding on the roles and mechanisms of cytokines in tumor progression. In addition, we will also discuss strategies for exploiting the expression and activity of cytokines in therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yao
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - G Brummer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - D Acevedo
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - N Cheng
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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3
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McCormick SM, Heller NM. Commentary: IL-4 and IL-13 receptors and signaling. Cytokine 2015; 75:38-50. [PMID: 26187331 PMCID: PMC4546937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30years ago and were immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in normal gestation, fetal development and neurological function and in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibrosis have been appreciated. Studying IL-4/-13 and their receptors has revealed important clues about cytokine biology and led to the development of numerous experimental therapeutics. Here we aim to highlight new discoveries and consolidate concepts in the field of IL-4 and IL-13 structure, receptor regulation, signaling and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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4
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Hunt AE, Williams LM, Lali FV, Foxwell BMJ. IL-4 regulation of p38 MAPK signalling is dependent on cell type. Cytokine 2002; 18:295-303. [PMID: 12160517 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
p38 MAPK was originally characterized as a stress-induced kinase, along with JNK. Subsequently, p38 MAPK was found to be activated by stimuli other than cellular stress, such as growth factors and mitogens, like interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7 and IL-3. A notable exception was IL-4, as studies in mast cells showed no activation of p38 MAPK by this cytokine. In this study we show that the regulation of p38 MAPK is cell type dependent. Like other cytokines that signal through the gamma (gamma)(c), IL-4 can activate p38 MAPK in the CT6 T-cell line and BA/F3 pro-B-cells. However, IL-4 was unable to activate p38 MAPK in the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 and, indeed, prolonged exposure of cells to IL-4 results in suppression of LPS-induced MAPK activation. This result correlates with the well defined inhibitory effect of IL-4 on tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production. In contrast, studies in primary human monocytes showed that prolonged exposure to IL-4 resulted in enhanced activation of LPS-stimulated p38 MAPK; this correlated with an enhanced TNFalpha production. These data highlight the complexity of IL-4 signalling mechanisms, the diversity that can exist in the regulation of a given signalling pathway by a given cytokine and, furthermore, indicate the problems that can arise from extrapolation between different cell systems.
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5
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Ikizawa K, Kajiwara K, Izuhara K, Yanagihara Y. PKCdelta and zeta mediate IL-4/IL-13-induced germline epsilon transcription in human B cells: a putative regulation via PU.1 phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:34-41. [PMID: 11594748 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of PKC isozymes in the function of IL-4 and IL-13 in human B cells. In a Burkitt's B lymphoma cell line, DND39, IL-4 induced the translocation of PKCdelta and zeta from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. The activation of germline epsilon promoter by IL-4 was abrogated not only by the expression of dominant negative mutants of PKCdelta and zeta but also by isozyme-selective PKC inhibitors, rottlerin and PKCzeta pseudosubstrate peptide. These inhibitors also suppressed IL-4/IL-13-induced germline epsilon transcription in the IL-13Ralpha1-transfected DND39 cells as well as in normal human B cells, but had no influence on the induction of CD23b in the latter cells. As a downstream event of PKC, we found threonine phosphorylation of PU.1 in IL-4-stimulated DND39 cells. This phosphorylation was suppressed by the PKC inhibitors, although STAT6 activation was unaffected. These results suggest that, in human B cells, IL-4/IL-13 utilize PKCdelta and zeta for the STAT6-independent signaling pathway and thereby modulate the transcriptional activity of PU.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikizawa
- Clinical Research Center, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa 228-8522, Japan.
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6
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Oshima Y, Puri RK. Characterization of a powerful high affinity antagonist that inhibits biological activities of human interleukin-13. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:15185-91. [PMID: 11278629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010159200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13), a predominantly Th2-derived cytokine, appears to play a central pathological role in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, some parasitic infections, and cancer. We hypothesized that an IL-13 antagonist may have profound therapeutic utility in these conditions. We, therefore, mutagenized human IL-13 in which Glu at position 13 was substituted by a Lys residue. This highly purified recombinant IL-13 variant, IL-13E13K, bound with 4-fold higher affinity to the IL-13 receptor than wild-type IL-13 but retained no detectable proliferative activity on the TF-1 hematopoietic cell line. IL-13E13K competitively inhibited IL-13- and IL-4-dependent TF-1 proliferation. It also inhibited IL-13-induced STAT-6 (signal transduction and activator of transducer-6) activation in immune cells and cancer cells and reversed IL-13-induced inhibition of CD14 expression on human primary monocytes. These results demonstrate that high affinity binding and signal generation can be uncoupled efficiently in a ligand receptor interaction. These results also suggest that IL-13E13K may be a useful antagonist for the treatment of allergic, inflammatory, and parasitic diseases or even malignancies in which IL-13 plays a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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7
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Farrar JD, Ranganath SH, Murphy KM. Molecular mechanisms in T helper phenotype development. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2000; 21:211-30. [PMID: 10666770 DOI: 10.1007/bf00812254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Farrar
- Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Ikizawa K, Yanagihara Y. Possible involvement of Shc in IL-4-induced germline epsilon transcription in a human B cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:54-9. [PMID: 10652211 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IL-4Ralpha contains the I4R motif which binds to the phosphotyrosine binding domain of several adaptor proteins, including IRS-1/2 and Shc. Although the involvement of IRS-1/2 in IL-4-induced PI3-kinase activation is known, there is little information on the role of Shc in IL-4 signaling. In this study, we found the preferential utilization of Shc by the IL-4Ralpha in a human Burkitt's B lymphoma cell line, DND39. IL-4 induced the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated Shc with the IL-4Ralpha, whereas no detectable tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 or IRS-2 was induced. IL-4-induced germline epsilon promoter activation was enhanced by overexpression of Shc and was inhibited by truncated Shc lacking the collagen-homologous domain. We further found the association of Shc with PLCgamma1. Although direct tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCgamma1 was not detectable, the amount of PLCgamma1 coprecipitable with anti-phosphotyrosine was increased after IL-4 stimulation. These results suggest that Shc can function as an adaptor protein of the IL-4Ralpha and mediate the germline epsilon transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikizawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy, National Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 228-8522, Japan.
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9
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Essner R, Huynh Y, Nguyen T, Morton DL, Hoon DS. Functional interleukin 4 receptor and interleukin 2 receptor common gamma-chain on human non-small cell lung cancers: novel targets for immune therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119:10-20. [PMID: 10612755 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(00)70212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin 4 receptor has been demonstrated on the surface of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines and tumor specimens. Interleukin 4 causes G1-phase cell-cycle arrest of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines expressing the interleukin 4 receptor; the effect directly correlates with the expression of the interleukin 4 receptor and is seen within 48 hours after treatment. We examined signal transduction pathways used by the interleukin 4 receptor that may account for growth arrest of the cell line LUst but had no effect on another non-small cell lung cancer cell line, SK-MES-1. METHODS Western blot analysis was performed on both LUst and SK-MES-1 cell lines cultured in the presence of interleukin 4 (500 U/mL). Cells were lysed, protein extracted, and electroblotted; blots were then probed with murine monoclonal antibodies to specific intracellular proteins. RESULTS Western blotting of the cell lines with antiphosphotyrosine antibody (4G10) demonstrated multiple (140 kd, 100-130 kd, and 65 kd) phosphoproteins seen only in the interleukin 4-treated LUst cell line and not observed in the SK-MES-1 cell lines. Immunoprecipitation and blotting of the LUst cell line with specific secondary antibodies demonstrated that the 140-kd phosphoprotein was the interleukin 4 receptor, the 130-kd phosphoprotein was Janus kinase 1, the 116-kd phosphoprotein was Janus kinase 3, and the 65-kd phosphoprotein was the interleukin 2 receptor gamma-chain. Specific binding was not observed in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line SK-MES-1, suggesting that a functional interleukin receptor gamma-chain was not present. Southern blotting with complementary DNA probes to interleukin 2 receptor gamma-chain confirmed the absence of this receptor on cell line SK-MES-1. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that non-small cell lung cancer cells may express functional cytokine receptors, including the interleukin 2 receptor gamma-chain commonly found in association with the lymphocyte interleukin 2 receptor. These receptors may be novel targets for directing cytokine-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Essner
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
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10
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Mitsuyasu H, Yanagihara Y, Mao XQ, Gao PS, Arinobu Y, Ihara K, Takabayashi A, Hara T, Enomoto T, Sasaki S, Kawai M, Hamasaki N, Shirakawa T, Hopkin JM, Izuhara K. Cutting Edge: Dominant Effect of Ile50Val Variant of the Human IL-4 Receptor α-Chain in IgE Synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Two variants of the IL-4R α-chain (IL-4Rα) gene have been recently identified in association with different atopic disorders. To clarify the etiological relationship between the two variants, we analyzed responsiveness to IL-4 of transfectants with four kinds of IL-4Rα carrying either Val or Ile at 50 and either Gln or Arg at 551. The substitution of Ile for Val augmented STAT6 activation, proliferation, and transcription activity of the Iε promoter by IL-4, whereas that of Arg for Gln did not change these IL-4 signals. Arg551 was not associated with atopic asthma in the Japanese population. CD23 expression and IgE synthesis by IL-4 were augmented in Ile50-bearing PBMC, compared with those bearing Val50. Taken together, substitution of Arg551 does not enhance the IL-4 signal for generation of germline ε transcript, whereas the substitution of Ile50 contributes to enhancement of IgE synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Mitsuyasu
- *Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiyoshi Yanagihara
- †Clinical Research Center for Allergy, National Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Xiao-Quan Mao
- ‡Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Pei-Sun Gao
- ‡Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yojiro Arinobu
- *Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- §Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Takabayashi
- §Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hara
- §Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadao Enomoto
- ¶Department of Otolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Society, Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sei Sasaki
- ∥Department of Pediatrics, Osaka College of Medicine, Takatsuki, Japan; and
| | | | - Naotaka Hamasaki
- *Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Shirakawa
- ‡Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M. Hopkin
- ‡Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- *Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Chomarat P, Banchereau J. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13: their similarities and discrepancies. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 17:1-52. [PMID: 9914942 DOI: 10.3109/08830189809084486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the closely related cytokine, interleukin-13 (IL-13) share many biological and immunoregulatory functions on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and fibroblasts. Both IL-4 and IL-13 genes are located in the same vicinity on chromosome 5 and display identical major regulatory sequences in their respective promoters, thus explaining their restricted secretion pattern to activated T cells and mast cells. The IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are multimeric and share at least one common chain called IL-4R alpha. Recent progress made in the description of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complex have demonstrated the existence of two types of IL-4 receptors: one constituted by the IL-4R alpha and the gamma c chain, and a second constituted by the IL-4 R alpha and the IL-13R alpha 1 and able to transduce both IL-4 and IL-13 signals. Specific IL-13 receptors are results from the association between the IL-4R alpha and the IL-13R alpha 2 or between two IL-13R alpha. Furthermore, similarities in IL-4 and IL-13 signal transduction have been also described, thus explaining the striking overlapping of IL-4- and IL-13-induced biological activities such as regulation of antibody production and inflammation. However, the restricted expression of IL-4 to type 2 helper T lymphocytes as well as the inability of IL-13 to regulate T cell differentiation due to a lack of IL-13 receptors on T lymphocytes represent the major differences between these cytokines. This would indicate that although IL-4 and IL-13 share a large number of properties, precise mechanisms of regulation are also present to guarantee their distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chomarat
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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12
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Dubois GR, Schweizer RC, Versluis C, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Bruijnzeel PL. Human eosinophils constitutively express a functional interleukin-4 receptor: interleukin-4 -induced priming of chemotactic responses and induction of PI-3 kinase activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:691-9. [PMID: 9761767 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4 can be secreted by several cell types involved in allergic inflammatory reactions, and therefore can affect eosinophil function similarly. In this study, we investigated the presence of an IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) on human eosinophils. When two different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the IL-4R alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) were used, fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis revealed the presence of an IL-4Ralpha on both eosinophils of normal donors and atopic dermatitis patients. In addition, the expression of the IL-2R gamma-chain, a functional component of the IL-4R in some cell types, was demonstrated. The IL-4Ralpha appeared to be expressed constitutively, and stimulation with cytokines IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, and interferon-gamma did not further increase IL-4Ralpha expression. Evidence for an IL-4Ralpha was further substantiated by mRNA analysis. Both Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of mRNA for the IL-4Ralpha in eosinophils from normal individuals and AD patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both IL-4 and IL-13 were capable of inducing PI-3 kinase activity in human eosinophils. Because this activation could be inhibited by an IL-4Ralpha mAb, we conclude that both cytokines can activate human eosinophils through binding to a receptor complex comprising the IL-4Ralpha and-yet to be identified-associated proteins. In addition, the involvement of IL-4 in functional responses was studied. IL-4 appeared to "prime" eosinophils to respond chemotactically toward regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted, but did not affect platelet-activating factor-induced chemotaxis. Taken together, these data show the presence of a functional IL-4R on human eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Dubois
- Departments of Dermatology/Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Zamorano J, Keegan AD. Regulation of Apoptosis by Tyrosine-Containing Domains of IL-4Rα: Y497 and Y713, But Not the STAT6-Docking Tyrosines, Signal Protection from Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-4 is a cytokine with important antiapoptotic activity. We have analyzed the role that tyrosine-containing domains within the cytoplasmic tail of IL-4Rα play in IL-4-mediated protection from apoptosis. 32D cells expressing a wt huIL-4Rα or one truncated at aa 557 were protected by huIL-4 from apoptosis while cells expressing a receptor truncated at aa 657 were not, suggesting that the carboxyl-terminal domain signals protection from apoptosis. However, changing Y713 within this region to phenylalanine had no effect. To analyze the contribution of tyrosine-containing domains independently, we transplanted regions of the huIL-4Rα to a truncated form of the huIL-2Rβ that could not signal protection from apoptosis. Transplantation of the huIL-4Rα domains containing Y497 or Y713 partially prevented cell death and together signaled protection from apoptosis in response to IL-2 as well as the wt IL-2Rβ. Mutation of Y497 and Y713 to phenylalanine inhibited protection. In contrast, transplantation of the domain containing the potential STAT6-docking tyrosines alone had no effect, yet it inhibited the protection mediated by the other domains. Although IL-4Rα signals Shc and SH2-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP) phosphorylation, we could not establish an association between their activation and protection from apoptosis. Taken together, this study suggests that the domains of the huIL-4Rα containing Y497 and Y713 positively regulate protection from apoptosis while the domain containing the STAT6 docking sites suppresses this protection, and that additional signaling molecules other than insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), Shc, or SHIP may be involved in antiapoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Zamorano
- Department of Immunology, Jerome Holland Laboratories, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Immunology, Jerome Holland Laboratories, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855
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14
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Clark SF, Martin S, Carozzi AJ, Hill MM, James DE. Intracellular localization of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and insulin receptor substrate-1 in adipocytes: potential involvement of a membrane skeleton. J Cell Biol 1998; 140:1211-25. [PMID: 9490733 PMCID: PMC2132698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.5.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1997] [Revised: 12/29/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide (PI) 3-kinase binds to tyrosyl-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in insulin-treated adipocytes, and this step plays a central role in the regulated movement of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface. PDGF, which also activates PI 3-kinase in adipocytes, has no significant effect on GLUT4 trafficking in these cells. We propose that this specificity may be mediated by differential localization of PI 3-kinase in response to insulin versus PDGF activation. Using subcellular fractionation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we show that insulin- and PDGF-stimulated PI 3-kinase activities are located in an intracellular high speed pellet (HSP) and in the plasma membrane (PM), respectively. The HSP is also enriched in IRS-1, insulin-stimulated tyrosyl-phosphorylated IRS-1 and intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles. Using sucrose density gradient sedimentation, we have been able to segregate the HSP into two separate subfractions: one enriched in IRS-1, tyrosyl-phosphorylated IRS-1, PI 3-kinase as well as cytoskeletal elements, and another enriched in membranes, including intracellular GLUT4 vesicles. Treatment of the HSP with nonionic detergent, liberates all membrane constituents, whereas IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase remain insoluble. Conversely, at high ionic strength, membranes remain intact, whereas IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase become freely soluble. We further show that this IRS-1-PI 3-kinase complex exists in CHO cells overexpressing IRS-1 and, in these cells, the cytosolic pool of IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase is released subsequent to permeabilization with Streptolysin-O, whereas the particulate fraction of these proteins is retained. These data suggest that IRS-1, PI 3-kinase, as well as other signaling intermediates, may form preassembled complexes that may be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. This complex must be in close apposition to the cell surface, enabling access to the insulin receptor and presumably other signaling molecules that somehow confer the absolute specificity of insulin signaling in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Clark
- The Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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15
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Siemasko K, Chong ASF, Jäck HM, Gong H, Williams JW, Finnegan A. Inhibition of JAK3 and STAT6 Tyrosine Phosphorylation by the Immunosuppressive Drug Leflunomide Leads to a Block in IgG1 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive drug capable of inhibiting T and B cell responses in vivo. A number of studies demonstrate that leflunomide functions both as a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor and as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We previously reported that leflunomide inhibits LPS-stimulated B cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and IgM secretion. This inhibition can be reversed by the addition of exogenous uridine, suggesting that leflunomide functions as a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor in B cells. We report here that while the addition of uridine restored proliferation and IgM secretion to leflunomide-treated LPS-stimulated B cells, as determined by metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation, it did not completely restore secretion of IgG Ab. We hypothesized that leflunomide inhibits LPS-induced IgG secretion by inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity required for isotype switch. We tested this hypothesis in a well-defined model of isotype switch, LPS plus IL-4 induction of IgG1. Leflunomide inhibited IgG1 secretion in this model in a dose-dependent manner. The signal transduction pathway utilized by IL-4 to induce IgG1 involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-4 receptor, JAK1, JAK3, and STAT6 proteins induced by IL-4 binding to the IL-4R. Leflunomide diminished the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK3 and STAT6 in the absence or presence of uridine. In gel mobility shift studies, STAT6 binding to the STAT6 DNA binding site in the IgG1 promoter decreased in the presence of leflunomide or leflunomide plus uridine. Taken together, these data suggest that leflunomide acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to block IgG1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita S-F. Chong
- †General Surgery, and Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, IL 60153
| | - Haihua Gong
- †General Surgery, and Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - James W. Williams
- †General Surgery, and Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
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16
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Patel BK, Pierce JH, LaRochelle WJ. Regulation of interleukin 4-mediated signaling by naturally occurring dominant negative and attenuated forms of human Stat6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:172-7. [PMID: 9419348 PMCID: PMC18165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.1.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4-mediated nuclear signaling by Stat6 has been implicated in lymphoid cell proliferation and the transcriptional activation of genes encoding major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules and Fc receptors. To investigate IL-4-mediated transcriptional events, we cloned two naturally occurring human Stat6 isoforms, Stat6b and Stat6c, that encoded an NH2-terminal truncation or an SH2 domain deletion, respectively. Stat6 variant mRNAs were differentially expressed in many human tissues. To elucidate the biologic role of each isoform, we examined the consequences of overexpression in IL-4-responsive FDC-P2 cells. Stat6 and Stat6b (to a lesser extent) enhanced DNA synthesis, up-regulated endogenous MHC class II and Fcgamma receptors, and became tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-4 stimulation. In contrast, Stat6c, which lacks functionally critical SH2 domain residues, unexpectedly inhibited IL-4-mediated mitogenesis and cell surface antigen expression and was not tyrosine phosphorylated. Although Stat6c only modestly diminished endogenous Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation, it abolished endogenous Stat6 FcgammaRI and Iepsilon DNA binding activity and FcgammaRI-luciferase reporter transcriptional activation. Our results indicate that the molecular mechanism of inhibition by Stat6c was due to suppression of endogenous Stat6 dimer formation. Thus, Stat6b and Stat6c are naturally occurring attenuated and dominant negative Stat6 variants, respectively, that affect IL-4-mediated biologic responses through differential transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Patel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Abe N, Katamura K, Shintaku N, Fukui T, Kiyomasu T, Iio J, Ueno H, Tai G, Mayumi M, Furusho K. Prostaglandin E2 and IL-4 provide naive CD4+ T cells with distinct inhibitory signals for the priming of IFN-gamma production. Cell Immunol 1997; 181:86-92. [PMID: 9344500 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of prostaglandin E2 and IL-4 on the acquisition of cytokine-producing ability by naive CD4(+) T cells in human umbilical cord blood. The presence of PGE2 or IL-4 at primary stimulation inhibited the production of IFN-gamma at secondary stimulation, and the combination of these stimuli resulted in cooperative effects. During primary stimulation with anti-CD3, the intracellular cAMP level was elevated in PGE2-treated cells but not in IL-4-treated or control cells. The signal provided by PGE2, but not by IL-4, was inhibited with RpcAMP, indicating that it was mediated by cAMP. After differentiation into Th2-like cells, cAMP levels in PGE2- and IL-4-treated cells were not different. Our results suggest that both PGE2 and IL-4 play important roles with distinct mechanisms in inhibiting the priming of IFN-gamma production of naive CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abe
- Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606, Japan
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18
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Wright K, Ward SG, Kolios G, Westwick J. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by interleukin-13. An inhibitory signal for inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in epithelial cell line HT-29. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12626-33. [PMID: 9139718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human colonic epithelial cell line HT-29 can be induced by a combination of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon-gamma to express the inducible form of nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS; Kolios, G., Brown, Z., Robson, R., Robertson, D. A. F., & Westwick, J. (1995) Br. J. Pharmacol. 116, 2866-2872). IL-13 is a potent inhibitor of cytokine-induced iNOS mRNA expression and nitric oxide generation in HT-29 cells via an unknown mechanism. We report here that in HT-29 cells, IL-13 induces a concentration and time-dependent increase in the formation of the lipid products of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase, namely phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. IL-13 also induces a parallel concentration and time-dependent increase in the in vitro lipid kinase activity present in immunoprecipitates of the p85 regulatory subunit of PtdIns 3-kinase. In addition, we also demonstrate that IL-13 stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor molecule insulin receptor substrate 1, which may facilitate receptor coupling to PtdIns 3-kinase. Both the increases in D-3 phosphatidylinositol lipids and the increased in vitro lipid kinase activity of p85 immunoprecipitates were inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002. Inhibition of the PtdIns 3-kinase activity was paralleled by a reversal of the ability of IL-13 to inhibit iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite generation in HT-29 cells. These data demonstrate that the activation of PtdIns 3-kinase by IL-13 is a key signal that is responsible for the inhibition of iNOS transcription in activated epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Bath University, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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19
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Chen XH, Patel BK, Wang LM, Frankel M, Ellmore N, Flavell RA, LaRochelle WJ, Pierce JH. Jak1 expression is required for mediating interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Stat6 signaling molecules. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6556-60. [PMID: 9045682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Fes tyrosine kinases have been demonstrated to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in response to interleukin (IL)-4 stimulation in different cell systems. However, it is not clear which, if any, of these kinases are responsible for initiating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates in vivo. In the present study, we have utilized a mutant Jak1-deficient HeLa cell line, E1C3, and its parental Jak1-expressing counterpart, 1D4, to analyze the role of Jak1 in mediating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation events. IL-4 treatment rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 in 1D4 but not in E1C3 cells. IL-4-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 was pronounced in 1D4 cells, while no IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation was detected in E1C3 cells. IL-4 also induced Stat6 DNA binding activity from lysates of 1D4 but not E1C3 cells utilizing a radiolabeled immunoglobulin heavy chain germline epsilon promotor sequence (Iepsilon) in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Reconstitution of Jak1 expression in E1C3 cells restored the ability of IL-4 to induce IRS and Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results provide evidence that Jak1 expression is required for mediating tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of crucial molecules involved in IL-4 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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20
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Welham MJ, Bone H, Levings M, Learmonth L, Wang LM, Leslie KB, Pierce JH, Schrader JW. Insulin receptor substrate-2 is the major 170-kDa protein phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to cytokines in murine lymphohemopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:1377-81. [PMID: 8995447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.2.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and its structural relative IRS-2, are both phosphorylated on tyrosine following treatment of cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and insulin. We have investigated whether both IRS-1 and IRS-2 are expressed in murine lymphohemopoietic cells. T and B lymphocytes and macrophages from primary cultures expressed only IRS-2, which became phosphorylated on tyrosine following stimulation with both IL-4 and insulin. Likewise, the murine myeloid cell line FD-5 expressed only IRS-2, which was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-4 and insulin, as well as interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Neither IRS-1 nor IRS-2 were expressed at detectable levels in primary bone marrow mast cells although these cells do respond to IL-4. Moreover, a factor-dependent lymphocyte cell line, CT.4S, which grows continuously in IL-4, did not express detectable levels of IRS-1 or IRS-2. IRS-2 from FD-5 cells stimulated with either IL-4 or insulin bound to glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins of the p85 subunit of phosphoinositol 3'-kinase, Grb2, and Syp, paralleling reported associations of IRS-1 with these molecules and indicating phosphorylation of the corresponding residues on IRS-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Welham
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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21
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Wery S, Letourneur M, Bertoglio J, Pierre J. Interleukin-4 induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of shc in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:8529-32. [PMID: 8621475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.15.8529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cytokines stimulate the p21ras pathway, leading to MAP kinase activation. One exception is interleukin-4 (IL-4), which has been shown not to activate this pathway in hematopoietic cells. However, IL-4 acts on a broad range of cells, including keratinocytes, in which it induces IL-6 production. We report here that IL-4 stimulation of human keratinocytic cell lines or primary cultures activates MAP kinase. In these cells, IL-4 stimulation induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of p42/44 MAP kinase as well as its catalytic activity. We also observed an increased phosphorylation of p46shc, an SH2-containing protein involved in the Ras pathway, as a result of IL-4 stimulation in human keratinocytic cell lines but not in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wery
- INSERM CJF 93-01, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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22
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Abstract
Induction of endothelial adhesion molecules by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) can occur independently of protein kinase C and activation of a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) has recently been implicated in the upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) by interleukin-4 (IL-4) on endothelial cells. We demonstrate that the PTK inhibitors herbimycin A or genistein suppress induction of endothelial VCAM-1 and E-selectin, as well as subsequent monocytic cell adhesion to endothelial cells stimulated by TNF. Inhibition studies indicate that specific tyrosine phosphorylation following PTK activation is involved in the mobilization of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B, and VCAM-1 mRNA expression. This may have implications for pathophysiological conditions that involve the upregulation of these molecules (e.g. inflammation and atherosclerosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Deutschland
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23
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Wang HY, Paul WE, Keegan AD. IL-4 function can be transferred to the IL-2 receptor by tyrosine containing sequences found in the IL-4 receptor alpha chain. Immunity 1996; 4:113-21. [PMID: 8624802 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 binds to a cell surface receptor complex that consists of the IL-4 binding protein (IL-4R alpha) and the gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor complex (gamma c). The receptors for IL-4 and IL-2 have several features in common; both use the gamma c as a receptor component, and both activate the Janus kinases JAK-1 and JAK-3. In spite of these similarities, IL-4 evokes specific responses, including the tyrosine phosphorylation of 4PS/IRS-2 and the induction of CD23. To determine whether sequences within the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-4R alpha specify these IL-4-specific responses, we transplanted the insulin IL-4 receptor motif (I4R motif) of the huIL-4R alpha to the cytoplasmic domain of a truncated IL-2R beta. In addition, we transplanted a region that contains peptide sequences shown to block Stat6 binding to DNA. We analyzed the ability of cells expressing these IL-2R-IL-4R chimeric constructs to respond to IL-2. We found that IL-4 function could be transplanted to the IL-2 receptor by these regions and that proliferative and differentiative functions can be induced by different receptor sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rats
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Wang
- Immunology Department, Jerome Holland Laboratories, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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24
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Izuhara K, Heike T, Otsuka T, Yamaoka K, Mayumi M, Imamura T, Niho Y, Harada N. Signal transduction pathway of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in human B cells derived from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patients. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:619-22. [PMID: 8557662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.2.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are functionally similar cytokines. The functional IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) consists of the IL-4R alpha chain (IL-4R alpha) and the IL-2R gamma chain (gamma c), which is shared by the IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 receptors. The functional IL-13R is thought to involve the IL-4R alpha but not gamma c. In this study, we have analyzed activation of members of the Janus tyrosine kinase (Jak) family and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 6 induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells derived from two patients of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, who have mutations of the gamma c gene in the extracellular and intracellular domains. In these B cells, IL-4 failed to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak3 and activation of STAT6, or activation of these molecules was significantly decreased compared with Epstein-Barr virus-transformed normal B cells. In contrast, IL-13 activated STAT6 in these cells as well as normal B cells. However, Jak3 was not activated by IL-13, even in normal B cells. These results clearly indicated that gamma c is essential for activation of Jak3 and STAT6 in the signal transduction pathway of IL-4 in human B cells and that IL-13 does not utilize gamma c but activates STAT6 through an alternative pathway, which is not impaired in B cells of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Izuhara
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
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25
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26
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Rebollo A, Gómez J, Martínez-A C. Lessons from immunological, biochemical, and molecular pathways of the activation mediated by IL-2 and IL-4. Adv Immunol 1996; 63:127-96. [PMID: 8787631 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Rebollo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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27
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Murata T, Noguchi PD, Puri RK. Receptors for interleukin (IL)-4 do not associate with the common gamma chain, and IL-4 induces the phosphorylation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase in human colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:30829-36. [PMID: 8530527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.51.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the expression of interleukin-4 receptors (IL-4R) on many human epithelial cancer cells; however, the binding characteristics, structure, function, and signal transduction through the IL-4R in cancer cells is not known. IL-4 binding characteristics were determined in human colon carcinoma cell lines by a 125I-IL-4 binding assay, which demonstrated that the HT-29 and WiDr colon cancer cell lines expressed high affinity IL-4R (Kd = 200 pM). Cross-linking experiments revealed a major band of 140 kDa and a broad band at 70 kDa. While the common gamma chain of IL-2R is associated with IL-4R in immune cells and is similar in size to the 70-kDa protein, this chain was not expressed in these colon cancer cells. Interestingly, IL-13, which has many functions similar to IL-4, inhibited 125I-IL-4 binding to both the 140- and 70-kDa molecules. Next, we investigated the mechanism of IL-4-induced signal transduction in colon cancer cells. After stimulation with IL-4, a 170-kDa band was primarily phosphorylated within 1 min of exposure and was identified as insulin receptor substrate-1. In addition, by immunoprecipitation assay, three other phosphorylated bands were identified as JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2 tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK2 was induced by IL-4 stimulation; however, Tyk2 was constitutively phosphorylated, and IL-4 treatment further augmented this phosphorylation. The kinetics and in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2 were phosphorylated within minutes and that JAK1 and JAK2 were activated after IL-4 exposure. Contrary to observations in immune cells. JAK3 mRNA was neither detected in colon cancer cells nor did IL-4 treatment cause phosphorylation of JAK3. These data indicate that in colon carcinoma cells JAK1, JAK2, Tyk2, and insulin receptor substrate-1 are phosphorylated after IL-4 stimulation. In addition, as is the case in lymphoid cells, IL-4 activated and phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription (IL-4-STAT or STAT-6) protein in both colon cancer cell lines. These results indicate that the IL-4R complex is composed of different subunits in different tissues and shares a component with the IL-13R complex. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that like its family members (e.g. IL-3 and GM-CSF), IL-4 can phosphorylate and activate JAK-2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murata
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Wang LM, Keegan A, Frankel M, Paul WE, Pierce JH. Signal transduction through the IL-4 and insulin receptor families. Stem Cells 1995; 13:360-8. [PMID: 7549895 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation of tyrosine kinase-containing receptors and intracellular tyrosine kinases by ligand stimulation is known to be crucial for mediating initial and subsequent events involved in mitogenic signal transduction. Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) contain cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domains that undergo autophosphorylation upon ligand stimulation. Activation of these receptors also leads to pronounced and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in cells of connective tissue origin. A related substrate, designated 4PS, is similarly phosphorylated by insulin and IGF-1 stimulation in many hematopoietic cell types. IRS-1 and 4PS possess a number of tyrosine phosphorylation sites that are within motifs that bind specific SH2-containing molecules known to be involved in mitogenic signaling such as PI-3 kinase, SHPTP-2 (Syp) and Grb-2. Thus, they appear to act as docking substrates for a variety of signaling molecules. The majority of hematopoietic cytokines bind to receptors that do not possess intrinsic kinase activity, and these receptors have been collectively termed as members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Despite their lack of tyrosine kinase domains, stimulation of these receptors has been demonstrated to activate intracellular kinases leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple substrates. Recent evidence has demonstrated that activation of different members of the Janus family of tyrosine kinases is involved in mediating tyrosine phosphorylation events by specific cytokines. Stimulation of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) receptor, a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily, is thought to result in activation of Jak1, Jak3, and/or Fes tyrosine kinases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Schultz C, Izuhara K, Coffman R, Harada N. The critical region in the cytoplasmic domain of human IL-4 receptor for induction of IgE synthesis. Immunol Lett 1995; 46:215-9. [PMID: 7590938 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00050-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To examine the region critical for differentiation in the human IL-4 receptor (hIL-4R), we transfected the Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-transformed murine pre-B cell line A20 with plasmid DNA encoding the hIL-4R. Transfectants expressed high affinity hIL-4Rs on the cell surface. Treatment with LPS and hIL-4 induced germline C epsilon transcripts in hIL-4R expressing A20 cells. Several hIL-4R mutant plasmids were then transfected into A20 cells and the transfectants were examined for hIL-4R expression and the ability to induce germline C epsilon transcripts upon stimulation with LPS and hIL-4. Although all A20 transfectants tested expressed the high-affinity hIL-4R, A20 transfectants expressing the mutant hIL-4R, which contains only 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain, did not respond to LPS and hIL-4 with germline C epsilon transcripts. In addition, A20 transfectants expressing an internally deleted hIL-4R, in which the deleted region has been identified as the critical region for growth signal transduction in the previous study, failed to induce germline C epsilon transcripts with LPS and hIL-4. These results indicate that the critical region for the differentiation signal in the hIL-4R is identical to that for the growth signal, suggesting that IL-4 may share, at least partly, a common signal pathway for both growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schultz
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
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30
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Welham MJ, Learmonth L, Bone H, Schrader JW. Interleukin-13 signal transduction in lymphohemopoietic cells. Similarities and differences in signal transduction with interleukin-4 and insulin. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12286-96. [PMID: 7744881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are related in structure and function and are thought to share a common receptor component. We have investigated the signal transduction pathways activated by these two growth factors, as well as insulin, in cell-lines and primary cells of lymphohemopoietic origin. All three factors induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of 170 kDa (p170), which coimmunoprecipitated with the p85 subunit of P13'-kinase, via high affinity interactions mediated by the SH2 domains of p85. Antibodies raised against the entire insulin-receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) protein immunoprecipitated p170 much less efficiently than they did IRS-1 from 3T3 cells. However, antibodies directed against the conserved pleckstrin homology domain of IRS-1 immunoprecipitated both p170 and IRS-1 with similar efficiency, suggesting they share structural similarities in this region. In lymphohemopoietic cells, IL-13, IL-4, and insulin failed to induce increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, or its association with grb2, modification of Sos1, or activation of erk-1 and erk-2 mitogen-activated protein kinases, suggesting that p170 mediates downstream pathways distinct from those mediated by IRS-1. Both IL-13 and IL-4 induced low levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk-2 and Jak-1. IL-4 also activated the Jak-3-kinase, but, despite other similarities, IL-13 did not. Insulin failed to activate any of the known members of the Janus family of kinases. In that Jak-3 is reported to associate with the IL-2 gamma c chain, these data suggest that the IL-13 receptor does not utilize this subunit. However, both IL-13 and IL-4 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-4-140 kDa receptor chain, suggesting that this is a component of both receptors in these cells and accounts for the similarities in signaling pathways shared by IL-13 and IL-4.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
- Interleukin-13/pharmacology
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase 1
- Janus Kinase 3
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-4
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Welham
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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31
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Duschl A. An Antagonistic Mutant of Interleukin-4 Fails to Recruit gammac into the Receptor Complex. Characterization by Specific Crosslinking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Smerz-Bertling C, Duschl A. Both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the 140-kDa subunit of the interleukin 4 receptor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:966-70. [PMID: 7822337 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.2.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by interleukin (IL) 4 and compared it with the effects of three related cytokines, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-13. We show here that both IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the 140-kDa IL-4 receptor subunit, which suggests that this receptor protein is used by both cytokines. Receptor phosphorylation induced by IL-13 was both weaker and slower than with IL-4. Stimulation of cells with IL-2 and IL-7 induced identical phosphorylation patterns to each other but not phosphorylation of the 140-kDa IL-4 receptor subunit. The only signal appearing upon stimulation with any of the four cytokines was the weak phosphorylation of an unidentified protein of 160 kDa. SH2 domains of p56lck and p59fyn precipitated the same proteins as anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies after IL-4 stimulation, which suggests that a src-type kinase may be involved in signal transduction through the IL-4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smerz-Bertling
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Physiologische Chemie II, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Basophils/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Infections/physiopathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Interleukin-4/chemistry
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukin-4/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Sugamura K, Asao H, Kondo M, Tanaka N, Ishii N, Nakamura M, Takeshita T. The common gamma-chain for multiple cytokine receptors. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:225-77. [PMID: 7484461 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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35
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Yin T, Tsang ML, Yang YC. JAK1 kinase forms complexes with interleukin-4 receptor and 4PS/insulin receptor substrate-1-like protein and is activated by interleukin-4 and interleukin-9 in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Hou J, Schindler U, Henzel WJ, Ho TC, Brasseur M, McKnight SL. An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat. Science 1994; 265:1701-6. [PMID: 8085155 DOI: 10.1126/science.8085155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils, and mast cells. It plays an important role in modulating the balance of T helper (Th) cell subsets, favoring expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1. Imbalance of these T lymphocyte subsets has been implicated in immunological diseases including allergy, inflammation, and autoimmune disease. IL-4 may mediate its biological effects, at least in part, by activating a tyrosine-phosphorylated DNA binding protein. This protein has now been purified and its encoding gene cloned. Examination of the primary amino acid sequence of this protein indicates that it is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) family of DNA binding proteins, hereby designated IL-4 Stat. Study of the inhibitory activities of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor provided evidence for direct coupling of receptor and transcription factor during the IL-4 Stat activation cycle. Such observations indicate that IL-4 Stat has the same functional domain for both receptor coupling and dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hou
- Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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37
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Keegan AD, Nelms K, Wang LM, Pierce JH, Paul WE. Interleukin 4 receptor: signaling mechanisms. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1994; 15:423-32. [PMID: 7945783 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Achsah Keegan and colleagues consider the signaling mechanisms utilized by the interleukin 4 (IL-4) receptor and review evidence suggesting that these mechanisms can account for the known responses of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells to IL-4. Most of these data have been obtained from analyses of the ability of IL-4 to regulate the growth of IL-3-dependent myeloid cell lines. These results have implicated a pathway of activation homologous to that utilized by insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, it is possible that the regulation of growth responses through the IL-4 receptor (and other receptors), and the differentiative events elicited in lymphocytes, may not be mediated by the same post-receptor events.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Keegan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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38
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Ikizawa K, Kajiwara K, Koshio T, Yanagihara Y. Possible role of tyrosine kinase activity in interleukin 4-induced expression of germ-line C epsilon transcripts in a human Burkitt lymphoma B-cell line, DND39. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94:620-4. [PMID: 8083470 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in knowledge of the molecular mechanism by which interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces IgE production, little is known about the signal transduction pathway that leads to this event. This study investigated the signal transduction mechanism responsible for IL-4-induced expression of germ-line C epsilon transcripts with use of a human Burkitt lymphoma B-cell line, DND39, which is known to express germ-line C epsilon transcripts in response to IL-4. On stimulation with IL-4, the generation of inositol triphosphate was observed in the cells. In addition, this generation was associated with activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1). Although herbimycin A, a potent inhibitor of tryosine kinase, inhibited IL-4-induced activation of PLC-gamma 1 and generation of inositol triphosphate, direct phosphorylation of PCL-gamma 1 was not determined. Nevertheless, IL-4 stimulation could induce activation of FYN but not LYN kinase, suggesting that additional molecule(s) might link FYN kinase to PLC-gamma 1. Interestingly, herbimycin A almost completely inhibited IL-4-induced expression of germ-line C epsilon transcripts when present during the entire culture period. These results indicate that the induction of germ-line C epsilon transcripts in IL-4-stimulated DND39 cells is essentially dependent on the activation of tyrosine kinase, possibly FYN kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikizawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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39
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Chen JX, Watanabe S, Muto A, Miyajima A, Yokota T, Arai K. Activation of early response genes and cell proliferation by human interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-5 receptors: comparison with human interleukin-4 receptor signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94:605-11. [PMID: 8083468 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-5 receptors (IL-3R, GMR, and IL-5R) are composed of the alpha chain specific to each and the common beta chain, and both the alpha and beta subunits are members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. We previously showed that the high-affinity human GMR reconstituted by cotransfecting the alpha and beta chain cDNA clones transduces signals in response to hGM-CSF to activate transcription of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc proto-oncogenes in mouse proB cell line BA/F3 or in mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. These results indicated that molecules, such as tyrosine kinase, unique to hematopoietic cells are not essential to transduce signals. In this study, the function of the alpha subunit of GMR was compared with those of IL-3R and IL-5R by cotransfecting human cDNAs encoding the alpha subunit of IL-3R or IL-5R and the common beta subunit into BA/F3 or NIH3T3 cells. We found that the reconstituted human IL-3R, in response to hIL-3, transduced signals to activate transcription of c-fos promoter and induced DNA synthesis in both types of cells in a manner similar to hGMR. Likewise, hIL-5 activates c-fos promoter in transfected NIH3T3 cells expressing hIL-5R. These results indicated that the alpha subunits of IL-3R and IL-5R have properties similar to those of the GMR alpha subunit. In contrast, transfected human IL-4 receptor (hIL-4R) cDNA, which weakly activated c-fos promoter and induced DNA synthesis in BA/F3 cells, failed to elicit these activities in NIH3T3 cells in response to hIL-4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Chen
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Izuhara K, Feldman R, Greer P, Harada N. Interaction of the c-fes proto-oncogene product with the interleukin-4 receptor. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Keegan AD, Nelms K, White M, Wang LM, Pierce JH, Paul WE. An IL-4 receptor region containing an insulin receptor motif is important for IL-4-mediated IRS-1 phosphorylation and cell growth. Cell 1994; 76:811-20. [PMID: 8124718 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment of 32D cells overexpressing insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) causes prompt tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Transfection of truncation mutants of the human IL-4 (huIL-4) receptor into 32D-IRS-1 cells demonstrated that the region from amino acid 437-557 is important for IL-4 signaling. This region of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) contains the motif 488PL-X4-NPXYXSXSD502 (insulin/IL-4R [I4R]) found in the insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. Mutation of Y497 to F yielded receptors that caused little or no IRS-1 phosphorylation in response to huIL-4 when expressed in 32D-IRS-1 cells. Most cell lines expressing Y497F also failed to proliferate in response to huIL-4. Furthermore, a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein containing the I4R motif-bound IRS-1, tyrosine kinase(s), and other unidentified phosphoproteins with molecular sizes of 140, 80, and 55 kd. Thus, the central tyrosine of the I4R motif has a major role in IL-4-mediated signal transduction in 32D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Keegan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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42
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Ihle JN, Witthuhn B, Tang B, Yi T, Quelle FW. Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1994; 7:17-48. [PMID: 7518712 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The past few years have seen an explosion in the identification, cloning and characterization of cytokines and their receptors. The pleiotropic effects of many of the growth factors and the considerable redundancy in the actions of growth factors have contributed to a mass of descriptive literature that often seems to defy summary. Only recently have common concepts begun to emerge. First, cytokines mediate their effects through a large family of receptors that have evolved from a common progenitor and retain structural and functional similarities. Within the haematopoietic system, the cytokines are not usually instructive in differentiation, but rather supportive, and may contribute to some differentiation-specific responses. The patterns of expression of cytokine receptors are therefore a product of differentiation and provide for changes in physiological regulation. The second important concept that is emerging is that the cytokines mediate their mitogenic effects through a common signal-transducing pathway involving tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, although the cytokine receptor superfamily members do not have intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity, by coupling to activation of tyrosine phosphorylation they may affect cell growth by pathways that are common with the large family of growth factor receptors that contain intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity. The coupling of cytokine binding to tyrosine phosphorylation and mitogenesis requires a relatively small membrane-proximal domain of the receptors. This region has limited sequence similarity which may be required for the association of individual receptors with an appropriate kinase. Activation of kinase activity results from the dimerization or oligomerization of receptor homodimers or heterodimers. Again this requirement is similar to that seen with the growth factor receptors which have intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity. The protein tyrosine kinases that couple cytokine binding to tyrosine phosphorylation are members of the Jak family of kinases. The ubiquitous expression of these kinases provides a common cellular background on which the cytokine receptors can function and on which unique functionally distinct receptors have evolved. In particular, tyk2 is required for the responses initiated by IFN-alpha while Jak2 has been implicated in the responses to G-CSF, IL-3, EPO, growth hormone, prolactin and IFN-gamma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Ihle
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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43
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Interleukin-4-dependent proliferation dissociates p44erk-1, p42erk-2, and p21ras activation from cell growth. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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44
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CELLULAR ACTIVATION. Cell Immunol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-208885-8.50018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Izuhara K, Yang G, Miyajima A, Howard M, Harada N. Structure of the IL4 receptor and signal transduction mechanism of IL4. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 144:584-90. [PMID: 8303077 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(05)80007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Izuhara
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
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