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Yang S, Zhang M, Wei H, Zhang B, Peng J, Shang P, Sun S. Research prospects for kidney xenotransplantation: a bibliometric analysis. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2301681. [PMID: 38391160 PMCID: PMC10916899 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2301681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenograft kidney transplantation has been receiving increasing attention. The purpose of this study is to use bibliometric analysis to identify papers in this research field and explore their current status and development trends. METHODS Using the data in the Web of Science core database from Clarivate Analytics as the object of study, we used 'TS = Kidney OR Renal AND xenotransplantation' as the search term to find all literature from 1980 to 2 November 2022. RESULTS In total, 1005 articles were included. The United States has the highest number of publications and has made significant contributions in this field. Harvard University was at the forefront of this study. Professor Cooper has published 114 articles in this field. Xenotransplantation has the largest number of relevant articles. Transplantation was the most cited journal. High-frequency keywords illustrated the current state of development and future trends in xenotransplantation. The use of transgenic pigs and the development of coordinated co-stimulatory blockers have greatly facilitated progress in xenotransplantation research. We found that 'co-stimulation blockade', 'xenograft survival', 'pluripotent stem cell', 'translational research', and 'genetic engineering' were likely to be the focus of attention in the coming years. CONCLUSIONS This study screened global publications related to xenogeneic kidney transplantation; analyzed their literature metrology characteristics; identified the most cited articles in the research field; understood the current situation, hot spots, and trends of global research; and provided future development directions for researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Urology, Qingdao University Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Panfeng Shang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengkun Sun
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
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Saito S, Miyagawa S, Kawamura T, Yoshioka D, Kawamura M, Kawamura A, Misumi Y, Taguchi T, Yamauchi T, Miyagawa S. How should cardiac xenotransplantation be initiated in Japan? Surg Today 2024; 54:829-838. [PMID: 38733536 PMCID: PMC11266268 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-024-02861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The world's first clinical cardiac xenotransplantation, using a genetically engineered pig heart with 10 gene modifications, prolonged the life of a 57-year-old man with no other life-saving options, by 60 days. It is foreseeable that xenotransplantation will be introduced in clinical practice in the United States. However, little clinical or regulatory progress has been made in the field of xenotransplantation in Japan in recent years. Japan seems to be heading toward a "device lag", and the over-importation of medical devices and technology in the medical field is becoming problematic. In this review, we discuss the concept of pig-heart xenotransplantation, including the pathobiological aspects related to immune rejection, coagulation dysregulation, and detrimental heart overgrowth, as well as genetic modification strategies in pigs to prevent or minimize these problems. Moreover, we summarize the necessity for and current status of xenotransplantation worldwide, and future prospects in Japan, with the aim of initiating xenotransplantation in Japan using genetically modified pigs without a global delay. It is imperative that this study prompts the initiation of preclinical xenotransplantation research using non-human primates and leads to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ai Kawamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Misumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Retzinger AC, Retzinger GS. The Acari Hypothesis, IV: revisiting the role of hygiene in allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1415124. [PMID: 39055609 PMCID: PMC11270752 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1415124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergy and its manifestations were first appreciated in the 1870 s. Today, the mechanism by which specific substances elicit allergic reactions remains poorly understood. This is problematic from a healthcare perspective because the prevalence of allergic disease and its societal costs are substantial. Regarding mechanistic understanding of allergy, a new proposal, The Acari Hypothesis, has been forwarded. The Hypothesis, borne from consideration of alpha-gal syndrome, postulates that acarians, i.e., mites and ticks, are operative agents of allergy. By way of their pathogenic payloads and salivary pattern recognition receptor(s), acarians potentiate in human hosts the generation of IgE against acarian dietary elements. Those elements account for most, if not all, known human allergens. Inasmuch as acarian-human interactions occur on human epithelial surfaces, it is to be expected factors that influence the presence and/or operation of acarians on those surfaces influence the expression of allergic diseases. In this report, it is proposed that two adaptations of catarrhine primates, i.e., Old World monkeys, apes and humans, evolved to deter acarian species: firstly, the expansion of eccrine glands across the entirety of body surface area, and, secondly, the secretion of sweat by those glands. Contemporary hygienic practices that reduce and/or disrupt the operation of eccrine glands are likely responsible for the increase in allergic disease seen today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Retzinger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Camden Clark Medical Center, West Virginia University, Parkersburg, WV, United States
| | - Gregory S. Retzinger
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Peterson L, Yacoub MH, Ayares D, Yamada K, Eisenson D, Griffith BP, Mohiuddin MM, Eyestone W, Venter JC, Smolenski RT, Rothblatt M. Physiological basis for xenotransplantation from genetically modified pigs to humans. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1409-1459. [PMID: 38517040 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The collective efforts of scientists over multiple decades have led to advancements in molecular and cellular biology-based technologies including genetic engineering and animal cloning that are now being harnessed to enhance the suitability of pig organs for xenotransplantation into humans. Using organs sourced from pigs with multiple gene deletions and human transgene insertions, investigators have overcome formidable immunological and physiological barriers in pig-to-nonhuman primate (NHP) xenotransplantation and achieved prolonged pig xenograft survival. These studies informed the design of Revivicor's (Revivicor Inc, Blacksburg, VA) genetically engineered pigs with 10 genetic modifications (10 GE) (including the inactivation of 4 endogenous porcine genes and insertion of 6 human transgenes), whose hearts and kidneys have now been studied in preclinical human xenotransplantation models with brain-dead recipients. Additionally, the first two clinical cases of pig-to-human heart xenotransplantation were recently performed with hearts from this 10 GE pig at the University of Maryland. Although this review focuses on xenotransplantation of hearts and kidneys, multiple organs, tissues, and cell types from genetically engineered pigs will provide much-needed therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Peterson
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | | | - David Ayares
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Daniel Eisenson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Bartley P Griffith
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Willard Eyestone
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - J Craig Venter
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Martine Rothblatt
- United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
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5
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Meredith R, Zhu Y, Yoon MK, Tetrault T, Lin J, Zhang W, McGurn M, Cook E, Popp R, Shit P, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. Methyl α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranoside and methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranoside: Glycosidic linkage conformation determined from MA'AT analysis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:544-555. [PMID: 38414300 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
MA'AT analysis has been applied to two biologically-important O-glycosidic linkages in two disaccharides, α-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-GalpOMe (3) and β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-GalpOMe (4). Using density functional theory (DFT) to obtain parameterized equations relating a group of trans-O-glycosidic NMR spin-couplings to either phi (ϕ') or psi (ψ'), and experimental 3JCOCH, 2JCOC, and 3JCOCC spin-couplings measured in aqueous solution in 13C-labeled isotopomers, probability distributions of ϕ' and ψ' in each linkage were determined and compared to those determined by aqueous 1-μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Good agreement was found between the MA'AT and single-state MD conformational models of these linkages for the most part, with modest (approximately <15°) differences in the mean values of ϕ' and ψ', although the envelope of allowed angles (encoded in circular standard deviations or CSDs) is consistently larger for ϕ' determined from MA'AT analysis than from MD for both linkages. The MA'AT model of the α-Galp-(1→3)-β-Galp linkage agrees well with those determined previously using conventional NMR methods (3JCOCH values and/or 1H-1H NOEs), but some discrepancy was observed for the β-Galp-(1→3)-β-Galp linkage, which may arise from errors in the conventions used to describe the linkage torsion angles. Statistical analyses of X-ray crystal structures show ranges of ϕ' and ψ' for both linkages that include the mean angles determined from MA'AT analyses, although both angles adopt a wide range of values in the crystalline state, with ϕ' in β-Galp-(1→3)-β-Galp linkages showing greater-than-expected conformational variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan Meredith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy Tetrault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jieye Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Margaret McGurn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Evan Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Reed Popp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Pradip Shit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony S Serianni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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6
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Barajaa MA, Otsuka T, Ghosh D, Kan HM, Laurencin CT. Development of porcine skeletal muscle extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels with improved properties and low immunogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322822121. [PMID: 38687784 PMCID: PMC11087813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322822121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels derived from decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM) of animal origin show immense potential for regenerative applications due to their excellent cytocompatibility and biomimetic properties. Despite these benefits, the impact of decellularization protocols on the properties and immunogenicity of these hydrogels remains relatively unexplored. In this study, porcine skeletal muscle ECM (smECM) underwent decellularization using mechanical disruption (MD) and two commonly employed decellularization detergents, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) or Triton X-100. To mitigate immunogenicity associated with animal-derived ECM, all decellularized tissues were enzymatically treated with α-galactosidase to cleave the primary xenoantigen-the α-Gal antigen. Subsequently, the impact of the different decellularization protocols on the resultant hydrogels was thoroughly investigated. All methods significantly reduced total DNA content in hydrogels. Moreover, α-galactosidase treatment was crucial for cleaving α-Gal antigens, suggesting that conventional decellularization methods alone are insufficient. MD preserved total protein, collagen, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, laminin, fibronectin, and growth factors more efficiently than other protocols. The decellularization method impacted hydrogel gelation kinetics and ultrastructure, as confirmed by turbidimetric and scanning electron microscopy analyses. MD hydrogels demonstrated high cytocompatibility, supporting satellite stem cell recruitment, growth, and differentiation into multinucleated myofibers. In contrast, the SDC and Triton X-100 protocols exhibited cytotoxicity. Comprehensive in vivo immunogenicity assessments in a subcutaneous xenotransplantation model revealed MD hydrogels' biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. These findings highlight the significant influence of the decellularization protocol on hydrogel properties. Our results suggest that combining MD with α-galactosidase treatment is an efficient method for preparing low-immunogenic smECM-derived hydrogels with enhanced properties for skeletal muscle regenerative engineering and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Barajaa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takayoshi Otsuka
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Debolina Ghosh
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Ho-Man Kan
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT06030
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT06269
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT06269
- Department of Chemical & Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT06269
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7
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Galili U, Li J, Schaer GL. Regeneration in Mice of Injured Skin, Heart, and Spinal Cord by α-Gal Nanoparticles Recapitulates Regeneration in Amphibians. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:730. [PMID: 38668224 PMCID: PMC11055133 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The healing of skin wounds, myocardial, and spinal cord injuries in salamander, newt, and axolotl amphibians, and in mouse neonates, results in scar-free regeneration, whereas injuries in adult mice heal by fibrosis and scar formation. Although both types of healing are mediated by macrophages, regeneration in these amphibians and in mouse neonates also involves innate activation of the complement system. These differences suggest that localized complement activation in adult mouse injuries might induce regeneration instead of the default fibrosis and scar formation. Localized complement activation is feasible by antigen/antibody interaction between biodegradable nanoparticles presenting α-gal epitopes (α-gal nanoparticles) and the natural anti-Gal antibody which is abundant in humans. Administration of α-gal nanoparticles into injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice results in localized complement activation which induces rapid and extensive macrophage recruitment. These macrophages bind anti-Gal-coated α-gal nanoparticles and polarize into M2 pro-regenerative macrophages that orchestrate accelerated scar-free regeneration of skin wounds and regeneration of myocardium injured by myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, injection of α-gal nanoparticles into spinal cord injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice induces recruitment of M2 macrophages, that mediate extensive angiogenesis and axonal sprouting, which reconnects between proximal and distal severed axons. Thus, α-gal nanoparticle treatment in adult mice mimics physiologic regeneration in amphibians. These studies further suggest that α-gal nanoparticles may be of significance in the treatment of human injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.L.); (G.L.S.)
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8
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Gopalakrishnan B, Galili U, Dunbar A, Solorio L, Shi R, Li J. α-Gal Nanoparticles in CNS Trauma: I. In Vitro Activation of Microglia Towards a Pro-Healing State. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:409-419. [PMID: 38099990 PMCID: PMC10987450 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages and microglia play critical roles after spinal cord injury (SCI), with the pro-healing, anti-inflammatory (M2) subtype being implicated in tissue repair. We hypothesize that promoting this phenotype within the post-injured cord microenvironment may provide beneficial effects for mitigating tissue damage. As a proof of concept, we propose the use of nanoparticles incorporating the carbohydrate antigen, galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal epitope) as an immunomodulator to transition human microglia (HMC3) cells toward a pro-healing state. METHODS Quiescent HMC3 cells were acutely exposed to α-gal nanoparticles in the presence of human serum and subsequently characterized for changes in cell shape, expression of anti or pro-inflammatory markers, and secretion of phenotype-specific cytokines. RESULTS HMC3 cells treated with serum activated α-gal nanoparticles exhibited rapid enlargement and shape change in addition to expressing CD68. Moreover, these activated cells showed increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers like Arginase-1 and CD206 without increasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-6. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that resting human microglia exposed to a complex of α-gal nanoparticles and anti-Gal (from human serum) can be activated and polarized toward a putative M2 state. The data suggests that α-gal nanoparticles may have therapeutic relevance to the CNS microenvironment, in both recruiting and polarizing macrophages/microglia at the application site. The immunomodulatory activity of these α-gal nanoparticles post-SCI is further described in the companion work (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Paralysis Research (VCPR), Purdue University, 408 S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - August Dunbar
- Center for Paralysis Research (VCPR), Purdue University, 408 S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Center for Paralysis Research (VCPR), Purdue University, 408 S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jianming Li
- Center for Paralysis Research (VCPR), Purdue University, 408 S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Choi H, Song KH, Kim HD, Park JY, Lee YC, Choi HJ, Kim CH. Human ST3Gal II and ST6GalNAc IV genes increase human serum-mediated cytotoxicity to xenogeneic cells. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:exen12855. [PMID: 38602029 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-antigens widely existed on glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids of all mammalian cells play a crucial role in self-defense and immunity. Xeno-reactive antibodies included in natural human sera play a protecting role in an acute phase-rejection of xenotransplantation. In this study, we investigated the effect of an alteration of glycosylation-pattern, caused by human sialyltransferases such as hST3Gal II or hST6GalNAc IV, on human serum mediated cytotoxicity in pig kidney PK15 cells. From LDH cytotoxicity assay, cytotoxicity to human serum was significantly increased in hST3Gal II and hST6GalNAc IV-transfected PK15 cells, as compared to the control. In the hST6Gal I-carrying cells, the cytotoxicity to human serum was rather decreased. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis revealed that an alteration of pig glycosylation-pattern by hST3Gal II or hST6GalNAc IV influences on a binding of human IgM or IgG, respectively, in pig kidney cells, regardless of Gal antigen alteration. Finally, we found that hST6GalNAc IV contributed to increase of terminal disialylated tetrasaccharide structure, disialyl T antigen, as evidenced by increase of the MAL II lectin binding capacity in the hST6GalNAc IV-transfected PK15 cells, compared with control. Therefore, our results suggest that carbohydrate antigens, such as disialyl T antigen, newly synthesized by the ST3Gal II- and ST6GalNAc IV are potentially believed to be new xeno-reactive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Cell Biology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Saha-Gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Jin BioCell Co., Ltd. R&D Center, #101-103, National Clinical Research Center for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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10
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Wang Y, Hils M, Fischer A, Wölbing F, Biedermann T, Schnieke A, Fischer K. Gene-edited pigs: a translational model for human food allergy against alpha-Gal and anaphylaxis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358178. [PMID: 38469303 PMCID: PMC10925645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy is rising and is estimated to approach 10%. Red meat allergy is the first known food allergy elicited by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies recognizing a carbohydrate. Due to the loss of function of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene in humans, the disaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) cannot be synthesized and therefore became immunogenic. IgE sensitization is elicited through the skin by repetitive tick bites transmitting α-Gal. The underlying mechanisms regarding innate and adaptive immune cell activation, including the B-cell isotype switch to IgE, are poorly understood, requiring further research and physiologically relevant animal models. Here, we describe a new animal model of red meat allergy using percutaneous α-Gal sensitization of gene-edited GGTA1-deficient pigs. Total and α-Gal-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgE levels were tracked. Further key factors associated with allergic skin inflammation, type 2 immunity, and allergy development were measured in PBMCs and skin samples. Significant increases in α-Gal-specific IgG1 and IgE levels indicated successful sensitization to the allergen α-Gal. Intracutaneous sensitizations with α-Gal recruited lymphocytes to the skin, including elevated numbers of T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Finally, α-Gal-sensitized pigs not only recognized α-Gal as non-self-antigen following α-Gal exposure through the skin but also developed anaphylaxis upon antigen challenge. Based on the similarities between the porcine and human skin, this new large animal model for α-Gal allergy should help to unveil the consecutive steps of cutaneous sensitization and aid the development of prophylactic and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Wölbing
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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11
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Montoya AL, Gil ER, Vinales I, Estevao IL, Taboada P, Torrico MC, Torrico F, Marco JD, Almeida IC, Michael K. Big is not better: Comparing two alpha-Gal-bearing glycotopes in neoglycoproteins as biomarkers for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109015. [PMID: 38198982 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is among Latin America's most widespread Leishmania species and is responsible for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). This disease has multiple clinical presentations, with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) being the most frequent. It manifests as one or a few localized skin ulcers, which can spread to other body areas. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment, typically with pentavalent antimonials, is critical. Traditional diagnostic methods, like parasite culture, microscopy, or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the parasite DNA, have limitations due to the uneven distribution of parasites in biopsy samples. Nonetheless, studies have revealed high levels of parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in L. (V.) braziliensis-infected patients. Previously, we demonstrated that the neoglycoprotein NGP28b, consisting of the L. (Leishmania) major type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-3-derived trisaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via a linker, acts as a reliable serological biomarker (BMK) for L. (V.) braziliensis infection in Brazil. This indicates the presence of GIPL-3 or a similar structure in this parasite, and its terminal trisaccharide either functions as or is part of an immunodominant glycotope. Here, we explored whether extending the trisaccharide with a mannose unit would enhance its efficacy as a biomarker for the serological detection of L. (V.) braziliensis. We synthesized the tetrasaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ1,3Manpα(CH2)3SH (G31SH) and conjugated it to maleimide-functionalized BSA to afford NGP31b. When we assessed the efficacy of NGP28b and NGP31b by chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a cohort of CL patients with L. (V.) braziliensis infection from Bolivia and Argentina against a healthy control group, both NGPs exhibited similar or identical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This finding implies that the mannose moiety at the reducing end is not part of the glycotope recognized by the parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in patients' sera, nor does it exert a relevant influence on the terminal trisaccharide's conformation. Moreover, the mannose does not seem to inhibit glycan-antibody interactions. Therefore, NGP31b is a viable and dependable BMK for the serodiagnosis of CL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba L Montoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Eileni R Gil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Irodiel Vinales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Paola Taboada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Mary Cruz Torrico
- Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Faculty of Medicine, and Fundación CEADES, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Faculty of Medicine, and Fundación CEADES, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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12
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Perusko M, Grundström J, Eldh M, Hamsten C, Apostolovic D, van Hage M. The α-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335911. [PMID: 38318181 PMCID: PMC10838981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitope is the cause of a global allergic disease, the α-Gal syndrome (AGS). It is a severe form of allergy to food and products of mammalian origin where IgE against the mammalian carbohydrate, α-Gal, is the cause of the allergic reactions. Allergic reactions triggered by parenterally administered α-Gal sources appear immediately, but those triggered via the oral route appear with a latency of several hours. The α-Gal epitope is highly immunogenic to humans, apes and old-world monkeys, all of which produce anti-α-Gal antibodies of the IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses. Strong evidence suggests that in susceptible individuals, class switch to IgE occurs after several tick bites. In this review, we discuss the strong immunogenic role of the α-Gal epitope and its structural resemblance to the blood type B antigen. We emphasize the broad abundance of α-Gal in different foods and pharmaceuticals and the allergenicity of various α-Gal containing molecules. We give an overview of the association of tick bites with the development of AGS and describe innate and adaptive immune response to tick saliva that possibly leads to sensitization to α-Gal. We further discuss a currently favored hypothesis explaining the mechanisms of the delayed effector phase of the allergic reaction to α-Gal. We highlight AGS from a clinical point of view. We review the different clinical manifestations of the disease and the prevalence of sensitization to α-Gal and AGS. The usefulness of various diagnostic tests is discussed. Finally, we provide different aspects of the management of AGS. With climate change and global warming, the tick density is increasing, and their geographic range is expanding. Thus, more people will be affected by AGS which requires more knowledge of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Perusko
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Innovative Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jeanette Grundström
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Hamsten
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danijela Apostolovic
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Pusateri AE, Morgan CG, Neidert LE, Tiller MM, Glaser JJ, Weiskopf RB, Ebrahim I, Stassen W, Rambharose S, Mahoney SH, Wallis LA, Hollis EM, Delong GT, Cardin S. Safety of Bioplasma FDP and Hemopure in rhesus macaques after 30% hemorrhage. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2024; 9:e001147. [PMID: 38196929 PMCID: PMC10773430 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prehospital transfusion can be life-saving when transport is delayed but conventional plasma, red cells, and whole blood are often unavailable out of hospital. Shelf-stable products are needed as a temporary bridge to in-hospital transfusion. Bioplasma FDP (freeze-dried plasma) and Hemopure (hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier; HBOC) are products with potential for prehospital use. In vivo use of these products together has not been reported. This study assessed the safety of intravenous administration of HBOC+FDP, relative to normal saline (NS), in rhesus macaques (RM). Methods After 30% blood volume removal and 30 minutes in shock, animals were resuscitated with either NS or two units (RM size adjusted) each of HBOC+FDP during 60 minutes. Sequential blood samples were collected. After neurological assessment, animals were killed at 24 hours and tissues collected for histopathology. Results Due to a shortage of RM during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study was stopped after nine animals (HBOC+FDP, seven; NS, two). All animals displayed physiologic and tissue changes consistent with hemorrhagic shock and recovered normally. There was no pattern of cardiovascular, blood gas, metabolic, coagulation, histologic, or neurological changes suggestive of risk associated with HBOC+FDP. Conclusion There was no evidence of harm associated with the combined use of Hemopure and Bioplasma FDP. No differences were noted between groups in safety-related cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal or other organ or metabolic parameters. Hemostasis and thrombosis-related parameters were consistent with expected responses to hemorrhagic shock and did not differ between groups. All animals survived normally with intact neurological function. Level of evidence Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford G Morgan
- Expeditionary and Trauma Medicine, Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leslie E Neidert
- Expeditionary and Trauma Medicine, Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Tiller
- Expeditionary and Trauma Medicine, Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob J Glaser
- Providence Regional Medical Center, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Richard B Weiskopf
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medcine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ismaeel Ebrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Willem Stassen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Scott H Mahoney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lee A Wallis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ewell M Hollis
- Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gerald T Delong
- Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sylvain Cardin
- Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Bogen O, Araldi D, Sucher A, Kober K, Ohara PT, Levine JD. Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.18.572242. [PMID: 38260446 PMCID: PMC10802253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In vivo analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG. This knockdown in PKCε expression in IB4(+) DRG neurons is sufficient to reverse hyperalgesic priming, a rodent model of chronic pain that is dependent on PKCε in IB4(+)-nociceptors. These results establish that IB4-streptavidin can be used to study protein function in a defined subpopulation of nociceptive C-fiber afferents.
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15
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Hale RC, Morais D, Chou J, Stowell SR. The role of glycosylation in clinical allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:55-66. [PMID: 37717626 PMCID: PMC10872775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
While glycans are among the most abundant macromolecules on the cell with widespread functions, their role in immunity has historically been challenging to study. This is in part due to difficulties assimilating glycan analysis into routine approaches used to interrogate immune cell function. Despite this, recent developments have illuminated fundamental roles for glycans in host immunity. The growing field of glycoimmunology continues to leverage new tools and approaches to uncover the function of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in immunity. Here we utilize clinical vignettes to examine key roles of glycosylation in allergy, inborn errors of immunity, and autoimmunity. We will discuss the diverse functions of glycans as epitopes, as modulators of antibody function, and as regulators of immune cell function. Finally, we will highlight immune modulatory therapies that harness the critical role of glycans in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hale
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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16
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Bogen O, Araldi D, Sucher A, Kober K, Ohara PT, Levine JD. Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241230419. [PMID: 38246917 PMCID: PMC10851726 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241230419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In vivo analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: (a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), (b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and (c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG. This knockdown in PKCε expression in IB4(+) DRG neurons is sufficient to reverse hyperalgesic priming, a rodent model of chronic pain that is dependent on PKCε in IB4(+)-nociceptors. These results establish that IB4-streptavidin can be used to study protein function in a defined subpopulation of nociceptive C-fiber afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dionéia Araldi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anatol Sucher
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kord Kober
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Ohara
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, UCSF Pain and Addiction Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Kasper B, Boehm T, Wittenstein N, Mueller RS. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in atopic and healthy dogs and their influence on allergy test specificity. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3308. [PMID: 37614212 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selection of allergens for immunotherapy in atopic dogs is often based on serum allergy testing. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) are common structures in plant and insect allergens that reportedly induce polysensitisation, reduce agreement between intradermal and serum tests and complicate allergen selection. METHODS Thirty-four dogs with diagnosed atopic dermatitis and 10 healthy dogs were included in the study. An intradermal test was conducted in atopic dogs, and serum samples from allergic and healthy dogs were analysed for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) before and after inhibition of detectable anti-CCD-IgE antibodies. RESULTS Anti-CCD-IgE antibodies were not found in any of the healthy dogs and no polysensitisation to plant and insect allergens was detected. The agreement between intradermal and serum allergy test results in the atopic dogs with anti-CCD-IgE antibodies improved from slight to fair after blocking the anti-CCD-IgE antibodies. In addition, blocking clearly reduced polysensitisation to plant allergens but not to acarid allergens. LIMITATIONS Only a limited number of healthy dogs were tested in this study. A gold standard for determining the clinical relevance of IgE sensitisation does not exist. CONCLUSION Inhibition of anti-CCD-IgE antibodies seems to be of importance to improve serum test specificity for allergen-specific IgE in atopic dogs in relation to intradermal allergy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kasper
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Boehm
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ralf S Mueller
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Hara H, Foote JB, Hansen-Estruch C, Bikhet MH, Nguyen HQ, Javed M, Oscherwitz M, Collins DE, Ayares D, Yamamoto T, King TW, Cooper DK. In vitro and in vivo immune assessments of genetically-engineered pig skin grafts in New World (squirrel) monkeys. Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12832. [PMID: 37870485 PMCID: PMC10843142 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Half a million patients in the USA alone require treatment for burns annually. Following an extensive burn, it may not be possible to provide sufficient autografts in a single setting. Genetic manipulations (GM) of pigs offer the possibility of reducing primate humoral and cellular rejection of pig skin xenografts and thus extending graft survival. We compared the survival of skin grafts from pigs with 9-GM with that of autografts and allografts in squirrel monkeys. Monitoring for rejection was by (1) macroscopic examination, (2) histopathological examination of skin biopsies, and (3) measurement of anti-monkey and anti-pig IgM and IgG antibodies. Autografts (n = 5) survived throughout the 28 days of follow-up without histopathological features of rejection. Median survival of allografts (n = 6) was 14 days and of pig xenografts (n = 12) 21 days. Allotransplantation was associated with an increase in anti-monkey IgM, but the anticipated subsequent rise in IgG had not yet occurred at the time of euthanasia. Pig grafts were associated with increases in anti-pig IgM and IgG. In all cases, histopathologic features of rejection were similar. 9-GM pig skin xenografts survive at least as long as monkey skin allografts (and trended to survive longer), suggesting that they are a realistic clinical option for the temporary treatment of burns. Although monkeys with pig skin grafts developed anti-pig IgM and IgG antibodies, these did not cross-react with monkey antigens, indicating that a primary 9-GM pig skin graft would not be detrimental to a subsequent monkey skin allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy B. Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christophe Hansen-Estruch
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Bikhet
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Huy Q. Nguyen
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mariyam Javed
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Max Oscherwitz
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dalis E. Collins
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Takayuki Yamamoto
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy W. King
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K.C. Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Galili U. Accelerated Burn Healing in a Mouse Experimental Model Using α-Gal Nanoparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1165. [PMID: 37892895 PMCID: PMC10604883 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the process of healing burns. One of the major risks in the course of burn healing, in the absence of regenerating epidermis, is infections, which greatly contribute to morbidity and mortality in such patients. Therefore, it is widely agreed that accelerating the recruitment of macrophages into burns may contribute to faster regeneration of the epidermis, thus decreasing the risk of infections. This review describes a unique method for the rapid recruitment of macrophages into burns and the activation of these macrophages to mediate accelerated regrowth of the epidermis and healing of burns. The method is based on the application of bio-degradable "α-gal" nanoparticles to burns. These nanoparticles present multiple α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), which bind the abundant natural anti-Gal antibody that constitutes ~1% of immunoglobulins in humans. Anti-Gal/α-gal nanoparticle interaction activates the complement system, resulting in localized production of the complement cleavage peptides C5a and C3a, which are highly effective chemotactic factors for monocyte-derived macrophages. The macrophages recruited into the α-gal nanoparticle-treated burns are activated following interaction between the Fc portion of anti-Gal coating the nanoparticles and the multiple Fc receptors on macrophage cell membranes. The activated macrophages secrete a variety of cytokines/growth factors that accelerate the regrowth of the epidermis and regeneration of the injured skin, thereby cutting the healing time by half. Studies on the healing of thermal injuries in the skin of anti-Gal-producing mice demonstrated a much faster recruitment of macrophages into burns treated with α-gal nanoparticles than in control burns treated with saline and healing of the burns within 6 days, whereas healing of control burns took ~12 days. α-Gal nanoparticles are non-toxic and do not cause chronic granulomas. These findings suggest that α-gal nanoparticles treatment may harness anti-Gal for inducing similar accelerated burn healing effects also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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20
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Anand RP, Layer JV, Heja D, Hirose T, Lassiter G, Firl DJ, Paragas VB, Akkad A, Chhangawala S, Colvin RB, Ernst RJ, Esch N, Getchell K, Griffin AK, Guo X, Hall KC, Hamilton P, Kalekar LA, Kan Y, Karadagi A, Li F, Low SC, Matheson R, Nehring C, Otsuka R, Pandelakis M, Policastro RA, Pols R, Queiroz L, Rosales IA, Serkin WT, Stiede K, Tomosugi T, Xue Y, Zentner GE, Angeles-Albores D, Chris Chao J, Crabtree JN, Harken S, Hinkle N, Lemos T, Li M, Pantano L, Stevens D, Subedar OD, Tan X, Yin S, Anwar IJ, Aufhauser D, Capuano S, Kaufman DB, Knechtle SJ, Kwun J, Shanmuganayagam D, Markmann JF, Church GM, Curtis M, Kawai T, Youd ME, Qin W. Design and testing of a humanized porcine donor for xenotransplantation. Nature 2023; 622:393-401. [PMID: 37821590 PMCID: PMC10567564 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent human decedent model studies1,2 and compassionate xenograft use3 have explored the promise of porcine organs for human transplantation. To proceed to human studies, a clinically ready porcine donor must be engineered and its xenograft successfully tested in nonhuman primates. Here we describe the design, creation and long-term life-supporting function of kidney grafts from a genetically engineered porcine donor transplanted into a cynomolgus monkey model. The porcine donor was engineered to carry 69 genomic edits, eliminating glycan antigens, overexpressing human transgenes and inactivating porcine endogenous retroviruses. In vitro functional analyses showed that the edited kidney endothelial cells modulated inflammation to an extent that was indistinguishable from that of human endothelial cells, suggesting that these edited cells acquired a high level of human immune compatibility. When transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys, the kidneys with three glycan antigen knockouts alone experienced poor graft survival, whereas those with glycan antigen knockouts and human transgene expression demonstrated significantly longer survival time, suggesting the benefit of human transgene expression in vivo. These results show that preclinical studies of renal xenotransplantation could be successfully conducted in nonhuman primates and bring us closer to clinical trials of genetically engineered porcine renal grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takayuki Hirose
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Lassiter
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Firl
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert B Colvin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ahmad Karadagi
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Li
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rudy Matheson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ryo Otsuka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivy A Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Toshihide Tomosugi
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Imran J Anwar
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Aufhauser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dixon B Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - James F Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Loupy A, Goutaudier V, Giarraputo A, Mezine F, Morgand E, Robin B, Khalil K, Mehta S, Keating B, Dandro A, Certain A, Tharaux PL, Narula N, Tissier R, Giraud S, Hauet T, Pass HI, Sannier A, Wu M, Griesemer A, Ayares D, Tatapudi V, Stern J, Lefaucheur C, Bruneval P, Mangiola M, Montgomery RA. Immune response after pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation: a multimodal phenotyping study. Lancet 2023; 402:1158-1169. [PMID: 37598688 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-species immunological incompatibilities have hampered pig-to-human xenotransplantation, but porcine genome engineering recently enabled the first successful experiments. However, little is known about the immune response after the transplantation of pig kidneys to human recipients. We aimed to precisely characterise the early immune responses to the xenotransplantation using a multimodal deep phenotyping approach. METHODS We did a complete phenotyping of two pig kidney xenografts transplanted to decedent humans. We used a multimodal strategy combining morphological evaluation, immunophenotyping (IgM, IgG, C4d, CD68, CD15, NKp46, CD3, CD20, and von Willebrand factor), gene expression profiling, and whole-transcriptome digital spatial profiling and cell deconvolution. Xenografts before implantation, wild-type pig kidney autografts, as well as wild-type, non-transplanted pig kidneys with and without ischaemia-reperfusion were used as controls. FINDINGS The data collected from xenografts suggested early signs of antibody-mediated rejection, characterised by microvascular inflammation with immune deposits, endothelial cell activation, and positive xenoreactive crossmatches. Capillary inflammation was mainly composed of intravascular CD68+ and CD15+ innate immune cells, as well as NKp46+ cells. Both xenografts showed increased expression of genes biologically related to a humoral response, including monocyte and macrophage activation, natural killer cell burden, endothelial activation, complement activation, and T-cell development. Whole-transcriptome digital spatial profiling showed that antibody-mediated injury was mainly located in the glomeruli of the xenografts, with significant enrichment of transcripts associated with monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. This phenotype was not observed in control pig kidney autografts or in ischaemia-reperfusion models. INTERPRETATION Despite favourable short-term outcomes and absence of hyperacute injuries, our findings suggest that antibody-mediated rejection in pig-to-human kidney xenografts might be occurring. Our results suggest specific therapeutic targets towards the humoral arm of rejection to improve xenotransplantation results. FUNDING OrganX and MSD Avenir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Loupy
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Valentin Goutaudier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alessia Giarraputo
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fariza Mezine
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Morgand
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Blaise Robin
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Karen Khalil
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacy, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sapna Mehta
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan Keating
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Anaïs Certain
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, PARCC, INSERM U970, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Navneet Narula
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renaud Tissier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, After ROSC Network, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sébastien Giraud
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Harvey I Pass
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Sannier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ming Wu
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Griesemer
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vasishta Tatapudi
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stern
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Kidney Transplant Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970 PARCC, Paris Institute for Transplantation and Organ Regeneration, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Mangiola
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Stone KR, Walgenbach AW, Turek TJ, Crues JV, Galili U. Xenograft bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction: a case series at 20-year follow-up as proof of principle. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:91. [PMID: 37672199 PMCID: PMC10482801 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE ACL reconstruction has a significant failure rate. To address the need for inexpensive strong tissue, a treatment process to "humanize" porcine tissue was developed and tested in primates and humans. This report describes the long-term outcomes from the first human clinical trial using a porcine xenograft ACL reconstruction device. METHODS The study was performed with Z-Lig™ xenograft ACL device in 2003 as a pilot clinical feasibility study. This device was processed to slow its immune-mediated destruction by enzymatic elimination of α-gal epitopes and by partial crosslinking to slow the infiltration of macrophages into the biotransplant. RESULTS Ten patients underwent reconstruction with the Z-Lig™ device. Five of 10 patients failed due to subsequent trauma (n = 3), arthrofibrosis (n = 1), and surgical technical error (n = 1). One patient was lost to follow-up after the 12-year evaluation. Each remaining patient reported a stable fully athletic knee. Physical exams are consistent with a score of less than one on the ACL stability tests. MRIs demonstrate mature remodeling of the device. There is no significant degradation in patient-reported outcome scores, physical exams, or MRI appearance from 12 to 20-year follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS The studies in a small group of patients have demonstrated that implantation of porcine ligament bioprosthesis into patients with torn ACLs can result in the reconstruction of the bioprosthesis into autologous ACL that remains successful over 20 years. The possibility of humanizing porcine tissue opens the door to unlimited clinical material for tissue reconstructions if supported by additional clinical trials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Stone
- The Stone Clinic, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Stone Research Foundation, San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA.
| | - Ann W Walgenbach
- The Stone Clinic, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Stone Research Foundation, San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA
| | - Thomas J Turek
- Stone Research Foundation, San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA
| | | | - Uri Galili
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Habibabady Z, McGrath G, Kinoshita K, Maenaka A, Ikechukwu I, Elias GF, Zaletel T, Rosales I, Hara H, Pierson RN, Cooper DKC. Antibody-mediated rejection in xenotransplantation: Can it be prevented or reversed? Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12816. [PMID: 37548030 PMCID: PMC11101061 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the commonest cause of failure of a pig graft after transplantation into an immunosuppressed nonhuman primate (NHP). The incidence of AMR compared to acute cellular rejection is much higher in xenotransplantation (46% vs. 7%) than in allotransplantation (3% vs. 63%) in NHPs. Although AMR in an allograft can often be reversed, to our knowledge there is no report of its successful reversal in a pig xenograft. As there is less experience in preventing or reversing AMR in models of xenotransplantation, the results of studies in patients with allografts provide more information. These include (i) depletion or neutralization of serum anti-donor antibodies, (ii) inhibition of complement activation, (iii) therapies targeting B or plasma cells, and (iv) anti-inflammatory therapy. Depletion or neutralization of anti-pig antibody, for example, by plasmapheresis, is effective in depleting antibodies, but they recover within days. IgG-degrading enzymes do not deplete IgM. Despite the expression of human complement-regulatory proteins on the pig graft, inhibition of systemic complement activation may be necessary, particularly if AMR is to be reversed. Potential therapies include (i) inhibition of complement activation (e.g., by IVIg, C1 INH, or an anti-C5 antibody), but some complement inhibitors are not effective in NHPs, for example, eculizumab. Possible B cell-targeted therapies include (i) B cell depletion, (ii) plasma cell depletion, (iii) modulation of B cell activation, and (iv) enhancing the generation of regulatory B and/or T cells. Among anti-inflammatory agents, anti-IL6R mAb and TNF blockers are increasingly being tested in xenotransplantation models, but with no definitive evidence that they reverse AMR. Increasing attention should be directed toward testing combinations of the above therapies. We suggest that treatment with a systemic complement inhibitor is likely to be most effective, possibly combined with anti-inflammatory agents (if these are not already being administered). Ultimately, it may require further genetic engineering of the organ-source pig to resolve the problem entirely, for example, knockout or knockdown of SLA, and/or expression of PD-L1, HLA E, and/or HLA-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Habibabady
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gannon McGrath
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kohei Kinoshita
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akihiro Maenaka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ileka Ikechukwu
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriela F. Elias
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tjasa Zaletel
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivy Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Yunnan Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Richard N. Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Galili U. Antibody production and tolerance to the α-gal epitope as models for understanding and preventing the immune response to incompatible ABO carbohydrate antigens and for α-gal therapies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1209974. [PMID: 37449060 PMCID: PMC10338101 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1209974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the significance of the α-gal epitope (Galα-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) as the core of human blood-group A and B antigens (A and B antigens), determines in mouse models the principles underlying the immune response to these antigens, and suggests future strategies for the induction of immune tolerance to incompatible A and B antigens in human allografts. Carbohydrate antigens, such as ABO antigens and the α-gal epitope, differ from protein antigens in that they do not interact with T cells, but B cells interacting with them require T-cell help for their activation. The α-gal epitope is the core of both A and B antigens and is the ligand of the natural anti-Gal antibody, which is abundant in all humans. In A and O individuals, anti-Gal clones (called anti-Gal/B) comprise >85% of the so-called anti-B activity and bind to the B antigen in facets that do not include fucose-linked α1-2 to the core α-gal. As many as 1% of B cells are anti-Gal B cells. Activation of quiescent anti-Gal B cells upon exposure to α-gal epitopes on xenografts and some protozoa can increase the titer of anti-Gal by 100-fold. α1,3-Galactosyltransferase knockout (GT-KO) mice lack α-gal epitopes and can produce anti-Gal. These mice simulate human recipients of ABO-incompatible human allografts. Exposure for 2-4 weeks of naïve and memory mouse anti-Gal B cells to α-gal epitopes in the heterotopically grafted wild-type (WT) mouse heart results in the elimination of these cells and immune tolerance to this epitope. Shorter exposures of 7 days of anti-Gal B cells to α-gal epitopes in the WT heart result in the production of accommodating anti-Gal antibodies that bind to α-gal epitopes but do not lyse cells or reject the graft. Tolerance to α-gal epitopes due to the elimination of naïve and memory anti-Gal B cells can be further induced by 2 weeks in vivo exposure to WT lymphocytes or autologous lymphocytes engineered to present α-gal epitopes by transduction of the α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene. These mouse studies suggest that autologous human lymphocytes similarly engineered to present the A or B antigen may induce corresponding tolerance in recipients of ABO-incompatible allografts. The review further summarizes experimental works demonstrating the efficacy of α-gal therapies in amplifying anti-viral and anti-tumor immune-protection and regeneration of injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Li Q, Lan P. Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:110. [PMID: 36906586 PMCID: PMC10008588 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to 'non-self' antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous 'non-self' components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of 'non-self' antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixiang Lan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Guo RR, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Wang W, Dalebout H, Zhang W, Wuhrer M, Liu L, Heijs B, Voglmeir J. Analysis of Immunogenic Galactose-α-1,3-galactose-Containing N-Glycans in Beef, Mutton, and Pork Tenderloin by Combining Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectroscopy and Capillary Electrophoresis Hyphenated with Mass Spectrometry via Electrospray Ionization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4184-4192. [PMID: 36809004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe allergic reactions to certain types of meat following tick bites have been reported in geographic regions which are endemic with ticks. This immune response is directed to a carbohydrate antigen (galactose-α-1,3-galactose or α-Gal), which is present in glycoproteins of mammalian meats. At the moment, asparagine-linked complex carbohydrates (N-glycans) with α-Gal motifs in meat glycoproteins and in which cell types or tissue morphologies these α-Gal moieties are present in mammalian meats are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed α-Gal-containing N-glycans in beef, mutton, and pork tenderloin and provided for the first time the spatial distribution of these types of N-glycans in various meat samples. Terminal α-Gal-modified N-glycans were found to be highly abundant in all analyzed samples (55, 45, and 36% of N-glycome in beef, mutton, and pork, respectively). Visualizations of the N-glycans with α-Gal modification revealed that this motif was mainly present in the fibroconnective tissue. To conclude, this study contributes to a better understanding of the glycosylation biology of meat samples and provides guidance for processed meat products, in which only meat fibers are required as an ingredient (i.e., sausages or canned meat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Dalebout
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Wangang Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bram Heijs
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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27
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Cooper DKC, Pierson RN. Milestones on the path to clinical pig organ xenotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:326-335. [PMID: 36775767 PMCID: PMC10127379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Progress in pig organ xenotransplantation has been made largely through (1) genetic engineering of the organ-source pig to protect its tissues from the human innate immune response, and (2) development of an immunosuppressive regimen based on blockade of the CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway to prevent the adaptive immune response. In the 1980s, after transplantation into nonhuman primates (NHPs), wild-type (genetically unmodified) pig organs were rejected within minutes or hours. In the 1990s, organs from pigs expressing a human complement-regulatory protein (CD55) transplanted into NHPs receiving intensive conventional immunosuppressive therapy functioned for days or weeks. When costimulation blockade was introduced in 2000, the adaptive immune response was suppressed more readily. The identification of galactose-α1,3-galactose as the major antigen target for human and NHP anti-pig antibodies in 1991 allowed for deletion of expression of galactose-α1,3-galactose in 2003, extending pig graft survival for up to 6 months. Subsequent gene editing to overcome molecular incompatibilities between the pig and primate coagulation systems proved additionally beneficial. The identification of 2 further pig carbohydrate xenoantigens allowed the production of 'triple-knockout' pigs that are preferred for clinical organ transplantation. These combined advances enabled the first clinical pig heart transplant to be performed and opened the door to formal clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Arabi TZ, Sabbah BN, Lerman A, Zhu XY, Lerman LO. Xenotransplantation: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897221148771. [PMID: 36644844 PMCID: PMC9846288 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ziad Arabi
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Belal Nedal Sabbah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Xiang-Yang Zhu, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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29
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Abstract
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, covalent conjugates between antigens and adjuvants, are chemically well-defined compared with conventional vaccines formulated through mixing antigens with adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively induce acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity, thereby enhancing host immune responses. Thus, innate immune receptor ligands are often used as adjuvants in self-adjuvanting vaccines. In a self-adjuvanting vaccine, the covalent linkage of antigen and adjuvant enables their simultaneous uptake into immune cells where the adjuvant consequently induces antigen-specific immune responses. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require immobilization to carrier proteins or co-administration of additional adjuvants and thus avoid inducing undesired immune responses. Because of these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to be candidates for next-generation vaccines. Here, we take an overview of vaccine adjuvants, mainly focusing on those utilized in self-adjuvanting vaccines and then we review recent reports on self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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30
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Cooper DKC, Habibabady Z, Kinoshita K, Hara H, Pierson RN. The respective relevance of sensitization to alloantigens and xenoantigens in pig organ xenotransplantation. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:18-26. [PMID: 35817653 PMCID: PMC10154072 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection is a major cause of graft injury and contributes to failure of pig xenografts in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Most 'natural' or elicited antibodies found in humans and NHPs are directed against pig glycan antigens, but antibodies binding to swine leukocyte antigens (SLA) have also been detected. Of clinical importance is (i) whether the presence of high levels of antibodies directed towards human leukocyte antigens (HLA) (i.e., high panel-reactive antibodies) would be detrimental to the outcome of a pig organ xenograft; and (ii) whether, in the event of sensitization to pig antigens, a subsequent allotransplant would be at increased risk of graft failure due to elicited anti-pig antibodies that cross-react with human HLA or other antigens. SUMMARY A literature review of pig-to-primate studies indicates that relatively few highly-HLA-sensitized humans have antibodies that cross-react with pigs, predicting that most would not be at increased risk of rejecting an organ xenograft. Furthermore, the existing evidence indicates that sensitization to pig antigens will probably not elicit increased alloantibody titers; if so, 'bridging' with a pig organ could be carried out without increased risk of subsequent antibody-mediated allograft failure. KEY MESSAGE These issues have important implications for the design and conduct of clinical xenotransplantation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K C Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Z Habibabady
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Kinoshita
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Hara
- Yunnan Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - R N Pierson
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Galili U. Paleo-immunology of human anti-carbohydrate antibodies preventing primate extinctions. Immunology 2023; 168:18-29. [PMID: 36161654 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two human natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies appeared in critical evolutionary events that brought primates and hominins to brink of extinction. The first is the anti-Gal antibody, produced in Old-World monkeys (OWM), apes and humans. It binds the carbohydrate-antigen 'α-gal epitope' (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on carbohydrate-chains (glycans) synthesized by non-primate mammals, lemurs and New-World monkeys (NWM). The second is anti-N-glycolylneuraminic-acid (anti-Neu5Gc) antibody binding Neu5Gc on glycans synthesized by OWM, apes and most non-primate mammals. Ancestral OWM and apes synthesized α-gal epitopes and were eliminated ~20-30 million-years-ago (mya). Only few accidentally mutated offspring lacking α-gal epitopes, produced anti-Gal and survived. Hominin-populations living ~3 mya synthesized Neu5Gc and were eliminated, but few mutated offspring that accidently lost their ability to synthesize Neu5Gc, produced natural anti-Neu5Gc antibody. These hominins survived and ultimately evolved into present-day humans. It is argued that these two near-extinction events were likely to be the result of epidemics caused by highly virulent and lethal enveloped viruses that killed parental-populations. These viruses presented α-gal epitopes or Neu5Gc synthesized in host-cells of the parental-populations. Mutated offspring survived the epidemics because they were protected from the lethal virus by the natural anti-Gal or anti-Neu5Gc antibodies they produced due to loss of immune-tolerance to α-gal epitopes or to Neu5Gc, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Lei T, Chen L, Wang K, Du S, Gonelle-Gispert C, Wang Y, Buhler LH. Genetic engineering of pigs for xenotransplantation to overcome immune rejection and physiological incompatibilities: The first clinical steps. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031185. [PMID: 36561750 PMCID: PMC9766364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has the potential to solve the shortfall of human organ donors. Genetically modified pigs have been considered as potential animal donors for human xenotransplantation and have been widely used in preclinical research. The genetic modifications aim to prevent the major species-specific barriers, which include humoral and cellular immune responses, and physiological incompatibilities such as complement and coagulation dysfunctions. Genetically modified pigs can be created by deleting several pig genes related to the synthesis of various pig specific antigens or by inserting human complement- and coagulation-regulatory transgenes. Finally, in order to reduce the risk of infection, genes related to porcine endogenous retroviruses can be knocked down. In this review, we focus on genetically modified pigs and comprehensively summarize the immunological mechanism of xenograft rejection and recent progress in preclinical and clinical studies. Overall, both genetically engineered pig-based xenografts and technological breakthroughs in the biomedical field provide a promising foundation for pig-to-human xenotransplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Kejing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Carmen Gonelle-Gispert, ; Yi Wang, ; Leo H. Buhler,
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Carmen Gonelle-Gispert, ; Yi Wang, ; Leo H. Buhler,
| | - Leo H. Buhler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Carmen Gonelle-Gispert, ; Yi Wang, ; Leo H. Buhler,
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Wei L, Mu Y, Deng J, Wu Y, Qiao Y, Zhang K, Wang X, Huang W, Shao A, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Lai L, Qu S, Xu L. α-Gal antigen-deficient rabbits with GGTA1 gene disruption via CRISPR/Cas9. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:54. [PMID: 35820824 PMCID: PMC9275273 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have identified the carbohydrate epitope Galα1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc-R (termed the α-galactosyl epitope), known as the α-Gal antigen as the primary xenoantigen recognized by the human immune system. The α-Gal antigen is regulated by galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), and α-Gal antigen-deficient mice have been widely used in xenoimmunological studies, as well as for the immunogenic risk evaluation of animal-derived medical devices. The objective of this study was to develop α-Gal antigen-deficient rabbits by GGTA1 gene editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Results The mutation efficiency of GGTA1 gene-editing in rabbits was as high as 92.3% in F0 pups. Phenotype analysis showed that the α-Gal antigen expression in the major organs of F0 rabbits was decreased by more than 99.96% compared with that in wild-type (WT) rabbits, and the specific anti-Gal IgG and IgM antibody levels in F1 rabbits increased with increasing age, peaking at approximately 5 or 6 months. Further study showed that GGTA1 gene expression in F2-edited rabbits was dramatically reduced compared to that in WT rabbits. Conclusions α-Gal antigen-deficient rabbits were successfully generated by GGTA1 gene editing via the CRISPR/Cas9 system in this study. The feasibility of using these α-Gal antigen-deficient rabbits for the in situ implantation and residual immunogenic risk evaluation of animal tissue-derived medical devices was also preliminarily confirmed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-022-01068-4.
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Lowe JWE. Humanising and dehumanising pigs in genomic and transplantation research. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 44:66. [PMID: 36417007 PMCID: PMC9684229 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biologists who work on the pig (Sus scrofa) take advantage of its similarity to humans by constructing the inferential and material means to traffic data, information and knowledge across the species barrier. Their research has been funded due to its perceived value for agriculture and medicine. Improving selective breeding practices, for instance, has been a driver of genomics research. The pig is also an animal model for biomedical research and practice, and is proposed as a source of organs for cross-species transplantation: xenotransplantation. Genomics research has informed transplantation biology, which has itself motivated developments in genomics. Both have generated models of correspondences between the genomes of pigs and humans. Concerning genomics, I detail how researchers traverse species boundaries to develop representations of the pig genome, alongside ensuring that such representations are sufficiently porcine. In transplantation biology, the representations of the genomes of humans and pigs are used to detect and investigate immunologically-pertinent differences between the two species. These key differences can then be removed, to 'humanise' donor pigs so that they can become a safe and effective source of organs. In both of these endeavours, there is a tension between practices that 'humanise' the pig (or representations thereof) through using resources from human genomics, and the need to 'dehumanise' the pig to maintain distinctions for legal, ethical and scientific reasons. This paper assesses the ways in which this tension has been managed, observing the differences between its realisations across comparative pig genomics and transplantation biology, and considering the consequences of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W E Lowe
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh, EH1 1LZ, UK.
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35
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Notova S, Siukstaite L, Rosato F, Vena F, Audfray A, Bovin N, Landemarre L, Römer W, Imberty A. Extending Janus lectins architecture: characterization and application to protocells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6108-6119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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36
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Galili U, Goldufsky JW, Schaer GL. α-Gal Nanoparticles Mediated Homing of Endogenous Stem Cells for Repair and Regeneration of External and Internal Injuries by Localized Complement Activation and Macrophage Recruitment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911490. [PMID: 36232789 PMCID: PMC9569695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses a novel experimental approach for the regeneration of original tissue structure by recruitment of endogenous stem-cells to injured sites following administration of α-gal nanoparticles, which harness the natural anti-Gal antibody. Anti-Gal is produced in large amounts in all humans, and it binds the multiple α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) presented on α-gal nanoparticles. In situ binding of anti-Gal to α-gal nanoparticles activates the complement system and generates complement cleavage chemotactic-peptides that rapidly recruit macrophages. Macrophages reaching anti-Gal coated α-gal nanoparticles bind them via Fc/Fc receptor interaction and polarize into M2 pro-reparative macrophages. These macrophages secrete various cytokines that orchestrate regeneration of the injured tissue, including VEGF inducing neo-vascularization and cytokines directing homing of stem-cells to injury sites. Homing of stem-cells is also directed by interaction of complement cleavage peptides with their corresponding receptors on the stem-cells. Application of α-gal nanoparticles to skin wounds of anti-Gal producing mice results in decrease in healing time by half. Furthermore, α-gal nanoparticles treated wounds restore the normal structure of the injured skin without fibrosis or scar formation. Similarly, in a mouse model of occlusion/reperfusion myocardial-infarction, near complete regeneration after intramyocardial injection of α-gal nanoparticles was demonstrated, whereas hearts injected with saline display ~20% fibrosis and scar formation of the left ventricular wall. It is suggested that recruitment of stem-cells following anti-Gal/α-gal nanoparticles interaction in injured tissues may result in induction of localized regeneration facilitated by conducive microenvironments generated by pro-reparative macrophage secretions and “cues” provided by the extracellular matrix in the injury site.
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Groth T, Stegmayr BG, Ash SR, Kuchinka J, Wieringa FP, Fissell WH, Roy S. Wearable and implantable artificial kidney devices for end-stage kidney disease treatment-Current status and review. Artif Organs 2022; 47:649-666. [PMID: 36129158 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of early death worldwide. By 2030, 14.5 million people will have end-stage kidney disease (ESKD, or CKD stage 5), yet only 5.4 million will receive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) due to economic, social, and political factors. Even for those who are offered KRT by various means of dialysis, the life expectancy remains far too low. OBSERVATION Researchers from different fields of artificial organs collaborate to overcome the challenges of creating products such as Wearable and/or Implantable Artificial Kidneys capable of providing long-term effective physiologic kidney functions such as removal of uremic toxins, electrolyte homeostasis, and fluid regulation. A focus should be to develop easily accessible, safe, and inexpensive KRT options that enable a good quality of life and will also be available for patients in less-developed regions of the world. CONCLUSIONS Hence, it is required to discuss some of the limits and burdens of transplantation and different techniques of dialysis, including those performed at home. Furthermore, hurdles must be considered and overcome to develop wearable and implantable artificial kidney devices that can help to improve the quality of life and life expectancy of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Groth
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,International Federation for Artificial Organs, Painesville, Ohio, USA
| | - Bernd G Stegmayr
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Janna Kuchinka
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fokko P Wieringa
- IMEC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,European Kidney Health Alliance, WG3 "Breakthrough Innovation", Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Shuvo Roy
- University of California, California, San Francisco, USA
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Samiec M, Wiater J, Wartalski K, Skrzyszowska M, Trzcińska M, Lipiński D, Jura J, Smorąg Z, Słomski R, Duda M. The Relative Abundances of Human Leukocyte Antigen-E, α-Galactosidase A and α-Gal Antigenic Determinants Are Biased by Trichostatin A-Dependent Epigenetic Transformation of Triple-Transgenic Pig-Derived Dermal Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810296. [PMID: 36142211 PMCID: PMC9499218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to establish the mitotically stable adult cutaneous fibroblast cell (ACFC) lines stemming from hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic pigs followed by trichostatin A (TSA)-assisted epigenetically modulating the reprogrammability of the transgenes permanently incorporated into the host genome and subsequent comprehensive analysis of molecular signatures related to proteomically profiling the generated ACFC lines. The results of Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses have proved that the profiles of relative abundance (RA) noticed for both recombinant human α-galactosidase A (rhα-Gal A) and human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E) underwent significant upregulations in tri-transgenic (3×TG) ACFCs subjected to TSA-mediated epigenetic transformation as compared to not only their TSA-unexposed counterparts but also TSA-treated and untreated non-transgenic (nTG) cells. The RT-qPCR-based analysis of porcine tri-genetically engineered ACFCs revealed stable expression of mRNA fractions transcribed from hFUT2, hGLA and HLA-E transgenes as compared to a lack of such transcriptional activities in non-transgenic ACFC variants. Furthermore, although TSA-based epigenomic modulation has given rise to a remarkable increase in the expression levels of Galα1→3Gal (α-Gal) epitopes that have been determined by lectin blotting analysis, their semi-quantitative profiles have dwindled profoundly in both TSA-exposed and unexposed 3×TG ACFCs as compared to their nTG counterparts. In conclusion, thoroughly exploring proteomic signatures in such epigenetically modulated ex vivo models devised on hFUT2×hGLA×HLA-E triple-transgenic ACFCs that display augmented reprogrammability of translational activities of two mRNA transcripts coding for rhα-Gal A and HLA-E proteins might provide a completely novel and powerful research tool for the panel of further studies. The objective of these future studies should be to multiply the tri-transgenic pigs with the aid of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-based cloning for the purposes of both xenografting the porcine cutaneous bioprostheses and dermoplasty-mediated surgical treatments in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Samiec
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jerzy Wiater
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Skrzyszowska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Monika Trzcińska
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Daniel Lipiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Jura
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Smorąg
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11 Street, 60-647 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Stewart ZA. Xenotransplantation: The Contribution of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-022-00380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Kreft L, Schepers A, Hils M, Swiontek K, Flatley A, Janowski R, Mirzaei MK, Dittmar M, Chakrapani N, Desai MS, Eyerich S, Deng L, Niessing D, Fischer K, Feederle R, Blank S, Schmidt-Weber CB, Hilger C, Biedermann T, Ohnmacht C. A novel monoclonal IgG1 antibody specific for Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose questions alpha-Gal epitope expression by bacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958952. [PMID: 35990627 PMCID: PMC9391071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-Gal epitope (α-Gal) with the determining element galactose-α1,3-galactose can lead to clinically relevant allergic reactions and rejections in xenotransplantation. These immune reactions can develop because humans are devoid of this carbohydrate due to evolutionary loss of the enzyme α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1). In addition, up to 1% of human IgG antibodies are directed against α-Gal, but the stimulus for the induction of anti-α-Gal antibodies is still unclear. Commensal bacteria have been suggested as a causal factor for this induction as α-Gal binding tools such as lectins were found to stain cultivated bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract. Currently available tools for the detection of the definite α-Gal epitope, however, are cross-reactive, or have limited affinity and, hence, offer restricted possibilities for application. In this study, we describe a novel monoclonal IgG1 antibody (27H8) specific for the α-Gal epitope. The 27H8 antibody was generated by immunization of Ggta1 knockout mice and displays a high affinity towards synthetic and naturally occurring α-Gal in various applications. Using this novel tool, we found that intestinal bacteria reported to be α-Gal positive cannot be stained with 27H8 questioning whether commensal bacteria express the native α-Gal epitope at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Kreft
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mohammadali Khan Mirzaei
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Prevention of Microbial Diseases, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neera Chakrapani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S. Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Prevention of Microbial Diseases, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) and Institute of Allergy Research, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, and Helmholtz Center Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Caspar Ohnmacht,
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Raza SS, Hara H, Cleveland DC, Cooper DKC. The potential of genetically engineered pig heart transplantation in infants with complex congenital heart disease. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14260. [PMID: 35233893 PMCID: PMC10124767 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical and medical techniques, complex congenital heart disease in neonates and infants continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. More than 500 infants in the USA are placed on the cardiac transplantation wait-list annually. However, there remains a critical shortage of deceased human donor organs for transplantation with a median wait-time of 4 months. Hence, infant mortality on the heart transplant wait-list in the USA is higher than for any other solid organ transplant group. Orthotopic transplantation of a pig heart as a bridge to allotransplantation might offer the best prospect of long-term survival of these patients. In recent years, there have been several advances in genetic engineering of pigs to mitigate the vigorous antibody-mediated rejection of a pig heart transplanted into a nonhuman primate. In this review, we briefly highlight (i) the history of clinical heart xenotransplantation, (ii) current advances and techniques of genetically engineering pigs, (iii) the current status of pig orthotopic cardiac graft survival in nonhuman primates, and (iv) progress toward pursuing clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation. Ultimately, we argue that pig heart xenotransplantation should initially be used as a bridge to cardiac allotransplantation in neonates and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sikandar Raza
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David C Cleveland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Boulet J, Cunningham JW, Mehra MR. Cardiac Xenotransplantation. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:716-729. [PMID: 35958689 PMCID: PMC9357575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Montgomery RA, Stern JM, Lonze BE, Tatapudi VS, Mangiola M, Wu M, Weldon E, Lawson N, Deterville C, Dieter RA, Sullivan B, Boulton G, Parent B, Piper G, Sommer P, Cawthon S, Duggan E, Ayares D, Dandro A, Fazio-Kroll A, Kokkinaki M, Burdorf L, Lorber M, Boeke JD, Pass H, Keating B, Griesemer A, Ali NM, Mehta SA, Stewart ZA. Results of Two Cases of Pig-to-Human Kidney Xenotransplantation. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1889-1898. [PMID: 35584156 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenografts from genetically modified pigs have become one of the most promising solutions to the dearth of human organs available for transplantation. The challenge in this model has been hyperacute rejection. To avoid this, pigs have been bred with a knockout of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene and with subcapsular autologous thymic tissue. METHODS We transplanted kidneys from these genetically modified pigs into two brain-dead human recipients whose circulatory and respiratory activity was maintained on ventilators for the duration of the study. We performed serial biopsies and monitored the urine output and kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to assess renal function and xenograft rejection. RESULTS The xenograft in both recipients began to make urine within moments after reperfusion. Over the 54-hour study, the kinetic eGFR increased from 23 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area before transplantation to 62 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 after transplantation in Recipient 1 and from 55 to 109 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 in Recipient 2. In both recipients, the creatinine level, which had been at a steady state, decreased after implantation of the xenograft, from 1.97 to 0.82 mg per deciliter in Recipient 1 and from 1.10 to 0.57 mg per deciliter in Recipient 2. The transplanted kidneys remained pink and well-perfused, continuing to make urine throughout the study. Biopsies that were performed at 6, 24, 48, and 54 hours revealed no signs of hyperacute or antibody-mediated rejection. Hourly urine output with the xenograft was more than double the output with the native kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Genetically modified kidney xenografts from pigs remained viable and functioning in brain-dead human recipients for 54 hours, without signs of hyperacute rejection. (Funded by Lung Biotechnology.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Montgomery
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Jeffrey M Stern
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Bonnie E Lonze
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Vasishta S Tatapudi
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Massimo Mangiola
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Ming Wu
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Elaina Weldon
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Nikki Lawson
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Cecilia Deterville
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Rebecca A Dieter
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brigitte Sullivan
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Gabriella Boulton
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brendan Parent
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Greta Piper
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Philip Sommer
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Samantha Cawthon
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Erin Duggan
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - David Ayares
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Amy Dandro
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Ana Fazio-Kroll
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Maria Kokkinaki
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Lars Burdorf
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Marc Lorber
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Jef D Boeke
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Harvey Pass
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Brendan Keating
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Adam Griesemer
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Nicole M Ali
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Sapna A Mehta
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
| | - Zoe A Stewart
- From the New York University (NYU) Langone Transplant Institute (R.A.M., J.M.S., B.E.L., V.S.T., M.M., E.W., N.L., C.D., R.A.D., B.S., G.B., G.P., N.M.A., S.A.M., Z.A.S.), the Departments of Pathology (M.W.), Anesthesia (P.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (J.D.B.), and Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.P.), and the Institute for Systems Genetics (J.D.B.), NYU Langone Health, the Department of Population Health, Division of Medical Ethics (B.P.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine (S.C.), and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Department of Surgery, Columbia University (E.D., A.G.) - all in New York; Revivicor, Blacksburg, VA (D.A., A.D., A.F.-K., M.K., L.B.); United Therapeutics, Silver Spring, MD (M.L.); and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B.K.)
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Hribernik N, Chiodo F, Pieters R, Bernardi A. Rhamnose-based glycomimetic for recruitment of endogenous anti-rhamnose antibodies. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Piening LM, Lillyman DJ, Lee FS, Lozano AM, Miles JR, Wachs RA. Injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus tissue exhibits neuroinhibitory properties. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1187. [PMID: 35386760 PMCID: PMC8966883 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability, but treatments for LBP are limited. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc due to loss of neuroinhibitory sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) allows nerves from dorsal root ganglia to grow into the core of the disc. Treatment with a decellularized tissue hydrogel that contains sGAGs may inhibit nerve growth and prevent disc-associated LBP. Methods A protocol to decellularize porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) was adapted from previous methods. DNA, sGAG, α-gal antigen, and collagen content were analyzed before and after decellularization. The decellularized tissue was then enzymatically modified to be injectable and form a gel at 37°C. Following this, the mechanical properties, microstructure, cytotoxicity, and neuroinhibitory properties were analyzed. Results The decellularization process removed 99% of DNA and maintained 74% of sGAGs and 154% of collagen compared to the controls NPs. Rheology demonstrated that regelled NP exhibited properties similar to but slightly lower than collagen-matched controls. Culture of NP cells in the regelled NP demonstrated an increase in metabolic activity and DNA content over 7 days. The collagen content of the regelled NP stayed relatively constant over 7 days. Analysis of the neuroinhibitory properties demonstrated regelled NP significantly inhibited neuronal growth compared to collagen controls. Conclusions The decellularization process developed here for porcine NP tissue was able to remove the antigenic material while maintaining the sGAG and collagen. This decellularized tissue was then able to be modified into a thermally forming gel that maintained the viability of cells and demonstrated robust neuroinhibitory properties in vitro. This biomaterial holds promise as an NP supplement to prevent nerve growth into the native disc and NP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Piening
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - David J Lillyman
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Fei San Lee
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Alvaro Moreno Lozano
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center Nebraska USA
| | - Rebecca A Wachs
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
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The Quantification of IgG Specific to α-Gal Could Be Used as a Risk Marker for Suffering Mammalian Meat Allergy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030466. [PMID: 35159615 PMCID: PMC8834152 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha-Gal Syndrome is a delayed meat allergy characterized by the presence of sIgE against α-Gal epitope. It is known that the α-Gal present in tick saliva induces the sensitization to this epitope ending in the production of sIgG and sIgE to α-Gal. It could be considered that the more times a person is bitten by tick species, the higher the probability of making the switch from sIgG to sIgE to α-Gal and developing allergy, but it is no clear when the switch occurs. To determine the likelihood that a subject bitten by ticks but without AGS be at risk of developing this allergy, we quantified the levels of sIgG to α-Gal by an automated system (ImmunoCap). To stablish a cut-off value for sIgG to α-Gal, a receiving operating curve (ROC) was constructed. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the risk of suffering AGS in individuals bitten by ticks was 35% when the sIgG to α-Gal was greater than or equal to 40 µg/mL. Our data indicate that the sIgG values against α-Gal could be used as a prognostic marker for developing mammalian meat allergy.
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Carson AS, Gardner A, Iweala OI. Where's the Beef? Understanding Allergic Responses to Red Meat in Alpha-Gal Syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:267-277. [PMID: 35017216 PMCID: PMC8928418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) describes a collection of symptoms associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses to the glycan galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Individuals with AGS develop delayed hypersensitivity reactions, with symptoms occurring >2 h after consuming mammalian ("red") meat and other mammal-derived food products. The mechanisms of pathogenesis driving this paradigm-breaking food allergy are not fully understood. We review the role of tick bites in the development of alpha-gal-specific IgE and highlight innate and adaptive immune cells possibly involved in alpha-gal sensitization. We discuss the impact of alpha-gal glycosylation on digestion and metabolism of alpha-gal glycolipids and glycoproteins, and the implications for basophil and mast cell activation and mediator release that generate allergic symptoms in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S. Carson
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aliyah Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Onyinye I. Iweala
- Department of Medicine, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Food Allergy Initiative, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Karthi S, Sukumari-Ramesh S, Geetha M, Appukuttan PS. High glucose removes natural anti-α-galactoside and anti-β-glucoside antibody immune complexes adhering to surface O-glycoproteins of normal platelets and enhances platelet aggregation. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:82. [PMID: 34934451 PMCID: PMC8652397 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural anti-α-galactoside (anti-Gal) and anti-β-glucoside (ABG) antibodies were previously reported to recognize the serine- and threonine-rich peptide sequences (STPS) of albumin-associated O-glycoproteins (AOP1 and AOP2) as surrogate antigens, forming anti-Gal/ABG-AOP1/AOP2-albumin triplet immune complexes in plasma. Since antibodies in these triplets still possessed unoccupied binding sites, the presence of triplets on human platelets that abound in surface O-glycoproteins was examined. Upon treatment with α-galactosides and β-glucosides, normal platelets freshly isolated from young healthy individuals released triplets identical with plasma triplets according to ELISA results. The resulting denuded platelets, unless pre-treated with fibrinogen or the O-glycan-binding lectin jacalin, recaptured these sugar-extracted triplets in the absence of antibody-specific sugars, suggesting that the triplet antibodies recognized the STPS of O-glycosylated receptors on platelets. Molecular weight of the dominant jacalin-binding subunit on triplet-free platelet membrane was 116 kDa, close to the ~120 kDa reported for the IIb subunit of the most abundant fibrinogen-binding platelet O-glycoprotein, GPIIb/IIIa. Denuded, but not native, platelets underwent slow spontaneous aggregation and rapid ADP-mediated GPIIb/IIIa-dependent aggregation according to spectrophotometric assay. Pre-treatment of denuded platelets with jacalin significantly reduced their ADP-mediated aggregation. Amyloid β (Aβ-42 monomer) was reported to bind triplet O-glycoproteins through their STPS but not to albumin or the antibodies. This peptide bound to the triplets on normal platelets and to surface membrane O-glycoproteins on denuded platelets, suggesting that the surface O-glycoproteins on the normal platelets were engaged and masked by the triplets. The ABG-specific sugar glucose denuded the platelets at concentrations typically reached in diabetic sera, since anti-Gal specific or ABG-specific sugar released the triplets of both the antibodies from the platelets. In conclusion, the present study offered rationale for the presence of anti-Gal/ABG-O-glycoprotein-albumin triplets on normal platelets, for the role of triplets in platelet physiology amidst circulating platelet-activating factors such as ADP, and for platelet vulnerability during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Karthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Sangeetha Sukumari-Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Mandagini Geetha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - Padinjaradath Sankunni Appukuttan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
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Román-Carrasco P, Hemmer W, Cabezas-Cruz A, Hodžić A, de la Fuente J, Swoboda I. The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:783279. [PMID: 35386980 PMCID: PMC8974695 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.783279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-Gal syndrome is a complex allergic disease characterized by the development of specific IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal), an oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. Individuals with IgE antibodies to α-Gal suffer from a delayed form of anaphylaxis following red meat consumption. There are several features that make the α-Gal syndrome such a unique allergic disease and distinguish it from other food allergies: (1) symptoms causing IgE antibodies are directed against a carbohydrate moiety, (2) the unusual delay between the consumption of the food and the onset of the symptoms, and (3) the fact that primary sensitization to α-Gal occurs via tick bites. This review takes a closer look at the immune response against α-Gal, in healthy and in α-Gal allergic individuals. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between immune response against α-Gal and against the other important glycan moieties associated with allergies, namely cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs), are discussed. Then different mechanisms are discussed that could contribute to the delayed onset of symptoms after consumption of mammalian meat. Moreover, our current knowledge on the role of tick bites in the sensitization process is summarized. The tick saliva has been shown to contain proteins carrying α-Gal, but also bioactive molecules, such as prostaglandin E2, which is capable of stimulating an increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines while promoting a decrease in the production of proinflammatory mediators. Together these components might promote Th2-related immunity and trigger a class switch to IgE antibodies directed against the oligosaccharide α-Gal. The review also points to open research questions that remain to be answered and proposes future research directions, which will help to get a better understanding and lead to a better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Román-Carrasco
- Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ines Swoboda
- Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Toustou C, Walet-Balieu ML, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Houdou M, Lerouge P, Foulquier F, Bardor M. Towards understanding the extensive diversity of protein N-glycan structures in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:732-748. [PMID: 34873817 PMCID: PMC9300197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation is an important post‐translational modification of proteins that has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing is sequential, involving multiple specific steps within the secretory pathway as proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we first summarize the different steps of the N‐glycan processing and further describe recent findings regarding the diversity of N‐glycan structures in eukaryotic clades. This comparison allows us to explore the different regulation mechanisms of N‐glycan processing among eukaryotic clades. Recent findings regarding the regulation of protein N‐glycosylation are highlighted, especially the regulation of the biosynthesis of complex‐type N‐glycans through manganese and calcium homeostasis and the specific role of transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) for which homologous sequences have been identified in several eukaryotic clades. Further research will be required to characterize the function of TMEM165 homologous sequences in different eukaryotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Toustou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marine Houdou
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France.,Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
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