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Abstract
In the computational design of antibodies, the interaction analysis between target antigen and antibody is an essential process to obtain feedback for validation and optimization of the design. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters as well as binding affinity (KD) allow for a more detailed evaluation and understanding of the molecular recognition. In this chapter, we summarize the conventional experimental methods which can calculate KD value (ELISA, FP), analyze a binding activity to actual cells (FCM), and evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (ITC, SPR, BLI), including high-throughput analysis and a recently developed experimental technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Tanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Liu L, Han C, Jiang M, Zhang T, Kang Q, Wang X, Wang P, Zhou F. Rapid and regenerable surface plasmon resonance determinations of biomarker concentration and biomolecular interaction based on tris-nitrilotriacetic acid chips. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338625. [PMID: 34090589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) chip has been used for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic studies involving histidine (His)-tagged proteins. However, its full potential, especially for analyte quantification in complex biological media, has not been realized due to a lack of systematic studies on the factors governing ligand immobilization, surface regeneration, and data analysis. We demonstrate that the tris-NTA chip not only retains His-tagged proteins more strongly than its mono-NTA counterpart, but also orients them more uniformly than protein molecules coupled to carboxymethylated dextran films. We accurately and rapidly quantified immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules in sera by using the initial association phase of their conjugation with His-tagged protein G densely immobilized onto the tris-NTA chip, and established criteria for selecting the optimal time for constructing the calibration curve. The method is highly reproducible (less than 2% RSD) and three orders of magnitude more sensitive than immunoturbidimetry. In addition, we found that the amount of His-protein immobilized is highly dependent on the protein isoelectric point (pI). Reliable kinetic data in a multi-channel SPR instrument can also be rapidly obtained by using a low density of immobilized His-tagged protein. The experimental parameters and procedures outlined in this study help expand the range of SPR applications involving His-tagged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Chaowei Han
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- University Hospital, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Qing Kang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China.
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China.
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Optical Biomarker-based Biosensors for Cancer/Infectious Disease Medical Diagnoses. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 27:278-286. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lago S, Nadai M, Rossetto M, Richter SN. Surface Plasmon Resonance kinetic analysis of the interaction between G-quadruplex nucleic acids and an anti-G-quadruplex monoclonal antibody. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1276-1282. [PMID: 29524541 PMCID: PMC5988565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-quadruplexes (G4s) are nucleic acids secondary structures formed in guanine-rich sequences. Anti-G4 antibodies represent a tool for the direct investigation of G4s in cells. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a highly sensitive technology, suitable for assessing the affinity between biomolecules. We here aimed at improving the orientation of an anti-G4 antibody on the SPR sensor chip to optimize detection of binding antigens. METHODS SPR was employed to characterize the anti-G4 antibody interaction with G4 and non-G4 oligonucleotides. Dextran-functionalized sensor chips were used both in covalent coupling and capturing procedures. RESULTS The use of two leading molecule for orienting the antibody of interest allowed to improve its activity from completely non-functional to 65% active. The specificity of the anti-G4 antobody for G4 structures could thus be assessed with high sensitivity and reliability. CONCLUSIONS Optimization of the immobilization protocol for SPR biosensing, allowed us to determine the anti-G4 antibody affinity and specificity for G4 antigens with higher sensitivity with respect to other in vitro assays such as ELISA. Anti-G4 antibody specificity is a fundamental assumption for the future utilization of this kind of antibodies for monitoring G4s directly in cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The heterogeneous orientation of amine-coupling immobilized ligands is a general problem that often leads to partial or complete inactivation of the molecules. Here we describe a new strategy for improving ligand orientation: driving it from two sides. This principle can be virtually applied to every molecule that loses its activity or is poorly immobilized after standard coupling to the SPR chip surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Rossetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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Design and applications of a clamp for Green Fluorescent Protein with picomolar affinity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16292. [PMID: 29176615 PMCID: PMC5701241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions are pervasively used to study structures and processes. Specific GFP-binders are thus of great utility for detection, immobilization or manipulation of GFP-fused molecules. We determined structures of two designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), complexed with GFP, which revealed different but overlapping epitopes. Here we show a structure-guided design strategy that, by truncation and computational reengineering, led to a stable construct where both can bind simultaneously: by linkage of the two binders, fusion constructs were obtained that “wrap around” GFP, have very high affinities of about 10–30 pM, and extremely slow off-rates. They can be natively produced in E. coli in very large amounts, and show excellent biophysical properties. Their very high stability and affinity, facile site-directed functionalization at introduced unique lysines or cysteines facilitate many applications. As examples, we present them as tight yet reversible immobilization reagents for surface plasmon resonance, as fluorescently labelled monomeric detection reagents in flow cytometry, as pull-down ligands to selectively enrich GFP fusion proteins from cell extracts, and as affinity column ligands for inexpensive large-scale protein purification. We have thus described a general design strategy to create a “clamp” from two different high-affinity repeat proteins, even if their epitopes overlap.
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Advani G, Lim YC, Catimel B, Lio DSS, Ng NLY, Chüeh AC, Tran M, Anasir MI, Verkade H, Zhu HJ, Turk BE, Smithgall TE, Ang CS, Griffin M, Cheng HC. Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) is an efficient inhibitor of Src-family kinases but a poor catalyst of phosphorylation of their C-terminal regulatory tyrosine. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:29. [PMID: 28784162 PMCID: PMC5547543 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) are the major endogenous inhibitors of Src-family kinases (SFKs). They employ two mechanisms to inhibit SFKs. First, they phosphorylate the C-terminal tail tyrosine which stabilizes SFKs in a closed inactive conformation by engaging the SH2 domain in cis. Second, they employ a non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism involving direct binding of Csk and Chk to the active forms of SFKs that is independent of phosphorylation of their C-terminal tail. Csk and Chk are co-expressed in many cell types. Contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk are not fully clear. Furthermore, the determinants in Csk and Chk governing their inhibition of SFKs by the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism are yet to be defined. Methods We determined the contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, we assayed the catalytic activities of Csk and Chk in phosphorylating a specific peptide substrate and a recombinant SFK member Src. We employed surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to measure the kinetic parameters of binding of Csk, Chk and their mutants to a constitutively active mutant of the SFK member Hck. Finally, we determined the effects of expression of recombinant Chk on anchorage-independent growth and SFK catalytic activity in Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Results Our results revealed Csk as a robust enzyme catalysing phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs but a weak non-catalytic inhibitor of SFKs. In contrast, Chk is a poor catalyst of SFK tail phosphorylation but binds SFKs with high affinity, enabling it to efficiently inhibit SFKs with the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Further analyses mapped some of the determinants governing this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism of Chk to its kinase domain. Conclusions SFKs are activated by different upstream signals to adopt multiple active conformations in cells. SFKs adopting these conformations can effectively be constrained by the two complementary inhibitory mechanisms of Csk and Chk. Furthermore, the lack of this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism accounts for SFK overactivation in the Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahana Advani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ya Chee Lim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadia L Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anderly C Chüeh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heather Verkade
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Baldacchini C, Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Electron transfer, conduction and biorecognition properties of the redox metalloprotein Azurin assembled onto inorganic substrates. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Thompson M. Aptamers, antibody scFv, and antibody Fab' fragments: An overview and comparison of three of the most versatile biosensor biorecognition elements. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:32-45. [PMID: 27155114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The choice of biosensing elements is crucial for the development of the optimal biosensor. Three of the most versatile biosensing elements are antibody single-chain Fv fragments (scFv), antibody fragment-antigen binding (Fab') units, and aptamers. This article provides an overview of these three biorecognition elements with respects to their synthesis/engineering, various immobilization techniques, and examples of their use in biosensors. Furthermore, the final section of the review compares and contrasts their characteristics (time/cost of development, ease and variability of immobilization, affinity, stability) illustrating their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, scFv fragments are found to display the highest customizability (i.e. addition of functional groups, immobilizing peptides, etc.) due to recombinant synthesis techniques. If time and cost are an issue in the development of the biosensor, Fab' fragments should be chosen as they are relatively cheap and can be developed quickly from whole antibodies (several days). However, if there are sufficient funds and time is not a factor, aptamers should be utilized as they display the greatest affinity towards their target analytes and are extremely stable (excellent biosensor regenerability).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Aamer M, Posaratnanathan RT, Romaschin A, Thompson M. Acoustic wave biosensor for the detection of the breast and prostate cancer metastasis biomarker protein PTHrP. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 78:92-99. [PMID: 26594891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no biosensors that are able to reliably detect the process of cancer metastasis. We describe the first label-free real-time ultra-high frequency acoustic wave biosensor prototype capable of detecting the breast and prostate cancer metastasis biomarker, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). Two different linkers - 11-trichlorosilyl-undecanoic acid pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP) and S-(11-trichlorosilyl-undecanyl)-benzothiosulfonate (TUBTS) - were used to immobilize whole anti-PTHrP antibodies and Fab' fragments to surfaces as biorecognition elements. The biosensor surfaces were optimized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the ultra-high frequency electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor (EMPAS). One optimized whole antibody-based surface (PFP/protein G'/whole antibodies/ethanolamine) and one optimized Fab' fragment-based surface (TUBTS/Fab' fragments) were tested as biosensors. It was determined that an in-line injection of bovine serum albumin prior to analyte injection yielded the most minimally fouling surfaces. Each surface was tested with no mass amplification and with sandwich-type secondary antibody mass amplification. The whole antibody-based mass-amplified biosensor yielded the lowest limit of detection (61 ng/mL), highest sensitivity, and a linear range from 61 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. However, the Fab' fragment-based biosensor displayed better regenerability as a loss of ~20% of the initial analyte signal intensity was observed with each subsequent injection. The whole antibody-based biosensor was only capable of producing an analyte signal in the first injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Aamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | | | | | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
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Chia YCJ, Catimel B, Lio DSS, Ang CS, Peng B, Wu H, Zhu HJ, Cheng HC. The C-terminal tail inhibitory phosphorylation sites of PTEN regulate its intrinsic catalytic activity and the kinetics of its binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 587:48-60. [PMID: 26471078 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dephosphorylation of four major C-terminal tail sites and occupancy of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]-binding site of PTEN cooperate to activate its phospholipid phosphatase activity and facilitate its recruitment to plasma membrane. Our investigation of the mechanism by which phosphorylation of these C-terminal sites controls the PI(4,5)P2-binding affinity and catalytic activity of PTEN resulted in the following findings. First, dephosphorylation of all four sites leads to full activation; and phosphorylation of any one site significantly reduces the intrinsic catalytic activity of PTEN. These findings suggest that coordinated inhibition of the upstream protein kinases and activation of the protein phosphatases targeting the four sites are needed to fully activate PTEN phosphatase activity. Second, PI(4,5)P2 cannot activate the phosphopeptide phosphatase activity of PTEN, suggesting that PI(4,5)P2 can only activate the phospholipid phosphatase activity but not the phosphoprotein phosphatase activity of PTEN. Third, dephosphorylation of all four sites significantly decreases the affinity of PTEN for PI(4,5)P2. Since PI(4,5)P2 is a major phospholipid co-localizing with the phospholipid- and phosphoprotein-substrates in plasma membrane, we hypothesise that the reduced affinity facilitates PTEN to "hop" on the plasma membrane to dephosphorylate these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Chit Joel Chia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Thompson M. Immobilization of Fab’ fragments onto substrate surfaces: A survey of methods and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:167-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Crivianu-Gaita V, Romaschin A, Thompson M. High efficiency reduction capability for the formation of Fab׳ antibody fragments from F(ab) 2 units. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:23-28. [PMID: 29124142 PMCID: PMC5668623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have widespread applications in areas ranging from therapeutics to chromatography and protein microarrays. Certain applications require only the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) units of the protein. This study compares the cleavage efficacy of dithiothreitol (DTT), mercaptoethylamine (MEA), and dithiobutylamine (DTBA) – a relatively new reducing agent synthesized in 2012. Pseudo-first order kinetic analyses show DTBA to be ~213 times faster than DTT and ~71 times faster than MEA in the formation of Fab׳ antibody fragments from polyclonal rabbit antibodies. Monoclonal mouse antibodies were also used to show the feasibility of the reduction process on antibodies from a different species and with a different clonality. DTBA cleaved the monoclonal mouse F(ab)2 units most efficiently, ~2 times faster than DTT ~10 times faster than MEA. Due to the extremely quick reactivity of all the reducing agents in the first five minutes of monoclonal antibody reductions as well as for the DTBA reductions of the polyclonal rabbit antibodies, the pseudo-first order kinetic analyses should be interpreted qualitatively for these results. Nucleophilic sulfides on Fab׳ fragments are preserved in the DTBA reduction process, demonstrated by their reactivity with Ellman׳s reagent. Degradation of the Fab׳ fragments was observed with the monoclonal mouse antibodies after reduction with DTBA or DTT. In conclusion, DTBA is the more efficient reducing agent compared to DTT and MEA, however, the reduction process should be optimized as degradation of the Fab׳ fragments is possible. Dithiobutylamine (DTBA) is a relatively new reducing agent synthesized in 2012. Antibody cleavage efficiency was compared with DTT, MEA, and DTBA. DTBA was able to cleave monoclonal mouse and polyclonal rabbit antibodies. Fab׳ nucleophilic sulfides were preserved during the cleavage process. DTBA cleavage should be optimized as undesirable byproducts are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Crivianu-Gaita
- Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | | | - Michael Thompson
- Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
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Navarro G, Aguinaga D, Moreno E, Hradsky J, Reddy PP, Cortés A, Mallol J, Casadó V, Mikhaylova M, Kreutz MR, Lluís C, Canela EI, McCormick PJ, Ferré S. Intracellular calcium levels determine differential modulation of allosteric interactions within G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1546-56. [PMID: 25457181 PMCID: PMC9875831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological significance of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) heteromer is well established and it is being considered as an important target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the physiological factors that control its distinctive biochemical properties are still unknown. We demonstrate that different intracellular Ca2+ levels exert a differential modulation of A2AR-D2R heteromer-mediated adenylyl-cyclase and MAPK signaling in striatal cells. This depends on the ability of low and high Ca2+ levels to promote a selective interaction of the heteromer with the neuronal Ca2+-binding proteins NCS-1 and calneuron-1, respectively. These Ca2+-binding proteins differentially modulate allosteric interactions within the A2AR-D2R heteromer, which constitutes a unique cellular device that integrates extracellular (adenosine and dopamine) and intracellular (Ca+2) signals to produce a specific functional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Gemma Navarro, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ; Dr. Sergi Ferré, Integrative Neurobiology Section, NIDA, IRP, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Dive, Baltimore, MD 21224;
| | - David Aguinaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Johannes Hradsky
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Pasham P. Reddy
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
- Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Carme Lluís
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Gemma Navarro, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ; Dr. Sergi Ferré, Integrative Neurobiology Section, NIDA, IRP, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Dive, Baltimore, MD 21224;
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14
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Kuriu Y, Kawamura A, Uragami T, Miyata T. Formation of Thin Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogel Layers with Lectin Recognition Sites on SPR Sensor Chips by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kuriu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Akifumi Kawamura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
| | - Tadashi Uragami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
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15
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Santini S, Bizzarri AR, Yamada T, Beattie CW, Cannistraro S. Binding of azurin to cytochromec551 as investigated by surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:124-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Santini
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, Dipartimento DEB; Università della Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, Dipartimento DEB; Università della Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Tohru Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology; University of Illinois; Chicago IL USA
| | - Craig W. Beattie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology; University of Illinois; Chicago IL USA
| | - Salvatore Cannistraro
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, Dipartimento DEB; Università della Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
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16
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Baldwin GS, Lio DSS, Ferrand A, Catimel B, Shehan BP, Norton RS, Cheng HC. Activation of Src family tyrosine kinases by ferric ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:487-96. [PMID: 24334106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are oncogenic enzymes that contribute to the initiation and progression of many types of cancer. In normal cells, SFKs are kept in an inactive state mainly by phosphorylation of a consensus regulatory tyrosine near the C-terminus (Tyr(530) in the SFK c-Src). As recent data indicate that tyrosine modification enhances binding of metal ions, the hypothesis that SFKs might be regulated by metal ions was investigated. The c-Src C-terminal peptide bound two Fe(3+) ions with affinities at pH4.0 of 33 and 252μM, and phosphorylation increased the affinities at least 10-fold to 1.4 and 23μM, as measured by absorbance spectroscopy. The corresponding phosphorylated peptide from the SFK Lyn bound two Fe(3+) ions with much higher affinities (1.2pM and 160nM) than the Src C-terminal peptide. Furthermore, when Lyn or Hck kinases, which had been stabilised in the inactive state by phosphorylation of the C-terminal regulatory tyrosine, were incubated with Fe(3+) ions, a significant enhancement of kinase activity was observed. In contrast Lyn or Hck kinases in the unphosphorylated active state were significantly inhibited by Fe(3+) ions. These results suggest that Fe(3+) ions can regulate SFK activity by binding to the phosphorylated C-terminal regulatory tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Baldwin
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Daisy Sio-Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Philip Shehan
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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17
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A novel retro-inverso peptide is a preferential JNK substrate-competitive inhibitor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1939-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Site-directed antibody immobilization techniques for immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:460-71. [PMID: 23911661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensor sensitivity, regenerability, and stability directly depend on the type of antibodies used for the immunosensor design, quantity of immobilized molecules, remaining activity upon immobilization, and proper orientation on the sensing interface. Although sensor surfaces prepared with antibodies immobilized in a random manner yield satisfactory results, site-directed immobilization of the sensing molecules significantly improves the immunosensor sensitivity, especially when planar supports are employed. This review focuses on the three most conventional site-directed antibody immobilization techniques used in immunosensor design. One strategy of immobilizing antibodies on the sensor surface is via affinity interactions with a pre-formed layer of the Fc binding proteins, e.g., protein A, protein G, Fc region specific antibodies or various recombinant proteins. Another immobilization strategy is based on the use of chemically or genetically engineered antibody fragments that can be attached to the sensor surface covered in gold or self-assembled monolayer via the sulfhydryl groups present in the hinge region. The third most common strategy is antibody immobilization via an oxidized oligosaccharide moiety present in the Fc region of the antibody. The principles, advantages, applications, and arising problems of these most often applied immobilization techniques are reviewed.
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19
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Kuriu Y, Ishikawa M, Kawamura A, Uragami T, Miyata T. SPR Signals of Three-dimensional Antibody-immobilized Gel Layers Formed on Sensor Chips by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kuriu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Michiko Ishikawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Akifumi Kawamura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
| | - Tadashi Uragami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University
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20
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Huang J, Meyer C, Zhu C. T cell antigen recognition at the cell membrane. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:155-64. [PMID: 22683645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells bind specifically to particular peptide bound major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). This interaction is a key event in T cell antigen recognition and activation. Most studies have used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to measure the in vitro binding kinetics of TCR-pMHC interactions in solution using purified proteins. However, these measurements are not physiologically precise, as both TCRs and pMHCs are membrane-associated molecules which are regulated by their cellular environments. Recently, single-molecule förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and single-molecule mechanical assays were used to measure the in situ binding kinetics of TCR-pMHC interactions on the surface of live T cells. These studies have provided exciting insights into the biochemical basis of T cell antigen recognition and suggest that TCRs serially engage with a small number of antigens with very fast kinetics in order to maximize TCR signaling and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Abstract
An improved understanding of the roles of protein kinases in intracellular signalling and disease progression has driven significant advances in protein kinase inhibitor discovery. Peptide inhibitors that target the kinase protein substrate-binding site have continued to attract attention. In the present paper, we describe a novel JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitory peptide PYC71N, which inhibits JNK activity in vitro towards a range of recombinant protein substrates including the transcription factors c-Jun, ATF2 (activating trancription factor 2) and Elk1, and the microtubule regulatory protein DCX (doublecortin). Analysis of cell culture studies confirmed the actions of a cell-permeable version of PYC71 to inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation during acute hyperosmotic stress. The analysis of the in vitro data for the kinetics of this inhibition indicated a substrate–inhibitor complex-mediated inhibition of JNK by PYC71N. Alanine-scanning replacement studies revealed the importance of two residues (PYC71N Phe9 or Phe11 within an FXF motif) for JNK inhibition. The importance of these residues was confirmed through interaction studies showing that each change decreased interaction of the peptide with c-Jun. Furthermore, PYC71N interacted with both non-phosphorylated (inactive) JNK1 and the substrate c-Jun, but did not recognize active JNK1. In contrast, a previously characterized JNK-inhibitory peptide TIJIP [truncated inhibitory region of JIP (JNK-interacting protein)], showed stronger interaction with active JNK1. Competition binding analysis confirmed that PYC71N inhibited the interaction of c-Jun with JNK1. Taken together, the results of the present study define novel properties of the PYC71N peptide as well as differences from the characterized TIJIP, and highlight the value of these peptides to probe the biochemistry of JNK-mediated substrate interactions and phosphorylation.
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22
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Fejtova A, Davydova D, Bischof F, Lazarevic V, Altrock WD, Romorini S, Schöne C, Zuschratter W, Kreutz MR, Garner CC, Ziv NE, Gundelfinger ED. Dynein light chain regulates axonal trafficking and synaptic levels of Bassoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:341-55. [PMID: 19380881 PMCID: PMC2700376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200807155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bassoon and the related protein Piccolo are core components of the presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone of neurotransmitter release. They are transported on Golgi-derived membranous organelles, called Piccolo-Bassoon transport vesicles (PTVs), from the neuronal soma to distal axonal locations, where they participate in assembling new synapses. Despite their net anterograde transport, PTVs move in both directions within the axon. How PTVs are linked to retrograde motors and the functional significance of their bidirectional transport are unclear. In this study, we report the direct interaction of Bassoon with dynein light chains (DLCs) DLC1 and DLC2, which potentially link PTVs to dynein and myosin V motor complexes. We demonstrate that Bassoon functions as a cargo adapter for retrograde transport and that disruption of the Bassoon-DLC interactions leads to impaired trafficking of Bassoon in neurons and affects the distribution of Bassoon and Piccolo among synapses. These findings reveal a novel function for Bassoon in trafficking and synaptic delivery of active zone material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fejtova
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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23
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Parsa H, Chin CD, Mongkolwisetwara P, Lee BW, Wang JJ, Sia SK. Effect of volume- and time-based constraints on capture of analytes in microfluidic heterogeneous immunoassays. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:2062-70. [PMID: 19023469 DOI: 10.1039/b813350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of microfluidic-based heterogeneous immunoassays (where analytes in solution are captured on a solid surface functionalized with a capture molecule), there is incomplete understanding of how assay parameters influence the amount of captured analytes. This study presents computational results and corresponding experimental binding assays in which the capture of analytes is studied under variations in both mass transfer and surface binding, constrained by real-world assay conditions of finite sample volume, assay time, and capture area. Our results identify: 1) a "reagent-limited" regime which exists only under the constraints of finite sample volume and assay time; 2) a critical flow rate (e.g. 0.5 microL min(-1) under our assay conditions) to gain the maximum signal with the fastest assay time; 3) an increase in signal by using a short concentrated plug (e.g. 5 microL, 100 nM) rather than a long dilute plug (e.g. 50 microL, 10 nM) of sample; 4) the possibility of spending a considerable fraction of the assay time out of the reaction-limited regime. Overall, an improved understanding of fundamental physical processes may be particularly beneficial for the design of point-of-care assays, where volumes of reagents and available samples are limited, and the desired time-to-result short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Parsa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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24
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Bolduc OR, Masson JF. Monolayers of 3-mercaptopropyl-amino acid to reduce the nonspecific adsorption of serum proteins on the surface of biosensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12085-91. [PMID: 18823086 DOI: 10.1021/la801861q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers prepared with polar or ionic amino acids with short side chains have a reduced nonspecific adsorption of serum proteins compared to that of hydrophobic amino acids and organic monolayers immobilized on the gold surface of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. Proteins contained in biological samples adsorb on most surfaces, which in the case of biosensors causes a nonspecific response that hinders the quantification of biomarkers in these biological samples. To circumvent this problem, self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of N-3-mercaptopropyl-amino acids (3-MPA-amino acids) were prepared from 19 natural amino acids. These SAM were investigated to limit the nonspecific adsorption of proteins contained in biological fluids and to immobilize molecular receptors (i.e., antibodies) that are necessary in the construction of biosensors. SPR and Ge attenuated total reflection (GATR) FTIR spectroscopy were employed to characterize the formation of the amino acid SAMs. Monolayers of 3-MPA-amino acids densely packed on the surface of the SPR biosensors result in a surface concentration of approximately 10 (15) molecules/cm (2). SPR also quantifies the surface concentration of serum proteins nonspecifically adsorbed on 3-MPA-amino acids following the exposure of the biosensor to undiluted bovine serum. The concentration of nonspecifically bound proteins ranged from approximately 400 ng/cm (2) with polar and ionic amino acids to approximately 800 ng/cm (2) with amino acids of increased hydrophobicity. The nonspecific adsorption of serum proteins on the 3-MPA-amino acids increases in the following order: Asp < Asn < Ser < Met < Glu < Gln < Thr < Gly < His < Cys < Arg < Phe < Trp < Val < Pro < Ile < Leu < Ala < Tyr. The analysis of the adsorption and desorption curves for serum proteins on the SPR sensorgram has demonstrated the strong irreversibility of the protein adsorption on each surface. The effective hydrophilicity of the SAMs was measured from the contact angle with a saline buffer and has demonstrated that surfaces minimizing the contact angle with PBS performed better in serum. The antibody for beta-lactamase was immobilized on a 3-MPA-glycine SAM, and beta-lactamase was detected in the nanomolar range. The presence of beta-lactamase is an indicator of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier R Bolduc
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
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25
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Biosensor technology: technology push versus market pull. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:492-500. [PMID: 18577442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosensor technology is based on a specific biological recognition element in combination with a transducer for signal processing. Since its inception, biosensors have been expected to play a significant analytical role in medicine, agriculture, food safety, homeland security, environmental and industrial monitoring. However, the commercialization of biosensor technology has significantly lagged behind the research output as reflected by a plethora of publications and patenting activities. The rationale behind the slow and limited technology transfer could be attributed to cost considerations and some key technical barriers. Analytical chemistry has changed considerably, driven by automation, miniaturization, and system integration with high throughput for multiple tasks. Such requirements pose a great challenge in biosensor technology which is often designed to detect one single or a few target analytes. Successful biosensors must be versatile to support interchangeable biorecognition elements, and in addition miniaturization must be feasible to allow automation for parallel sensing with ease of operation at a competitive cost. A significant upfront investment in research and development is a prerequisite in the commercialization of biosensors. The progress in such endeavors is incremental with limited success, thus, the market entry for a new venture is very difficult unless a niche product can be developed with a considerable market volume.
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26
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Franco EJ, Hofstetter H, Hofstetter O. A comparative evaluation of random and site-specific immobilization techniques for the preparation of antibody-based chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:1458-69. [PMID: 16894791 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, one random and four site-directed conjugation strategies were applied to immobilize an mAb, which stereoselectively binds to L-amino acids, onto silica particles. The resulting chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were used for enantiomer separation of the model-analyte D,L-phenylalanine and further examined in frontal affinity chromatography. Although random immobilization of the antibody onto discuccinimidyl carbonate-activated silica resulted in a CSP that enabled baseline separation of the enantiomers of D,L-phenylalanine, the amount of available binding sites was considerably lower compared to the CSPs prepared by site-directed strategies. Immobilization of antibody via its carbohydrate chains, either directly via hydrazone bonds between the support and the protein or indirectly via binding carbohydrate-biotinylated antibody to streptavidin-derivatized silica, resulted in medium column efficiencies. Higher amounts of available active sites were obtained by immobilizing the antibody indirectly through the "crystallizable fragment (Fc)" receptor protein A/G. The best results with regard to amount of available binding sites and column efficiency were obtained by first biotinylating the antibody specifically at its C-termini using carboxypeptidase Y and immobilizing the biotinylated antibody on streptavidin-derivatized silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Franco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
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27
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Helms B, van Baal I, Merkx M, Meijer EW. Site-Specific Protein and Peptide Immobilization on a Biosensor Surface by Pulsed Native Chemical Ligation. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1790-4. [PMID: 17763488 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Helms
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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28
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Nice EC, Rothacker J, Weinstock J, Lim L, Catimel B. Use of multidimensional separation protocols for the purification of trace components in complex biological samples for proteomics analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:190-210; discussion 189. [PMID: 17597136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The routine detection of low abundance components in complex samples for detailed proteomics analysis continues to be a challenge. Whilst the potential of multidimensional chromatographic fractionation for this purpose has been proposed for some years, and was used effectively for the purification to homogeneity of trace components in bulk biological samples for N-terminal sequence analysis, its practical application in the proteomics arena is still limited. This article reviews some of the recent data using these approaches, including the use of microaffinity purification as part of multidimensional protocols for downstream proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Nice
- Protein Biosensing and Epithelial Laboratories, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. 3050, Australia.
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29
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Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Exploring the complement interaction network using surface plasmon resonance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 598:260-78. [PMID: 17892218 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71767-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA.
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30
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Single-Protein Molecular Interactions on Polymer-Modified Glass Substrates for Nanoarray Chip Application Using Dual-Color TIRFM. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.5.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Gronski P, Schridde C, Kanzy EJ. Off-rate and concentration diversity in multidonor-derived dimers of immunoglobulin G. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2528-40. [PMID: 17275088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG-dimers in multidonor-derived preparations of IgG antibodies represent not only agents of therapeutic potential, but also molecules of basic immunological interest since their composition mirrors the currently unknown range of clonal concentrations and affinities. To analyze this fundamental type of diversity, a computational model is developed in agreement with a density functional theory and used to simulate the dissociation kinetics of dimers separated from a 5000 donor-derived IgG preparation (protein concentration: 0.74 mg/mL) via superimposition of 8100 arbitrary combinations of off-rates and initial concentrations. The Greedy algorithm-like procedure described requires iterative and consecutive changes of 8 from a total of 11 fitting parameters and allows to approximate the probability density distributions of either quantities within defined limits (apparent off-rates: approximately 4 x 10(-4) to 9 x 10(-17)s(-1); concentrations: approximately 3 x 10(-20) to 1 x 10(-11)M) by lognormal distributions of log-log(10)-type, each of them adapted with four particular parameters, as well as the number of different dimer populations ( approximately 2 x 10(13)). Moreover, reasonably dimensioned equilibrium constants involved in monovalent and bivalent random IgG dimerization are estimated by using a mean on-rate of 2.5 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) and interrelationships of molecular parameters derived from known models for antibody-antigen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gronski
- Preclinical Research & Development, CSL Behring GmbH, Emil von Behring Strasse 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
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32
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Goffin L, Vodala S, Fraser C, Ryan J, Timms M, Meusburger S, Catimel B, Nice EC, Silver PA, Xiao CY, Jans DA, Gething MJH. The unfolded protein response transducer Ire1p contains a nuclear localization sequence recognized by multiple beta importins. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:5309-23. [PMID: 17035634 PMCID: PMC1679693 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ire1p transmembrane receptor kinase/endonuclease transduces the unfolded protein response (UPR) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of a highly basic sequence in the linker region of Ire1p to function as a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) both in vivo and in vitro. This 18-residue sequence is capable of targeting green fluorescent protein to the nucleus of yeast cells in a process requiring proteins involved in the Ran GTPase cycle that facilitates nuclear import. Mutagenic analysis and importin binding studies demonstrate that the Ire1p linker region contains overlapping potential NLSs: at least one classical NLS (within sequences 642KKKRKR647 and/or 653KKGR656) that is recognized by yeast importin alpha (Kap60p) and a novel betaNLS (646KRGSRGGKKGRK657) that is recognized by several yeast importin beta homologues. Kinetic binding data suggest that binding to importin beta proteins would predominate in vivo. The UPR, and in particular ER stress-induced HAC1 mRNA splicing, is inhibited by point mutations in the Ire1p NLS that inhibit nuclear localization and also requires functional RanGAP and Ran GEF proteins. The NLS-dependent nuclear localization of Ire1p would thus seem to be central to its role in UPR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Goffin
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sadanand Vodala
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine Fraser
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Timms
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarina Meusburger
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chong-Yun Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mary-Jane H. Gething
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Catimel B, Layton M, Church N, Ross J, Condron M, Faux M, Simpson RJ, Burgess AW, Nice EC. In situ phosphorylation of immobilized receptors on biosensor surfaces: application to E-cadherin/beta-catenin interactions. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:277-88. [PMID: 16945320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a key posttranslational modification for modulating biological interactions. Biosensor technology is ideally suited for examining in real time the role of phosphorylation on protein-protein interactions in signaling pathways. We have developed processes for on-chip phosphorylation of immobilized receptors on biosensor surfaces. These processes have been used to analyze E-cadherin/beta-catenin interactions. Phosphorylation of the intracellular domain (ICD) of E-cadherin modulates its affinity to beta-catenin and consequently the strength of cell-cell adhesion. We have phosphorylated immobilized E-cadherin ICD in situ using casein kinase 1 (CK1), casein kinase 2 (CK2), and src. On-chip phosphorylation of E-cadherin was confirmed using anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. The binding of beta-catenin to E-cadherin was analyzed quantitatively. CK1 phosphorylation of E-cadherin increased the binding affinity to beta-catenin from approximately 230 to 4 nM. A similar increase in affinity, from 260 to 4 nM, was obtained with CK2 phosphorylation of E-cadherin. However, phosphorylation by src kinase decreased the affinity constant from approximately 260 nM to 4 microM. Interestingly, phosphorylation of E-cadherin by CK1 or CK2 prevented the inhibition of beta-catenin binding by src phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
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34
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35
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Wade JD, Hojo K, Kawasaki K, Johns TG, Catimel B, Rothacker J, Nice EC. An automated peptide and protein thiazolidine coupling chemistry for biosensor immobilization giving a unique N-terminal orientation. Anal Biochem 2005; 348:315-7. [PMID: 16310754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D Wade
- Howard Florey Institute for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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36
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Damasceno LM, Pla I, Chang HJ, Cohen L, Ritter G, Old LJ, Batt CA. An optimized fermentation process for high-level production of a single-chain Fv antibody fragment in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 37:18-26. [PMID: 15294276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a humanized single-chain variable domain fragment antibody (A33scFv) was optimized for Pichia pastoris with yields exceeding 4 g L(-1). A33scFv recognizes a cell surface glycoprotein (designated A33) expressed in colon cancer that serves as a target antigen for immunotherapy of colon cancer. P. pastoris with a MutS phenotype was selected to express A33scFv, which was cloned under regulation of the methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter. We report the optimization of A33scFv production by examining methanol concentrations using fermentation technology with an on-line methanol control in fed-batch fermentation of P. pastoris. In addition, we examined the effect of pH on A33scFv production and biomass accumulation during the methanol induction phase. A33scFv production was found to increase with higher methanol concentrations, reaching 4.3 g L(-1) after 72 h induction with 0.5% (v/v) methanol. Protein production was also greatly affected by pH, resulting in higher yields (e.g., 4.88 g L(-1)) at lower pH values. Biomass accumulation did not seem to vary when cells were induced at different pH values, but was greatly affected by lower concentration of methanol. Purification of A33scFv from clarified medium was done using a two-step chromatographic procedure using anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, resulting in 25% recovery and >90% purity. Pure A33scFv was tested for functionality using surface plasmon resonance and showed activity against immobilized A33 antigen. Our results demonstrate that functional A33scFv can be produced in sufficient quantities using P. pastoris for use in further functionality studies and diagnostic applications.
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37
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Kelly LS, Kozak M, Walker T, Pierce M, Puett D. Lectin immunoassays using antibody fragments to detect glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by choriocarcinoma cells. Anal Biochem 2005; 338:253-62. [PMID: 15745745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized antibodies are commonly used to recognize and bind proteins of interest from heterogeneous samples; however, subsequent probing of the glycan(s) of captured glycoproteins with lectins is limited by interference due to the competing oligosaccharides inherently present on antibodies. To prepare capture antibodies with significantly reduced binding of any lectin, the glycosylated protein domains (F(c)) of two anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies were proteolytically removed. Depending on the individual antibody, usable fragments were generated either directly or effectively separated after cleavage through partial reduction and thiol coupling to an appropriate matrix. Importantly, neither method required additional purification of the antibody fragments before immobilization. Binding of a variety of lectins to the functional fragments was reduced by approximately 90% compared with intact immunoglobulin G in both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a biosensor format. These carbohydrate-free antibody fragments were used to bind the glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, produced during normal pregnancy and that secreted by three human choriocarcinoma cell lines. Lectins bound to the unpurified gonadotropin glycoforms in distinct patterns consistent with glycan structures previously elucidated by others on hormone samples purified from the urine of pregnant women and of patients with choriocarcinoma. The methods described in this article are applicable for generating capture reagents universally suitable for lectin immunoassays of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Kelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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38
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Goodchild S, Love T, Hopkins N, Mayers C. Engineering Antibodies for Biosensor Technologies. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2005; 58C:185-226. [PMID: 16543034 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(05)58006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goodchild
- Dstl, Detection Department, Porton Down Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 OJQ, United Kingdom
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39
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Brogan KL, Shin JH, Schoenfisch MH. Influence of surfactants and antibody immobilization strategy on reducing nonspecific protein interactions for molecular recognition force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:9729-9735. [PMID: 15491208 DOI: 10.1021/la048437y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specific and nonspecific interactions between antibody-modified probes and substrate-immobilized proteins were monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Probes were modified with anti-ovalbumin IgG antibodies immobilized in either an oriented or a random manner. The oriented immobilization of whole IgG was accomplished through the use of Protein A, and random immobilization was carried out with glutaraldehyde. Nonspecific interactions may lead to false detection of antibody-antigen binding events even when the antigen binding sites are properly positioned by an oriented immobilization strategy. Thus, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, including Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-100, and CHAPS, were evaluated to determine if nonspecific binding events could be reduced without compromising the desired specific antibody-antigen binding. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance assays were also employed to study antibody-antigen binding as a function of immobilization strategy and surfactant concentration. The data from these studies indicate that Protein A can be used to immobilize whole IgG onto AFM probes for force measurement experiments and that a surfactant is useful for improving the selectivity for such measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Brogan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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40
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Deckert PM, Renner C, Cohen LS, Jungbluth A, Ritter G, Bertino JR, Old LJ, Welt S. A33scFv-cytosine deaminase: a recombinant protein construct for antibody-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:937-9. [PMID: 12644833 PMCID: PMC2377093 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant fusion protein of colon carcinoma binding A33 single chain antibody with cytosine deaminase displayed specific antigen binding and enzyme activity in surface plasmon resonance and is catalytic activity assay. In vitro, it selectively increased the toxicity of 5-FC to A33 antigen-positive cells by 300-fold, demonstrating the potency of this ADEPT strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Deckert
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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41
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House CM, Frew IJ, Huang HL, Wiche G, Traficante N, Nice E, Catimel B, Bowtell DDL. A binding motif for Siah ubiquitin ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3101-6. [PMID: 12626763 PMCID: PMC152253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0534783100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila SINA (seven in absentia) protein and its mammalian orthologs (Siah, seven in absentia homolog) are RING domain proteins that function in E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes and facilitate ubiquitination and degradation of a wide range of cellular proteins, including beta-catenin. Despite these diverse targets, the means by which SINASiah recognize substrates or binding proteins has remained unknown. Here we identify a peptide motif (RPVAxVxPxxR) that mediates the interaction of Siah protein with a range of protein partners. Sequence alignment and mutagenesis scanning revealed residues that are important to this interaction. This consensus sequence correctly predicted a high-affinity interaction with a peptide from the cytoskeletal protein plectin-1 (residues 95-117). The unusually high-affinity binding obtained with a 23-residue peptide (K(Dapp) = 29 nM with SINA) suggests that it may serve as a useful dominant negative reagent for SINASiah proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M House
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne 8006, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Andreu D, Gomes P. Binding of small peptides to immobilized antibodies: kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2002; Chapter 18:18.9.1-18.9.22. [PMID: 18432876 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1809s50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes a method for screening small viral peptides as specific antigens using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The basic protocol in this unit is suited for direct single-step SPR analysis of small ligand-large receptor interactions, where small peptides are used as analytes (injected in the continuous buffer flow) and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are immobilized on the SPR sensor chip surface. An alternate protocol is included for situations where kinetic analysis is not possible and uses a surface competition assay to indirectly measure the kinetics of small analyte binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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43
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Tripet B, De Crescenzo G, Grothe S, O'Connor-McCourt M, Hodges RS. Kinetic analysis of the interactions between troponin C and the C-terminal troponin I regulatory region and validation of a new peptide delivery/capture system used for surface plasmon resonance. J Mol Biol 2002; 323:345-62. [PMID: 12381325 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy, the apparent kinetic constants, k(on) and k(off), and equilibrium dissociation constant, K(d), have been determined for the binding interaction between rabbit skeletal troponin C (TnC) and rabbit skeletal troponin I (TnI) regulatory region peptides: TnI(96-115), TnI(96-131) and TnI(96-139). To carry out SPR analysis, a new peptide delivery/capture system was utilized in which the TnI peptides were conjugated to the E-coil strand of a de novo designed heterodimeric coiled-coil domain. The TnI peptide conjugates were then captured via dimerization to the opposite strand (K-coil), which was immobilized on the biosensor surface. TnC was then injected over the biosensor surface for quantitative binding analysis. For fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, the environmentally sensitive fluoroprobe 5-((((2-iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)amino) naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (1,5-IAEDANS) was covalently linked to Cys98 of TnC and free TnI peptides were added. SPR analysis yielded equilibrium dissociation constants for TnC (plus Ca(2+)) binding to the C-terminal TnI regulatory peptides TnI(96-131) and TnI(96-139) of 89nM and 58nM, respectively. The apparent association and dissociation rate constants for each interaction were k(on)=2.3x10(5)M(-1)s(-1), 2.0x10(5)M(-1)s(-1) and k(off)=2.0x10(-2)s(-1), 1.2x10(-2)s(-1) for TnI(96-131) and TnI(96-139) peptides, respectively. These results were consistent with those obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis: K(d) being equal to 130nM and 56nM for TnC-TnI(96-131) and TnC-TnI(96-139), respectively. Interestingly, although the inhibitory region peptide (TnI(96-115)) was observed to bind with an affinity similar to that of TnI(96-131) by fluorescence analysis (K(d)=380nM), its binding was not detected by SPR. Subsequent investigations examining salt effects suggested that the binding mechanism for the inhibitory region peptide is best characterized by an electrostatically driven fast on-rate ( approximately 1x10(8) to 1x10(9)M(-1)s(-1)) and a fast off-rate ( approximately 1x10(2)s(-1)). Taken together, the determination of these kinetic rate constants permits a clearer view of the interactions between the TnC and TnI proteins of the troponin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tripet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Abstract
Optical biosensors that exploit surface plasmon resonance, waveguides and resonant mirrors have been used widely over the past decade to analyse biomolecular interactions. These sensors allow the determination of the affinity and kinetics of a wide variety of molecular interactions in real time, without the need for a molecular tag or label. Advances in instrumentation and experimental design have led to the increasing application of optical biosensors in many areas of drug discovery, including target identification, ligand fishing, assay development, lead selection, early ADME and manufacturing quality control. This article reviews important advances in optical-biosensor instrumentation and applications, and also highlights some exciting developments, such as highly multiplexed optical-biosensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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45
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Schlecht U, Nomura Y, Bachmann T, Karube I. Reversible surface thiol immobilization of carboxyl group containing haptens to a BIAcore biosensor chip enabling repeated usage of a single sensor surface. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:188-93. [PMID: 11906254 DOI: 10.1021/bc0100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a reversible immobilization method for carboxyl group containing haptens that makes the repeated usage of a BIAcore biosensor chip possible. Haptens which are immobilized according to the surface thiol method can be removed completely from the sensor surface again by a reducing step. In the first part of our study, analogues of the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid were immobilized in succession to a biosensor surface of a BIAcore surface plasmon resonance instrument according to the thiol coupling method. Direct kinetic analysis of these ligands to a polyclonal anti-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid antibody were performed using these biosensor surfaces. In the second part of the study, different amounts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were sequentially immobilized onto the same biosensor surface in order to generate a calibration plot for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Using this plot, the quantitative detection of the herbicide down to a concentration of 0.1 microg/mL, the maximum admissible concentration of pesticides in drinking water, is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schlecht
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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46
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Catimel B, Rothacker J, Nice E. The use of biosensors for microaffinity purification: an integrated approach to proteomics. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2001; 49:289-312. [PMID: 11694286 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Catimel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Post Office Box 2008, Victoria 3050, Australia
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47
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Mäkinen T, Veikkola T, Mustjoki S, Karpanen T, Catimel B, Nice EC, Wise L, Mercer A, Kowalski H, Kerjaschki D, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Alitalo K. Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C/D receptor VEGFR-3. EMBO J 2001; 20:4762-73. [PMID: 11532940 PMCID: PMC125596 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.17.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3/Flt4) binds two known members of the VEGF ligand family, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and has a critical function in the remodelling of the primary capillary vasculature of midgestation embryos. Later during development, VEGFR-3 regulates the growth and maintenance of the lymphatic vessels. In the present study, we have isolated and cultured stable lineages of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells from human primary microvascular endothelium by using antibodies against the extracellular domain of VEGFR-3. We show that VEGFR-3 stimulation alone protects the lymphatic endothelial cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and induces their growth and migration. At least some of these signals are transduced via a protein kinase C-dependent activation of the p42/p44 MAPK signalling cascade and via a wortmannin-sensitive induction of Akt phosphorylation. These results define the critical role of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signalling in the growth and survival of lymphatic endothelial cells. The culture of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells should now allow further studies of the molecular properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satu Mustjoki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Bruno Catimel
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Lyn Wise
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Andrew Mercer
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Steven A. Stacker
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Marc G. Achen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
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48
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Elleman TC, Domagala T, McKern NM, Nerrie M, Lönnqvist B, Adams TE, Lewis J, Lovrecz GO, Hoyne PA, Richards KM, Howlett GJ, Rothacker J, Jorissen RN, Lou M, Garrett TP, Burgess AW, Nice EC, Ward CW. Identification of a determinant of epidermal growth factor receptor ligand-binding specificity using a truncated, high-affinity form of the ectodomain. Biochemistry 2001; 40:8930-9. [PMID: 11467954 DOI: 10.1021/bi010037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine and human epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) bind human EGF (hEGF), mouse EGF (mEGF), and human transforming growth factor alpha (hTGF-alpha) with high affinity despite the significant differences in the amino acid sequences of the ligands and the receptors. In contrast, the chicken EGFR can discriminate between mEGF (and hEGF) and hTGF-alpha and binds the EGFs with approximately 100-fold lower affinity. The regions responsible for this poor binding are known to be Arg(45) in hEGF and the L2 domain in the chicken EGFR. In this study we have produced a truncated form of the hEGFR ectodomain comprising residues 1-501 (sEGFR501), which, unlike the full-length hEGFR ectodomain (residues 1-621, sEGFR621), binds hEGF and hTGF-alpha with high affinity (K(D) = 13-21 and 35-40 nM, respectively). sEGFR501 was a competitive inhibitor of EGF-stimulated mitogenesis, being almost 10-fold more effective than the full-length EGFR ectodomain and three times more potent than the neutralizing anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody Mab528. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that the primary EGF binding sites on sEGFR501 were saturated at an equimolar ratio of ligand and receptor, leading to the formation of a 2:2 EGF:sEGFR501 dimer complex. We have used sEGFR501 to generate three mutants with single position substitutions at Glu(367), Gly(441), or Glu(472) to Lys, the residue found in the corresponding positions in the chicken EGFR. All three mutants bound hTGF-alpha and were recognized by Mab528. However, mutant Gly(441)Lys showed markedly reduced binding to hEGF, implicating Gly(441), in the L2 domain, as part of the binding site that recognizes Arg(45) of hEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Elleman
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Baldwin ME, Catimel B, Nice EC, Roufail S, Hall NE, Stenvers KL, Karkkainen MJ, Alitalo K, Stacker SA, Achen MG. The specificity of receptor binding by vascular endothelial growth factor-d is different in mouse and man. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19166-71. [PMID: 11279005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100097200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) binds and activates VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors expressed on vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. As VEGFR-2 signals for angiogenesis and VEGFR-3 is thought to signal for lymphangiogenesis, it was proposed that VEGF-D stimulates growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels into regions of embryos and tumors. Here we report the unexpected finding that mouse VEGF-D fails to bind mouse VEGFR-2 but binds and cross-links VEGFR-3 as demonstrated by biosensor analysis with immobilized receptor domains and bioassays of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 cross-linking. Mutation of amino acids in mouse VEGF-D to those in the human homologue indicated that residues important for the VEGFR-2 interaction are clustered at, or are near, the predicted receptor-binding surface. Coordinated expression of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in mouse embryos was detected in the developing skin where the VEGF-D gene was expressed in a layer of cells beneath the developing epidermis and VEGFR-3 was localized on a network of vessels immediately beneath the VEGF-D-positive cells. This suggests that VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 may play a role in establishing vessels of the skin by a paracrine mechanism. Our study of receptor specificity suggests that VEGF-D may have different biological functions in mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baldwin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Post Office Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050 Australia
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Use of thiazolidine-mediated ligation for site specific biotinylation of mouse EGF for biosensor immobilisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02446519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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