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Hubacek JA, Adamkova V, Lanska V, Stanek V, Mrazkova J, Gebauerova M, Kettner J, Kautzner J, Pitha J. APOL1 polymorphisms are not influencing acute coronary syndrome risk in Czech males. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2449. [PMID: 39171649 PMCID: PMC11339648 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highest mortality and morbidity worldwide is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which has in background both environmental and genetic risk factors. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variability influences the risk of ASCVD in Africans, but little is known about the APOL1 and ASCVD in other ethnic groups. METHODS To investigate the role of APOL1 and ASCVD, we have genotyped four (rs13056427, rs136147, rs10854688 and rs9610473) APOL1 polymorphisms in a group of 1541 male patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and 1338 male controls. RESULTS Individual APOL1 polymorphisms were not associated with traditional CVD risk factors such as smoking, hypertension or diabetes prevalence, with BMI values or plasma lipid levels. Neither individual polymorphisms nor haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of ACS nor did they predict total or cardiovascular mortality over the 10.2 ± 3.9 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that APOL1 genetic variability has no major effect on risk of ACS in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A. Hubacek
- Experimental Medicine CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vera Adamkova
- Preventive Cardiology CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Vera Lanska
- Department of InformaticsInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimir Stanek
- Cardiology DepartmentInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jolana Mrazkova
- Experimental Medicine CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Marie Gebauerova
- Cardiology DepartmentInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiri Kettner
- Cardiology DepartmentInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Josef Kautzner
- Cardiology DepartmentInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Pitha
- Experimental Medicine CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
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2
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Adeva-Andany MM, Funcasta-Calderón R, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E, Vila-Altesor M, Castro-Quintela E. The metabolic effects of APOL1 in humans. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02821-z. [PMID: 37261508 PMCID: PMC10233197 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Harboring apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variants coded by the G1 or G2 alleles of the APOL1 gene increases the risk for collapsing glomerulopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, albuminuria, chronic kidney disease, and accelerated kidney function decline towards end-stage kidney disease. However, most subjects carrying APOL1 variants do not develop the kidney phenotype unless a second clinical condition adds to the genotype, indicating that modifying factors modulate the genotype-phenotype correlation. Subjects with an APOL1 high-risk genotype are more likely to develop essential hypertension or obesity, suggesting that carriers of APOL1 risk variants experience more pronounced insulin resistance compared to noncarriers. Likewise, arterionephrosclerosis (the pathological correlate of hypertension-associated nephropathy) and glomerulomegaly take place among carriers of APOL1 risk variants, and these pathological changes are also present in conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as essential hypertension, aging, and diabetes. Insulin resistance may contribute to the clinical features associated with the APOL1 high-risk genotype. Unlike carriers of wild-type APOL1, bearers of APOL1 variants show impaired formation of lipid droplets, which may contribute to inducing insulin resistance. Nascent lipid droplets normally detach from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, although the proteins that enable this process remain to be fully defined. Wild-type APOL1 is located in the lipid droplet, whereas mutated APOL1 remains sited at the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that normal APOL1 may participate in lipid droplet biogenesis. The defective formation of lipid droplets is associated with insulin resistance, which in turn may modulate the clinical phenotype present in carriers of APOL1 risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Raquel Funcasta-Calderón
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Fernández
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Eva Ameneiros-Rodríguez
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Matilde Vila-Altesor
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Elvira Castro-Quintela
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
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3
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Fan W, Cao W, Shi J, Gao F, Wang M, Xu L, Wang F, Li Y, Guo R, Bian Z, Li W, Jiang Z, Ma W. Contributions of bone marrow monocytes/macrophages in myeloproliferative neoplasms with JAK2 V617F mutation. Ann Hematol 2023:10.1007/s00277-023-05284-5. [PMID: 37233774 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The classic BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is a highly heterogeneous hematologic tumor that includes three subtypes, namely polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Despite having the same JAK2V617F mutation, the clinical manifestations of these three subtypes of MPN differ significantly, which suggests that the bone marrow (BM) immune microenvironment may also play an important role. In recent years, several studies have shown that peripheral blood monocytes play an important role in promoting MPN. However, to date, the role of BM monocytes/macrophages in MPN and their transcriptomic alterations remain incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of BM monocytes/macrophages in MPN patients with the JAK2V617F mutation. MPN patients with the JAK2V617F mutation were enrolled in this study. We investigated the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the BM of MPN patients, using flow cytometry, monocyte/macrophage enrichment sorting, cytospins and Giemsa-Wright staining, and RNA-seq. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also used to detect the correlation between BM monocytes/macrophages and the MPN phenotype. In the present study, the proportion of CD163+ monocytes/macrophages increased significantly in all three subtypes of MPN. Interestingly, the percentages of CD163+ monocytes/macrophages are positively correlated with HGB in PV patients and PLT in ET patients. In contrast, the percentages of CD163+ monocytes/macrophages are negatively correlated with HGB and PLT in PMF patients. It was also found that CD14+CD16+ monocytes/macrophages increased and correlated with MPN clinical phenotypes. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that the transcriptional expressions of monocytes/macrophages in MPN patients are relatively distinct. Gene expression profiles of BM monocytes/macrophages suggest a specialized function in support of megakaryopoiesis in ET patients. In contrast, BM monocytes/macrophages yielded a heterogeneous status in the support or inhibition of erythropoiesis. Significantly, BM monocytes/macrophages shaped an inflammatory microenvironment, which, in turn, promotes myelofibrosis. Thus, we characterized the roles of increased monocytes/macrophages in the occurrence and progression of MPNs. Our findings of the comprehensive transcriptomic characterization of BM monocytes/macrophages provide important resources to serve as a basis for future studies and future targets for the treatment of MPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Fan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fengcai Gao
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yingmei Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
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Valdez Imbert R, Hti Lar Seng NS, Stokes MB, Jim B. Obesity-related glomerulopathy in the presence of APOL1 risk alleles. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e249624. [PMID: 35985743 PMCID: PMC9396144 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk alleles (G1/G2) have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, HIV-associated nephropathy, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated collapsing glomerulopathy and other glomerulonephritides. These alleles confer protection from Trypanosoma brucei infections which are enriched in sub-Saharan African populations. We present a young woman with obesity, hypertension, subnephrotic range proteinuria who was found to have obesity-related glomerulopathy on kidney biopsy while harbouring two high-risk APOL1 alleles (G1/G2). Given the potential effects on lipid metabolism and their association with obesity, the presence of APOL1 risk alleles may impact cardiovascular health in addition to renal disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Valdez Imbert
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nang San Hti Lar Seng
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael B Stokes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Belinda Jim
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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5
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Hok-A-Hin YS, Dijkstra AA, Rábano A, Hoozemans JJ, Castillo L, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Pijnenburg YAL, Teunissen CE, Del Campo M. Apolipoprotein L1 is increased in frontotemporal lobar degeneration post-mortem brain but not in ante-mortem cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105813. [PMID: 35820647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is caused by frontal-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), characterized mainly by brain protein aggregates of tau (FTLD-Tau) or TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP). The clinicopathological heterogeneity makes ante-mortem diagnosis of these pathological subtypes challenging. Our proteomics study showed increased Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) levels in CSF from FTD patients, which was prominently expressed in FTLD-Tau. We aimed to understand APOL1 expression in FTLD post-mortem brain tissue and to validate its potential as a CSF biomarker for FTD and its pathological subtypes. METHODS APOL1 levels were analyzed in the frontal cortex of FTLD (including FTLD-Tau and FTLD-TDP) and non-demented controls by immunohistochemistry (FTLD total = 18 (12 FTLD-Tau and 6 FTLD-TDP); controls = 9), western blot (WB), and a novel prototype ELISA (FTLD total = 44 (21 FTLD-Tau and 23 FTLD-TDP); controls = 9). The association of APOL1 immunoreactivity with phosphorylated Tau (pTau) and TDP-43 (pTDP-43) immunoreactivity was assessed. CSF APOL1 was analyzed in confirmed FTD patients (n = 27, including 12 FTLD-Tau and 15 FTLD-TDP) and controls (n = 15) using the same ELISA. RESULTS APOL1 levels were significantly increased in FTLD post-mortem tissue compared to controls as measured by immunohistochemistry, WB, and ELISA. However, no differences between the pathological subtypes were observed. APOL1 immunoreactivity was present in neuronal and glial cells but did not co-localize with pTau or pTDP-43. CSF APOL1 levels were comparable between FTD patients and controls and between pathological subtypes. CONCLUSION APOL1 is upregulated in FTLD pathology irrespective of the subtypes, indicating a role of this novel protein in FTD pathophysiology. The APOL1 levels detected in brain tissue were not mirrored in the CSF, limiting its potential as a specific FTD biofluid-based biomarker using our current immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, the Netherlands.
| | - Anke A Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Rábano
- CIEN Tissue Bank, Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofía-CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen J Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Lucía Castillo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Centre Amsterdam and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centers, the Netherlands; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo- CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Pan X. The Roles of Fatty Acids and Apolipoproteins in the Kidneys. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050462. [PMID: 35629966 PMCID: PMC9145954 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are organs that require energy from the metabolism of fatty acids and glucose; several studies have shown that the kidneys are metabolically active tissues with an estimated energy requirement similar to that of the heart. The kidneys may regulate the normal and pathological function of circulating lipids in the body, and their glomerular filtration barrier prevents large molecules or large lipoprotein particles from being filtered into pre-urine. Given the permeable nature of the kidneys, renal lipid metabolism plays an important role in affecting the rest of the body and the kidneys. Lipid metabolism in the kidneys is important because of the exchange of free fatty acids and apolipoproteins from the peripheral circulation. Apolipoproteins have important roles in the transport and metabolism of lipids within the glomeruli and renal tubules. Indeed, evidence indicates that apolipoproteins have multiple functions in regulating lipid import, transport, synthesis, storage, oxidation and export, and they are important for normal physiological function. Apolipoproteins are also risk factors for several renal diseases; for example, apolipoprotein L polymorphisms induce kidney diseases. Furthermore, renal apolipoprotein gene expression is substantially regulated under various physiological and disease conditions. This review is aimed at describing recent clinical and basic studies on the major roles and functions of apolipoproteins in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, NY 11501, USA;
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Langone Hospital—Long Island, Mineola, New York, NY 11501, USA
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7
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Daneshpajouhnejad P, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Rosenberg AZ. The evolving story of apolipoprotein L1 nephropathy: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:307-320. [PMID: 35217848 PMCID: PMC8877744 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic coding variants in APOL1, which encodes apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), were identified in 2010 and are relatively common among individuals of sub-Saharan African ancestry. Approximately 13% of African Americans carry two APOL1 risk alleles. These variants, termed G1 and G2, are a frequent cause of kidney disease — termed APOL1 nephropathy — that typically manifests as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and the clinical syndrome of hypertension and arterionephrosclerosis. Cell culture studies suggest that APOL1 variants cause cell dysfunction through several processes, including alterations in cation channel activity, inflammasome activation, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of protein kinase R, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of APOL1 ubiquitinylation. Risk of APOL1 nephropathy is mostly confined to individuals with two APOL1 risk variants. However, only a minority of individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles develop kidney disease, suggesting the need for a ‘second hit’. The best recognized factor responsible for this ‘second hit’ is a chronic viral infection, particularly HIV-1, resulting in interferon-mediated activation of the APOL1 promoter, although most individuals with APOL1 nephropathy do not have an obvious cofactor. Current therapies for APOL1 nephropathies are not adequate to halt progression of chronic kidney disease, and new targeted molecular therapies are in clinical trials. This Review summarizes current understanding of the role of APOL1 variants in kidney disease. The authors discuss the genetics, protein structure and biological functions of APOL1 variants and provide an overview of promising therapeutic strategies. In contrast to other APOL family members, which are primarily intracellular, APOL1 contains a unique secretory signal peptide, resulting in its secretion into plasma. APOL1 renal risk alleles provide protection from African human trypanosomiasis but are a risk factor for progressive kidney disease in those carrying two risk alleles. APOL1 risk allele frequency is ~35% in the African American population in the United States, with ~13% of individuals having two risk alleles; the highest allele frequencies are found in West African populations and their descendants. Cell and mouse models implicate endolysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, altered ion channel activity, altered autophagy, and activation of protein kinase R in the pathogenesis of APOL1-associated kidney disease; however, the relevance of these injury pathways to human disease has not been resolved. APOL1 kidney disease tends to be progressive, and current standard therapies are generally ineffective; targeted therapeutic strategies hold the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Genetic factors contributing to late adverse musculoskeletal effects in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:19-24. [PMID: 34446917 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) suffer from treatment-related late adverse effects. While multiple studies have identified the effects of chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy on musculoskeletal outcomes, few have investigated their associations with genetic factors. METHODS Here we analyzed musculoskeletal complications in relation to common and rare genetic variants derived through whole-exome sequencing of the PETALE cohort. Top-ranking associations were further assessed through stratified and multivariate analyses. RESULTS DUOX2 variant was associated with skeletal muscle function deficit, as defined by peak muscle power Z score ≤ -2 SD (P = 4.5 × 10-5 for genotyping model). Upon risk stratification analysis, common variants in the APOL3, COL12A1, and LY75 genes were associated with Z score ≤ -2 SD at the cross-sectional area (CSA) at 4% radial length and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in high-risk patients (P ≤ 0.01). The modulation of the effect by risk group was driven by the interaction of the genotype with cumulative glucocorticoid dose. Identified variants remained significant throughout multivariate analyses incorporating non-genetic factors of the studied cohort. CONCLUSION This exploratory study identified novel genetic variants associated with long-term musculoskeletal impairments in childhood ALL survivors. Replication in an independent cohort is needed to confirm the association found in this study.
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9
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Pant J, Giovinazzo JA, Tuka LS, Peña D, Raper J, Thomson R. Apolipoproteins L1-6 share key cation channel-regulating residues but have different membrane insertion and ion conductance properties. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100951. [PMID: 34252458 PMCID: PMC8358165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein L gene family encodes the apolipoprotein L1-6 (APOL1-6) proteins, which are effectors of the innate immune response to viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites. Due to a high degree of similarity between APOL proteins, it is often assumed that they have similar functions to APOL1, which forms cation channels in planar lipid bilayers and membranes resulting in cytolytic activity. However, the channel properties of the remaining APOL proteins have not been reported. Here, we used transient overexpression and a planar lipid bilayer system to study the function of APOL proteins. By measuring lactate dehydrogenase release, we found that APOL1, APOL3, and APOL6 were cytolytic, whereas APOL2, APOL4, and APOL5 were not. Cells expressing APOL1 or APOL3, but not APOL6, developed a distinctive swollen morphology. In planar lipid bilayers, recombinant APOL1 and APOL2 required an acidic environment for the insertion of each protein into the membrane bilayer to form an ion conductance channel. In contrast, recombinant APOL3, APOL4, and APOL5 readily inserted into bilayers to form ion conductance at neutral pH, but required a positive voltage on the side of insertion. Despite these differences in membrane insertion properties, the ion conductances formed by APOL1-4 were similarly pH-dependent and cation-selective, consistent with conservation of the pore-lining region in each protein. Thus, despite structural conservation, the APOL proteins are functionally different. We propose that these proteins interact with different membranes and under different voltage and pH conditions within a cell to effect innate immunity to different microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Joseph A Giovinazzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lilit S Tuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darwin Peña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA; PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.
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10
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Schaub C, Lee P, Racho-Jansen A, Giovinazzo J, Terra N, Raper J, Thomson R. Coiled-coil binding of the leucine zipper domains of APOL1 is necessary for the open cation channel conformation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101009. [PMID: 34331942 PMCID: PMC8446801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1) is a channel-forming effector of innate immunity. The common human APOL1 variant G0 provides protection against infection with certain Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasite species, but it cannot protect against the trypanosomes responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Human APOL1 variants G1 and G2 protect against human-infective trypanosomes but also confer a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Trypanosome-killing activity is dependent on the ability of APOL1 to insert into membranes at acidic pH and form pH-gated cation channels. We previously mapped the channel’s pore-lining region to the C-terminal domain (residues 332–398) and identified a membrane-insertion domain (MID, residues 177–228) that facilitates acidic pH-dependent membrane insertion. In this article, we further investigate structural determinants of cation channel formation by APOL1. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and targeted chemical modification, our data indicate that the C-terminal heptad-repeat sequence (residues 368–395) is a bona fide leucine zipper domain (ZIP) that is required for cation channel formation as well as lysis of trypanosomes and mammalian cells. Using protein-wide cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, coupled with the substituted cysteine accessibility method, we determined that, in the open channel state, both the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal ZIP domain are exposed on the intralumenal/extracellular side of the membrane and provide evidence that each APOL1 monomer contributes four transmembrane domains to the open cation channel conformation. Based on these data, we propose an oligomeric topology model in which the open APOL1 cation channel is assembled from the coiled-coil association of C-terminal ZIP domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schaub
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Penny Lee
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; John Jay College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Alisha Racho-Jansen
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Joe Giovinazzo
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nada Terra
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA.
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11
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Ultsch M, Holliday MJ, Gerhardy S, Moran P, Scales SJ, Gupta N, Oltrabella F, Chiu C, Fairbrother W, Eigenbrot C, Kirchhofer D. Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif. Commun Biol 2021; 4:916. [PMID: 34316015 PMCID: PMC8316464 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is a circulating innate immunity protein protecting against trypanosome infection. However, two ApoL1 coding variants are associated with a highly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Here we present X-ray and NMR structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ApoL1 and of its closest relative ApoL2. In both proteins, four of the five NTD helices form a four-helix core structure which is different from the classical four-helix bundle and from the pore-forming domain of colicin A. The reactivity with a conformation-specific antibody and structural models predict that this four-helix motif is also present in the NTDs of ApoL3 and ApoL4, suggesting related functions within the small ApoL family. The long helix 5 of ApoL1 is conformationally flexible and contains the BH3-like region. This BH3-like α-helix resembles true BH3 domains only in sequence and structure but not in function, since it does not bind to the pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent role in cytotoxicity. These findings should expedite a more comprehensive structural and functional understanding of the ApoL immune protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ultsch
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Holliday
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Moran
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Fairbrother
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Lack of APOL1 in proximal tubules of normal human kidneys and proteinuric APOL1 transgenic mouse kidneys. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253197. [PMID: 34138902 PMCID: PMC8211208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of pathogenesis associated with APOL1 polymorphisms and risk for non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not fully understood. Prior studies have minimized a causal role for the circulating APOL1 protein, thus efforts to understand kidney pathogenesis have focused on APOL1 expressed in renal cells. Of the kidney cells reported to express APOL1, the proximal tubule expression patterns are inconsistent in published reports, and whether APOL1 is synthesized by the proximal tubule or possibly APOL1 protein in the blood is filtered and reabsorbed by the proximal tubule remains unclear. Using both protein and mRNA in situ methods, the kidney expression pattern of APOL1 was examined in normal human and APOL1 bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice with and without proteinuria. APOL1 protein and mRNA was detected in podocytes and endothelial cells, but not in tubular epithelia. In the setting of proteinuria, plasma APOL1 protein did not appear to be filtered or reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. A side-by-side examination of commercial antibodies used in prior studies suggest the original reports of APOL1 in proximal tubules likely reflects antibody non-specificity. As such, APOL1 expression in podocytes and endothelia should remain the focus for mechanistic studies in the APOL1-mediated kidney diseases.
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13
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Cornelissen A, Fuller DT, Fernandez R, Zhao X, Kutys R, Binns-Roemer E, Delsante M, Sakamoto A, Paek KH, Sato Y, Kawakami R, Mori M, Kawai K, Yoshida T, Latt KZ, Miller CL, de Vries PS, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Shin MK, Hoek M, Heymann J, Kopp JB, Rosenberg AZ, Davis HR, Guo L, Finn AV. APOL1 Genetic Variants Are Associated With Increased Risk of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture in the Black Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2201-2214. [PMID: 34039022 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cornelissen
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.).,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany (A.C.)
| | - Daniela T Fuller
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Raquel Fernandez
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Robert Kutys
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Binns-Roemer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD (E.B.-R.)
| | - Marco Delsante
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.).,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Università di Parma, UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Italy (M.D.)
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Ka Hyun Paek
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | | | - Rika Kawakami
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Masayuki Mori
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Kenji Kawai
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (C.L.M.)
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (P.S.d.V.)
| | - Frank D Kolodgie
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.)
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.D., T.Y., K.Z.L., J.H., J.B.K., A.Z.R.).,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (A.Z.R.)
| | - Harry R Davis
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.)
| | - Aloke V Finn
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., D.T.F., R.F., X.Z., R. Kutys, A.S, K.H.P., Y.S., R. Kawakami, M.M., K.K., F.D.K., R.V., H.R.D., L.G., A.V.F.).,School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (A.V.F.)
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14
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Zhou C, Li AH, Liu S, Sun H. Identification of an 11-Autophagy-Related-Gene Signature as Promising Prognostic Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Patients. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050375. [PMID: 33925460 PMCID: PMC8146553 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Human bladder cancer, one of the most common cancers worldwide, is a molecularly heterogenous and complex disease. Identifying novel prognostic biomarkers and establishing new predictive signatures are important for personalized medicine and effective treatment of bladder cancer patients. Autophagy, a cell self-maintenance process that removes damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, displays both tumor promotion and suppression activities. The aim of our study is to investigate the function of autophagy-related genes in bladder cancer with the main focus on their contribution to prognostic outcome. By analyzing data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified 32 autophagy-related genes that were highly associated with overall survival of bladder cancer patients. Further statistical assessment established an 11-autophagy-related-gene signature as an effective prognostic biomarker to predict the survival outcomes of bladder cancer patients. Abstract Background: Survival rates for highly invasive bladder cancer (BC) patients have been very low, with a 5-year survival rate of 6%. Accurate prediction of tumor progression and survival is important for diagnosis and therapeutic decisions for BC patients. Our study aims to develop an autophagy-related-gene (ARG) signature that helps to predict the survival of BC patients. Methods: RNA-seq data of 403 BC patients were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma (TCGA-BLCA) database. Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify overall survival (OS)-related ARGs. The Lasso Cox regression model was applied to establish an ARG signature in the TCGA training cohort (N = 203). The performance of the 11-gene ARG signature was further evaluated in a training cohort and an independent validation cohort (N = 200) using Kaplan-Meier OS curve analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: Our study identified an 11-gene ARG signature that is significantly associated with OS, including APOL1, ATG4B, BAG1, CASP3, DRAM1, ITGA3, KLHL24, P4HB, PRKCD, ULK2, and WDR45. The ARGs-derived high-risk bladder cancer patients exhibited significantly poor OS in both training and validation cohorts. The prognostic model showed good predictive efficacy, with the area under the ROC curve (AUCs) for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival of 0.702 (0.695), 0.744 (0.640), and 0.794 (0.658) in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. A prognostic nomogram, which included the ARGs-derived risk factor, age and stage for eventual clinical translation, was established. Conclusion: We identified a novel ARG signature for risk-stratification and robust prediction of overall survival for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Sun
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(646)-754-9459
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15
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Goyal R, Singhal PC. APOL1 risk variants and the development of HIV-associated nephropathy. FEBS J 2020; 288:5586-5597. [PMID: 33340240 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) remains a concern among untreated HIV patients, notably of African descent, as patients can reach end-stage renal disease within 3 years. Two variants (G1 and G2) of the APOL1 gene, common in African populations to protect against African sleeping sickness, have been associated with an increased risk of several glomerular disorders including HIVAN, hypertension-attributed chronic kidney disease, and idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and are accordingly named renal risk variants (RRVs). This review examines the mechanisms by which APOL1 RRVs drive glomerular injury in the setting of HIV infection and their potential application to patient management. Innate antiviral mechanisms activated by chronic HIV infection, especially those involving type 1 interferons, are of particular interest as they have been shown to upregulate APOL1 expression. Additionally, the downregulation of miRNA 193a (a repressor of APOL1) is also associated with the upregulation of APOL1. Interestingly, glomerular damage affected by APOL1 RRVs is caused by both loss- and gain-of-function changes in the protein, explicitly characterizing these effects. Their intracellular localization offers a further understanding of the nuances of APOL1 variant effects in promoting renal disease. Finally, although APOL1 variants have been recognized as a critical genetic player in mediating kidney disease, there are significant gaps in their application to patient management for screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Goyal
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
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16
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Su R, Qiao X, Gao Y, Li X, Jiang W, Chen W, Fan Y, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang R, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wan W, Dong Y, Li J. Draft Genome of the European Mouflon ( Ovis orientalis musimon). Front Genet 2020; 11:533611. [PMID: 33329689 PMCID: PMC7710762 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.533611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouflon (Ovis orientalis) with its huge and beautiful horns is considered as one of the ancestors of domesticated sheep. The European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) is in the Asiatic mouflon (O. orientalis) clade. In order to provide novel genome information for mouflon, moreover promote genetic analysis of genus Ovis both domestic and wild, we propose to sequence the mouflon genome. We assembled the highly heterozygous mouflon genome based on Illumina HiSeq platform using the next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, the draft genome we accessed approximately 2.69 Gb (42.15% GC), while N50 sizes of contig and scaffold are 110.1 kb and 10.4 Mb, respectively. The contiguity of this assembly is obviously better than earlier versions. Further analyses predicted 20,814 protein-coding genes in the mouflon genome and 12,390 shared gene families among bovine species. It is estimated that the divergence time between O. orientalis musimon and Ovis aries was 7.6 million years ago. The draft mouflon genome assembly will provide data support and theoretical basis for various investigations of the genus Ovis species in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xian Qiao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yun Gao
- NOWBIO Technology Co. Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
| | - Yixing Fan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bingwu Zheng
- Daqingshan Wild Animal Park, Hohhot Gardens Management Bureau, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Dong
- College of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
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Queiroz PC, Jorge AES, Mourão PHV, Penido MGMG. Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis probably triggered by dengue virus infection - two case reports. J Bras Nefrol 2020; 42:489-493. [PMID: 32255468 PMCID: PMC7860653 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reported cases describe the association between collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and acute dengue virus infection. In both cases, patients were diagnosed with dengue virus infection and had a severe kidney disease, with nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury. Kidney biopsy was performed and showed collapsing FSGS. The first patient, a 27-year-old man, was diagnosed with dengue virus infection and developed nephrotic syndrome after two weeks of illness. He was treated with methylprednisolone for three days and intravenous furosemide. This patient evolved well, although his renal function did not fully recover. The second patient, a 32-year-old man, was diagnosed with a milder clinical presentation of dengue virus infection. He had a past medical history of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, which might have caused its relapse. This patient was treated with intravenous furosemide and also did not fully recover renal function. These cases highlight the possible implication of dengue virus infection in the etiology of collapsing variant of FSGS. Healthcare professionals should be prepared to identify similar cases.
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18
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Wang DP, Yu ZX, He ZC, Liao JF, Shen XB, Zhu PL, Chen WN, Lin X, Xu SH. Apolipoprotein L1 is transcriptionally regulated by SP1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3108-3121. [PMID: 32671843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) participates in lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the mechanisms regulating APOL1 gene expression in hepatoma cells. We demonstrate that the -80-nt to +31-nt region of the APOL1 promoter, which contains one SP transcription factor binding GT box and an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) binding ISRE element, maintains the maximum activity. Mutation of the GT box and ISRE element dramatically reduces APOL1 promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveal that the transcription factors Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 could interact with their cognate binding sites on the APOL1 promoter. Overexpression of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 increases promoter activity, leading to increased APOL1 mRNA and protein levels, while knockdown of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 has the opposite effects. These results demonstrate that the APOL1 gene could be regulated by Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hongqi Hospital of MuDanJiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Yu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Cun He
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Fu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
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Wakashin H, Heymann J, Roshanravan H, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Rosenberg A, Shin MK, Hoek M, Kopp JB. APOL1 renal risk variants exacerbate podocyte injury by increasing inflammatory stress. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:371. [PMID: 32854642 PMCID: PMC7450955 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein L1, APOL1, is a trypanosome lytic factor present in human and certain other primates. APOL1 gene variants, present in individuals of recent sub-Saharan African descent, increase risk for glomerular disease and associate with the disease progression, but the molecular mechanisms have not been defined. Objectives We focus on the mechanism how APOL1 variant proteins enhance podocyte injury in the stressed kidney. Methods First, we investigated the expression of APOL1 protein isoform and the localization of APOL1 protein in the kidney. Next, we examined the role of APOL1 in the podocyte stress and the inflammatory signaling in the kidney after hemi-nephrectomy. Results We identified a novel RNA variant that lacks a secretory pathway signal sequence and we found that the predicted APOL1-B3 protein isoform was expressed in human podocytes in vivo and by BAC-APOL1 transgenic mice. APOL1-B3-G2 transgenic mice, carrying a renal risk variant, manifested podocyte injury and increased pro-IL-1β mRNA in isolated glomeruli and increased IL-1β production in the remnant kidney after uninephrectomy. APOL1-B3 interacted with NLRP12, a key regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling. Conclusions These results suggest a possible mechanism for podocyte injury by which one of the APOL1 protein isoforms, APOL1-B3 and its renal risk variants, enhances inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Wakashin
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | - Hila Roshanravan
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA
| | | | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myung Kyun Shin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Company, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Maze Therapeutics, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, KDB, 10 Center Dr, 3N116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1268, USA.
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20
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Scales SJ, Gupta N, De Mazière AM, Posthuma G, Chiu CP, Pierce AA, Hötzel K, Tao J, Foreman O, Koukos G, Oltrabella F, Klumperman J, Lin W, Peterson AS. Apolipoprotein L1-Specific Antibodies Detect Endogenous APOL1 inside the Endoplasmic Reticulum and on the Plasma Membrane of Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2044-2064. [PMID: 32764142 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOL1 is found in human kidney podocytes and endothelia. Variants G1 and G2 of the APOL1 gene account for the high frequency of nondiabetic CKD among African Americans. Proposed mechanisms of kidney podocyte cytotoxicity resulting from APOL1 variant overexpression implicate different subcellular compartments. It is unclear where endogenous podocyte APOL1 resides, because previous immunolocalization studies utilized overexpressed protein or commercially available antibodies that crossreact with APOL2. This study describes and distinguishes the locations of both APOLs. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and podocyte fractionation localized endogenous and transfected APOL1 using a large panel of novel APOL1-specific mouse and rabbit monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Both endogenous podocyte and transfected APOL1 isoforms vA and vB1 (and a little of isoform vC) localize to the luminal face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to the cell surface, but not to mitochondria, endosomes, or lipid droplets. In contrast, APOL2, isoform vB3, and most vC of APOL1 localize to the cytoplasmic face of the ER and are consequently absent from the cell surface. APOL1 knockout podocytes do not stain for APOL1, attesting to the APOL1-specificity of the antibodies. Stable re-transfection of knockout podocytes with inducible APOL1-G0, -G1, and -G2 showed no differences in localization among variants. CONCLUSIONS APOL1 is found in the ER and plasma membrane, consistent with either the ER stress or surface cation channel models of APOL1-mediated cytotoxicity. The surface localization of APOL1 variants potentially opens new therapeutic targeting avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie J Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California .,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ann M De Mazière
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Posthuma
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia P Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew A Pierce
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jianhua Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Georgios Koukos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Judith Klumperman
- Section of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - WeiYu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew S Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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21
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Gupta N, Wang X, Wen X, Moran P, Paluch M, Hass PE, Heidersbach A, Haley B, Kirchhofer D, Brezski RJ, Peterson AS, Scales SJ. Domain-Specific Antibodies Reveal Differences in the Membrane Topologies of Apolipoprotein L1 in Serum and Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2065-2082. [PMID: 32764138 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating APOL1 lyses trypanosomes, protecting against human sleeping sickness. Two common African gene variants of APOL1, G1 and G2, protect against infection by species of trypanosomes that resist wild-type APOL1. At the same time, the protection predisposes humans to CKD, an elegant example of balanced polymorphism. However, the exact mechanism of APOL1-mediated podocyte damage is not clear, including APOL1's subcellular localization, topology, and whether the damage is related to trypanolysis. METHODS APOL1 topology in serum (HDL particles) and in kidney podocytes was mapped with flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and trypanolysis assays that tracked 170 APOL1 domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. APOL1 knockout podocytes confirmed antibody specificity. RESULTS APOL1 localizes to the surface of podocytes, with most of the pore-forming domain (PFD) and C terminus of the Serum Resistance Associated-interacting domain (SRA-ID), but not the membrane-addressing domain (MAD), being exposed. In contrast, differential trypanolytic blocking activity reveals that the MAD is exposed in serum APOL1, with less of the PFD accessible. Low pH did not detectably alter the gross topology of APOL1, as determined by antibody accessibility, in serum or on podocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our antibodies highlighted different conformations of native APOL1 topology in serum (HDL particles) and at the podocyte surface. Our findings support the surface ion channel model for APOL1 risk variant-mediated podocyte injury, as well as providing domain accessibility information for designing APOL1-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul Moran
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Maciej Paluch
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Philip E Hass
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Amy Heidersbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew S Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California .,Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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22
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Miller AK, Azhibekov T, O'Toole JF, Sedor JR, Williams SM, Redline RW, Bruggeman LA. Association of preeclampsia with infant APOL1 genotype in African Americans. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:110. [PMID: 32434471 PMCID: PMC7238556 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Black women in the United States and Africa are at an increased risk for preeclampsia. Allelic variants in the gene for apolipoprotein LI, APOL1, are found only in populations of African ancestry, and have been shown to contribute significant risk for kidney disease. Recent studies suggest these APOL1 variants also may contribute risk for preeclampsia. Methods The association of preeclampsia with carriage of APOL1 risk alleles was evaluated in a case-control study of deliveries from black women at a single center in Cleveland, Ohio that included gross and histopathologic evaluations of placental tissues (395 cases and 282 controls). Using logistic regression models, associations between fetal APOL1 genotype and preeclampsia were evaluated using several case definitions based on prematurity and severity of preeclampsia, with uncomplicated term pregnancies as controls. Associations between APOL1 genotype and pathological features were also examined. Results The infant APOL1 genotype was significantly associated with preeclampsia in a dominant inheritance pattern with odds ratio of 1.41 (P=0.029, 95% CI 1.037, 1.926). Stratifying preeclampsia cases by preterm birth, significant associations were detected for both recessive (O.R.=1.70, P=0.038) and additive (O.R.=1.33, P=0.028) inheritance patterns. APOL1 genotype, however, was not significantly associated with pathological changes or other perinatal observations. Conclusions Preeclampsia appears to be another disease associated with APOL1 variants, however, further studies are needed to increase confidence in the mode of inheritance. By understanding the association of APOL1 variants with preeclampsia, genetic screening tests for APOL1 may be useful to predict at-risk pregnancies and targeted interventions may be developed to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Miller
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Timur Azhibekov
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - John F O'Toole
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity and Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - John R Sedor
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity and Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
| | - Raymond W Redline
- Departments of Pathology and Reproductive Biology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Departments of Inflammation and Immunity and Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Genetic variants in the APOL1 gene, found only in individuals of recent African ancestry, greatly increase risk of multiple types of kidney disease. These APOL1 kidney risk alleles are a rare example of genetic variants that are common but also have a powerful effect on disease susceptibility. These alleles rose to high frequency in sub-Saharan Africa because they conferred protection against pathogenic trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness. We consider the genetic evidence supporting the association between APOL1 and kidney disease across the range of clinical phenotypes in the APOL1 nephropathy spectrum. We then explore the origins of the APOL1 risk variants and evolutionary struggle between humans and trypanosomes at both the molecular and population genetic level. Finally, we survey the rapidly growing literature investigating APOL1 biology as elucidated from experiments in cell-based systems, cell-free systems, mouse and lower organism models of disease, and through illuminating natural experiments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
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24
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Circulating Apolipoprotein L1 is associated with insulin resistance-induced abnormal lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14869. [PMID: 31619724 PMCID: PMC6795879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating ApolipoproteinL1 (ApoL1) is a component of pre-β-high-density lipoprotein (HDL), however little is known about the relationship of ApoL1 with cardiometabolic factors. Considering previous studies reporting the correlation of ApoL1 to triglyceride, we have hypothesized that ApoL1 associates with insulin-related metabolism. The current study examined their associations in 126 non-diabetic subjects and 36 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Non-diabetic subjects demonstrated triglyceride (standardized coefficients [s.c.] = 0.204, p < 0.05), body mass index (s.c. =0.232, p < 0.05) and HDL cholesterol (s.c. = −0.203, p < 0.05) as independent determinant of ApoL1 levels, and the significant elevation of ApoL1 in metabolic syndrome. Lipoprotein fractionation analysis revealed the predominant distribution of ApoL1 in large HDL fraction, and the significant increase of ApoL1 in large LDL fraction in high ApoL1 samples with insulin resistance. In T2DM, ApoL1 was higher in T2DM with metabolic syndrome, however ApoL1 was lower with β cell dysfunction. Insulin significantly promotes ApoL1 synthesis and secretion in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, circulating ApoL1 may be associated with abnormal HDL metabolism in insulin resistant status. This may suggest a regulation of insulin signal on the ApoL1 level, leading to offer a novel insight to the ApoL1 biology.
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25
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Shah SS, Lannon H, Dias L, Zhang JY, Alper SL, Pollak MR, Friedman DJ. APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants Induce Cell Death via Mitochondrial Translocation and Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2355-2368. [PMID: 31558683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic Variants in Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with large increases in CKD rates among African Americans. Experiments in cell and mouse models suggest that these risk-related polymorphisms are toxic gain-of-function variants that cause kidney dysfunction, following a recessive mode of inheritance. Recent data in trypanosomes and in human cells indicate that such variants may cause toxicity through their effects on mitochondria. METHODS To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL1 risk variant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we generated tetracycline-inducible HEK293 T-REx cells stably expressing the APOL1 nonrisk G0 variant or APOL1 risk variants. Using these cells, we mapped the molecular pathway from mitochondrial import of APOL1 protein to APOL1-induced cell death with small interfering RNA knockdowns, pharmacologic inhibitors, blue native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore function. RESULTS We found that the APOL1 G0 and risk variant proteins shared the same import pathway into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, G0 remained monomeric, whereas risk variant proteins were prone to forming higher-order oligomers. Both nonrisk G0 and risk variant proteins bound components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but only risk variant proteins activated pore opening. Blocking mitochondrial import of APOL1 risk variants largely eliminated oligomer formation and also rescued toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our study illuminates important differences in the molecular behavior of APOL1 nonrisk and risk variants, and our observations suggest a mechanism that may explain the very different functional effects of these variants, despite the lack of consistently observed differences in trafficking patterns, intracellular localization, or binding partners. Variant-dependent differences in oligomerization pattern may underlie APOL1's recessive, gain-of-function biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijal S Shah
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Herbert Lannon
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leny Dias
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jia-Yue Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seth L Alper
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Friedman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Abel L, Puel A, Casanova JL. Human inborn errors of immunity to infection affecting cells other than leukocytes: from the immune system to the whole organism. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:88-100. [PMID: 31121434 PMCID: PMC6774828 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies of vertebrate immunity have traditionally focused on professional cells, including circulating and tissue-resident leukocytes. Evidence that non-professional cells are also intrinsically essential (i.e. not via their effect on leukocytes) for protective immunity in natural conditions of infection has emerged from three lines of research in human genetics. First, studies of Mendelian resistance to infection have revealed an essential role of DARC-expressing erythrocytes in protection against Plasmodium vivax infection, and an essential role of FUT2-expressing intestinal epithelial cells for protection against norovirus and rotavirus infections. Second, studies of inborn errors of non-hematopoietic cell-extrinsic immunity have shown that APOL1 and complement cascade components secreted by hepatocytes are essential for protective immunity to trypanosome and pyogenic bacteria, respectively. Third, studies of inborn errors of non-hematopoietic cell-intrinsic immunity have suggested that keratinocytes, pulmonary epithelial cells, and cortical neurons are essential for tissue-specific protective immunity to human papillomaviruses, influenza virus, and herpes simplex virus, respectively. Various other types of genetic resistance or predisposition to infection in human populations are not readily explained by inborn variants of genes operating in leukocytes and may, therefore, involve defects in other cells. The probing of this unchartered territory by human genetics is reshaping immunology, by scaling immunity to infection up from the immune system to the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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27
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RNA sequencing of isolated cell populations expressing human APOL1 G2 risk variant reveals molecular correlates of sickle cell nephropathy in zebrafish podocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217042. [PMID: 31158233 PMCID: PMC6546218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney failure occurs in 5–13% of individuals with sickle cell disease and is associated with early mortality. Two APOL1 alleles (G1 and G2) have been identified as risk factors for sickle cell disease nephropathy. Both risk alleles are prevalent in individuals with recent African ancestry and have been associated with nephropathic complications in other diseases. Despite the association of G1 and G2 with kidney dysfunction, the mechanisms by which these variants contribute to increased risk remain poorly understood. Previous work in zebrafish models suggest that the G2 risk allele functions as a dominant negative, whereas the G1 allele is a functional null. To understand better the cellular pathology attributed to APOL1 G2, we investigated the in vivo effects of the G2 risk variant on distinct cell types using RNA sequencing. We surveyed APOL1 G2 associated transcriptomic alterations in podocytes and vascular endothelial cells isolated from zebrafish larvae expressing cell-type specific reporters. Our analysis identified many transcripts (n = 7,523) showing differential expression between APOL1 G0 (human wild-type) and APOL1 G2 exposed podocytes. Conversely, relatively few transcripts (n = 107) were differentially expressed when comparing APOL1 G0 and APOL1 G2 exposed endothelial cells. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed transcripts in podocytes showed enrichment for autophagy associated terms such as “Lysosome” and “Phagosome”, implicating these pathways in APOL1 G2 associated kidney dysfunction. This work provides insight into the molecular pathology of APOL1 G2 nephropathy which may offer new therapeutic strategies for multiple disease contexts such as sickle cell nephropathy.
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28
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Shah S, Shapiro R, Murphy B, Menon MC. APOL1 high-risk genotypes and renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13582. [PMID: 31050035 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene variants and its association with kidney disease in African-Americans represent a significant breakthrough in understanding the genetic basis of ancestry-based differences in a public health problem. The role these variants play in renal transplantation is still incompletely understood. This article reviews the epidemiologic data and current reports of APOL1 variant pathogenesis in transplantation. We examine existing data on outcomes in APOL1 high-risk kidneys, high-risk APOL1 recipients, live donors with high-risk mutations and non-renal transplantation of high-risk APOL1 organs. We discuss the rapidly evolving role and potential pros and cons of APOL1 genotyping of donors and recipients in transplantation. Finally, we highlight the ongoing nationwide National Institutes of Health-sponsored "APOL1 Long-term Kidney Transplantation Outcomes (APOLLO)" study, which will quantify outcomes and "second hits" in pertinent to APOL1 high-risk variants in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Shah
- Nephrology, Medicine and Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ron Shapiro
- Nephrology, Medicine and Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Barbara Murphy
- Nephrology, Medicine and Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Madhav C Menon
- Nephrology, Medicine and Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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29
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Ryu JH, Ge M, Merscher S, Rosenberg AZ, Desante M, Roshanravan H, Okamoto K, Shin MK, Hoek M, Fornoni A, Kopp JB. APOL1 renal risk variants promote cholesterol accumulation in tissues and cultured macrophages from APOL1 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211559. [PMID: 30998685 PMCID: PMC6472726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variants G1 and G2, compared to the common allele G0, are major risk factors for non-diabetic kidney disease in African descent populations. APOL1 is a minor protein component of HDL, as well as being expressed in podocytes and vascular cells. Reverse cholesterol transport involves the transport of cholesterol to HDL by cellular ATP-binding cassette; ABCA1 and ABCG1 with subsequent delivery from peripheral tissues to the liver. With impaired reverse cholesterol transport, lipid accumulation occurs and macrophages morphologically transform into foam cells, releasing inflammatory factors. We asked whether the APOL1 risk variants alter peripheral cholesterol metabolism and specifically affect macrophage cholesterol efflux. Tissues and bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes were isolated from wild-type mice (WT) and from BAC/APOL1 transgenic (APOL1-G0, APOL1-G1, and APOL1-G2) mice, which carry a bacterial artificial chromosome that contains the human APOL1 genomic region. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using M-CSF, and then polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages. Cholesterol content, cholesterol efflux, and ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expression were measured. Kidney, spleen, and bone marrow-derived macrophages from APOL1-G1 and -G2 mice showed increased cholesterol accumulation and decreased ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels. BM-derived macrophages from APOL1-G1 and -G2 mice showed significantly reduced cholesterol efflux compared to WT or APOL1-G0 macrophages. Taken together, the evidence suggests that APOL1-G1 and -G2 risk variants impaired reverse cholesterol transport through decreased expression of cholesterol efflux transporters suggesting a possible mechanism to promote macrophage foam cell formation, driving inflammation in the glomerulus and renal interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Ryu
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Dvision of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marco Desante
- Dvision of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hila Roshanravan
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myung K. Shin
- Merck & Company, Inc., Kennilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Merck & Company, Inc., Kennilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JK); (AF)
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JK); (AF)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Consistent associations between variants of the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene and nondiabetic nephropathy have been reported in individuals of African descent. Donor APOL1 genotype has also been linked to shorter renal allograft survival. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the biology of APOL1 and their implications to kidney donors and recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Approximately 12-13% of African Americans have two renal risk APOL1 variants but most do not develop kidney disease. Although the exact mechanisms linking APOL1 genotype to renal injury are not known, evidence from new experimental models suggests APOL1 mutations may accelerate age-related podocyte loss. Recent epidemiological studies indicate potential kidney donors with high-risk APOL1 variants have increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and donors with high-risk APOL1 variants have lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than those with low-risk variants. The absolute risk of CKD in otherwise healthy individuals carrying high-risk APOL1 mutations is likely low. SUMMARY Recent studies suggest high-risk APOL1 mutations in kidney donors are linked to shorter graft survival and lower postdonation eGFR. APOL1 genotyping may be used as one of many factors that contribute to assessment of the risk of postdonation CKD and informed decision making.
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Araújo SDA, Cordeiro TME, Belisário AR, Araújo RFDA, Marinho PES, Kroon EG, de Oliveira DB, Teixeira MM, Simões E Silva AC. First report of collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis triggered by arbovirus: dengue and Zika virus infection. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:355-361. [PMID: 31198534 PMCID: PMC6543975 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most aggressive form of FSGS and is characterized by at least one glomerulus with segmental or global collapse and overlying podocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Viruses can act as aetiological agents of secondary FSGS. This study aims to establish an aetiological link between dengue virus (DENV) infection and the collapsing variant of FSGS and to analyse possible influences of the apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) gene risk alleles on the disease. Methods Biopsies and medical records were gathered from 700 patients of the Instituto de Nefropatologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Screening for the collapsing variant of FSGS was performed and serological, immunohistochemical, tissue polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genetic analysis were conducted. Results Eight patients were identified with positive DENV serology and negative serological and/or tissue markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Epstein–Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus and parvovirus B19. In PCR analysis, six patients had positive markers for DENV strain genetic material, one patient had positive markers for co-infection of Zika virus (ZIKV) and DENV and one patient had positive markers only for ZIKV infection. Six of the eight patients did not show risk alleles of the APOL1 gene. One patient had only one risk allele (G1) and the sample from another did not contain enough DNA for genetic analysis to be performed. Conclusions This study provided strong evidence that DENV can infect renal tissue and possibly functions as a second hit to the development of the collapsing variant of FSGS. Nonetheless, this study also highlights the possible implication of ZIKV infection in FSGS and supports the argument that risk alleles of the APOL1 gene may not be implicated in the susceptibility to FSGS in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley de Almeida Araújo
- Instituto de Nefro Patologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Macedo E Cordeiro
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Rolim Belisário
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ferreira de Almeida Araújo
- Instituto de Nefro Patologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina de Diamantina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Dengue, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, UFMG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Tan Y, Gan M, Fan Y, Li L, Zhong Z, Li X, Bai L, Zhao Y, Niu L, Shang Y, Zhang S, Zhu L. miR-10b-5p regulates 3T3-L1 cells differentiation by targeting Apol6. Gene 2018; 687:39-46. [PMID: 30423386 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that have been proposed to control or fine-tune complex genetic pathways by post-transcriptional regulation of target genes. It was proved that numerous miRNAs have influence on the biology of adipocytes as well as on the function of adipose tissues. This study shows that miR-10b-5p expression was decreased in mice, rats, and human under obesity. In addition, the obtained results indicated that the expression level of miR-10b-5p was increased in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes without manifesting a significant role in 3T3-L1 cells proliferation. On the other hand, the downregulation of miR-10b-5p by the inhibitor played a role in 3T3-L1 cells differentiation and adipogenesis. Our results strongly suggest that Apol6 was the target gene of miR-10b-5p. The inhibition of miR-10b-5p promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and adipogenesis by upregulating the Apol6 expression. Then, the upregulated Apol6 acted as an oncogene in certain obesity-related cancers. These results indicate that miR-10b-5p may have a therapeutic significance for obesity and obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yishun Shang
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Cañadas-Garre M, Anderson K, McGoldrick J, Maxwell AP, McKnight AJ. Genomic approaches in the search for molecular biomarkers in chronic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2018; 16:292. [PMID: 30359254 PMCID: PMC6203198 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognised as a global public health problem, more prevalent in older persons and associated with multiple co-morbidities. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are common aetiologies for CKD, but IgA glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are also common causes of CKD. MAIN BODY Conventional biomarkers for CKD involving the use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) derived from four variables (serum creatinine, age, gender and ethnicity) are recommended by clinical guidelines for the evaluation, classification, and stratification of CKD. However, these clinical biomarkers present some limitations, especially for early stages of CKD, elderly individuals, extreme body mass index values (serum creatinine), or are influenced by inflammation, steroid treatment and thyroid dysfunction (serum cystatin C). There is therefore a need to identify additional non-invasive biomarkers that are useful in clinical practice to help improve CKD diagnosis, inform prognosis and guide therapeutic management. CONCLUSION CKD is a multifactorial disease with associated genetic and environmental risk factors. Hence, many studies have employed genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches to identify biomarkers for kidney disease. In this review, we have summarised the most important studies in humans investigating genomic biomarkers for CKD in the last decade. Several genes, including UMOD, SHROOM3 and ELMO1 have been strongly associated with renal diseases, and some of their traits, such as eGFR and serum creatinine. The role of epigenetic and transcriptomic biomarkers in CKD and related diseases is still unclear. The combination of multiple biomarkers into classifiers, including genomic, and/or epigenomic, may give a more complete picture of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cañadas-Garre
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Belfast City Hospital, Queen’s University of Belfast, c/o University Floor, Level A, Tower Block, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland UK
| | - K. Anderson
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Belfast City Hospital, Queen’s University of Belfast, c/o University Floor, Level A, Tower Block, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland UK
| | - J. McGoldrick
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Belfast City Hospital, Queen’s University of Belfast, c/o University Floor, Level A, Tower Block, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland UK
| | - A. P. Maxwell
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Belfast City Hospital, Queen’s University of Belfast, c/o University Floor, Level A, Tower Block, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland UK
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - A. J. McKnight
- Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Belfast City Hospital, Queen’s University of Belfast, c/o University Floor, Level A, Tower Block, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland UK
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Estrella MM, Parekh RS. The Expanding Role of APOL1 Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease. Semin Nephrol 2018; 37:520-529. [PMID: 29110759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Variants of the APOL1 gene, found primarily in individuals of African descent, are associated with various forms of kidney disease and kidney disease progression. Recent studies evaluating the association of APOL1 with cardiovascular disease have yielded conflicting results, and the potential role in cardiovascular disease remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the observational studies linking the APOL1 risk variants with chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease among persons of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Division of Nephrology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, SickKids Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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35
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Abstract
The association of variants in the APOL1 gene, which encodes apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), with progressive nondiabetic kidney diseases in African Americans has prompted intense investigation into the function(s) of APOL1. APOL1 is an innate immune effector that protects human beings from infection by some trypanosomal parasites. We review the data characterizing APOL1 trypanolytic function, which has been a basis for studies of APOL1 function in mammalian cells. Subsequently, we discuss the studies that use animal models, mammalian cell culture models, and kidney biopsy tissue to discover the mechanisms of variant APOL1-associated kidney diseases.
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Robertson CC, Gillies CE, Putler RKB, Ng D, Reidy KJ, Crawford B, Sampson MG. An investigation of APOL1 risk genotypes and preterm birth in African American population cohorts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:2051-2058. [PMID: 27638911 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two genetic variants in apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with increased risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as other glomerular phenotypes. These risk variants are common in individuals of African ancestry but absent in other racial groups. Yet, the majority of individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles [high-risk (HR) genotype] do not have renal disease. It is critical to identify environmental and secondary genetic influences that, when combined with these alleles, lead to kidney disease. In a recent study of black children with glomerular disease enrolled in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study (n = 104), we found that subjects with an HR genotype had a 4.6-fold increase in the odds of preterm birth as compared to those with a low risk (LR) genotype [odds ratio 4.6 (CI 1.4-15.5)]. There are known racial disparities in preterm birth, which itself is a known risk factor for chronic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Thus, we questioned whether an HR APOL1 genotype is associated with prematurity in the general African American population. Methods We analyzed two publically available genetic datasets of preterm birth in African Americans, including 867 infants and 519 mothers from the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) study of preterm delivery and 960 mothers from the Boston Medical Center genome-wide association study of preterm birth. We performed multivariable analyses testing for association between HR APOL1 and birth outcomes. Results In both studies, there was no association between HR APOL1 in mothers and prematurity, gestational age or birthweight. Additionally, in the GENEVA study, we saw no association between infant HR APOL1 and prematurity, gestational age or birthweight. Conclusion From these data, we conclude that the previously observed association between HR APOL1 and prematurity is specific to those with glomerular disease, suggesting prematurity may act as an additional risk factor in APOL1-associated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Robertson
- Pediatric Nephrology, University ofMichigan School of Medicine, 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher E Gillies
- Pediatric Nephrology, University ofMichigan School of Medicine, 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rosemary K B Putler
- Pediatric Nephrology, University ofMichigan School of Medicine, 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Derek Ng
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brendan Crawford
- Pediatric Nephrology, University ofMichigan School of Medicine, 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew G Sampson
- Pediatric Nephrology, University ofMichigan School of Medicine, 3560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Cheatham AM, Davis SE, Khatua AK, Popik W. Blocking the 5' splice site of exon 4 by a morpholino oligomer triggers APOL1 protein isoform switch. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8739. [PMID: 29880816 PMCID: PMC5992166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
APOL1 risk alleles G1 or G2 are associated with a kidney disease phenotype exclusively in people of recent African ancestry. Here we show that exon 4 encoding a part of the APOL1 signal peptide is constitutively spliced in major APOL1 transcripts expressed in kidney glomerular and tubular cells. We demonstrate that constitutive splicing of exon 4 results from a suboptimal hnRNP A1 binding motif found in exon 4. Accordingly, a robust binding of hnRNP A1 protein to a consensus hnRNP A1 cis-acting element in exon 4 results in almost complete exclusion of exon 4 from the APOL1 minigene transcripts. Blocking the 5' splice site at the exon 4/intron boundary with a specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotide excludes exon 4 from the splicing pattern of endogenous APOL1 transcripts. These transcripts are fully functional and produce APOL1 protein isoform that is not normally detectable in podocytes. Together with our previous data showing no cytotoxicity of overexpressed APOL1 isoform lacking exon 4, we propose that morpholino-induced APOL1 isoform switch may provide a new tool to identify in vivo molecular mechanism(s) by which risk alleles promote or mediate the kidney disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Cheatham
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Shamara E Davis
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Atanu K Khatua
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA
| | - Waldemar Popik
- Meharry Medical College, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1005 D. B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37028, USA.
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APOL1: The Balance Imposed by Infection, Selection, and Kidney Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:682-695. [PMID: 29886044 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects millions of people and constitutes a major health and financial burden worldwide. People of African descent are at an increased risk of developing kidney disease, which is mostly explained by two variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene that are found only in people of west African origin. It is hypothesized that these variants were genetically selected due to the protection they afford against African sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Targeting mutant APOL1 could have substantial therapeutic potential for treating kidney disease. In this review, we will describe the intriguing interplay between microbiology, genetics, and kidney disease as revealed in APOL1-associated kidney disease, discuss APOL1-induced cytotoxicity and its therapeutic implications.
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Transcription and translation of APOL1 variants. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170647. [PMID: 28842513 PMCID: PMC5635210 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is highly important to document the molecular alterations existing in normal cells prior to the onset of any disease. Knowledge of genetic mutations and associated molecular mechanisms will be helpful for better diagnosis and management of disease. The major focus of this commentary on providing understanding about the apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) gene, the protein encoded by this gene (apoL1) and the mechanistic details regarding the role of apoL1 in the lysis of Trypanosoma brucei. Information about APOL1 genetic variants, APOL1G1 and APOL1G2, is provided along with the association of these variants with hypertension-attributed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Moreover, this commentary presents a brief overview of how the authors of a recent Bioscience Reports article [Haque et al (2017) 37, BSR20160531, doi: 10.1042/BSR20160531] have evaluated the functional impact of G1 and G2 alleles on the transcription and translation of APOL1 mRNA.
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Plasma biomarker proteins for detection of human growth hormone administration in athletes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10039. [PMID: 28855568 PMCID: PMC5577294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the pituitary gland with anabolic and growth-promoting activities. Since an increased availability of recombinant GH (rGH) for the treatment of GH-deficient patients, GH has been abused in sports and it is prohibited. "GH-isoform" and "biomarkers" tests are currently available for detection of GH abuse in sports, however both methods suffer from shortcomings. Here, we report on a proteomic approach to search for novel protein biomarkers associated with rGH administration in non-elite athletes. In this study, participants received either placebo or rGH for 8 weeks, and were followed over a 6-week washout period. We used 2-D DIGE and iTRAQ LC-MS/MS analyses to expose rGH-dependent marker proteins. Eight rGH-dependent plasma proteins namely apolipoproptein-L1, alpha-HS-glycoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein, afamin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-ALS, lumican and extracellular matrix proteins 1 were identified. Apolipoprotein L1 and alpha-HS-glycoprotein were validated by Western blots to confirm their identities and expression patterns in rGH- and placebo-treated subject cohorts. Independent confirmation of these putative GH-responsive biomarkers would be of value for clinical practices and may have sports anti-doping utility.
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Peng T, Wang L, Li G. The analysis of APOL1 genetic variation and haplotype diversity provided by 1000 Genomes project. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:267. [PMID: 28800731 PMCID: PMC5553676 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The APOL1 gene variants has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of multiple kinds of diseases, particularly in African Americans, but not in Caucasians and Asians. In this study, we explored the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype diversity of APOL1 gene in different races provided by 1000 Genomes project. Methods Variants of APOL1 gene in 1000 Genome Project were obtained and SNPs located in the regulatory region or coding region were selected for genetic variation analysis. Total 2504 individuals from 26 populations were classified as four groups that included Africa, Europe, Asia and Admixed populations. Tag SNPs were selected to evaluate the haplotype diversities in the four populations by HaploStats software. Results APOL1 gene was surrounded by some of the most polymorphic genes in the human genome, variation of APOL1 gene was common, with up to 613 SNP (1000 Genome Project reported) and 99 of them (16.2%) with MAF ≥ 1%. There were 79 SNPs in the URR and 92 SNPs in 3’UTR. Total 12 SNPs in URR and 24 SNPs in 3’UTR were considered as common variants with MAF ≥ 1%. It is worth noting that URR-1 was presents lower frequencies in European populations, while other three haplotypes taken an opposite pattern; 3’UTR presents several high-frequency variation sites in a short segment, and the differences of its haplotypes among different population were significant (P < 0.01), UTR-1 and UTR-5 presented much higher frequency in African population, while UTR-2, UTR-3 and UTR-4 were much lower. APOL1 coding region showed that two SNP of G1 with higher frequency are actually pull down the haplotype H-1 frequency when considering all populations pooled together, and the diversity among the four populations be widen by the G1 two mutation (P1 = 3.33E-4 vs P2 = 3.61E-30). Conclusions The distributions of APOL1 gene variants and haplotypes were significantly different among the different populations, in either regulatory or coding regions. It could provide clues for the future genetic study of APOL1 related diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0675-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Duan, 1st Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 610072
| | - Li Wang
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Duan, 1st Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 610072
| | - Guisen Li
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Duan, 1st Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 610072.
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Rubinow KB, Henderson CM, Robinson-Cohen C, Himmelfarb J, de Boer IH, Vaisar T, Kestenbaum B, Hoofnagle AN. Kidney function is associated with an altered protein composition of high-density lipoprotein. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1526-1535. [PMID: 28754556 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit a myriad of metabolic derangements, including dyslipidemia characterized by low plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated cholesterol. However, the effects of kidney disease on HDL composition have not been comprehensively determined. Here we used a targeted mass spectrometric approach to quantify 38 proteins contained in the HDL particles within a CKD cohort of 509 participants with a broad range of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) (CKD stages I-V, and a mean eGFR of 45.5 mL/min/1.73m2). After adjusting for multiple testing, demographics, comorbidities, medications, and other characteristics, eGFR was significantly associated with differences in four HDL proteins. Compared to participants with an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or more, those with an eGFR under 15 mL/min/1.73m2 exhibited 1.89-fold higher retinol-binding protein 4 (95% confidence interval 1.34-2.67), 1.52-fold higher apolipoprotein C-III (1.25-1.84), 0.70-fold lower apolipoprotein L1 (0.55-0.92), and 0.64-fold lower vitronectin (0.48-0.85). Although the HDL apolipoprotein L1 was slightly lower among African Americans than among Caucasian individuals, the relationship to eGFR did not differ by race. After adjustment, no HDL-associated proteins associated with albuminuria. Thus, modest changes in the HDL proteome provide preliminary evidence for an association between HDL proteins and declining kidney function, but this needs to be replicated. Future analyses will determine if HDL proteomics is indeed a clinical predictor of declining kidney function or cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Clark M Henderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) confers up to a 50-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and African Americans with SLE experience accelerated damage accrual and doubled cardiovascular risk when compared to their European American counterparts. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies have identified a substantial signal at 22q13, now assigned to variation at apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), which has associated with progressive nondiabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and many immune-associated renal diseases, including lupus nephritis. We contend that alterations in crucial APOL1 intracellular pathways may underpin associated disease states based on structure-functional differences between variant and ancestral forms. While ancestral APOL1 may be a key driver of autophagy, nonconserved primary structure changes result in a toxic gain of function with attenuation of autophagy and an unsupervised pore-forming feature. Thus, the divergent intracellular biological pathways of ancestral and variant APOL1 may explain a worsened prognosis as demonstrated in SLE.
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44
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Shukha K, Mueller JL, Chung RT, Curry MP, Friedman DJ, Pollak MR, Berg AH. Most ApoL1 Is Secreted by the Liver. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1079-1083. [PMID: 27932478 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two coding sequence variants in the APOL1 gene (G1 and G2) explain much of the increased risk for FSGS, HIV-associated nephropathy, and hypertension-attributed ESRD among people of recent African ancestry. The ApoL1 protein is expressed in a wide variety of cell tissues. It has been assumed that the majority of circulating ApoL1 is produced by the liver, but this has not been shown. Using mass spectrometry, we genotyped and quantified the circulating ApoL1 in two liver transplant recipients whose native APOL1 genotype differed from the genotype of the deceased donors, allowing us to differentiate liver- from nonliver-produced ApoL1. Our findings confirm that the liver is indeed the main source of circulating ApoL1. However, the liver is not the sole source of circulating ApoL1, because we found that residual amounts of native ApoL1 continued to circulate in the blood, even after the liver transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Shukha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Mueller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Michael P Curry
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anders H Berg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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45
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Comparative transcriptomic profiling of larvae and post-larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in response to metamorphosis and salinity exposure. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Dummer PD, Limou S, Rosenberg AZ, Heymann J, Nelson G, Winkler CA, Kopp JB. APOL1 Kidney Disease Risk Variants: An Evolving Landscape. Semin Nephrol 2016. [PMID: 26215860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variants account for much of the excess risk of chronic and end-stage kidney disease, which results in a significant global health disparity for persons of African ancestry. We estimate the lifetime risk of kidney disease in APOL1 dual-risk allele individuals to be at least 15%. Experimental evidence suggests a direct role of APOL1 in pore formation, cellular injury, and programmed cell death in renal injury. The APOL1 BH3 motif, often associated with cell death, is unlikely to play a role in APOL1-induced cytotoxicity because it is not conserved within the APOL family and is dispensable for cell death in vitro. We discuss two models for APOL1 trypanolytic activity: one involving lysosome permeabilization and another involving colloid-osmotic swelling of the cell body, as well as their relevance to human pathophysiology. Experimental evidence from human cell culture models suggests that both mechanisms may be operative. A systems biology approach whereby APOL1-associated perturbations in gene and protein expression in affected individuals are correlated with molecular pathways may be productive to elucidate APOL1 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Dummer
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sophie Limou
- Molecular Epidemiology Genetics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - George Nelson
- Molecular Epidemiology Genetics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Molecular Epidemiology Genetics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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47
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Cubedo J, Padró T, Alonso R, Mata P, Badimon L. ApoL1 levels in high density lipoprotein and cardiovascular event presentation in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1059-73. [PMID: 27112635 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HDL composition rather than HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels seems to be a key determinant of HDL-induced atheroprotection. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients, with lifelong exposure to high LDL levels, show a high prevalence of premature coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that HDL of FH patients might have a modified protein composition and investigated the proteomic signature of HDL obtained from FH patients and their unaffected relatives. HDLs were characterized by 2D electrophoresis/MS in 10 families from the SAFEHEART cohort (3 individuals/family: 2 with genetic FH diagnosis and 1 non-FH relative) clinically characterized and treated as per guidelines. FH patients had lower apoA-I levels and a differential HDL distribution profile of apoL1 and apoA-IV. ELISA validation revealed decreased apoL1 serum levels in FH patients. ApoL1 levels were able to predict presentation of an ischemic cardiac event, and apoL1/HDL-C ratio was associated with the survival rate after the event. FH patients who died because of a fatal cardiac event had lower apoL1 and LCAT content in HDL3 an average of 3.5 years before the event than those who survived. Changes in HDL protein composition could affect patients' prognosis. The proteomic profile of apoL1 is modified in HDLs of high cardiovascular risk patients, and apoL1 plasma levels are significantly lower in serum and in HDL3 of patients that will suffer an adverse cardiac event within 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Mata
- Fundación Hipercolesterolemia Familiar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Barcelona, Spain Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Deceased-Donor Apolipoprotein L1 Renal-Risk Variants Have Minimal Effects on Liver Transplant Outcomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152775. [PMID: 27054572 PMCID: PMC4824450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) G1 and G2 renal-risk variants, common in populations with recent African ancestry, are strongly associated with non-diabetic nephropathy, end-stage kidney disease, and shorter allograft survival in deceased-donor kidneys (autosomal recessive inheritance). Circulating APOL1 protein is synthesized primarily in the liver and hydrodynamic gene delivery of APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants has caused hepatic necrosis in a murine model. Methods To evaluate the impact of these variants in liver transplantation, this multicenter study investigated the association of APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles in deceased African American liver donors with allograft survival. Transplant recipients were followed for liver allograft survival using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Results Of the 639 liver donors evaluated, 247 had no APOL1 risk allele, 300 had 1 risk allele, and 92 had 2 risk alleles. Graft failure assessed at 15 days, 6 months, 1 year and total was not significantly associated with donor APOL1 genotype (p-values = 0.25, 0.19, 0.67 and 0.89, respectively). Conclusions In contrast to kidney transplantation, deceased-donor APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants do not significantly impact outcomes in liver transplantation.
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49
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Friedman DJ, Pollak MR. Apolipoprotein L1 and Kidney Disease in African Americans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:204-215. [PMID: 26947522 PMCID: PMC4811340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene cause high rates of kidney disease in African Americans. These variants, found only in individuals with recent African ancestry, confer enhanced innate immunity against African trypanosomes. Although they are among the most powerful disease-causing common variants discovered to date, we are just beginning to understand how they promote kidney injury. Since APOL1 is present in only a few primate species, much of our current knowledge has come from natural experiments in humans and in vitro studies while awaiting the development of transgenic animal models. Understanding more about the function of ApoL1 and how the high-risk variants behave differently from other ApoL1 molecules is a high priority in kidney disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Friedman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN301, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0253
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN325E, Boston, MA. 02215, 617 667 0461
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50
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Bruggeman LA, Wu Z, Luo L, Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Drawz PE, Thomas DB, Barisoni L, Sedor JR, O'Toole JF. APOL1-G0 or APOL1-G2 Transgenic Models Develop Preeclampsia but Not Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3600-3610. [PMID: 27026370 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
APOL1 risk variants are associated with kidney disease in blacks, but the mechanisms of renal injury associated with APOL1 risk variants are unknown. Because APOL1 is unique to humans and some primates, we created transgenic (Tg) mice using the promoter of nephrin-encoding Nphs1 to express the APOL1 reference sequence (G0) or the G2 risk variant in podocytes, establishing Tg lines with a spectrum of APOL1 expression levels. Podocytes from Tg-G0 and Tg-G2 mice did not undergo necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagic cell death in vivo, even in lines with highly expressed transgenes. Further, Tg-G0 and Tg-G2 mice did not develop kidney pathology, proteinuria, or azotemia as of 300 days of age. However, by 200 days of age, Tg-G2 mice had significantly lower podocyte density than age-matched WT and Tg-G0 mice had, a difference that was not evident at weaning. Notably, a pregnancy-associated phenotype that encompassed eclampsia, preeclampsia, fetal/neonatal deaths, and small litter sizes occurred in some Tg-G0 mice and more severely in Tg-G2 mice. Similar to human placenta, placentas of Tg mice expressed APOL1. Overall, these results suggest podocyte depletion could predispose individuals with APOL1 risk genotypes to kidney disease in response to a second stressor, and add to other published evidence associating APOL1 expression with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Bruggeman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and
| | - Liping Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and
| | - Sethu M Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and
| | | | - Paul E Drawz
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - David B Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R Sedor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John F O'Toole
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center and
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