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Kidner RQ, Goldstone EB, Laidemitt MR, Sanchez MC, Gerdt C, Brokaw LP, Ros-Rocher N, Morris J, Davidson WS, Gerdt JP. Host lipids regulate multicellular behavior of a predator of a human pathogen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.578218. [PMID: 38352462 PMCID: PMC10862850 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
As symbionts of animals, microbial eukaryotes benefit and harm their hosts in myriad ways. A model microeukaryote (Capsaspora owczarzaki) is a symbiont of Biomphalaria glabrata snails and may prevent transmission of parasitic schistosomes from snails to humans. However, it is unclear which host factors determine Capsaspora's ability to colonize snails. Here, we discovered that Capsaspora forms multicellular aggregates when exposed to snail hemolymph. We identified a molecular cue for aggregation: a hemolymph-derived phosphatidylcholine, which becomes elevated in schistosome-infected snails. Therefore, Capsaspora aggregation may be a response to the physiological state of its host, and it may determine its ability to colonize snails and exclude parasitic schistosomes. Furthermore, Capsaspora is an evolutionary model organism whose aggregation may be ancestral to animals. This discovery, that a prevalent lipid induces Capsaspora multicellularity, suggests that this aggregation phenotype may be ancient. Additionally, the specific lipid will be a useful tool for further aggregation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Q Kidner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Martina R Laidemitt
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Melissa C Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Catherine Gerdt
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Lorin P Brokaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Núria Ros-Rocher
- Department of Functional Genomics and Evolution, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection and Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jamie Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237, USA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45237, USA
| | - Joseph P Gerdt
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Crispim M, Verdaguer IB, Hernández A, Kronenberger T, Fenollar À, Yamaguchi LF, Alberione MP, Ramirez M, de Oliveira SS, Katzin AM, Izquierdo L. Beyond the MEP Pathway: A novel kinase required for prenol utilization by malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011557. [PMID: 38277417 PMCID: PMC10849223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A proposed treatment for malaria is a combination of fosmidomycin and clindamycin. Both compounds inhibit the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, the parasitic source of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (FPP and GGPP, respectively). Both FPP and GGPP are crucial for the biosynthesis of several essential metabolites such as ubiquinone and dolichol, as well as for protein prenylation. Dietary prenols, such as farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH), can rescue parasites from MEP inhibitors, suggesting the existence of a missing pathway for prenol salvage via phosphorylation. In this study, we identified a gene in the genome of P. falciparum, encoding a transmembrane prenol kinase (PolK) involved in the salvage of FOH and GGOH. The enzyme was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its FOH/GGOH kinase activities were experimentally validated. Furthermore, conditional knockout parasites (Δ-PolK) were created to investigate the biological importance of the FOH/GGOH salvage pathway. Δ-PolK parasites were viable but displayed increased susceptibility to fosmidomycin. Their sensitivity to MEP inhibitors could not be rescued by adding prenols. Additionally, Δ-PolK parasites lost their capability to utilize prenols for protein prenylation. Experiments using culture medium supplemented with whole/delipidated human plasma in transgenic parasites revealed that human plasma has components that can diminish the effectiveness of fosmidomycin. Mass spectrometry tests indicated that both bovine supplements used in culture and human plasma contain GGOH. These findings suggest that the FOH/GGOH salvage pathway might offer an alternate source of isoprenoids for malaria parasites when de novo biosynthesis is inhibited. This study also identifies a novel kind of enzyme related to isoprenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Bofill Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustín Hernández
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Integrated Unit for Research in Biodiversity (BIOTROP-CCBS), Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Excellence Cluster "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections" (CMFI), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Àngel Fenollar
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María Pía Alberione
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Ramirez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Miguel Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Romero DJ, Pescio LG, Santacreu BJ, Mosca JM, Sterin-Speziale NB, Favale NO. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 plays a dual role depending on the stage of cell differentiation in renal epithelial cells. Life Sci 2023; 316:121404. [PMID: 36681184 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial renal cells have the ability to adopt different cellular phenotypes through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These processes are increasingly recognized as important repair factors following acute renal tubular injury. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid with impact on proliferation, growth, migration, and differentiation which has significant implication in various diseases including cancer and kidney fibrosis. Here we demonstrated that S1P can exert by activating S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) different functions depending on the stage of cell differentiation. We observed that the differences in the migratory profile of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells depend both on their stage of cell differentiation and the activity of S1PR2, a receptor that can either promote or inhibit the migratory process. Meanwhile in non-differentiated cells S1PR2 activation avoids migration, it is essential on fully differentiated cells. This is the first time that an antagonist effect of S1PR2 was reported for the same cell type. Moreover, in fully differentiated cells, S1PR2 activation is crucial for the progression of EMT - characterized by adherent junctions disassembly, β-catenin and SNAI2 nuclear translocation and vimentin expression- and depends on ERK 1/2 activation and nuclear translocation. These findings provide a new perspective about the different S1PR2 functions depending on the stage of cell differentiation that can be critical to the modulation of renal epithelial cell plasticity, potentially paving the way for innovative research with pathophysiologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Judith Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Profesor Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gisele Pescio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Profesor Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Jaime Santacreu
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Profesor Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jazmín María Mosca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Beatriz Sterin-Speziale
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Profesor Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicios de Péptidos y Proteínas - Espectrometría de Masa (LANAIS PROEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Octavio Favale
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Profesor Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hengst JA, Nduwumwami AJ, Yun JK. Regulatory Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and C16:0 Ceramide, in Immunogenic Cell Death of Colon Cancer Cells Induced by Bak/Bax-Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5182. [PMID: 36358599 PMCID: PMC9657779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified the sphingosine kinases (SphK1/2) as key intracellular regulators of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. To better understand the mechanism by which SphK inhibition enhances ICD, we focused on the intracellular signaling pathways leading to cell surface exposure of calreticulin (ectoCRT). Herein, we demonstrate that ABT-263 and AZD-5991, inhibitors of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL and Mcl-1, respectively, induce the production of ectoCRT, indicative of ICD. Inhibition of SphK1 significantly enhanced ABT/AZD-induced ectoCRT production, in a caspase 8-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ABT/AZD-induced Bak/Bax activation stimulates pro-survival SphK1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which attenuates ectoCRT production. Additionally, we identified a regulatory role for ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6)/C16:0 ceramide in transporting of ectoCRT to the cell surface. Together, these results indicate that the sphingolipid metabolic regulators of the sphingolipid rheostat, S1P and C16:0 ceramide, influence survival/death decisions of CRC cells in response to ICD-inducing chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, SphK1, which produces S1P, is a stress-responsive pro-survival lipid kinase that suppresses ICD. While ceramide, produced by the inhibition of SphK1 is required for production of the cell surface marker of ICD, ectoCRT. Thus, inhibition of SphK1 represents a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Asvelt J. Nduwumwami
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong K. Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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5
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Erausquin E, Morán-Garrido M, Sáiz J, Barbas C, Dichiara-Rodríguez G, Urdiciain A, López-Sagaseta J. Identification of a broad lipid repertoire associated to the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15127. [PMID: 36068249 PMCID: PMC9448719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that the nature of the lipid bound to the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) has an impact on its biological roles, as observed in anticoagulation and more recently, in autoimmune disease. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine species dominate the EPCR lipid cargo, yet, the extent of diversity in the EPCR-associated lipid repertoire is still unknown and remains to be uncovered. We undertook mass spectrometry analyses to decipher the EPCR lipidome, and identified species not yet described as EPCR ligands, such as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylserines. Remarkably, we found further, more structurally divergent lipids classes, represented by ceramides and sphingomyelins, both in less abundant quantities. In support of our mass spectrometry results and previous studies, high-resolution crystal structures of EPCR in three different space groups point to a prevalent diacyl phospholipid moiety in EPCR’s pocket but a mobile and ambiguous lipid polar head group. In sum, these studies indicate that EPCR can associate with varied lipid classes, which might impact its properties in anticoagulation and the onset of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Erausquin
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra University Hospital, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Morán-Garrido
- Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre of Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Gilda Dichiara-Rodríguez
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra University Hospital, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Alejandro Urdiciain
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Navarra University Hospital, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jacinto López-Sagaseta
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Navarra University Hospital, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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6
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Dudarev AN, Gorodetskay AY, Tkachenko TA, Usynin IF. Effects of Cortisol and Tetrahydrocortisol on the Secondary Structure of Apolipoprotein A-I as Measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202105023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Simvastatin Resistance of Leishmania amazonensis Induces Sterol Remodeling and Cross-Resistance to Sterol Pathway and Serine Protease Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020398. [PMID: 35208853 PMCID: PMC8877030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania spp. is used as a pharmacological target; however, available information about the mechanisms of the regulation and remodeling of sterol-related genes is scarce. The present study investigated compensatory mechanisms of the sterol biosynthesis pathway using an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (simvastatin) and by developing drug-resistant parasites to evaluate the impact on sterol remodeling, cross-resistance, and gene expression. Simvastatin-resistant L. amazonensis parasites (LaSimR) underwent reprogramming of sterol metabolism manifested as an increase in cholestane- and stigmastane-based sterols and a decrease in ergostane-based sterols. The levels of the transcripts of sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (SMT), sterol C14-α-demethylase (C14DM), and protease subtilisin (SUB) were increased in LaSimR. LaSimR was cross-resistance to ketoconazole (a C14DM inhibitor) and remained sensitive to terbinafine (an inhibitor of squalene monooxygenase). Sensitivity of the LaSimR mutant to other antileishmanial drugs unrelated to the sterol biosynthesis pathway, such as trivalent antimony and pentamidine, was similar to that of the wild-type strain; however, LaSimR was cross-resistant to miltefosine, general serine protease inhibitor N-p-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), subtilisin-specific inhibitor 4-[(diethylamino)methyl]-N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-(3R)-3-pyrrolidinyl-benzamide dihydrochloride (PF-429242), and tunicamycin. The findings on the regulation of the sterol pathway can support the development of drugs and protease inhibitors targeting this route in parasites.
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8
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Anderson RH, Sochacki KA, Vuppula H, Scott BL, Bailey EM, Schultz MM, Kerkvliet JG, Taraska JW, Hoppe AD, Francis KR. Sterols lower energetic barriers of membrane bending and fission necessary for efficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110008. [PMID: 34788623 PMCID: PMC8620193 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is critical for cellular signal transduction, receptor recycling, and membrane homeostasis in mammalian cells. Acute depletion of cholesterol disrupts CME, motivating analysis of CME dynamics in the context of human disorders of cholesterol metabolism. We report that inhibition of post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis impairs CME. Imaging of membrane bending dynamics and the CME pit ultrastructure reveals prolonged clathrin pit lifetimes and shallow clathrin-coated structures, suggesting progressive impairment of curvature generation correlates with diminishing sterol abundance. Sterol structural requirements for efficient CME include 3′ polar head group and B-ring conformation, resembling the sterol structural prerequisites for tight lipid packing and polarity. Furthermore, Smith-Lemli-Opitz fibroblasts with low cholesterol abundance exhibit deficits in CME-mediated transferrin internalization. We conclude that sterols lower the energetic costs of membrane bending during pit formation and vesicular scission during CME and suggest that reduced CME activity may contribute to cellular phenotypes observed within disorders of cholesterol metabolism. Anderson et al. demonstrate that sterol abundance and identity play a dominant role in facilitating clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Detailed analyses of clathrin-coated pits under sterol depletion support a requirement for sterol-mediated membrane bending during multiple stages of endocytosis, implicating endocytic dysfunction within the pathogenesis of disorders of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Harika Vuppula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Brandon L Scott
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Maycie M Schultz
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jason G Kerkvliet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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Circulating Non-Esterified Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Fat Content and Composition in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020386. [PMID: 33546411 PMCID: PMC7913534 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) may be valuable as biomarkers for intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition, as well as for other meat quality traits, in finishing heavy Duroc pigs. However, circulating NEFA composition may be affected by other factors such as age, fasting duration, and genetic variants related with adipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism pathways (e.g., SCD and LEPR). This study revealed that the circulating NEFA composition, especially the oleic acid content, reflects the metabolic status of an animal at a given time but has limited value as biomarker of intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition. Abstract Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) can reflect the composition of dietary fat or adipose tissues depending on the fasting conditions. Therefore, circulating NEFA may be valuable as biomarkers for meat quality traits, such as intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition in finishing pigs. Genetic variants that regulate lipid metabolism can also modulate the circulating NEFA. We conducted an experiment with 150 heavy Duroc pigs to evaluate fluctuations in the circulating NEFA composition due to age, fasting duration and two genetic polymorphisms, one in the leptin receptor (LEPR; rs709596309) and one in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD; rs80912566) gene. Circulating NEFA were more saturated and less monounsaturated than the subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues. Absolute circulating NEFA content was more influenced by fasting duration than age. The SCD polymorphism did not impact NEFA content or composition. The LEPR polymorphism affected the content but not the fatty acid composition. Circulating oleic acid NEFA content after a short fasting was positively correlated with intramuscular fat content and, after a long fasting, with intramuscular oleic acid content. We conclude that circulating NEFA reflect environmental and genetic metabolic changes but are of limited value as biomarkers for intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition.
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Dolui AK, Vijayaraj P. A solvent-free delipidation method for functional validation of lipases. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:343. [PMID: 32714738 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting protein in its active form is critical for its functional characterization, and lipid removal is an essential step in the protein extraction process for further downstream applications. In the present study, we revisited the delipidation protocol and developed a rapid, solvent-free delipidation method using activated silica. The delipidated samples showed improved optical clarity and a significant reduction of endogenous lipids. The functional integrity of the lipases present in the delipidated sample was validated by in vitro enzyme assay using physiological substrate which includes neutral lipid as well as phospholipid. The accessibility of active site of the extracted enzymes was demonstrated by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), a functional chemoproteomic approach. Detection of serine hydrolases using ABPP probe labeling was enhanced upon delipidation. Further, the total polyphenol content was significantly reduced, which helps to enhance the protein enrichment and small-molecule inhibitor screening by ABPP. Collectively, these results suggest that the present solvent-free delipidation approach is efficient and highly compatible with the functional characterization of the enzymes, particularly lipid hydrolases.
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11
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Cheema AK, Kaur P, Fadel A, Younes N, Zirie M, Rizk NM. Integrated Datasets of Proteomic and Metabolomic Biomarkers to Predict Its Impacts on Comorbidities of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2409-2431. [PMID: 32753925 PMCID: PMC7354282 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s244432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study is to accomplish a relative exploration of the biological roles of differentially dysregulated genes (DRGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study aimed to determine the impact of these DRGs on the biological pathways and networks that are related to the associated disorders and complications in T2DM and to predict its role as prospective biomarkers. METHODS Datasets obtained from metabolomic and proteomic profiling were used for investigation of the differential expression of the genes. A subset of DRGs was integrated into IPA software to explore its biological pathways, related diseases, and their regulation in T2DM. Upon entry into the IPA, only 94 of the DRGs were recognizable, mapped, and matched within the database. RESULTS The study identified networks that explore the dysregulation of several functions; cell components such as degranulation of cells; molecular transport process and metabolism of cellular proteins; and inflammatory responses. Top disorders associated with DRGs in T2DM are related to organ injuries such as renal damage, connective tissue disorders, and acute inflammatory disorders. Upstream regulator analysis predicted the role of several transcription factors of interest, such as STAT3 and HIF alpha, as well as many kinases such as JAK kinases, which affects the gene expression of the dataset in T2DM. Interleukin 6 (IL6) is the top regulator of the DRGs, followed by leptin (LEP). Monitoring the dysregulation of the coupled expression of the following biomarkers (TNF, IL6, LEP, AGT, APOE, F2, SPP1, and INS) highlights that they could be used as potential prognostic biomarkers. CONCLUSION The integration of data obtained by advanced metabolomic and proteomic technologies has made it probable to advantage in understanding the role of these biomarkers in the identification of significant biological processes, pathways, and regulators that are associated with T2DM and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Prabhjit Kaur
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amina Fadel
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noura Younes
- Clinical Chemistry Lab, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Zirie
- Endocrine Department, Hammad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser M Rizk
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Physiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
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12
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Boehm T, Karer M, Gludovacz E, Petroczi K, Resch M, Schuetzenberger K, Klavins K, Borth N, Jilma B. Simple, sensitive and specific quantification of diamine oxidase activity in complex matrices using newly discovered fluorophores derived from natural substrates. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:937-950. [PMID: 32488317 PMCID: PMC7394931 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure diamine oxidase (DAO) activity with high sensitivity in complex matrices like plasma or tissue extracts radioactive putrescine or horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) coupling must be used. The use of radioactive material should be avoided and HRP/H2O2 coupling is compromised by antioxidants. Methods and results Condensation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with delta-1-pyrroline and delta-1-piperideine, the autocyclization products of the DAO-oxidized natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine, generates new quinazoline fluorophores with absorption and excitation maxima of 430 and 460 nm, respectively, and peak emission at 620 nm. Fluorescent-based detection limits are 20–40 times lower compared to absorption measurements. This assay can be used to measure DAO activity in human plasma after spiking recombinant human (rh)DAO, in rat plasma after intravenous rhDAO administration, in pregnancy plasma and in tissue extracts of DAO wild-type and knock-out mice. Using rat plasma the correlation between rhDAO activity and ELISA data is 99%. Human and rat plasma without DAO spiking and tissue extracts from DAO knock-out mice showed stable and low fluorescence in the presence of high substrate concentrations. Conclusions Incubation of DAO with the natural substrates putrescine and cadaverine and oABA generates novel fluorophores increasing the detection limit compared to absorption measurements at least tenfold. This simple, sensitive and specific assay allows the non-radioactive quantification of DAO activity in complex matrices like plasma and tissue extracts without interference by antioxidants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00011-020-01359-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Karer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Resch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kornelia Schuetzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Chen WY, Chen YF, Chan HC, Chung CH, Peng HY, Ho YC, Chen CH, Chang KC, Tang CH, Lee AS. Role of apolipoprotein E in electronegative low-density lipoprotein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Metabolism 2020; 107:154227. [PMID: 32275974 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE L5, a highly electronegative subtype of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is likely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Normal LDL is composed mainly of apolipoprotein (Apo) B, but L5 has additional proteins such as ApoE. We previously demonstrated that L5 induces endothelial cell senescence by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In the present study, we examined the effect of L5 on mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. METHODS We used the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer to examine the effect of L5 and its components on mitochondrial energy production. The effects of L5 on mitochondrial morphology were examined by immunofluorescence using MitoTracker Green FM and the corresponding probes in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Mitochondrial permeability was assessed by using a calcium-induced swelling assay with a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) inhibitor to determine VDAC-dependence both in vitro and in vivo. L5 without ApoE, referred to as △L5, was used to clarify the role of ApoE in L5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS L5 not only significantly decreased basal (P < 0.05) and maximal respiration (P < 0.01) but also reduced spare respiratory capacity (P < 0.01) in H9c2 cells. Additionally, L5 caused phosphorylation of Drp1 and mitochondrial fission. Recombinant ApoE mimicked the mitochondrial effects of L5, but △L5 did not cause similar effects. After entering cells, ApoE on L5 colocalized with mitochondrial VDAC and caused mitochondria swelling both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was also seen with recombinant ApoE but not △L5. CONCLUSIONS ApoE may play an important role in electronegative LDL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore via the interaction of ApoE and VDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Cheng Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hu Chung
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, New York 11501, USA.
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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14
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Ferrante T, Adinolfi S, D'Arrigo G, Poirier D, Daga M, Lolli ML, Balliano G, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S. Multiple catalytic activities of human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 respond differently to inhibitors. Biochimie 2019; 170:106-117. [PMID: 31887335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a multistep process in mammals that includes the aerobic removal of three methyl groups from the intermediate lanosterol, one from position 14 and two from position 4. During the demethylations at position 4, a 3-ketosteroid reductase catalyses the conversion of both 4-methylzymosterone and zymosterone to 4-methylzymosterol and zymosterol, respectively, restoring the alcoholic function of lanosterol, which is also maintained in cholesterol. Unlike other eukaryotes, mammals also use the same enzyme as an estrone reductase that can transform estrone (E1) into estradiol (E2). This enzyme, named 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (HSD17B7), is therefore a multifunctional protein in mammals, and one that belongs to both the HSD17B family, which is involved in steroid-hormone metabolism, and to the family of post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes. In the present study, a series of known inhibitors of human HSD17B7's E1-reductase activity have been assayed for potential inhibition against 3-ketosteroid reductase activity. Surprisingly, the assayed compounds lost their inhibition activity when tested in HepG2 cells that were incubated with radiolabelled acetate and against the recombinant overexpressed human enzyme incubated with 4-methylzymosterone (both radiolabelled and not). Preliminary kinetic analyses suggest a mixed or non-competitive inhibition on the E1-reductase activity, which is in agreement with Molecular Dynamics simulations. These results raise questions about the mechanism(s) of action of these possible inhibitors, the enzyme dynamic regulation and the interplay between the two activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Ferrante
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia D'Arrigo
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Centre and Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier T-4-50 Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Martina Daga
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianni Balliano
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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15
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Li Y, Ruan C, Wang S, Hu L, Ye M. Solvent-Induced Protein Precipitation for Drug Target Discovery on the Proteomic Scale. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1363-1371. [PMID: 31794197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput drug discovery is highly dependent on the targets available to accelerate the process of candidates screening. Traditional chemical proteomics approaches for the screening of drug targets usually require the immobilization/modification of the drug molecules to pull down the interacting proteins. Recently, energetics-based proteomics methods provide an alternative way to study drug-protein interaction by using complex cell lysate directly without any modification of the drugs. In this study, we developed a novel energetics-based proteomics strategy, the solvent-induced protein precipitation (SIP) approach, to profile the interaction of drugs with their target proteins by using quantitative proteomics. The method is easy to use for any laboratory with the common chemical reagents of acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid. The SIP approach was able to identify the well-known protein targets of methotrexate, SNS-032, and a pan-kinase inhibitor of staurosporine in cell lysate. We further applied this approach to discover the off-targets of geldanamycin. Three known protein targets of the HSP90 family were successfully identified, and several potential off-targets including NADH dehydrogenase subunits NDUFV1 and NDUFAB1 were identified for the first time, and the NDUFV1 was validated by using Western blotting. In addition, this approach was capable of evaluating the affinity of the drug-target interaction. The data collectively proved that our approach provides a powerful platform for drug target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chengfei Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
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16
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Abstract
Lipids exert key structural, metabolic, and signaling functions in cells. Lipid diversity found in cells and tissues is regulated principally by metabolic enzymes whose activity is modulated posttranslationally to shape head group and fatty acyl composition of membrane lipids. Methodologies capable of monitoring in vivo changes in the lipidome are needed to assign substrate specificity of metabolic enzymes, which represents a key step toward understanding structure-function of lipids in living systems. The resulting lipid annotations also serve as important biomarkers for understanding mode of action for pharmacological agents targeting metabolic enzymes in cells and animal models. In this chapter, we describe a general metabolomics workflow to complement (chemo)proteomic efforts to modulate lipid pathways for basic science and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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17
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Wu S, Näär AM. A lipid-free and insulin-supplemented medium supports De Novo fatty acid synthesis gene activation in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215022. [PMID: 30970006 PMCID: PMC6457551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating the role played by de novo lipid (DNL) biosynthesis in cancer cells, we sought a medium condition that would support cell proliferation without providing any serum lipids. Here we report that a defined serum free cell culture medium condition containing insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) supports controlled study of transcriptional regulation of de novo fatty acid (DNFA) production and de novo cholesterol synthesis (DNCS) in melanoma cell lines. This lipid-free ITS medium is able to support continuous proliferation of several melanoma cell lines that utilize DNL to support their lipid requirements. We show that the ITS medium stimulates gene transcription in support of both DNFA and DNCS, specifically mediated by SREBP1/2 in melanoma cells. We further found that the ITS medium promoted SREBP1 nuclear localization and occupancy on DNFA gene promoters. Our data show clear utility of this serum and lipid-free medium for melanoma cancer cell culture and lipid-related areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SW); (AMN)
| | - Anders M. Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SW); (AMN)
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18
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Santacreu BJ, Pescio LG, Romero DJ, Corradi GR, Sterin-Speziale N, Favale NO. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate regulate epithelial cell architecture by the modulation of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213917. [PMID: 30897151 PMCID: PMC6428330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids regulate several aspects of cell behavior and it has been demonstrated that cells adjust their sphingolipid metabolism in response to metabolic needs. Particularly, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a final product of sphingolipid metabolism, is a potent bioactive lipid involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell migration, actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. In previous work in rat renal papillae, we showed that sphingosine kinase (SK) expression and S1P levels are developmentally regulated and control de novo sphingolipid synthesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the participation of SK/S1P pathway in the triggering of cell differentiation by external hypertonicity. We found that hypertonicity evoked a sharp decrease in SK expression, thus activating the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway. Furthermore, the inhibition of SK activity evoked a relaxation of cell-cell adherens junction (AJ) with accumulation of the AJ complex (E-cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin) in the Golgi complex, preventing the acquisition of the differentiated cell phenotype. This phenotype alteration was a consequence of a sphingolipid misbalance with an increase in ceramide levels. Moreover, we found that SNAI1 and SNAI2 were located in the cell nucleus with impairment of cell differentiation induced by SK inhibition, a fact that is considered a biochemical marker of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. So, we suggest that the expression and activity of SK1, but not SK2, act as a control system, allowing epithelial cells to synchronize the various branches of sphingolipid metabolism for an adequate cell differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Jaime Santacreu
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gisele Pescio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Judith Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Raúl Corradi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Biológica. Cátedra de Química Biológica Superior, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Sterin-Speziale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicios de Péptidos y Proteínas—Espectrometría de Masa (LANAIS PROEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (NOF); (NSS)
| | - Nicolás Octavio Favale
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (NOF); (NSS)
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19
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Yermalitsky VN, Matafonova E, Tallman K, Li Z, Zackert W, Roberts LJ, Amarnath V, Davies SS. Simplified LC/MS assay for the measurement of isolevuglandin protein adducts in plasma and tissue samples. Anal Biochem 2019; 566:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Lipoproteins from vertebrate host blood plasma are involved in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote agglutination and participate in interaction with the vector insect, Rhodnius prolixus. Exp Parasitol 2018; 195:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Ramachandra Rao S, Pfeffer BA, Más Gómez N, Skelton LA, Keiko U, Sparrow JR, Rowsam AM, Mitchell CH, Fliesler SJ. Compromised phagosome maturation underlies RPE pathology in cell culture and whole animal models of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Autophagy 2018; 14:1796-1817. [PMID: 29979914 PMCID: PMC6135634 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1490851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of rats with the cholesterol pathway inhibitor AY9944 produces an animal model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), an autosomal recessive disease caused by defective cholesterol synthesis. This SLOS rat model undergoes progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neural retina, with associated pathological features of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Here, we provide further insights into the mechanism involved in the RPE pathology. In the SLOS rat model, markedly increased RPE apical autofluorescence is observed, compared to untreated animals, which correlates with increased levels of A2E and other bisretinoids. Utilizing cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)- derived SLOS RPE cells, we found significantly elevated steady-state levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) and decreased cholesterol levels (key biochemical hallmarks of SLOS). Western blot analysis revealed altered levels of the macroautophagy/autophagy markers MAP1LC3B-II and SQSTM1/p62, and build-up of ubiquitinated proteins. Accumulation of immature autophagosomes was accompanied by inefficient degradation of phagocytized, exogenously supplied retinal rod outer segments (as evidenced by persistence of the C-terminal 1D4 epitope of RHO [rhodopsin]) in SLOS RPE compared to iPSC-derived normal human control. SLOS RPE cells exhibited lysosomal pH levels and CTSD activity within normal physiological limits, thus discounting the involvement of perturbed lysosomal function. Furthermore, 1D4-positive phagosomes that accumulated in the RPE in both pharmacological and genetic rodent models of SLOS failed to fuse with lysosomes. Taken together, these observations suggest that defective phagosome maturation underlies the observed RPE pathology. The potential relevance of these findings to SLOS and the requirement of cholesterol for phagosome maturation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A. Pfeffer
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Néstor Más Gómez
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lara A. Skelton
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ueda Keiko
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Harkness Eye Institute) and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, NY, NY, USA
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Harkness Eye Institute) and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, NY, NY, USA
| | - Aryn M. Rowsam
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J. Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Endosomal-Lysosomal Cholesterol Sequestration by U18666A Differentially Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism in Normal and APP-Overexpressing Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29530923 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00529-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence indicates that altered levels or subcellular distribution of cholesterol can regulate Aβ production and clearance, but it remains unclear how cholesterol sequestration within the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system can influence APP metabolism. Thus, we evaluated the effects of U18666A, which triggers cholesterol redistribution within the EL system, on mouse N2a cells expressing different levels of APP in the presence or absence of extracellular cholesterol and lipids provided by fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our results reveal that U18666A and FBS differentially increase the levels of APP and its cleaved products, the α-, β-, and η-C-terminal fragments, in N2a cells expressing normal levels of mouse APP (N2awt), higher levels of human wild-type APP (APPwt), or "Swedish" mutant APP (APPsw). The cellular levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in U18666A-treated APPwt and APPsw cells. Our studies further demonstrate that APP and its cleaved products are partly accumulated in the lysosomes, possibly due to decreased clearance. Finally, we show that autophagy inhibition plays a role in mediating U18666A effects. Collectively, these results suggest that altered levels and distribution of cholesterol and lipids can differentially regulate APP metabolism depending on the nature of APP expression.
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Gundinger T, Pansy A, Spadiut O. A sensitive and robust HPLC method to quantify recombinant antibody fragments in E . coli crude cell lysate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:242-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Releasing sterols to the extracellular milieu is an important part of sterol homeostasis in cells and in the body. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role in cellular phospholipid and sterol release to lipid-free or lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major apolipoprotein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and constitutes the first step in the formation of nascent HDL. Loss-of-function mutations in the ABCA1 gene lead to a rare disease known as Tangier disease that causes severe deficiency in plasma HDL level. Mammalian cells receive exogenous cholesterol mainly from low-density lipoprotein. In addition, they synthesize cholesterol endogenously, as well as multiple precursor sterols that are sterol intermediates en route to be converted to cholesterol. HDL contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and precursor sterols, and ABCA1 has an ability to release phospholipids and various sterol molecules. Recent studies using model cell lines showed that ABCA1 prefers to use sterols newly synthesized endogenously as its preferred substrate, rather than cholesterol derived from LDL or cholesterol being recycled within the cells. Here, we describe several methods at the cell culture level to monitor ABCA1-dependent release of sterol molecules to apoA-I present at the cell exterior. Sterol release can be assessed by using a simple colorimetric enzymatic assay, and/or by monitoring the radioactivities of radiolabeled cholesterol incorporated into the cells, and/or of sterols biosynthesized from radioactive acetate, and/or by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of various sterols present in medium and in cells. We also discuss the pros and cons of these methods. Together, these methods allow researchers to detect the release not only of cholesterol but also of other sterols present in minor quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. .,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shinji Yokoyama
- Nutritional Health Science Research Center, and Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumotocho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7200 Vail Bldg. Room 304, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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Usynin IF, Dudarev AN, Gorodetskaya AY, Miroshnichenko SM, Tkachenko TA, Tkachenko VI. Apolipoprotein A-I Stimulates Cell Proliferation in Bone Marrow Cell Culture. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:308-311. [PMID: 29313227 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-3978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Culturing of bone marrow cells in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium led to a decrease in the rate of DNA biosynthesis. Addition of HDL or their main protein component apolipoprotein A-I to the culture medium dose-dependently increased the rate of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. The maximum stimulation was achieved at HDL concentration of 80 μg/ml and apolipoprotein A-I concentration of 20 μg/ml. To identify the target-cells of apolipoprotein A-I, we used thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) that incorporates into cell DNA at the stage of replicative DNA synthesis (S phase) and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In bone marrow cell culture, apolipoprotein A-I stimulates the proliferation of monocyte (monoblasts, promonocytes) and granulocyte (myeloblasts, promyelocytes) progenitor cells, as well as bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Usynin
- Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - A N Dudarev
- Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - V I Tkachenko
- Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Usynin IF, Dudarev AN, Miroshnichenko SM, Tkachenko TA, Gorodetskaya AY. Effect of Native and Modified Apolipoprotein A-I on DNA Synthesis in Cultures of Different Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 164:247-251. [PMID: 29177902 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Culturing of bone marrow cells in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 24 h was accompanied by a decrease in the rate of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. Addition of native apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) or plasma LDL and HDL to the culture medium increased this parameter. In contrast to native apoA-I, its modified form decelerated DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells. A similar inhibitory effect of modified protein was observed in cultures of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and in rapidly proliferating mouse macrophage cell line ANA-1. The only exclusion was human myeloid cell line U937: neither native nor modified apoA-I affected DNA synthesis in these cells. Thus, the regulatory effects of apoA-I are tissue-specific; this protein can produce either stimulatory or inhibitory effect on DNA biosynthesis in cells depending on its conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Usynin
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Intercellular Interactions, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - A N Dudarev
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Intercellular Interactions, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S M Miroshnichenko
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Intercellular Interactions, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T A Tkachenko
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Intercellular Interactions, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Gorodetskaya
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Intercellular Interactions, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Dashty M, Motazacker M, Levels J, Vries MD, Mahmoudi M, Peppelenbosch M, Rezaee F. Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism. Thromb Haemost 2017; 111:518-30. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryApart from transporting lipids through the body, the human plasma lipoproteins very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are also thought to serve as a modality for intra-organismal protein transfer, shipping proteins with important roles in inflammation and thrombosis from the site of synthesis to effector locations. To better understand the role of VLDL and LDL in the transport of proteins, we applied a combination of LTQ ORBITRAP-XL (nLC-MS/MS) with both in-SDS-PAGE gel and in-solution tryptic digestion of pure and defined VLDL and LDL fractions. We identified the presence of 95 VLDL-and 51 LDL-associated proteins including all known apolipoproteins and lipid transport proteins, and intriguingly a set of coagulation proteins, complement system and anti-microbial proteins. Prothrombin, protein S, fibrinogen γ, PLTP, CETP, CD14 and LBP were present on VLDL but not on LDL. Prenylcysteine oxidase 1, dermcidin, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, TFPI-1 and fibrinogen α chain were associated with both VLDL and LDL. Apo A-V is only present on VLDL and not on LDL. Collectively, this study provides a wealth of knowledge on the protein constituents of the human plasma lipoprotein system and strongly supports the notion that protein shuttling through this system is involved in the regulation of biological processes. Human diseases related to proteins carried by VLDL and LDL can be divided in three major categories: 1 – dyslipidaemia, 2 – atherosclerosis and vascular disease, and 3 – coagulation disorders.
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Eng FJ, El-Shamy A, Doyle EH, Klepper A, Muerhoff AS, Branch AD. Newly discovered hepatitis C virus minicores circulate in human blood. Hepatol Commun 2017; 2:21-28. [PMID: 29404509 PMCID: PMC5776872 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most prevalent causes of chronic blood‐borne infections worldwide. Despite developments of highly effective treatments, most infected individuals are unaware of their infection. Approximately 75% of infections are in low‐ and middle‐income countries; therefore, continuing research in HCV molecular virology and the development of vaccines and affordable diagnostics is required to reduce the global burden. Various intracellular forms of the HCV nucleocapsid (core) protein are produced in cell culture; these comprise the conventional p21 core and the newly discovered shorter isoforms (minicores). Minicores lack the N‐terminus of p21 core. This study was conducted to determine if minicores are secreted in cell culture and more importantly if they circulate in the blood of individuals infected with HCV. We also developed a new monoclonal antibody that detects minicores targeting a C‐terminal region common to p21 core and minicores. Direct evidence of minicores requires western blot analysis to distinguish the detection of p21 core from minicores. However, the sensitivity for western blot detection of HCV proteins from blood is nil without their prior purification/enrichment from blood. Therefore, we developed a purification method based on a heparin/Mn+2 precipitation of apolipoprotein B‐containing lipoproteins because HCV is thought to circulate as a hybrid lipoviral particle. Minicores are secreted in culture when cells are grown in the presence of human serum. The heparin/Mn+2 precipitate from HCV‐infected cell culture supernatants and from the blood of 4 patients with high‐titer genotype‐1 HCV contained minicores. Conclusion: Minicores are major newly discovered HCV proteins that are secreted and circulate in blood during natural infections. Minicore proteins have translational potential as targets in diagnostic assays and in vaccine development. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:21–28)
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Eng
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - Ahmed El-Shamy
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - Erin H Doyle
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - Arielle Klepper
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - A Scott Muerhoff
- Abbott Diagnostics, Biologics Discovery and Design Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park IL
| | - Andrea D Branch
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
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Yang H, Wang Y, Kar S. Effects of cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A on APP metabolism in rat primary astrocytes. Glia 2017; 65:1728-1743. [PMID: 28722194 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play an important role in the degeneration of neurons and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current evidence indicates that high levels of cholesterol-which increase the risk of developing AD-can influence Aβ production in neurons. However, it remains unclear how altered level/subcellular distribution of cholesterol in astrocytes can influence APP metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A-a class II amphiphile that triggers redistribution of cholesterol within the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system-on APP levels and metabolism in rat primary cultured astrocytes. Our results revealed that U18666A increased the levels of the APP holoprotein and its cleaved products (α-/β-/η-CTFs) in cultured astrocytes, without altering the total levels of cholesterol or cell viability. The cellular levels of Aβ1-40 were also found to be markedly increased, while secretory levels of Aβ1-40 were decreased in U18666A-treated astrocytes. We further report a corresponding increase in the activity of the enzymes regulating APP processing, such as α-secretase, β-secretase, and γ-secretase as a consequence of U18666A treatment. Additionally, APP-cleaved products are partly accumulated in the lysosomes following cholesterol sequestration within EL system possibly due to decreased clearance. Interestingly, serum delipidation attenuated enhanced levels of APP and its cleaved products following U18666A treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that cholesterol sequestration within the EL system in astrocytes can influence APP metabolism and the accumulation of APP-cleaved products including Aβ peptides, which can contribute to the development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M8, Canada
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Lee DDY, Muskaj I, Savage W. Platelet proteins cause basophil histamine release through an immunoglobulin-dependent mechanism. Transfusion 2017; 57:1709-1716. [PMID: 28470742 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A general understanding of allergic transfusion reaction mechanisms remains elusive. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed, but none have been compared experimentally. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We used histamine release (HR) from healthy human donor basophils to model allergic transfusion reactions. Platelet component supernatant (plasma), platelet lysate, and manipulated platelet lysates (dialyzed, delipidated, trypsinized, mild heat-inactivated, and ultracentrifuged) were used to characterize allergic stimuli. Immunoglobulin-dependent mechanisms were investigated through cell surface immunoglobulin depletion and ibrutinib signaling inhibition. HR induced by platelet mitochondria was compared with HR by platelet lysate with or without DNase treatment. RESULTS Robust, dose-responsive HR to platelet lysate was observed in two of eight nulliparous, never-transfused, healthy donors. No HR was observed with plasma. Among manipulated platelet lysates, only trypsin treatment significantly reduced HR (39% reduction; p = 0.008). HR in response to platelet lysate significantly decreased with either cell surface immunoglobulin depletion or ibrutinib pretreatment. Platelet mitochondria induced minimal basophil HR, and DNase treatment did not inhibit platelet lysate-induced HR. CONCLUSION Type I immediate hypersensitivity to platelet proteins may be an allergic transfusion reaction mechanism. Prior sensitization to human proteins is not required for basophil responses to platelet proteins. Further study into the relative contributions of hypersensitivity to platelet versus plasma proteins in transfusion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igla Muskaj
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Savage
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Schoemig V, Isik E, Martin L, Berensmeier S. Solid liquid liquid extraction of porcine gastric mucins from homogenized animal material. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With solid liquid liquid extraction as a new capture step for the purification of porcine gastric mucins from crude homogenate, yield and productivity was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schoemig
- Bioseparation Engineering Group
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Eda Isik
- Bioseparation Engineering Group
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Lea Martin
- Bioseparation Engineering Group
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering Group
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85748 Garching
- Germany
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Ho VW, Hofs E, Elisia I, Lam V, Hsu BE, Lai J, Luk B, Samudio I, Krystal G. All Trans Retinoic Acid, Transforming Growth Factor β and Prostaglandin E2 in Mouse Plasma Synergize with Basophil-Secreted Interleukin-4 to M2 Polarize Murine Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168072. [PMID: 27977740 PMCID: PMC5158015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we found that macrophages (MФs) from SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) deficient mice are M2 polarized while their wild type (WT) counterparts are M1 polarized and that this difference in MФ phenotype can be recapitulated during in vitro derivation from bone marrow if mouse plasma (MP), but not fetal calf serum, is added to standard M-CSF-containing cultures. In the current study we investigated the mechanism by which MP skews SHIP-/- but not +/+ MФs to an M2 phenotype. Our results suggest that SHIP-/- basophils constitutively secrete higher levels of IL-4 than SHIP+/+ basophils and this higher level of IL-4 is sufficient to skew both SHIP+/+ and SHIP-/- MФs to an M2 phenotype, but only when MP is present to increase the sensitivity of the MФs to this level of IL-4. MP increases the IL-4 sensitivity of both SHIP+/+ and -/- MФs not by increasing cell surface IL-4 or CD36 receptor levels, but by triggering the activation of Erk and Akt and the production of ROS, all of which play a critical role in sensitizing MФs to IL-4-induced M2 skewing. Studies to identify the factor(s) in MP responsible for promoting IL-4-induced M2 skewing suggests that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), TGFβ and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) all play a role. Taken together, these results indicate that basophil-secreted IL-4 plays an essential role in M2 skewing and that ATRA, TGFβ and PGE2 within MP collaborate to dramatically promote M2 skewing by acting directly on MФs to increase their sensitivity to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W. Ho
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elyse Hofs
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ingrid Elisia
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian E. Hsu
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - June Lai
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beryl Luk
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismael Samudio
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Development of a low resolution 1H NMR spectroscopic technique for the study of matrix mobility in fresh and freeze-thawed hen egg yolk. Food Chem 2016; 204:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pawlowic M, Hsu FF, Moitra S, Biyani N, Zhang K. Plasmenylethanolamine synthesis in Leishmania major. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:238-49. [PMID: 27062077 PMCID: PMC4935589 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are ubiquitous cell membrane components. Trypanosomatid parasites of the genus Leishmania synthesize the majority of their ethanolamine glycerophospholipids as 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or plasmenylethanolamine (PME) through the Kennedy pathway. PME is a subtype of ether phospholipids also known as ethanolamine plasmalogen whose functions are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of PME synthesis in Leishmania major through the characterization of an ethanolamine phosphotransferase (EPT) mutant. EPT-null parasites are largely devoid of PME and fully viable in regular medium but fail to proliferate in the absence of fetal bovine serum. They exhibit significant abnormalities in the synthesis and localization of GPI-anchored surface molecules. EPT-null mutants also show attenuated virulence in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, in addition to PME synthesis, ethanolamine also contributes to the production of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant class of lipids in Leishmania. Together, these findings suggest that ethanolamine production is likely required for Leishmania promastigotes to generate bulk phospholipids, to handle stress, and to control the expression of membrane bound virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie Pawlowic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Fong-fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samrat Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Neha Biyani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Improved Butanol-Methanol (BUME) Method by Replacing Acetic Acid for Lipid Extraction of Biological Samples. Lipids 2016; 51:887-96. [PMID: 27245345 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of lipids from biological samples is a critical step in lipidomics, especially for shotgun lipidomics where lipid extracts are directly infused into a mass spectrometer. The butanol-methanol (BUME) extraction method was originally developed to extract lipids from plasma samples with 1 % acetic acid. Considering some lipids are sensitive to acidic environments, we modified this protocol by replacing acetic acid with lithium chloride solution and extended the modified extraction to tissue samples. Although no significant reduction of plasmalogen levels in the acidic BUME extracts of rat heart samples was found, the modified method was established to extract various tissue samples, including rat liver, heart, and plasma. Essentially identical profiles of the majority of lipid classes were obtained from the extracts of the modified BUME and traditional Bligh-Dyer methods. However, it was found that neither the original, nor the modified BUME method was suitable for 4-hydroxyalkenal species measurement in biological samples.
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Postprandial lipids accelerate and redirect nitric oxide consumption in plasma. Nitric Oxide 2016; 55-56:70-81. [PMID: 27021272 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and O2 are both three-to four-fold more soluble in biological lipids than in aqueous solutions. Their higher concentration within plasma lipids accelerates NO autoxidation to an extent that may be of importance to overall NO bioactivity. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that increased plasma lipids after a high-fat meal appreciably accelerate NO metabolism and alter the byproducts formed. We found that plasma collected from subjects after consumption of a single high-fat meal had a higher capacity for NO consumption and consumed NO more rapidly compared to fasting plasma. This increased NO consumption showed a direct correlation with plasma triglyceride concentrations (p = 0.006). The accelerated NO consumption in postprandial plasma was reversed by removal of the lipids from the plasma, was mimicked by the addition of hydrophobic micelles to aqueous buffer, and could not be explained by the presence of either free hemoglobin or ceruloplasmin. The products of NO consumption were shifted in postprandial plasma, with 55% more nitrite (n = 12, p = 0.002) but 50% less SNO (n = 12, p = 0.03) production compared to matched fasted plasma. Modeling calculations indicated that NO autoxidation was accelerated by about 48-fold in the presence of plasma lipids. We conclude that postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins exert a significant influence on NO metabolism in plasma.
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Au C, Acevedo NC, Horner HT, Wang T. Determination of the Gelation Mechanism of Freeze-Thawed Hen Egg Yolk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10170-10180. [PMID: 26527230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of yolks stored up to 168 d at -20 °C was conducted to determine the gelation behavior and mechanism of freeze-thawed yolk. Methods used were rheology, native and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native- and SDS-PAGE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy for matrix mobility. Results indicate that both constituents of plasma and granules contributed to gelation of yolk under freezing. PAGE analyses suggest that granular proteins participated in aggregation during freeze-thaw. Increasing gel strength and particle size and decreasing water and lipid-water mobility indicate that lipoproteins or apolipoproteins aggregated. At storage times ≥84 d, increased protein and lipid mobility, the detection of smaller particles, and secondarily increased gel strength suggest the liberation of protein or lipoprotein components from previously formed aggregates and further aggregation of these constituents. Disruption of the gelled yolk matrix observed with TEM supported that ice crystal formation was required for gelation to occur. A two-stage dynamic gelation model is thus proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Au
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nuria C Acevedo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Harry T Horner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology & Microscopy and NanoImaging Facility, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Mester B, Bauer E, Wood CE, Hermans IF, Gasser O. Expression of CD1a and Type-1 Polarization Are Dissociated in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140432. [PMID: 26460687 PMCID: PMC4603902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo generated monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC)-vaccines have long been touted as promising immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, although the response rate generally remains low. The reasons for this are still unclear and confounded by the diversity in manufacturing protocols that may affect moDC function. Preclinical studies have shown that the stimulatory function of dendritic cells can be improved by engaging invariant NKT cells in vivo through the presentation of the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide via CD1d. However, expression of CD1d on moDC has been shown to be negatively correlated with expression of CD1a, which in turn has been suggested to be a surrogate marker for IL-12 secreting type-1 polarized moDC, the preferred functional characteristics for cancer vaccines. Here we challenge this notion by showing that plasma-derived lipids drive functional levels of CD1d expression, while CD1a expression can vary considerably in these cells without being correlated with a loss of polarization or immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Mester
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Bauer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E. Wood
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Huwait EA, Singh NN, Michael DR, Davies TS, Moss JW, Ramji DP. Protein Kinase C Is Involved in the Induction of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Expression by Liver X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor Agonist in Human Macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2032-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etimad A. Huwait
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Nishi N. Singh
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Daryn R. Michael
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Davies
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Joe W.E. Moss
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
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Rajagopalan KN, Egnatchik RA, Calvaruso MA, Wasti AT, Padanad MS, Boroughs LK, Ko B, Hensley CT, Acar M, Hu Z, Jiang L, Pascual JM, Scaglioni PP, DeBerardinis RJ. Metabolic plasticity maintains proliferation in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficient cells. Cancer Metab 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 26137220 PMCID: PMC4487196 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) occupies a central node of intermediary metabolism, converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, thus committing carbon derived from glucose to an aerobic fate rather than an anaerobic one. Rapidly proliferating tissues, including human tumors, use PDH to generate energy and macromolecular precursors. However, evidence supports the benefits of constraining maximal PDH activity under certain contexts, including hypoxia and oncogene-induced cell growth. Although PDH is one of the most widely studied enzyme complexes in mammals, its requirement for cell growth is unknown. In this study, we directly addressed whether PDH is required for mammalian cells to proliferate. Results We genetically suppressed expression of the PDHA1 gene encoding an essential subunit of the PDH complex and characterized the effects on intermediary metabolism and cell proliferation using a combination of stable isotope tracing and growth assays. Surprisingly, rapidly dividing cells tolerated loss of PDH activity without major effects on proliferative rates in complete medium. PDH suppression increased reliance on extracellular lipids, and in some cell lines, reducing lipid availability uncovered a modest growth defect that could be completely reversed by providing exogenous-free fatty acids. PDH suppression also shifted the source of lipogenic acetyl-CoA from glucose to glutamine, and this compensatory pathway required a net reductive isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) flux to produce a source of glutamine-derived acetyl-CoA for fatty acids. By deleting the cytosolic isoform of IDH (IDH1), the enhanced contribution of glutamine to the lipogenic acetyl-CoA pool during PDHA1 suppression was eliminated, and growth was modestly suppressed. Conclusions Although PDH suppression substantially alters central carbon metabolism, the data indicate that rapid cell proliferation occurs independently of PDH activity. Our findings reveal that this central enzyme is essentially dispensable for growth and proliferation of both primary cells and established cell lines. We also identify the compensatory mechanisms that are activated under PDH deficiency, namely scavenging of extracellular lipids and lipogenic acetyl-CoA production from reductive glutamine metabolism through IDH1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40170-015-0134-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik N Rajagopalan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Robert A Egnatchik
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Maria A Calvaruso
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Ajla T Wasti
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Mahesh S Padanad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Lindsey K Boroughs
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Bookyung Ko
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Christopher T Hensley
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Melih Acar
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Departments of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA ; Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA ; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502 USA
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Pereira MG, Visbal G, Salgado LT, Vidal JC, Godinho JLP, De Cicco NNT, Atella GC, de Souza W, Cunha-e-Silva N. Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes Are Able to Manage Internal Cholesterol Levels under Nutritional Lipid Stress Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128949. [PMID: 26068009 PMCID: PMC4466137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes store high amounts of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in reservosomes. These unique organelles are responsible for cellular digestion by providing substrates for homeostasis and parasite differentiation. Here we demonstrate that under nutritional lipid stress, epimastigotes preferentially mobilized reservosome lipid stocks, instead of lipid bodies, leading to the consumption of parasite cholesterol reservoirs and production of ergosterol. Starved epimastigotes acquired more LDL-NBD-cholesterol by endocytosis and distributed the exogenous cholesterol to their membranes faster than control parasites. Moreover, the parasites were able to manage internal cholesterol levels, alternating between consumption and accumulation. With normal lipid availability, parasites esterified cholesterol exhibiting an ACAT-like activity that was sensitive to Avasimibe in a dose-dependent manner. This result also implies that exogenous cholesterol has a role in lipid reservoirs in epimastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria Gomes Pereira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Gonzalo Visbal
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia—INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Leonardo T. Salgado
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Juliana Cunha Vidal
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Joseane L. P. Godinho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nuccia N. T. De Cicco
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Geórgia C. Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia—INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Narcisa Cunha-e-Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Park J, Park J, Jeong J, Cho KH, Choi I, Kim J. Identification of tetranectin as adipogenic serum protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:583-8. [PMID: 25797624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is an essential culture supplement for adipocyte differentiation of various adipogenic precursor cells. Adipocyte differentiation greatly varies depending on the type of serum in the differentiation medium. In this study, we found that FBS supported adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to a significantly higher extent than other types of bovine serum such as adult bovine serum (ABS). This differential adipogenic effect of bovine serum was shown to be due to the protein contents of bovine sera, indicating the presence of an adipogenic protein(s) in FBS. Serum proteome analysis identified tetranectin as an adipogenic protein. The adipogenic effect of tetranectin was confirmed by supplementation of FBS-containing differentiation medium with anti-tetranectin antibody, which suppressed adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. These results demonstrate that tetranectin is an adipogenic serum protein mediating the adipogenic effect of FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jinju Jeong
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jihoe Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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Musante L, Tataruch D, Gu D, Liu X, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Holthofer H. Proteases and protease inhibitors of urinary extracellular vesicles in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:289734. [PMID: 25874235 PMCID: PMC4383158 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and, ultimately, is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Beyond urinary albumin, no reliable biomarkers are available for accurate early diagnostics. Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) have recently emerged as an interesting source of diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers. Here we used a protease and respective protease inhibitor array to profile urines of type 1 diabetes patients at different stages of kidney involvement. Urine samples were divided into groups based on the level of albuminuria and UEVs isolated by hydrostatic dialysis and screened for relative changes of 34 different proteases and 32 protease inhibitors, respectively. Interestingly, myeloblastin and its natural inhibitor elafin showed an increase in the normo- and microalbuminuric groups. Similarly, a characteristic pattern was observed in the array of protease inhibitors, with a marked increase of cystatin B, natural inhibitor of cathepsins L, H, and B as well as of neutrophil gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in the normoalbuminuric group. This study shows for the first time the distinctive alterations in comprehensive protease profiles of UEVs in diabetic nephropathy and uncovers intriguing mechanistic, prognostic, and diagnostic features of kidney damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Musante
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- *Luca Musante: and
| | - Dorota Tataruch
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity, Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity, Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- *Harry Holthofer:
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Stalmach A, Husi H, Mosbahi K, Albalat A, Mullen W, Mischak H. Methods in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for the identification of clinical proteomic/peptidomic biomarkers in biofluids. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1243:187-205. [PMID: 25384747 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1872-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic biomarkers hold the promise of enabling assessment of patients according to a pathological condition aiming at improvements in diagnosis, prognosis, in general clinical patient management. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to an electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CE-MS) allows the detection of thousands of small proteins and peptides in various biofluids, in a single, reproducible and time-limited step, enabling the simultaneous comparison of multiple individual proteins and peptides in biomarker discovery, but also in clinical applications. The reliability of the CE-MS platform, together with the use of a validated approach for data processing and mining is, to date, the most advanced technique for biomarker discovery of clinical significance. In this chapter, we report on the materials, methods and protocols used for CE-MS-based clinical proteomics allowing the reproducible profiling of biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Smith-Hammond CL, Hoyos E, Miernyk JA. The pea seedling mitochondrial Nε-lysine acetylome. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:154-65. [PMID: 24780491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational lysine acetylation is believed to occur in all taxa and to affect thousands of proteins. In contrast to the hundreds of mitochondrial proteins reported to be lysine-acetylated in non-plant species, only a handful have been reported from the plant taxa previously examined. To investigate whether this reflects a biologically significant difference or merely a peculiarity of the samples thus far examined, we immunoenriched and analyzed acetylated peptides from highly purified pea seedling mitochondria using mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that a multitude of mitochondrial proteins, involved in a variety of processes, are acetylated in pea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Smith-Hammond
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hoyos
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Ján A Miernyk
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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47
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Multiple regulatory roles of the mouse transmembrane adaptor protein NTAL in gene transcription and mast cell physiology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105539. [PMID: 25153696 PMCID: PMC4143283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL; also called LAB or LAT2) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that is expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cells, including mast cells. There are conflicting reports on the role of NTAL in the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) signaling. Studies carried out on mast cells derived from mice with NTAL knock out (KO) and wild type mice suggested that NTAL is a negative regulator of FcεRI signaling, while experiments with RNAi-mediated NTAL knockdown (KD) in human mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells suggested its positive regulatory role. To determine whether different methodologies of NTAL ablation (KO vs KD) have different physiological consequences, we compared under well defined conditions FcεRI-mediated signaling events in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with NTAL KO or KD. BMMCs with both NTAL KO and KD exhibited enhanced degranulation, calcium mobilization, chemotaxis, tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and ERK, and depolymerization of filamentous actin. These data provide clear evidence that NTAL is a negative regulator of FcεRI activation events in murine BMMCs, independently of possible compensatory developmental alterations. To gain further insight into the role of NTAL in mast cells, we examined the transcriptome profiles of resting and antigen-activated NTAL KO, NTAL KD, and corresponding control BMMCs. Through this analysis we identified several genes that were differentially regulated in nonactivated and antigen-activated NTAL-deficient cells, when compared to the corresponding control cells. Some of the genes seem to be involved in regulation of cholesterol-dependent events in antigen-mediated chemotaxis. The combined data indicate multiple regulatory roles of NTAL in gene expression and mast cell physiology.
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Kwiatkowska K, Marszałek–Sadowska E, Traczyk G, Koprowski P, Musielak M, Ługowska A, Kulma M, Grzelczyk A, Sobota A. Visualization of cholesterol deposits in lysosomes of Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts using recombinant perfringolysin O. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:64. [PMID: 24775609 PMCID: PMC4005833 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is caused by defects in cholesterol efflux from lysosomes due to mutations of genes coding for NPC1 and NPC2 proteins. As a result, massive accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes is observed. At the level of the organism these cholesterol metabolism disorders are manifested by progressive neurodegeneration and hepatosplenomegaly. Until now filipin staining of cholesterol deposits in cells has been widely used for NPC diagnostics. In this report we present an alternative method for cholesterol visualization and estimation using a cholesterol-binding bacterial toxin, perfringolysin O. METHODS To detect cholesterol deposits, a recombinant probe, perfringolysin O fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PFO) was prepared. GST-PFO followed by labeled antibodies or streptavidin was applied for immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to analyze cholesterol distribution in cells derived from NPC patients. The identity of GST-PFO-positive structures was revealed by a quantitative analysis of their colocalization with several organelle markers. Cellular ELISA using GST-PFO was developed to estimate the level of unesterified cholesterol in NPC cells. RESULTS GST-PFO recognized cholesterol with high sensitivity and selectivity, as demonstrated by a protein/lipid overlay assay and surface plasmon resonance analysis. When applied to stain NPC cells, GST-PFO decorated abundant deposits of cholesterol in intracellular vesicles that colocalized with filipin-positive structures. These cholesterol deposits were resistant to 0.05%-0.2% Triton X-100 used for cells permeabilization in the staining procedure. GST-PFO-stained organelles were identified as late endosomes/lysosomes based on their colocalization with LAMP-1 and lysobisphosphatidic acid. On the other hand, GST-PFO did not colocalize with markers of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes or with actin filaments. Only negligible GST-PFO staining was seen in fibroblasts of healthy individuals. When applied to cellular ELISA, GST-PFO followed by anti-GST-peroxidase allowed a semiquantitative analysis of cholesterol level in cells of NPC patients. Binding of GST-PFO to NPC cells was nearly abolished after extraction of cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a recombinant protein GST-PFO can be used to detect cholesterol accumulated in NPC cells by immunofluorescence and cellular ELISA. GST-PFO can be a convenient and reliable probe for revealing cholesterol deposits in cells and can be useful in diagnostics of NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Marszałek–Sadowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Traczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Musielak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ługowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 5a Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Grzelczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobota
- Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Tong X, Lv P, Mathew AV, Liu D, Niu C, Wang Y, Ji L, Li J, Fu Z, Pan B, Pennathur S, Zheng L, Huang Y. The compensatory enrichment of sphingosine -1- phosphate harbored on glycated high-density lipoprotein restores endothelial protective function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:82. [PMID: 24751283 PMCID: PMC4021293 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreases its ability to induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostacyclin I-2 (PGI-2) release in endothelial cells. Whether lipid content of HDL, especially sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), plays any specific role in restoring the protective function of HDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Methods and results Immunochemical techniques demonstrated that glycated HDL loses its protective function of regulating COX-2 expression compared with diabetic HDL. We proved that the lipid content, especially phospholipid content differed between diabetic HDL and glycated HDL. Levels of HDL-c-bound S1P were increased in T2DM compared with control subjects as detected by UPLC-MS/MS (HDL-c-bound S1P in control subjects vs. T2DM: 309.1 ± 13.71 pmol/mg vs. 382.1 ± 24.45 pmol/mg, P < 0.05). Additionally, mRNA levels of S1P lyase enzymes and S1P phosphatase 1/2 were decreased in peripheral blood by real-time PCR. Antagonist of S1P receptor 1 and 3 (S1PR1/3) diminished the functional difference between apoHDL&PL (HDL containing the protein components and phospholipids) and diabetic apoHDL&PL (diabetic HDL containing the protein components and phospholipids). With different doses of S1P reconstituted on glycated HDL, its function in inducing the COX-2 expression was restored to the same level as diabetic HDL. The mechanism of S1P reconstituted HDL (rHDL) in the process of regulating COX-2 expression involved the phosphorylation of ERK/MAPK-CREB signal pathway. Conclusion/Significance S1P harbored on HDL is the main factor which restores its protective function in endothelial cells in T2DM. S1P and its receptors are potential therapeutic targets in ameliorating the vascular dysfunction in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lemin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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Stremmel W, Staffer S, Wannhoff A, Pathil A, Chamulitrat W. Plasma membrane phospholipase A2 controls hepatocellular fatty acid uptake and is responsive to pharmacological modulation: implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FASEB J 2014; 28:3159-70. [PMID: 24719358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-249763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excess hepatic fat accumulation leads to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a serious threat to health for which no effective treatment is available. However, the mechanism responsible for fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes remains unclear. Using the human hepatocyte-derived tumor cell line HepG2, we found that fatty acid influx is mediated by a heterotetrameric plasma membrane protein complex consisting of plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein, caveolin-1, CD36, and calcium-independent membrane phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β). Blocking iPLA2β with the bile acid-phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholate-lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) caused the dissociation of the complex, thereby inhibiting fatty acid influx (IC50 47 μM), and suppressed the synthesis of all subunits through a reduction in lysophosphatidylcholine from 8.0 to 3.5 μmol/mg of protein and corresponding depletion of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These findings were substantiated by an observed 56.5% decrease in fatty acid influx in isolated hepatocytes derived from iPLA2β-knockout mice. Moreover, steatosis and inflammation were abrogated by UDCA-LPE treatment in a cellular model of NASH. Thus, iPLA2β acts as an upstream checkpoint for mechanisms that regulate fatty acid uptake, and its inhibition by UDCA-LPE qualifies this nontoxic compound as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NASH.-Stremmel, W., Staffer, S., Wannhoff, A., Pathil, A., Chamulitrat, W. Plasma membrane phospholipase A2 controls hepatocellular fatty acid uptake and is responsive to pharmacological modulation: implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wannhoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Pathil
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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