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Li LY, Chen S, Wang YX, Ji R, Ding FH, Wang XQ, Chen QJ, Lu L, Dai Y. Serum apolipoprotein A-IV levels are associated with flow-mediated dilation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:446. [PMID: 36284290 PMCID: PMC9594896 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial dysfunction is common in diabetes. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV functions to antagonize inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and serum apoA-IV level in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods A total of 84 T2DM patients with chest discomfort were enrolled in this study. Their baseline characteristics and clinical parameters were documented. Endothelial function of the participants was evaluated by examining FMD of brachial artery. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis was determined by quantitative coronary angiography. Serum apoA-IV levels were measured by ELISA. Results These diabetic patients were dichotomized into low FMD (n = 42) and high FMD (n = 42) groups. Serum apoA-IV levels were significantly higher in high FMD group than in low FMD group (29.96 ± 13.17 vs 17.69 ± 9.16 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Moreover, the patients were also categorized into three apoA-IV tertile groups. FMD was significantly different across three apoA-IV tertiles (P < 0.001). Serum apoA-IV levels were positively correlated to FMD (r = 0.469, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for low FMD. apoA-IV levels together with the risk factor hsCRP remained significantly to be independent determinants of low FMD (P < 0.01). Linear regression analysis was performed, and apoA-IV levels together with total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio were independently correlated with FMD (P < 0.01). Conclusions Serum apoA-IV levels are associated with FMD, suggesting that apoA-IV protects endothelial function in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Ying Li
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ri Ji
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Ultrasound, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hua Ding
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qun Wang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Jing Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Dai
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 RuiJin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Santana MFM, Lira ALA, Pinto RS, Minanni CA, Silva ARM, Sawada MIBAC, Nakandakare ER, Correa-Giannella MLC, Queiroz MS, Ronsein GE, Passarelli M. Enrichment of apolipoprotein A-IV and apolipoprotein D in the HDL proteome is associated with HDL functions in diabetic kidney disease without dialysis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:205. [PMID: 32921312 PMCID: PMC7488728 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with lipid derangements that worsen kidney function and enhance cardiovascular (CVD) risk. The management of dyslipidemia, hypertension and other traditional risk factors does not completely prevent CVD complications, bringing up the participation of nontraditional risk factors such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), carbamoylation and changes in the HDL proteome and functionality. The HDL composition, proteome, chemical modification and functionality were analyzed in nondialysis subjects with DKD categorized according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin excretion rate (AER). Methods Individuals with DKD were divided into eGFR> 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus AER stages A1 and A2 (n = 10) and eGFR< 60 plus A3 (n = 25) and matched by age with control subjects (eGFR> 60; n = 8). Results Targeted proteomic analyses quantified 28 proteins associated with HDL in all groups, although only 2 were more highly expressed in the eGFR< 60 + A3 group than in the controls: apolipoprotein D (apoD) and apoA-IV. HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented higher levels of total AGEs (20%), pentosidine (6.3%) and carbamoylation (4.2 x) and a reduced ability to remove 14C-cholesterol from macrophages (33%) in comparison to HDL from controls. The antioxidant role of HDL (lag time for LDL oxidation) was similar among groups, but HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented a greater ability to inhibit the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (95%) in LPS-elicited macrophages in comparison to the control group. Conclusion The increase in apoD and apoA-IV could contribute to counteracting the HDL chemical modification by AGEs and carbamoylation, which contributes to HDL loss of function in well-established DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique F M Santana
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Aécio L A Lira
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael S Pinto
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Minanni
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda R M Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I B A C Sawada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna R Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Maria L C Correa-Giannella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM 18), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia S Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Advanced Glycated apoA-IV Loses Its Ability to Prevent the LPS-Induced Reduction in Cholesterol Efflux-Related Gene Expression in Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6515401. [PMID: 32410861 PMCID: PMC7201780 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6515401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We addressed how advanced glycation (AGE) affects the ability of apoA-IV to impair inflammation and restore the expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated macrophages. Recombinant human apoA-IV was nonenzymatically glycated by incubation with glycolaldehyde (GAD), incubated with cholesterol-loaded bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and then stimulated with LPS prior to measurement of proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA. Genes involved in cholesterol efflux were quantified by RT-qPCR, and cholesterol efflux was measured by liquid scintillation counting. Carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pyrraline (PYR) levels, determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were greater in AGE-modified apoA-IV (AGE-apoA-IV) compared to unmodified-apoA-IV. AGE-apoA-IV inhibited expression of interleukin 6 (Il6), TNF-alpha (Tnf), IL-1 beta (Il1b), toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (Traf6), Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Jak2/Stat3), nuclear factor kappa B (Nfkb), and AGE receptor 1 (Ddost) as well as IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion. AGE-apoA-IV alone did not change cholesterol efflux or ABCA-1 levels but was unable to restore the LPS-induced reduction in expression of Abca1 and Abcg1. AGE-apoA-IV inhibited inflammation but lost its ability to counteract the LPS-induced changes in expression of genes involved in macrophage cholesterol efflux that may contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Morton RE, Liu Y, Izem L. ApoF knockdown increases cholesteryl ester transfer to LDL and impairs cholesterol clearance in fat-fed hamsters. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1868-1879. [PMID: 31511396 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) regulates intravascular lipoprotein metabolism. In vitro studies indicate that ApoF alters CETP function by inhibiting its activity with LDL. To explore in vivo the complexities driving ApoF's effects on CETP, we developed a siRNA-based hamster model of ApoF knockdown. In both male and female hamsters on chow- or fat-fed diets, we measured lipoprotein levels and composition, determined CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters (CEs) between lipoproteins, and quantified reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). We found that apoF knockdown in chow-fed hamsters had no effect on lipoprotein levels or composition, but these ApoF-deficient lipoproteins supported 50-100% higher LDL CETP activity in vitro. ApoF knockdown in fat-fed male hamsters created a phenotype in which endogenous CETP-mediated CE transfer from HDL to LDL increased up to 2-fold, LDL cholesterol increased 40%, HDL declined 25%, LDL and HDL lipid compositions were altered, and hepatic LDLR gene expression was decreased. Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia obscured this phenotype on occasion. In fat-fed female hamsters, ApoF knockdown caused similar but smaller changes in plasma CETP activity and LDL cholesterol. Notably, ApoF knockdown impaired HDL RCT in fat-fed hamsters but increased sterol excretion in chow-fed animals. These in vivo data validate in vitro findings that ApoF regulates lipid transfer to LDL. The consequences of ApoF knockdown on lipoproteins and sterol excretion depend on the underlying lipid status. By minimizing the transfer of HDL-derived CE to LDL, ApoF helps control LDL cholesterol levels when LDL clearance mechanisms are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Morton
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
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5
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Abstract
The picture of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) as the "good" cholesterol has eroded. This is even more surprising because there exists strong evidence that HDL-C is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population as well as in patients with impairment of kidney function and/or progression of CKD. However, drugs that dramatically increase HDL-C have mostly failed to decrease CVD events. Furthermore, genetic studies took the same line, as genetic variants that have a pronounced influence on HDL-C concentrations did not show an association with cardiovascular risk. For many, this was not surprising, given that an HDL particle is highly complex and carries >80 proteins and several hundred lipid species. Simply measuring cholesterol might not reflect the variety of biologic effects of heterogeneous HDL particles. Therefore, functional studies and the involvement of HDL components in the reverse cholesterol transport, including the cholesterol efflux capacity, have become a further focus of study during recent years. As also observed for other aspects, CKD populations behave differently compared with non-CKD populations. Although clear disturbances have been observed for the "functionality" of HDL particles in patients with CKD, this did not necessarily translate into clear-cut associations with outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Bai J, Zhu Y, Dong Y. Obese rats supplemented with bitter melon display marked shifts in the expression of genes controlling inflammatory response and lipid metabolism by RNA-Seq analysis of colonic mucosa. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:561-567. [PMID: 29892950 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to induce pathological changes in the gut and diets rich in complex carbohydrates that resist digestion in the small bowel can alter large bowel ecology. The purposes of this study were to identify the effects of bitter melon powder (BMP) on the global gene expression pattern in the colon mucosa of obese rats. Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated without or with BMP for 8 weeks. Genome-wide expression profiles of the colon mucosa were determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis at the end of experiment. A total of 87 genes were identified as differentially expressed (DE) between these two groups (fold change > 1.2). These results were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR, confirming the high reliability of the RNA-Seq. Interestingly, DE genes implicated in inflammation and lipid metabolism were found to be downregulated by BMP in the colon. Network between genes and the top 15 KEGG pathways showed that PRKCβ (protein kinase C beta) and Pla2g2a (phospholipase A2 group IIA) strongly interacted with surrounding pathways and genes. Results revealed that BMP supplement could remodel key colon functions by altering transcriptomic profile in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease with an estimated prevalence of 10-12%. There are pronounced differences between ethnicities with a 3-fold to 4-fold higher lifetime risk for end-stage kidney disease in African Americans compared to European Americans. The purpose of this review was to discuss recent findings on two apolipoproteins (apolipoprotein L1 and A-IV) in the context of kidney disease and kidney function. RECENT FINDINGS The observation that certain apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes that are only present in African Americans might explain a major fraction of the ethnic differences for nondiabetic CKD has set the stage for this otherwise under-researched apolipoprotein. These risk genotypes on the one hand protect African Americans against African sleeping sickness but cause on the other hand several types of nondiabetic CKD. We are currently beginning to understand the mechanisms how apolipoprotein L1 is involved in the modification of lysosomal and cytoplasmic membranes. The second protein, apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV), turned out to be an early marker of kidney impairment not only in patients with primary CKD but also in individuals from the general population. Genetic studies provided strong support of a causal effect of kidney function on apoA-IV concentrations. SUMMARY These two apolipoproteins have very distinct properties. Apolipoprotein L1 is causally involved in the development of nondiabetic CKD in African Americans. In contrast, apoA-IV is an early marker for kidney impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Rai H, Sinha N, Finn J, Agrawal S, Mastana S. Association of serum lipids and coronary artery disease with polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster. COGENT MEDICINE 2016; 3:1266789. [PMID: 28261635 PMCID: PMC5314817 DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2016.1266789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants are considered as one of the main determinants of the concentration of serum lipids and coronary artery disease (CAD). Polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein (Apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster has been known to affect the concentrations of various lipid sub-fractions and the risk of CAD. The present study assessed associations between polymorphisms of the Apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, [ApoA-I,-75G > A, (rs1799837); ApoC-III 3238C > G, (SstI), (rs5128) and ApoA-IV, Thr347Ser(347A > T), (rs675)] with serum lipids and their contributions to CAD in North Indian population. We recruited age, sex matched, 200 CAD patients and 200 healthy controls and tested them for fasting levels of serum lipids. We genotyped selected polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. There were no statistically significant association of selected polymorphisms (or their combinations) with CAD even after employing additive, dominant and recessive models. However there was significant association of selected polymorphisms with various lipid traits amongst the control cohort (p < 0.05). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be significantly higher among controls carrying at least one mutant allele at ApoA1-75G > A (p = 0.019) and ApoCIII SstI (p < 0.001) polymorphism respectively. Our study observed that the selected polymorphisms in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster although significantly affect various lipid traits but this affect does not seem to translate into association with CAD, at least among North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Rai
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Nakul Sinha
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India
- Department of Cardiology, Sahara India Medical Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - James Finn
- Human Genomics Laboratory, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- Human Genomics Laboratory, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
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Stangl S, Kollerits B, Lamina C, Meisinger C, Huth C, Stöckl A, Dähnhardt D, Böger CA, Krämer BK, Peters A, Kronenberg F. Association between apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations and chronic kidney disease in two large population-based cohorts: results from the KORA studies. J Intern Med 2015; 278:410-23. [PMID: 26037138 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is an anti-atherogenic and antioxidative glycoprotein. Plasma apoA-IV levels are elevated in patients with primary chronic kidney disease (CKD) or renal failure. The association between apoA-IV and kidney function has not been investigated in the general population; therefore, we analysed this relationship in two large population-based cohorts. METHODS Plasma apoA-IV concentrations were measured in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F3 (n = 3159) and KORA F4 (n = 3061) studies. CKD was defined by the serum creatinine-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. RESULTS Mean (±SD) apoA-IV concentration was 17.3 ± 4.7 mg dL(-1) in KORA F3 and 15.3 ± 4.3 mg dL(-1) in KORA F4. Fully adjusted linear mixed models revealed a significant association between apoA-IV concentration and lower eGFR in the third and fourth versus the first quartile of apoA-IV (β = -1.78 mL min(-1) /1.73 m², P = 0.0003 and β = -5.09 mL min(-1) /1.73 m², P = 2.83 × 10(-23) , respectively). ApoA-IV was significantly associated with an eGFR of <60 mL min(-1) /1.73 m², which was observed in 601 of the 6220 study participants [odds ratio (OR) 1.46, P = 0.03 and OR 3.47, P = 6.84 × 10(-15) for the third and fourth vs. the first quartile of apoA-IV, respectively]. Adding apoA-IV (fourth vs. first quartile) to the fully adjusted model significantly improved discrimination of eGFR <60 mL min(-1) /1.73 m² in KORA F3 [integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) 0.03, P = 1.30 × 10(-7) ] and KORA F4 (IDI 0.04, P = 1.32 × 10(-9) ) beyond classical risk factors for CKD. CONCLUSION The present analysis in two population-based cohorts revealed that high plasma apoA-IV concentrations are strongly associated with low kidney function defined by eGFR independent of major CKD risk factors. ApoA-IV appears to be an early marker of impaired kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stangl
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Huth
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Stöckl
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Dähnhardt
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - B K Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Medicine Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - F Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Gautier T, Masson D, Lagrost L. The potential of cholesteryl ester transfer protein as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26212254 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1073713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over recent decades, attempts to ascertain the pro-atherogenic nature of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and to establish the relevance of its pharmacological blockade as a promising high density lipoproteins-raising and anti-atherogenic therapy have been disappointing. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on CETP as a multifaceted protein, on genetic variations at the CETP gene and on their possible consequences for cardiovascular risk in human populations. Specific attention is given to physiological modulation of endogenous CETP activity by the apoC1 inhibitor. Finally, the rationale behind the need for selection of patients to treat is discussed in the light of recent studies. EXPERT OPINION At this stage one can only speculate on the clinical outcome of pharmacological CETP inhibitors in high-risk populations, but recent advances give cause to adjust the expectations from now on. The CETP effect is probably largely influenced by the overall metabolic state, and whether CETP blockade may be relevant or not in promoting cholesterol disposal is still questioned. The possible need for a careful stratification of patients to treat with CETP inhibitors is outlined. Finally, manipulation of CETP activity should be considered with caution in the context of sepsis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France.,e 5 UMR866, UFR Sciences de Santé, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc , F-21000 Dijon, France
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11
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Dergunov AD, Shabrova EV, Dobretsov GE. Cholesteryl ester diffusion, location and self-association constraints determine CETP activity with discoidal HDL: Excimer probe study. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chan DC, Ng TWK, Watts GF. Apolipoprotein A-II: evaluating its significance in dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Ann Med 2012; 44:313-24. [PMID: 21501035 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.573498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced HDL cholesterol, commonly found in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). ApoA-II, a constituent apolipoprotein of certain HDL particles, plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol efflux, HDL remodelling, and cholesteryl ester uptake via its interactions with lipid transfer proteins, lipases, and cellular HDL receptors. Recent studies have linked apoA-II directly with triglyceride and glucose metabolism. Most of the data are, however, derived from cellular systems and transgenic animal models. Direct evidence from human studies is scarce. Clinical studies demonstrate that apoA-II is a strong predictor of risk for CVD. There is no evidence, however, that selective therapeutic modification of apoA-II impacts on atherosclerosis and clinical outcomes. More research is required to investigate further the significance of apoA-II in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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13
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Meyers NL, Wang L, Small DM. Apolipoprotein C-I binds more strongly to phospholipid/triolein/water than triolein/water interfaces: a possible model for inhibiting cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein uptake. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1238-48. [PMID: 22264166 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) is an important constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is involved in the accumulation of cholesterol ester in nascent HDL via inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein and potential activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As the smallest exchangeable apolipoprotein (57 residues), apoC-I transfers between lipoproteins via a lipid-binding motif of two amphipathic α-helices (AαHs), spanning residues 7-29 and 38-52. To understand apoC-I's behavior at hydrophobic lipoprotein surfaces, oil drop tensiometry was used to compare the binding to triolein/water (TO/W) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine/triolein/water (POPC/TO/W) interfaces. When apoC-I binds to either interface, the surface tension (γ) decreases by ~16-18 mN/m. ApoC-I can be exchanged at both interfaces, desorbing upon compression and readsorbing on expansion. The maximal surface pressures at which apoC-I begins to desorb (Π(max)) were 16.8 and 20.7 mN/m at TO/W and POPC/TO/W interfaces, respectively. This suggests that apoC-I interacts with POPC to increase its affinity for the interface. ApoC-I is more elastic on POPC/TO/W than TO/W interfaces, marked by higher values of the elasticity modulus (ε) on oscillations. At POPC/TO/W interfaces containing an increasing POPC:TO ratio, the pressure at which apoC-I begins to be ejected increases as the phospholipid surface concentration increases. The observed increase in apoC-I interface affinity due to higher degrees of apoC-I-POPC interactions may explain how apoC-I can displace larger apolipoproteins, such as apoE, from lipoproteins. These interactions allow apoC-I to remain bound to the interface at higher Π values, offering insight into apoC-I's rearrangement on triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins as they undergo Π changes during lipoprotein maturation by plasma factors such as lipoprotein lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Meyers
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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14
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Karthik D, Ilavenil S, Kaleeswaran B, Sunil S, Ravikumar S. Proteomic analysis of plasma proteins in diabetic rats by 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1507-19. [PMID: 22258647 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of diabetes mellitus, substantial gaps still remain in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and in the development of effective strategies for early diagnosis and treatment. The proteomic approach has offered many opportunities and challenges in identifying new marker proteins and therapeutic targets, i.e., using 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. The differential protein expressions were analyzed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with Cynodon dactylon leaf extract. The plant extract was administered for 15 days that resulted in a significant increase in plasma insulin and C-peptide levels. We have also identified four differentially expressed proteins from rat plasma. These four diabetes-associated proteins were broadly classified into three groups as per their function: (1) lipid metabolism-associated protein (Apo A-IV), (2) antioxidant activity-related proteins [preprohaptoglobin and heat shock proteins B8 (HspB8)], and (3) muscle function-related protein (TPM3). Apo A-IV, HspB8, and preprohaptoglobin may play a key role in the recovery of diabetes mellitus and also prevent the diabetes-associated complications such as prevention of oxidative stress due to free radical and free hemoglobin. These results show the value of proteomic approach in identifying the potential markers that may eventually serve as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karthik
- Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 403, India
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15
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Garcia-Rios A, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Lista J, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Nutrigenetics of the lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:171-83. [PMID: 22121097 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that lipid metabolism is a cornerstone in the development of the commonest important chronic diseases worldwide, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the area of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is one of the areas in which the understanding of the development and progression of those metabolic disorders has been studied in greater depth. Thus, growing evidence has demonstrated that while universal recommendations might be appropriate for the general population, in this area there is great variability among individuals, related to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Moreover, the interaction between genetic and dietary components has helped in understanding this variability. Therefore, with further study into the interaction between the most important genetic markers or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diet, it may be possible to understand the variability in lipid metabolism, which could lead to an increase in the use of personalized nutrition as the best support to combat metabolic disorders. This review discusses some of the evidence in which candidate SNPs can affect the key players of lipid metabolism and how their phenotypic manifestations can be modified by dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Rios
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion, Instituto de Salud Carlos, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Li H, Xie Z, Lin J, Song H, Wang Q, Wang K, Su M, Qiu Y, Zhao T, Song K, Wang X, Zhou M, Liu P, Zhao G, Zhang Q, Jia W. Transcriptomic and Metabonomic Profiling of Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Rats under High Fat Diet. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4775-83. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houkai Li
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Jingchao Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Huaiguang Song
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Mingming Su
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Yunping Qiu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Tie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Kai Song
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PRC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PRC, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, 201203, PRC, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PRC, and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North
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Lee-Rueckert M, Vikstedt R, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with HDL particles reduces its proteolytic inactivation by mast cell chymase. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:358-68. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700392-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Broedl UC, Schachinger V, Lingenhel A, Lehrke M, Stark R, Seibold F, Göke B, Kronenberg F, Parhofer KG, Konrad-Zerna A. Apolipoprotein A-IV is an independent predictor of disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:391-7. [PMID: 17206692 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ApoA-IV, an apolipoprotein (apo) with antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and antiinflammatory properties, was recently demonstrated to inhibit dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. We therefore hypothesized that apoA-IV may be associated with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS We addressed this question by testing for associations between apoA-IV genotypes, apoA-IV plasma levels, inflammatory parameters, and clinical disease activity in 206 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 95 subjects with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 157 healthy controls. RESULTS In CD patients, apoA-IV plasma levels were inversely associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.005) and disease activity (P = 0.01) in univariate analysis. In multiple logistic regression analysis, apoA-IV levels were identified as an independent predictor of elevated CRP (odds ratio [OR] 0.956, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.916-0.998, P = 0.04) and active disease (OR 0.957, 95% CI: 0.918-0.998, P = 0.04). In UC patients the apoA-IV gene variant 360 His (P = 0.03) but not apoA-IV levels (P = 0.15) were associated with increased disease activity in univariate analysis. This association, however, was lost in multiple logistic regression analysis (OR 3.435, 95% CI 0.995-11.853, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association of apoA-IV with disease activity in patients with CD. Further studies are needed to define the relationship of apoA-IV to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli C Broedl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Munich, Germany.
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19
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Kwan BCH, Kronenberg F, Beddhu S, Cheung AK. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1246-61. [PMID: 17360943 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie C H Kwan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Effect of postprandial lipaemia and Taq 1B polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene on CETP mass, activity, associated lipoproteins and plasma lipids. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies in recent years have investigated the effects of hyperlipidaemias and diabetes on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) on neutral lipid transfer activity and plasma lipids. There has been an ongoing debate as to whether CETP is pro- or anti-atherogenic as it provides a mechanism for the transfer of cholesterol from the cardioprotective HDL subfraction to the potentially atherogenic LDL subfraction. This study was designed to investigate whether there was significant variability of CETP mass and activity in a large normolipidaemic population and whether there is an association between CETP and plasma lipoprotein composition. The presence of a known polymorphism of CETP gene (Taq 1B) was investigated to see if there was any association between this polymorphism and CETP mass and activity, and plasma lipids. There was significant (P < 0·0001) increase in CETP mass and activity in plasma postprandially at 6 h. Using multiple stepwise regression analysis there was significant association with fasting CETP mass and activity (β = 0·055; P = 0·002) and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (β = 0·013; P = 0·005) and postprandial CETP mass (β = 0·254; P = 0·007). Repeated-measures analysis showed a strong association between the absence of Taq 1B polymorphism and low CETP mass and elevated HDL- and HDL2-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipid concentrations than did those who were homozygous or heterozygous for the presence of the restriction site.
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21
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Lingenhel A, Lhotta K, Neyer U, Heid IM, Rantner B, Kronenberg MF, König P, von Eckardstein A, Schober M, Dieplinger H, Kronenberg F. Role of the kidney in the metabolism of apolipoprotein A-IV: influence of the type of proteinuria. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2071-9. [PMID: 16788210 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600178-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) in chronic renal disease suggest a metabolic role of the kidney for this antiatherogenic protein. Therefore, we investigated patients with various forms of proteinuria and found increased serum concentrations of apoA-IV in 124 nephrotic patients compared with 274 controls (mean 21.9 +/- 9.6 vs. 14.4 +/- 4.0 mg/dl; P < 0.001). Decreasing creatinine clearance showed a strong association with increasing apoA-IV levels. However, serum albumin levels significantly modulated apoA-IV levels in patients with low creatinine clearance, resulting in lower levels of apoA-IV in patients with low compared with high albumin levels (21.4 +/- 8.6 vs. 29.2 +/- 8.4 mg/dl; P = 0.0007). Furthermore, we investigated urinary apoA-IV levels in an additional 66 patients with a wide variety of proteinuria and 30 controls. Especially patients with a tubular type of proteinuria had significantly higher amounts of apoA-IV in urine than those with a pure glomerular type of proteinuria and controls (median 45, 14, and 0.6 ng/mg creatinine, respectively). We confirmed these results in affected members of a family with Dent's disease, who are characterized by an inherited protein reabsorption defect of the proximal tubular system. In summary, our data demonstrate that the increase of apoA-IV caused by renal impairment is significantly modulated by low levels of serum albumin as a measure for the severity of the nephrotic syndrome. From this investigation of apoA-IV in urine as well as earlier immunohistochemical studies, we conclude that apoA-IV is filtered through the normal glomerulus and is subsequently reabsorbed mainly by proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Lingenhel
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Haiman M, Salvenmoser W, Scheiber K, Lingenhel A, Rudolph C, Schmitz G, Kronenberg F, Dieplinger H. Immunohistochemical localization of apolipoprotein A-IV in human kidney tissue. Kidney Int 2006; 68:1130-6. [PMID: 16105043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) is a 46 kD glycoprotein thought to protect against atherosclerosis. It is synthesized primarily in epithelial cells of the small intestine. Elevated plasma concentrations of ApoA-IV in patients with chronic kidney disease suggest that the human kidney is involved in ApoA-IV metabolism. METHODS To investigate whether the human kidney directly metabolizes ApoA-IV and which kidney tissue compartment is involved therein, ApoA-IV was localized by immunohistochemistry in 28 healthy kidney tissue samples obtained from patients undergoing nephrectomy. ApoA-IV mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to exclude de novo synthesis in the kidney. RESULTS ApoA-IV immunostaining was detected in proximal and distal tubular cells, capillaries and blood vessels but not inside glomeruli. ApoA-IV was predominantly found in the brush border of proximal tubules and in intracellular granules and various plasma membrane domains of both proximal and distal tubules. mRNA expression analysis revealed that no ApoA-IV was produced in the kidney. CONCLUSION The immunoreactivity of ApoA-IV observed in kidney tubular cells suggests a direct role of the human kidney in ApoA-IV metabolism. The granular staining pattern probably represents lysosomes degrading ApoA-IV. The additional ApoA-IV localization in distal tubules suggests a rescue function to reabsorb otherwise escaping ApoA-IV in case proximal tubules cannot reabsorb all ApoA-IV. Since no mRNA expression could be detected in any kidney cells, the observed ApoA-IV immunoreactivity represents uptake and not de novo synthesis of ApoA-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Haiman
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Dumont L, Gautier T, de Barros JPP, Laplanche H, Blache D, Ducoroy P, Fruchart J, Fruchart JC, Gambert P, Masson D, Lagrost L. Molecular Mechanism of the Blockade of Plasma Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein by Its Physiological Inhibitor Apolipoprotein CI. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38108-16. [PMID: 16159884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504678200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice demonstrated that apolipoprotein (apo) CI is a potent, physiological inhibitor of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism of the apoCI-mediated blockade of CETP activity. Kinetic analyses revealed that the inhibitory property of apoCI is independent of the amount of active CETP, but it is tightly dependent on the amount of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the incubation mixtures. The electrostatic charge of HDL, i.e. the main carrier of apoCI in human plasma, is gradually modified with increasing amounts of apoCI, and the neutralization of apoCI lysine residues by acetylation produces a marked reduction in its inhibitory potential. The inhibitory property of full-length apoCI is shared by its C-terminal alpha-helix with significant electrostratic properties, whereas its N-terminal alpha-helix with no CETP inhibitory property has no effect on HDL electronegativity. Finally, binding experiments demonstrated that apoCI and to a lower extent its C-terminal alpha-helix are able to disrupt CETP-lipoprotein complexes in a concentration-dependent manner. It was concluded that the inhibition of CETP activity by apoCI is in direct link with its specific electrostatic properties, and the apoCI-mediated reduction in the binding properties of lipoproteins results in weaker CETP-HDL interactions and fewer cholesteryl ester transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dumont
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté deMédecine, Dijon, France
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Gautier T, Masson D, Jong M, Pais De Barros JP, Duverneuil L, Le Guern N, Deckert V, Dumont L, Bataille A, Zak Z, Jiang XC, Havekes L, Lagrost L. Apolipoprotein CI overexpression is not a relevant strategy to block cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity in CETP transgenic mice. Biochem J 2005; 385:189-95. [PMID: 15339254 PMCID: PMC1134687 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ApoCI (apolipoprotein CI) is a potent inhibitor of plasma CETP [CE (cholesteryl ester) transfer protein]. The relevance of apoCI overexpression as a method for CETP blockade in vivo was addressed in the present study in CETPTg/apoCITg mice (mice expressing both human CETP and apoCI). Despite a significant reduction in specific CETP activity in CETPTg/apoCITg mice compared with CETPTg mice [transgenic mouse to human CETP; 46.8+/-11.1 versus 101.8+/-25.7 pmol x h(-1).(mug of plasma CETP)(-1) respectively; P<0.05], apoCI overexpression increased both the CETP mass concentration (3-fold increase; P<0.05) and the hepatic CETP mRNA level (4-fold increase, P<0.005), leading to an increase in total plasma CE transfer activity (by 39%, P<0.05). The ratio of apoB-containing lipoprotein to HDL (high-density lipoprotein) CE was 10-fold higher in CETPTg/apoCITg mice than in apoCITg mice (P<0.0005). It is proposed that the increased CETP expression in CETPTg/apoCITg mice is a direct consequence of liver X receptor activation in response to the accumulation of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins. In support of the latter view, hepatic mRNA levels of other liver X receptor-responsive genes [ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette transporter GS) and SREBP-1c (sterol-regulatory-binding protein-1c)] were higher in CETPTg/apoCITg mice compared with CETPTg mice. In conclusion, overexpression of apoCI, while producing a significant inhibitory effect on specific CETP activity, does not represent a suitable method for decreasing total CE transfer activity in CETPTg/apoCITg mice, owing to an hyperlipidaemia-mediated effect on CETP gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - David Masson
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Miek C. Jong
- †Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Pais De Barros
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Linda Duverneuil
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Naig Le Guern
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Laure Dumont
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Amandine Bataille
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Zoulika Zak
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- ‡Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11203, U.S.A
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- †Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Prevention and Health, Gaubius Laboratory, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
- §Departments of Cardiology and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- *Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Miltiadous G, Hatzivassiliou M, Liberopoulos E, Bairaktari E, Tselepis A, Cariolou M, Elisaf M. Gene polymorphisms affecting HDL-cholesterol levels in the normolipidemic population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15:219-224. [PMID: 15955471 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely related to the risk of ischemic heart disease. Many genes are reported to affect HDL-C serum levels in both hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic populations, though the data are controversial. We examined the effect of common gene polymorphisms known to interfere with HDL-C metabolism (apolipoprotein E, cholesterol ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein A-IV gene polymorphisms) on HDL-C plasma levels in normolipidemic subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 200 normolipidemic individuals visiting our clinic for a routine check-up. None of the above gene polymorphisms affected HDL-C levels in our population. However, participants carrying the allele E4 of the apolipoprotein (apo) E gene, the allele B1 of the TaqIB polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene and the allele T of the apoA-IV gene (A to T polymorphism at site 347) (n = 28) had statistically significantly lower HDL-C levels compared to those not carrying the above allele combination (0.99+/-0.33 vs 1.28+/-0.35 mmol/L, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION In this study, we describe a subgroup of normolipidemic individuals with low HDL-C levels due to genetic variability, and we discuss the underlying possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Miltiadous
- Department of Internal medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, GR 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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26
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Shearer GC, Newman JW, Hammock BD, Kaysen GA. Graded effects of proteinuria on HDL structure in nephrotic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:1309-19. [PMID: 15788471 PMCID: PMC1456011 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by increased triglycerides resulting from decreased clearance of VLDL and chylomicrons. These triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are structurally altered by interaction with HDL derived from animals with proteinuria and not as a consequence of hypoalbuminemia. HDL isolated from rats with massive proteinuria is depleted in apolipoprotein E (apoE). It is unknown at what threshold of urinary albumin loss HDL structure is altered, and it is unknown what effects proteinuria has on apolipoproteins other than apoE. Two models of albuminuria were used in Sprague-Dawley rats: Adriamycin and passive Heymann nephritis (HN). The adriamycin group was divided into minimal albumin excretion (MAE) and intermediate albumin excretion (MAE, 1 to 40; intermediate albumin excretion, 60 to 210 mg/d per 100 g body wt). Urinary albumin excretion exceeded 300 mg/d per 100 g body wt in the HN rats. HDL apolipoprotein composition was analyzed with SDS-PAGE densitometry and liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer mass spectrometry. HDL apoA-IV content relative to apoA-I was reduced at all levels of albuminuria (P < 0.0001). ApoE was not reduced in MAE but was significantly reduced in IAE (72%; P < 0.001). By contrast, apoA-II and apoC-III were each significantly increased with increasing UAE. ApoA-IV and apoE were decreased to approximately 10% of control in HDL isolated from rats with HN, whereas apoA-II, apoC-II, and apoC-III were each significantly increased relative to apoA-I. HDL is structurally altered by levels of albuminuria that are insufficient to change serum albumin levels and is progressively altered as albuminuria increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Shearer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather California; and
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Entomology and the University of California Davis Cancer Center and
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and the University of California Davis Cancer Center and
| | - George A. Kaysen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather California; and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis California
- Address correspondence to: Dr. George Kaysen, University of California, Davis, Division of Nephrology, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Suite 6300, Davis, CA 95616. Phone: 530-752-4010; Fax: 530-752-3791; E-mail:
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27
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Ferrer F, Nazih H, Zaïr Y, Krempf M, Bard JM. Postprandial changes in the distribution of apolipoprotein AIV between apolipoprotein B- and non apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in obese women. Metabolism 2003; 52:1537-41. [PMID: 14669151 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) level has been shown to be a good marker of triglyceride changes after a high-fat diet. However, the distribution of apo AIV between apo B- and non-apo B-containing lipoproteins (Lp) during the postprandial state has not been described as well as the influence of obesity on this distribution. Our aim was to study the influence of parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance on the postprandial changes in apo AIV-containing Lp after a high-fat meal in obese women. Twenty-three overweight or obese women (body mass index [BMI] ranging from 29.1 and 64.0 kg.1 m(-2)), for whom blood samples were taken after fasting overnight, participated in the study. Thirteen of these obese women were given a fatty meal and, in this case, blood samples were taken at fast and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion of the fat meal. Apo AIV-containing particle families, Lp B:AIVf (family [f] of particles containing at least apo B and apo AIV) and Lp AIV non-Bf (family [f] of particles containing apo AIV, but free of apo B) were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When fasting, Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf did not correlate with any of the parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance, if one excepts a positive correlation between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and Lp AIV non-Bf. Postprandial lipemia was associated with a trend towards an increase in the plasma levels of apo AIV-containing Lp 6 hours after fat ingestion. The postprandial peak of Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf occurred 2 hours after the triglyceride peak. The distribution between apo B- and non-apo B-containing Lp did not change after ingestion of the fat meal, if one excepts a tendancy towards a lower ratio of bound and nonbound forms at 8 hours. Fasting plasma Lp B:AIVf concentration correlated with the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma triglycerides (beta = 0.11, P <.02). In a multivariate analysis, BMI (beta = 51.85, P <.001), fasting triglycerides (beta = 431.08, P <.01), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (beta = 2638.57, P <.005) were independent and positive determinants of the AUC of Lp AIV non-Bf, while waist circumference (beta = -23.94, P <.001), cholesterol (beta = -1655.02, P <.01), and systolic blood pressure (beta = -6.34, P <.05) were negative and independent determinants of this AUC. Fasting Lp B:AIVf may represent a good marker of the postprandial triglyceride increase in obese women. Changes in apo AIV concentrations in apo B- and non-apo B-containing Lp after a fat meal depend mainly on the degree of obesity rather than on insulin resistance. This effect is more obvious for Lp AIV non-Bf than for Lp B:AIVf.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ferrer
- Laboratoire de Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, UFR de Pharmacie, Nantes, France
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28
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Ezeh B, Haiman M, Alber HF, Kunz B, Paulweber B, Lingenhel A, Kraft HG, Weidinger F, Pachinger O, Dieplinger H, Kronenberg F. Plasma distribution of apoA-IV in patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1523-9. [PMID: 12777472 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300060-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed lower apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) plasma concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The actual distribution of the antiatherogenic apoA-IV in human plasma, however, is discussed controversially and it was never investigated in CAD patients. We therefore developed a gentle technique to separate the various apoA-IV-containing plasma fractions. Using a combination of precipitation of all lipoproteins with 40% phosphotungstic acid and 4 M MgCl2, as well as immunoprecipitation of all apoA-I-containing particles with an anti-apoA-I antibody, we obtained three fractions of apoA-IV: lipid-free apoA-IV (about 4% of total apoA-IV), apoA-IV associated with apoA-I (LpA-I:A-IV, 12%), and apoA-I-unbound but lipoprotein-containing apoA-IV (LpA-IV, 84%). We compared these three apoA-IV fractions between 52 patients with a history of CAD and 52 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Patients had significantly lower apoA-IV levels when compared to controls (10.28 +/- 3.67 mg/dl vs. 11.85 +/- 2.82 mg/dl, P = 0.029), but no major differences for the three plasma apoA-IV fractions. We conclude that our gentle separation method reveals a different distribution of apoA-IV than in many earlier studies. No major differences exist in the apoA-IV plasma distribution pattern between CAD patients and controls. Therefore, the antiatherogenic effect of apoA-IV has to be explained by other functional properties of apoA-IV (e.g., the antioxidative characteristics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjie Ezeh
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstr 41, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Stan S, Delvin E, Lambert M, Seidman E, Levy E. Apo A-IV: an update on regulation and physiologic functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1631:177-87. [PMID: 12633684 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV, first identified 28 years ago as a plasma lipoprotein moiety, is now known to participate in the regulation of various metabolic pathways. It is synthesized primarily in the enterocytes of the small intestine during fat absorption. After entry into the bloodstream, the 46-kDa glycoprotein apo A-IV appears associated with chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and in the lipoprotein-free fraction. It has a role in lipid absorption, transport and metabolism, and may act as a post-prandial satiety signal, an anti-oxidant and a major factor in the prevention of atherosclerosis. After summarizing and discussing these functions for reader's comprehension, the current review focuses on the regulation of apo A-IV by nutrients, biliary components, drugs, hormones and gastrointestinal peptides. The understanding of the involved mechanisms that underline apo A-IV regulation may in the long run allow us to switch on its gene, which may confer multiple beneficial effects, including the protection from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stan
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5
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30
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Miltiadous G, Hatzivassiliou M, Bashiardes E, Bairaktari E, Cariolou MA, Elisaf M. Genetic polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein A-IV in a Greek population and their relation to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Clin Genet 2002; 62:208-13. [PMID: 12220435 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a protein component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). In this study, two common genetic polymorphisms of the apoA-IV gene [codons 347(allele A and T) and 360 (allele 1 and 2)] were investigated in Greek patients with hyperlipidaemia and in healthy individuals matched for age, sex and smoking habits. In both study populations we evaluated the effect of these polymorphic sites on lipid and lipoprotein plasma levels and the body mass index (BMI). The frequencies of the 1/1 and 1/2 genotypes in codon 360 were 0.94 and 0.06 in hyperlipidemic patients and 0.92 and 0.08 in the control population, respectively. The frequencies of the A/A, A/T and T/T genotypes in codon 347 were 0.62, 0.34 and 0.04 in hyperlipidemic patients and 0.59, 0.33 and 0.08 in the control population, respectively. None of the above genotype frequency differences between the study populations reached statistical significance. The control population was not affected by any polymorphism of the apo A-IV gene. Hyperlipidaemic patients, carriers of the allele 2 (1/2 genotype), had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels than carriers of the allele 1 (p = 0.03). Genetic variation in codon 347 had no influence on lipid and lipoprotein plasma levels. None of the polymorphisms at codons 360 and 347 affected the BMI. In conclusion, this study describes for the first time the genotype frequencies for polymorphic sites in codons 360 and 347 of the apo A-IV gene in a Greek population and suggests that the presence of the allele 2 is associated with lower plasma triglyceride levels in hyperlipidaemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Miltiadous
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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31
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Gautier T, Masson D, Jong MC, Duverneuil L, Le Guern N, Deckert V, Pais de Barros JP, Dumont L, Bataille A, Zak Z, Jiang XC, Tall AR, Havekes LM, Lagrost L. Apolipoprotein CI deficiency markedly augments plasma lipoprotein changes mediated by human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in CETP transgenic/ApoCI-knocked out mice. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:31354-63. [PMID: 12070157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (HuCETPTg mice) were crossed with apolipoprotein CI-knocked out (apoCI-KO) mice. Although total cholesterol levels tended to be reduced as the result of CETP expression in HuCETPTg heterozygotes compared with C57BL6 control mice (-13%, not significant), a more pronounced decrease (-28%, p < 0.05) was observed when human CETP was expressed in an apoCI-deficient background (HuCETPTg/apoCI-KO mice). Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a significant, 6.1-fold rise (p < 0.05) in the cholesteryl ester content of very low density lipoproteins in HuCETPTg/apoCI-KO mice compared with control mice, whereas the 2.7-fold increase in HuCETPTg mice did not reach the significance level in these experiments. Approximately 50% decreases in the cholesteryl ester content and cholesteryl ester to triglyceride ratio of high density lipoproteins (HDL) were observed in HuCETPTg/apoCI-KO mice compared with controls (p < 0.05 in both cases), with intermediate -20% changes in HuCETPTg mice. The cholesteryl ester depletion of HDL was accompanied with a significant reduction in their mean apparent diameter (8.68 +/- 0.04 nm in HuCETPTg/apoCI-KO mice versus 8.83 +/- 0.02 nm in control mice; p < 0.05), again with intermediate values in HuCETPTg mice (8.77 +/- 0.04 nm). In vitro purified apoCI was able to inhibit cholesteryl ester exchange when added to either total plasma or reconstituted HDL-free mixtures, and coincidently, the specific activity of CETP was significantly increased in the apoCI-deficient state (173 +/- 75 pmol/microg/h in HuCETPTg/apoCI-KO mice versus 72 +/- 19 pmol/microg/h in HuCETPTg, p < 0.05). Finally, HDL from apoCI-KO mice were shown to interact more readily with purified CETP than control HDL that differ only by their apoCI content. Overall, the present observations provide direct support for a potent specific inhibition of CETP by plasma apoCI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, BP87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
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32
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Dayal B, Ertel NH. ProteinChip technology: a new and facile method for the identification and measurement of high-density lipoproteins apoA-I and apoA-II and their glycosylated products in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Proteome Res 2002; 1:375-80. [PMID: 12645894 DOI: 10.1021/pr010008n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a ProteinChip technology for the identification and quantification of apolipoprotein profiles in crude biological samples. Expression levels of apoA-I and apoA-II and their glycosylated products were accomplished using single 1 microL plasma samples. In the present studies, strong anionic and weak cationic exchanger ProteinChips (SAX2 and WCX2 chip surfaces) were tested, and the WCX2 chip was found to be selective for specific apolipoproteins. Using the WCX2 chip and analysis via surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS), apoA-I and apoA-II were separated as sharp peaks at 28 and 17 kD and did not overlap with other serum protein peaks. Since these assays can be completed on a large number of clinical samples in approximately 1 h, further development of this technique will facilitate both epidemiological studies and therapeutic trials in assessing the role of the apolipoproteins and their glycosylated products in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishambar Dayal
- VA NJ Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
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Weinberg RB, Anderson RA, Cook VR, Emmanuel F, Denèfle P, Tall AR, Steinmetz A. Interfacial exclusion pressure determines the ability of apolipoprotein A-IV truncation mutants to activate cholesterol ester transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21549-53. [PMID: 11940599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202197200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a panel of recombinant human apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV truncation mutants, in which pairs of 22-mer alpha-helices were sequentially deleted along the primary sequence, to examine the impact of protein structure and interfacial activity on the ability of apoA-IV to activate cholesterol ester transfer protein. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the secondary structure, conformation, and molecular stability of recombinant human apoA-IV were identical to the native protein. However, deletion of any of the alpha-helical domains in apoA-IV disrupted its tertiary structure and impaired its molecular stability. Surprisingly, determination of the water/phospholipid interfacial exclusion pressure of the apoA-IV truncation mutants revealed that, for most, deletion of amphipathic alpha-helical domains increased their affinity for phospholipid monolayers. All of the truncation mutants activated the transfer of fluorescent-labeled cholesterol esters between high and low density lipoproteins at a rate higher than native apoA-IV. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.790, p = 0.002) between the rate constant for cholesterol ester transfer and interfacial exclusion pressure. We conclude that molecular interfacial exclusion pressure, rather than specific helical domains, determines the degree to which apoA-IV, and likely other apolipoproteins, facilitate cholesterol ester transfer protein-mediated lipid exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Weinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Quantitative Measurement of Lipoprotein Particles Containing Both Apolipoprotein AIV and Apolipoprotein B in Human Plasma by a Noncompetitive ELISA. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.6.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: A reliable method for plasma would be useful to investigate the role of apolipoprotein (apo) AIV when associated with apo B-containing or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.Method: We used a sandwich ELISA to quantify lipoprotein B:AIV particles (Lp B:AIVf; lipoproteins containing at least apo B and apo AIV) in plasma. The method used microtiter plates coated with purified anti-apo B immunoglobulins that selectively retained apo B-containing particles. Lipoproteins containing both apo B and apo AIV were distinguished from those containing only apo B by use of a peroxidase-labeled anti-apo AIV antibody. These subspecies were revealed by ABTS® reagent and further quantified by spectrophotometry. Results were expressed in mg/L apo AIV associated with apo B. This method was applied to samples with different cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.Results: The developed sandwich ELISA method identified and quantified Lp B:AIVf in plasma samples. Within- and between-run CVs were ∼10%, and analytical recoveries were 95–107%. Results were not significantly influenced by addition of triglycerides or by storage at −20 °C (up to 9 months). Under these conditions, plasma Lp B:AIVf concentrations were statistically higher in hypercholesterolemic and mixed hyperlipidemic individuals (53 ± 13 mg/L; P <0.001 and 70 ± 18 mg/L; P <0.001, respectively) than in normolipidemic individuals (43 ± 12 mg/L). Lp B:AIVf concentration appeared to be well correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apo B. These results were in contrast to total apo AIV, which was not different between dyslipidemic and normolipidemic individuals.Conclusions: The developed ELISA method for Lp B:AIVf in plasma combines specificity, reliability, and speed. The increase in Lp B:AIVf concentrations in various dyslipidemic states, together with a lack of change in total apo AIV concentrations, suggests a redistribution of apo AIV toward apo B-containing lipoproteins when these lipoproteins accumulate.
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Kronenberg F, Kuen E, Ritz E, König P, Kraatz G, Lhotta K, Mann JFE, Müller GA, Neyer U, Riegel W, Riegler P, Schwenger V, von Eckardstein A. Apolipoprotein A-IV serum concentrations are elevated in patients with mild and moderate renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:461-469. [PMID: 11805176 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v132461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture studies and investigations in mice that overexpress either human or mouse apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) revealed anti-atherogenic properties of apoA-IV. An association between low apoA-IV concentrations and coronary artery disease in humans was demonstrated; therefore, apoA-IV may also play an antiatherogenic role in humans. Because apoA-IV is markedly elevated in dialysis patients, patients with the earliest and modest stages of renal impairment were studied to assess the association of apoA-IV with GFR and atherosclerotic complications. GFR was measured by the use of iohexol in 227 non-nephrotic patients with different degrees of renal impairment. ApoA-IV increased significantly with decreasing GFR and was already elevated in earliest stages of renal disease (GFR > 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Multiple linear regression analysis identified renal function parameters (GFR, creatinine, and urea) as the most important determinants of apoA-IV levels in serum of these patients. Twenty-six patients had already experienced 36 atherosclerotic events. Logistic regression analysis identified three variables associated with atherosclerotic complications: age, apoA-IV, and gender. Each 1 mg/dl increase of apoA-IV decreased the odds ratio for an atherosclerotic complication by 8% (P = 0.011). The data clearly show that the anti-atherogenic apoA-IV starts to increase during the earliest phases of renal insufficiency, which makes apoA-IV an early marker of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kronenberg
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Erich Kuen
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Ritz
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Paul König
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Kraatz
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Karl Lhotta
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes F E Mann
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard A Müller
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Neyer
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Riegel
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Riegler
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Vedat Schwenger
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- *Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ruperto-Carola-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Innsbruck University Hospital, Department of Clinical Nephrology, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany; München Schwabing Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Feldkirch Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Feldkirch, Austria; **Medizinische Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin IV, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Bozen Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Bozen, Italy; and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Germany
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36
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Vergès B, Guerci B, Durlach V, Galland-Jos C, Paul JL, Lagrost L, Gambert P. Increased plasma apoA-IV level is a marker of abnormal postprandial lipemia: a study in normoponderal and obese subjects. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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37
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Gautier T, Masson D, de Barros JP, Athias A, Gambert P, Aunis D, Metz-Boutigue MH, Lagrost L. Human apolipoprotein C-I accounts for the ability of plasma high density lipoproteins to inhibit the cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37504-9. [PMID: 10978346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the protein that accounts for the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-inhibitory activity that is specifically associated with human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL). To this end, human HDL apolipoproteins were fractionated by preparative polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, and 30 distinct protein fractions with molecular masses ranging from 80 down to 2 kDa were tested for their ability to inhibit CETP activity. One single apolipoprotein fraction was able to completely inhibit CETP activity. The N-terminal sequence of the 6-kDa protein inhibitor matched the N-terminal sequence of human apoC-I, the inhibition was completely blocked by specific anti-apolipoprotein C-I antibodies, and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the identity of the isolated inhibitor with full-length human apoC-I. Pure apoC-I was able to abolish CETP activity in a concentration-dependent manner and with a high efficiency (IC(50) = 100 nmol/liter). The inhibitory potency of total delipidated HDL apolipoproteins completely disappeared after a treatment with anti-apolipoprotein C-I antibodies, and the apoC-I deprivation of native plasma HDL by immunoaffinity chromatography produced a mean 43% rise in cholesteryl ester transfer rates. The main localization of apoC-I in HDL and not in low density lipoprotein in normolipidemic plasma provides further support for the specific property of HDL in inhibiting CETP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gautier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines-INSERM U498, Hôpital du Bocage, BP1542, 21034 Dijon Cedex, France
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38
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Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Meyboom S, Funke H, Katan MB. Apolipoprotein A4-1/2 polymorphism and response of serum lipids to dietary cholesterol in humans. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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39
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Kronenberg F, Stühlinger M, Trenkwalder E, Geethanjali FS, Pachinger O, von Eckardstein A, Dieplinger H. Low apolipoprotein A-IV plasma concentrations in men with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:751-7. [PMID: 10987595 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) plasma concentrations and coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies favor apoA-IV to be protective against the development of atherosclerosis. Mice that overexpress either human or mouse apoA-IV demonstrated a significant reduction of aortic atherosclerotic lesions compared with control mice. Data on apoA-IV plasma concentrations and CAD in humans are lacking. METHODS We determined in two independent case-control studies of a Caucasian and an Asian Indian population whether apoA-IV plasma concentrations are related to the presence of angiographically assessed CAD. RESULTS Plasma apoA-IV levels were significantly lower in 114 male Caucasian subjects with angiographically defined CAD when compared with 114 age-adjusted male controls (10.2 +/-3.8 mg/dL vs. 15.1 +/- 4.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the association between apoA-IV levels and CAD was independent of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The inverse relationship between plasma levels of apoA-IV and the presence of CAD was confirmed in an independent sample of 68 male Asian Indians with angiographically documented CAD and 68 age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this cross-sectional study demonstrate for the first time an association between low apoA-IV concentrations and CAD in humans and suggest that apoA-IV may play an antiatherogenic role in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kronenberg
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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40
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Lefevre M, Lovejoy JC, DeFelice SM, Keener JW, Bray GA, Ryan DH, Hwang DH, Greenway FL. Common apolipoprotein A-IV variants are associated with differences in body mass index levels and percentage body fat. Int J Obes (Lond) 2000; 24:945-53. [PMID: 10951531 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between two common apoA-IV variants (Thr347-->Ser; Gln360-->His), and body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Eight-hundred and forty-eight subjects screened for participation in ongoing clinical studies. MEASUREMENTS ApoA-IV genotype, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and percentage body fat by bioelectric impedance. RESULTS Participants had an average age of 41+/-12 y and an average BMI of 28.2+/-5.5 kg/m2. Individuals homozygous for the Ser347 allele had higher BMI (32.3+/-6.6 vs 28.6+/-5.3 kg/m2; P<0.01) and percentage body fat (36.9+/-7.8 vs 31.0+/-9.6%; P<0.05) compared with individuals homozygous for Thr347. In contrast, the presence of at least one copy of the His360 allele was associated with lower BMI (27.2+/-5.0 vs 28.4+/-5.6 kg/m2; P<0.05) and percentage body fat (28.6+/-8.2 vs 30.7+/-9.1%; P<0.05). The genotype effects persisted after normalization of the data for the potential confounding effects of gender, age and race. When grouped by BMI percentile, the frequency of the Ser347/Ser347 genotype increased while the frequency of the His360 allele decreased with increasing BMI. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a role for apoA-IV in fat storage or mobilization and that genetic variations in the apoA-IV gene may play a role in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lefevre
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The interconnections between cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) expression and lipid metabolism, and the possible roles of CETP in atherogenesis are examined. The importance of lipid transfer inhibitor protein in modulating CETP activity is detailed, and the consequences of this inhibitory activity on CETP-mediated events are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Morton
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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42
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Wang X, Driscoll DM, Morton RE. Molecular cloning and expression of lipid transfer inhibitor protein reveals its identity with apolipoprotein F. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1814-20. [PMID: 9880564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.3.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Published studies demonstrate that lipid transfer inhibitor protein (LTIP) is an important regulator of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Although LTIP inhibits CETP activity among different lipoprotein classes, it preferentially suppresses transfer events involving low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas transfers involving high density lipoprotein as donor are less affected. In this study, we report the purification of LTIP and the expression of its cDNA in cultured cells. Purification of LTIP, in contrast to other published protocols, took advantage of the tight association of this protein with LDL. Ultracentrifugally isolated LDL was further purified on anti-apoE and apoA-I affinity columns. Affinity purified LDL was delipidated by tetramethylurea, and the tetramethylurea-soluble proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein migrating at a molecular mass of approximately 33 kDa was excised from the gel and its N-terminal amino acid sequence determined. The 14-amino acid sequence obtained showed complete homology with the sequence deduced for apolipoprotein F (apoF) cDNA isolated from Hep G2 cells. On Western blots, peptide-specific antibodies raised against synthetic fragments of apoF reacted with the same 33-kDa protein in LTIP-containing fractions purified from LDL and from lipoprotein-deficient plasma. In contrast to that previously reported, apoF was shown to be associated almost exclusively with LDL, identical to the distribution of LTIP activity. The cDNA for apoF was cloned from a human liver cDNA library, ligated into a mammalian expression vector, and transiently transfected into COS-7 cells. Conditioned media containing secreted apoF demonstrated CETP inhibitor activity, whereas cells transfected with vector alone did not. This CETP inhibitor activity was efficiently removed from the media by nickel-Sepharose, consistent with the 6-His tag incorporated into recombinant apoF. By Western blot, the 6-His-tagged protein had a molecular weight slightly larger than native apoF. The CETP inhibitor activity of recombinant apoF possessed the same LDL specificity, oleate sensitivity, and dependence on lipoprotein concentration as previously noted for LTIP. We conclude that LTIP and apoF are identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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43
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Carmena-Ramón R, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Ordovas JM, Carmena R. Genetic variation at the apoA-IV gene locus and response to diet in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1266-74. [PMID: 9714133 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.8.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma lipid response to dietary fat and cholesterol is, in part, genetically controlled. The apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV protein; APOA4, gene) has been shown to influence the response to dietary changes in normolipidemic individuals. The response to diet in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is also variable, and no studies are available on the influence of APOA4 mutations on dietary response in these subjects. We studied the effect of 2 common apoA-IV genetic variants (Gln360-->His and Thr347-->Ser) on the lipid response to the National Cholesterol Education Program type I (NCEP-I) diet in 67 FH heterozygotes (43 women and 24 men). Subjects were studied at baseline (after consuming for 1 month a diet with 35% fat [10% saturated] and 300 mg/d cholesterol) and after 3 months of consuming a low-fat diet. No sex-related differences were found, and results were combined for men and women. The APOA4-360 mutation was assessed in 67 subjects, 51 with genotype 1/1 and 16 with genotype 1/2. The APOA4-2 allele was associated with marginally significantly lower (P=0.049) low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and significantly lower (P=0.027) apoB levels independent of diet effects. After consuming an NCEP-I diet, carriers of the APOA4-2 allele showed a significantly lower reduction in apoB concentration (6.2%) than 1/1 subjects (14.1%; P=0.036); however, no significant differences in response were noted for LDL cholesterol. The APOA4-347 mutation was assessed in 63 individuals, 44 with the A/A allele and 19 with the A/T and T/T alleles. No significant differences were observed in baseline or post-NCEP-I diet values for these 2 groups in total, LDL, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma apoB levels. After dietary intervention, A/A individuals showed significant reductions in plasma triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; no changes were found in carriers of the T allele. Haplotype analysis suggested that in these FH subjects, the APOA4-360-2 allele was associated with lower plasma lipid levels during the NCEP-I diet period, whereas no significant effects were observed for the APOA4-347-T allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carmena-Ramón
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, Spain
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44
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Liinamaa MJ, Kesäniemi YA, Savolainen MJ. Lipoprotein composition influences cholesteryl ester transfer in alcohol abusers. Ann Med 1998; 30:316-22. [PMID: 9677019 DOI: 10.3109/07853899809005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is known to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is at least in part mediated by the alcohol-induced reduction in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity and mass. We have shown that the high plasma HDL concentration reduces the CETP-mediated net mass transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or even reverses the direction of transfer in plasma incubations. Therefore, we studied the effect of lipoprotein composition on lipid net mass transfers in 14 male alcohol abusers and nine male control subjects by incubating plasma for up to 2 h. The cholesteryl ester net mass transfer in the alcohol abusers was mainly predicted by the VLDL and LDL lipid composition in multiple linear regression, while the HDL composition was the main factor in the controls. The observed difference in the effect of the lipoprotein composition on cholesteryl ester net mass transfer support our previous finding in rabbits that CETP binding to lipoproteins may differ during ethanol oxidation. The results suggest that ethanol oxidation induces alterations which may affect the binding of CETP to lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Liinamaa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
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45
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Pussinen PJ, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, Pyle LE, Marcel YL, Fidge NH, Ehnholm C. Binding of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) to apolipoproteins A-I and A-II: location of a PLTP binding domain in the amino terminal region of apoA-I. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Jansen S, Lopez-Miranda J, Ordovas JM, Zambrana JL, Marin C, Ostos MA, Castro P, McPherson R, Lopez Segura F, Blanco A, Jimenez Pereperez JA, Perez-Jimenez F. Effect of 360His mutation in apolipoprotein A-IV on plasma HDL-cholesterol response to dietary fat. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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47
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Arii K, Suehiro T, Yamamoto M, Ito H, Hashimoto K. Suppression of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in acute hyperinsulinemia and effect of plasma nonesterified fatty acid. Metabolism 1997; 46:1166-70. [PMID: 9322801 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a major determinant of the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and plays an important role in the reverse cholesterol transport system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on plasma CETP activity in normal subjects and patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Hyperinsulinemia was achieved using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. CETP activity was determined as the transfer of radiolabeled cholesterol in HDL3 to acceptor lipoprotein. Mean plasma CETP activity during an insulin infusion in both subject groups was significantly decreased compared with the mean basal activity. Suppression of plasma CETP activity in the NIDDM patients was significantly less than in the normal subjects (-4.2% +/- 7.9% v -9.6% +/- 6.4%, P < .02). Regression analysis showed that this suppression was correlated with plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels after the clamp and with the magnitude of the NEFA decrease (r = .318, P < .02 and r = .292, P < .05, respectively). The data suggest that acute hyperinsulinemia reduces plasma CETP activity through a decrease in plasma NEFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arii
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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48
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Jansen S, Lopez-Miranda J, Salas J, Ordovas JM, Castro P, Marin C, Ostos MA, Lopez-Segura F, Jimenez-Pereperez JA, Blanco A, Perez-Jimenez F. Effect of 347-serine mutation in apoprotein A-IV on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1532-8. [PMID: 9301632 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.8.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid response to dietary fat and cholesterol is, to a large extent, genetically controlled. Apoprotein (apo) A-IV has been related to fat absorption and to the activation of some of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. One mutation has been described in the apo A-IV gene that causes substitution of Ser for Thr at position 347. To study the influence of this mutation on the plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) response in diets of various fat content and fatty acid saturation, 41 healthy male subjects were studied, 25 of whom were homozygous for the Thr allele (347Thr) and the rest who were either homozygous (n = 2) or heterozygous carriers of the Ser allele (347Ser). They consumed three consecutive diets, each of 4 weeks' duration: one rich in saturated fat (SFA diet: 38% fat, 20% saturated), a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) type 1 diet (28% fat, 10% saturated), and a third rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA diet; 38% fat, 22% monounsaturated). Carriers of the 347Ser allele presented a greater decrease in total cholesterol (-0.7 vs -0.44 mmol/L, P < .034), LDL-C (-0.62 vs -0.31 mmol/L, P < .012), and apo B (-14 vs -8 mg/dL, P < .01) levels when they were switched from the SFA to the NCEP type 1 diet than homozygous carriers of the 347Thr allele. The change from the NCEP type 1 to the MUFA diet resulted in a greater increase in total cholesterol (0.18 vs -0.05 mmol/L, P < .028) and apo B (5 vs -1 mg/dL, P < .006) levels in the 347Ser than in the 347Thr individuals. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the G-->A polymorphism at position -76 of the gene promoter of apo A-I affects the LDL-C response to dietary fat. We therefore decided to study the effect of the interaction between these mutations on this response. We found that both mutations have an additive effect on total cholesterol, LDL-C, and apo B dietary-induced changes. Our results suggest that total cholesterol and LDL-C response to dietary fat is influenced by the 347Ser mutation of apo A-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jansen
- Lipid Research Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba Medical School, Spain
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Connolly DT, Krul ES, Heuvelman D, Glenn KC. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by apolipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and cholesteryl sulfate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1304:145-60. [PMID: 8954138 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(96)00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the exchange of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between lipoproteins in the plasma. In studies dealing with the mechanism of CETP-mediated lipid transfer, we have examined the effects of several classes of biomolecules, including apolipoproteins and related synthetic peptides, cholesteryl sulfate, and lipopolysaccharides. In all cases, the molecules were inhibitory and their effects were associated with modifications of either HDL, LDL, or both. However, the probable mechanisms were distinct for each class of inhibitor. Inhibition of lipid transfer activity by apolipoprotein A-I was correlated with an increase in the apolipoprotein A-I content of HDL but not LDL, whereas the primary effect of cholesteryl sulfate was associated with modification of LDL, and only modest alteration of HDL. Lipopolysaccharides were found to modify the size and charge properties of both LDL and HDL over the same concentration ranges that affected CETP activity, but might also interact directly with CETP. It is suggested from the present studies that a variety of biomolecules that can interact with lipoproteins under natural or pathological situations have the potential to modify CETP activity, which in turn could affect normal lipoprotein composition and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Connolly
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Department, Searle, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
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Nanjee MN, Crouse JR, King JM, Hovorka R, Rees SE, Carson ER, Morgenthaler JJ, Lerch P, Miller NE. Effects of intravenous infusion of lipid-free apo A-I in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:1203-14. [PMID: 8792776 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.16.9.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is the principal protein component of the plasma high density lipoproteins (HDLs). Tissue culture studies have suggested that lipid-free apo A-I may, by recruiting phospholipids (PLs) and unesterified cholesterol from cell membranes, initiate reverse cholesterol transport and provide a nidus for the formation, via lipid-poor, pre-beta-migrating HDLs, of spheroidal alpha-migrating HDLs. Apo A-I has also been shown to inhibit hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in vitro. To further study its functions and fate in vivo, we gave lipid-free apo A-I intravenously on a total of 32 occasions to six men with low HDL cholesterol (30 to 38 mg/dL) by bolus injection (25 mg/kg) and/or by infusion over 5 hours (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg.kg-1.h-1). The procedure was well tolerated: there were no clinical, biochemical, or hematologic changes, and there was no evidence of allergic, immunologic, or acute-phase responses. The 5-hour infusions increased plasma total apo A-I concentration in a dose-related manner by 10 to 50 mg/dL after which it decreased, with a half-life of 15 to 54 hours. Coinfusion of Intralipid reduced the clearance rate. The apparent volume of distribution exceeded the known extracellular space in humans, suggesting extensive first-pass clearance by one or more organs. No apo A-I appeared in the urine. Increases in apo A-I mass were confined to the pre-beta region on crossed immunoelectrophoresis of plasma and to HDL-size particles on size exclusion chromatography. Increases were recorded in HDL PL, but not in HDL unesterified or esterified cholesterol. Increases also occurred in LDL PL and in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and PL but not in plasma total apo B concentration. These results can all be explained by combined inhibition of HL and LPL activities. Owing to the effects that this would have had on HDL metabolism, no conclusions can be drawn from these data about the role of lipid-free apo A-I in the removal of PL and cholesterol from peripheral tissues in humans. The kinetic data suggest that the fractional catabolic rate of lipid-free apo A-I exceeds that of spheroidal HDLs and is reduced in the presence of surplus PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Nanjee
- Department of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, UK
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