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Galigniana NM, Ruiz MC, Piwien-Pilipuk G. FK506 binding protein 51: Its role in the adipose organ and beyond. J Cell Biochem 2022. [PMID: 36502528 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a great body of evidence that the adipose organ plays a central role in the control not only of energy balance, but importantly, in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Interest in the study of different aspects of its physiology grew in the last decades due to the pandemic of obesity and the consequences of metabolic syndrome. It was not until recently that the first evidence for the role of the high molecular weight immunophilin FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 in the process of adipocyte differentiation have been described. Since then, many new facets have been discovered of this stress-responsive FKBP51 as a central node for precise coordination of many cell functions, as shown for nuclear steroid receptors, autophagy, signaling pathways as Akt, p38 MAPK, and GSK3, as well as for insulin signaling and the control of glucose homeostasis. Thus, the aim of this review is to integrate and discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the many roles of FKBP51 in the adipose organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Galigniana
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina C Ruiz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Piwien-Pilipuk
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Hang H, Stephens JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Adipogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:635-674. [PMID: 28333384 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are the defining cell type of adipose tissue. Once considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that contributes to several important physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, systemic energy homeostasis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in its development and function is of great importance. Adipocyte differentiation is a highly orchestrated process which can vary between different fat depots as well as between the sexes. While hormones, miRNAs, cytoskeletal proteins, and many other effectors can modulate adipocyte development, the best understood regulators of adipogenesis are the transcription factors that inhibit or promote this process. Ectopic expression and knockdown approaches in cultured cells have been widely used to understand the contribution of transcription factors to adipocyte development, providing a basis for more sophisticated in vivo strategies to examine adipogenesis. To date, over two dozen transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in adipocyte development. These transcription factors belong to several families with many different DNA-binding domains. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is undoubtedly the most important transcriptional modulator of adipocyte development in all types of adipose tissue, members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, Krüppel-like transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription, GATA, early B cell factor, and interferon-regulatory factor families also regulate adipogenesis. The importance of PPARγ activity is underscored by several covalent modifications that modulate its activity and its ability to modulate adipocyte development. This review will primarily focus on the transcriptional control of adipogenesis in white fat cells and on the mechanisms involved in this fine-tuned developmental process. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:635-674, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison J Richard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hardy Hang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Volat F, Bouloumié A. Steroid hormones and the stroma-vascular cells of the adipose tissue. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 15:5-10. [PMID: 25436727 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stroma-vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue (AT) is a heterogeneous cell fraction composed of progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. SVF plays a key role in AT homeostasis and growth as well as in obesity-associated pathologies. The SVF cell composition and phenotype are distinct according to AT location and adiposity. Such discrepancies influence AT function and are involved in obesity-associated disorders such as chronic inflammation. Investigations performed in recent years in rodents and humans provided evidence that the stroma-vascular cells contribute to the conversion of steroid hormones in AT and are also steroid targets. This review describes the link between steroids and SVF depending on gender, adiposity, and AT location and highlights the potential role of sex and corticosteroid hormones in adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and their contributions in AT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Volat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
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Toneatto J, Charó NL, Galigniana NM, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Adipogenesis is under surveillance of Hsp90 and the high molecular weight Immunophilin FKBP51. Adipocyte 2015; 4:239-47. [PMID: 26451279 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1049401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in the control of energy balance as well as in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. It was not until recently that the first evidences of the role of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 and high molecular weight immunophilin FKBP51 have been described in the process of adipocyte differentiation. Recent reports describe their role in the regulation of PPARγ, a key transcription factor in the control of adipogenesis and the maintenance of the adipocyte phenotype. In addition, novel roles have been uncovered for FKBP51 in the organization of the architecture of the nucleus through its participation in the reorganization of the nuclear lamina. Therefore, the aim of this review is to integrate and discuss the recent advances in the field, with special emphasis on the roles of Hsp90 and FKBP51 in the process of adipocyte differentiation.
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Migliaccio S, Greco EA, Wannenes F, Donini LM, Lenzi A. Adipose, bone and muscle tissues as new endocrine organs: role of reciprocal regulation for osteoporosis and obesity development. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 17:39-51. [PMID: 25372729 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently been revised. In fact, the latest epidemiologic and clinical studies show that a high level of fat mass, but also reduced muscle mass, might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Furthermore, increasing evidence seems to indicate that different components such as myokines, adipokines and growth factors, released by both fat and muscle tissues, could play a key role in the regulation of skeletal health and in low bone mineral density and, thus, in osteoporosis development. This review considers old and recent data in the literature to further evaluate the relationship between fat, bone and muscle tissue.
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Toneatto J, Charó NL, Naselli A, Muñoz-Bernart M, Lombardi A, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Corticosteroid Receptors, Their Chaperones and Cochaperones: How Do They Modulate Adipogenesis? NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kovačević S, Nestorov J, Matić G, Elaković I. Dietary fructose-related adiposity and glucocorticoid receptor function in visceral adipose tissue of female rats. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1409-20. [PMID: 24420787 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive fructose intake coincides with the growing rate of obesity and metabolic syndrome, with women being more prone to these disorders than men. Findings that detrimental effects of fructose might be mediated by glucocorticoid regeneration in adipose tissue only indirectly implicated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether fructose overconsumption induces derangements in GR expression and function that might be associated with fructose-induced adiposity in females. METHODS We examined effects of fructose-enriched diet on GR expression and function in visceral adipose tissue of female rats. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of genes involved in glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism [11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase], lipolysis (hormone-sensitive lipase) and lipogenesis (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ). RESULTS Fructose-fed rats had elevated energy intake that resulted in visceral adiposity, as indicated by increased visceral adipose tissue mass and its share in the whole-body weight. GR hormone binding capacity and affinity, as well as the expression of GR gene at both mRNA and protein levels were reduced in visceral adipose tissue of the rats on fructose diet. The glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism was stimulated, as evidenced by elevated tissue corticosterone, while the key regulators of lipolysis and lipogenesis remained unaffected by fructose diet. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the 11βHSD1-mediated elevation of intracellular corticosterone may induce GR downregulation, which may be associated with failure of GR to stimulate lipolysis in fructose-fed female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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Toneatto J, Guber S, Charó NL, Susperreguy S, Schwartz J, Galigniana MD, Piwien-Pilipuk G. Dynamic mitochondrial-nuclear redistribution of the immunophilin FKBP51 is regulated by the PKA signaling pathway to control gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5357-68. [PMID: 24101724 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in adipogenesis through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that forms a heterocomplex with Hsp90•Hsp70 and one high molecular weight immunophilin, either FKBP51 or FKBP52. When 3T3-L1 preadipocytes are induced to differentiate, FKBP51 expression progressively increases, whereas FKBP52 decreases, and Hsp90, Hsp70, p23 and Cyp40 remain unchanged. Interestingly, FKBP51 rapidly translocates from mitochondria to the nucleus where it is retained upon its interaction with chromatin and the nuclear matrix. FKBP51 nuclear localization is transient, and after 48 hours it cycles back to mitochondria. Importantly, this dynamic FKBP51 mitochondrial-nuclear shuttling depends on PKA signaling, because its inhibition by PKI or knockdown of PKA-cα by siRNA, prevented FKBP51 nuclear translocation induced by IBMX. In addition, the electrophoretic pattern of migration of FKBP51 is altered by treatment of cells with PKI or knockdown of PKA-cα, suggesting that FKBP51 is a PKA substrate. In preadipocytes, FKBP51 colocalizes with PKA-cα in mitochondria. When adipogenesis is triggered, PKA-cα also moves to the nucleus colocalizing with FKBP51 mainly in the nuclear lamina. Moreover, FKBP51 and GR interaction increases when preadipocytes are induced to differentiate. GR transcriptional capacity is reduced when cells are incubated in the presence of IBMX, forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP, compounds that induced FKBP51 nuclear translocation, but not by a specific activator of EPAC. FKBP51 knockdown facilitates adipogenesis, whereas ectopic expression of FKBP51 blocks adipogenesis. These findings indicate that the dynamic mitochondrial-nuclear shuttling of FKBP51 regulated by PKA may be key in fine-tuning the transcriptional control of GR target genes required for the acquisition of adipocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Toneatto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Architecture, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME) - CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
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Guo C, Li C, Myatt L, Nathanielsz PW, Sun K. Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal nutrient reduction on expression of genes regulating cortisol metabolism in fetal baboon adipose and liver tissues. Diabetes 2013; 62:1175-85. [PMID: 23238295 PMCID: PMC3609578 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) during fetal development may predispose offspring to chronic disease later in life. Increased regeneration of active glucocorticoids by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in metabolic tissues is fundamental to the developmental programming of metabolic syndrome, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) generates NADPH, the cofactor for 11β-HSD1 reductase activity. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulate 11β-HSD1 expression. We hypothesize that MNR increases expression of fetal C/EBPs, GR, and H6PD, thereby increasing expression of 11β-HSD1 and reductase activity in fetal liver and adipose tissues. Pregnant MNR baboons ate 70% of what controls ate from 0.16 to 0.9 gestation (term, 184 days). Cortisol levels in maternal and fetal circulations increased in MNR pregnancies at 0.9 gestation. MNR increased expression of 11β-HSD1; H6PD; C/EBPα, -β, -γ; and GR in female but not male perirenal adipose tissue and in male but not female liver at 0.9 gestation. Local cortisol level and its targets PEPCK1 and PPARγ increased correspondingly in adipose and liver tissues. C/EBPα and GR were found to be bound to the 11β-HSD1 promoter. In conclusion, sex- and tissue-specific increases of 11β-HSD1, H6PD, GR, and C/EBPs may contribute to sexual dimorphism in the programming of exaggerated cortisol regeneration in liver and adipose tissues and offsprings' susceptibility to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Cun Li
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Corresponding author: Kang Sun,
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Fardet L, Antuna-Puente B, Vatier C, Cervera P, Touati A, Simon T, Capeau J, Fève B, Bastard JP. Adipokine profile in glucocorticoid-treated patients: baseline plasma leptin level predicts occurrence of lipodystrophy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:43-51. [PMID: 22268638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoid therapy may result in adipose tissue redistribution of unknown pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of glucocorticoids on adipokine levels and adipose tissue inflammation. To compare the results in patients with or without glucocorticoid-induced lipodystrophy (GIL) after 3 months of therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective monocentric study. PATIENTS Adult patients initiating systemic, high-dose prednisone therapy for at least 3 months. Blood samples and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were collected at baseline and month 3. The presence of GIL after 3 months of therapy was assessed using standardized photography. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were enrolled. Blood samples and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue were available at baseline and month 3 for 30 patients [median age: 61 (38-79) years, 77% women]. Among those 30 patients, 15 were classified as GIL+ and 15 were GIL- at month 3. Between baseline and month 3, adiponectin and leptin levels increased in the overall population while the level of resistin remained unchanged. At baseline, leptin level was higher [19.3 (8.3-31.1) vs 4.5 (2.4-11.3) μg/l, P = 0.006] and resistin level lower [7.1 (6.3-12.4) vs 10.4 (8.0-21.7) μg/l, P = 0.05] in GIL+ than in GIL- patients. Baseline leptin level was predictive of GIL occurrence. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the best diagnostic accuracy was obtained with a baseline leptin cut-off of 5.9 μg/l (sensitivity: 93%, specificity: 60%). At month 3, leptin and adiponectin levels increased more in the GIL+ than in the GIL- group, as did the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in subcutaneous abdominal fat. CONCLUSION Glucocorticoid-induced lipodystrophy is associated with a different adipokine profile both before and after glucocorticoid therapy. Serum leptin level prior to glucocorticoid therapy is highly predictive of GIL occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Fardet
- Service de Médecine Interne, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Schmidt MV, Paez-Pereda M, Holsboer F, Hausch F. The prospect of FKBP51 as a drug target. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1351-9. [PMID: 22581765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is best known as an Hsp90-associated co-chaperone that regulates the responsiveness of steroid hormone receptors. In human genetic association studies, FKBP51 has repeatedly been associated with emotion processing and numerous stress-related affective disorders. It has also been implicated in contributing to the glucocorticoid hyposensitivity observed in New World primates. More recently, several research groups have consistently shown a protective effect of FKBP51 knockout or knockdown on stress endocrinology and stress-coping behavior in animal models of depression and anxiety. The principal druggability of FKBP51 is exemplified by the prototypic FKBP ligands FK506 and rapamycin. Moreover, FKBP51 is highly suited for X-ray co-crystallography, which should facilitate the rational drug design of improved FKBP51 ligands. In summary, FKBP51 has emerged as a promising new drug target for stress-related disorders that should be amenable to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias V Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich (Germany)
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Odermatt A, Kratschmar DV. Tissue-specific modulation of mineralocorticoid receptor function by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:168-86. [PMID: 21820034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade significant progress has been made in the understanding of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function and its implications for physiology and disease. The knowledge on the essential role of MR in the regulation of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure has been significantly extended, and the relevance of excessive MR activation in promoting inflammation, fibrosis and heart disease as well as its role in modulating neuronal cell viability and brain function is now widely recognized. Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms of MR function in various cell-types are still poorly understood. Key modulators of MR function include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may affect MR function by formation of heterodimers and by differential genomic and non-genomic responses on gene expression, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), which determine the availability of intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the knowledge on MR expression with regard to the presence or absence of GR, 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1/hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in various tissues and cell types. The consequences of cell-specific differences in the coexpression of MR with these proteins need to be further investigated in order to understand the role of this receptor in a given tissue as well as its systemic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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Rose AJ, Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Role of glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor in metabolism: insights from genetic manipulations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:10-20. [PMID: 20170729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor have been characterized as critical checkpoints in the delicate hormonal control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of glucocorticoids are required for proper metabolic control, aberrant glucocorticoid action has been linked to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Based on its importance for human health, studies of the molecular mechanisms of within the glucocorticoid signaling axis have become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the development of novel therapies in the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the consequences of endogenous and experimental modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, particularly emphasizing tissue-specific contributions of the glucocorticoid pathway to the control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rose
- Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Poulos SP, Dodson MV, Hausman GJ. Cell line models for differentiation: preadipocytes and adipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1185-93. [PMID: 20864461 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models have been invaluable in determining the mechanisms involved in adipocyte proliferation, differentiation, adipokine secretion and gene/protein expression. The cells presently available for research purposes all have unique advantages and disadvantages that one should be aware of when selecting cells. Established cell lines, such as 3T3-L1 cells, are easier and less costly to use than freshly isolated cells, even though freshly isolated cells allow for various comparisons such as the in vitro evaluation of different in vivo conditions that may not be possible using cell lines. Moreover, stem cells, transdifferentiated cells or dedifferentiated cells are relatively new cell models being evaluated for the study of adipocyte regulation and physiology. The focus of this brief review is to highlight similarities and differences in adipocyte models to aid in appropriate model selection and data interpretation for successful advancement of our understanding of adipocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia P Poulos
- The Coca-Cola Company, Research and Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.
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Morton NM. Obesity and corticosteroids: 11beta-hydroxysteroid type 1 as a cause and therapeutic target in metabolic disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:154-64. [PMID: 19804814 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic abnormalities found associated with high blood glucocorticoid levels (e.g. rare Cushing's syndrome) include insulin-resistance, visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The same constellation of abnormalities is found in the highly prevalent idiopathic obesity/insulin-resistance (metabolic)-syndrome. It is now apparent that tissue-specific changes in cortisol metabolism explain these parallels rather than altered blood cortisol levels. Primary among these changes is increased intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation, catalysed by the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type (HSD)-1 in obese adipose tissue. Liver, skeletal muscle, endocrine pancreas, blood vessels and leukocytes express 11beta-HSD1 and their potential role in metabolic disease is discussed. The weight of evidence, much of it gained from animal models, suggests that therapeutic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 will be beneficial in most cellular contexts, with clinical trials supportive of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Michael Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group after University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Kypreos KE, Karagiannides I, Fotiadou EH, Karavia EA, Brinkmeier MS, Giakoumi SM, Tsompanidi EM. Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: role of apolipoprotein E in the development of obesity. FEBS J 2009; 276:5720-8. [PMID: 19754875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a polymorphic glycoprotein in humans with a molecular mass of 34.5 kDa. It is a component of chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein, and is primarily responsible for maintaining plasma lipid homeostasis. In addition to these well-documented functions, recent studies in experimental mouse models, as well as population studies, show that apolipoprotein E also plays an important role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It is widely accepted that disruption in homeostasis between food intake and energy expenditure, and the subsequent deposition of excess fatty acids into fat cells in the form of triglycerides, leads to the development of obesity. Despite the pivotal role of obesity and dyslipidemia in the development of the metabolic syndrome and heart disease, the functional interactions between adipose tissue and components of the lipoprotein transport system have not yet been investigated thoroughly. In this minireview, we focus on the current literature pertinent to the involvement of apolipoprotein E in the development of pathologies associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece.
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Wan R, Du J, Ren L, Meng Q. Selective adipogenic effects of propionate on bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes. Meat Sci 2009; 82:372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rubin JP, DeFail A, Rajendran N, Marra KG. Encapsulation of adipogenic factors to promote differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. J Drug Target 2009; 17:207-15. [PMID: 19558360 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802669231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and dexamethasone were encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to induce adipogenesis for potential applications in soft tissue reconstruction. Release kinetics and bioactivity of the drugs were examined. Surface morphology and diameter of the PLGA microspheres was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The release of insulin was determined using ELISA whereas the release of dexamethasone was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The activity of the drugs was assessed by releasing the drugs in the presence of human adipose-derived stem cells. The ability of the cells cultured with microspheres to differentiate into adipocytes was evaluated using Oil Red O stains. Cells treated with the dexamethasone and insulin microspheres demonstrated a significant increase in lipid inclusions compared with control groups. Insulin and dexamethasone microspheres can reproduce the adipogenic effect exerted by differentiation medium, and may represent a clinically relevant method of stimulating adipogenesis in tissue engineering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Rubin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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19
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Ortiz-Colón G, Grant AC, Doumit ME, Buskirk DD. Bovine intramuscular, subcutaneous, and perirenal stromal-vascular cells express similar glucocorticoid receptor isoforms, but exhibit different adipogenic capacity. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1913-20. [PMID: 19251920 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding preadipocyte differentiation in economically important adipose depots will facilitate efforts to selectively increase intramuscular (i.m.) lipid accretion in cattle. The objectives of this study were to determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression differs among bovine stromal-vascular (S-V) cells derived from i.m., subcutaneous (s.c.), and peri-renal (p.r.) adipose tissue, and to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on adipogenesis of these cell populations. Stromal-vascular cells isolated from i.m., s.c., and p.r. adipose tissues of 2 steers were propagated in culture and exposed to 0 or 250 nM DEX for 48 h. Cell lysates were subjected to GR immunoblot analysis, and immunoreactive protein bands of approximately 97, approximately 62, and approximately 48 kDa were detected and expressed relative to beta-actin immunoreactivity. The abundance of each GR immunoreactive protein was similar among S-V cell populations (P > 0.50). Dexamethasone exposure decreased the abundance of the approximately 97 and approximately 62 kDa GR immunoreactive bands in S-V cells from the 3 depots (P < 0.001), but did not affect the expression of the approximately 48 kDa band (P = 0.96). Stromal-vascular cells isolated from 3 steers were grown in culture, and upon confluence, were exposed to 0, 25, or 2,500 nM DEX for 48 h. After an additional 10 d in differentiation media, differentiation was determined by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) specific activity and oil red O staining. The extent of differentiation differed by depot (p.r. > s.c. > i.m.; P < 0.05). Compared with control, 2,500 nM DEX increased GPDH activity in S-V cells from all depots (P < 0.05), and no interaction between depot and DEX concentration was observed (P = 0.99). We observed an adipose tissue depot by DEX concentration interaction (P = 0.03) for S-V cells with large (> or = 10 microm-diameter) lipid droplets. The percentage of p.r. S-V cells with large lipid droplets increased in response to DEX in a linear manner (P < 0.02), but only increased greater than control in s.c. cells exposed to 2,500 nM DEX (P = 0.002). Dexamethasone did not significantly increase the percentage of i.m. S-V cells with large lipid droplets (P > 0.27). Collectively, these data demonstrate differences in adipogenic activity among bovine i.m., s.c., and p.r. S-V cells, but indicate no relationship between adipogenic activity and glucocorticoid receptor abundance or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ortiz-Colón
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225, USA
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20
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Tejerina S, De Pauw A, Vankoningsloo S, Houbion A, Renard P, De Longueville F, Raes M, Arnould T. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling induces 3T3-L1 adipocyte de-differentiation by a PPARgamma-independent mechanism, whereas TNFalpha-induced de-differentiation is PPARgamma dependent. J Cell Sci 2008; 122:145-55. [PMID: 19066287 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.027508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of mitochondrial activity affects lipid-metabolizing tissues and mild mitochondrial uncoupling has been proposed as a possible strategy to fight obesity and associated diseases. In this report, we characterized the 3T3-L1-adipocyte ;de-differentiation' induced by carbonyl cyanide (p-trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler. We found a decrease in triglyceride (TG) content in adipocytes incubated with this molecule. We next analyzed the expression of genes encoding adipogenic markers and effectors and compared the differentially expressed genes in adipocytes treated with FCCP or TNFalpha (a cytokine known to induce adipocyte de-differentiation). Furthermore, a significant decrease in the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha transcription factors was found in adipocytes with impaired mitochondrial activity. However, although these modifications were also found in TNFalpha-treated adipocytes, rosiglitazone and 9-cis retinoic acid (PPARgamma and RXR ligands) were unable to prevent triglyceride loss in FCCP-treated cells. Metabolic assays also revealed that TG reduction could be mediated by a downregulation of lipid synthesis rather than an upregulation of fatty acid oxidation. Finally, lipolysis stimulated by the uncoupler also seems to contribute to the TG reduction, a process associated with perilipin A downregulation. These results highlight some new mechanisms that might potentially be involved in adipocyte de-differentiation initiated by a mitochondrial uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tejerina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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21
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Hausman GJ, Dodson MV, Ajuwon K, Azain M, Barnes KM, Guan LL, Jiang Z, Poulos SP, Sainz RD, Smith S, Spurlock M, Novakofski J, Fernyhough ME, Bergen WG. Board-invited review: the biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1218-46. [PMID: 18849378 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and value of the carcass in domestic meat animals are reflected in its protein and fat content. Preadipocytes and adipocytes are important in establishing the overall fatness of a carcass, as well as being the main contributors to the marbling component needed for consumer preference of meat products. Although some fat accumulation is essential, any excess fat that is deposited into adipose depots other than the marbling fraction is energetically unfavorable and reduces efficiency of production. Hence, this review is focused on current knowledge about the biology and regulation of the important cells of adipose tissue: preadipocytes and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hausman
- USDA-ARS, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Station, Athens, GA 30604, USA
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22
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Karagiannides I, Abdou R, Tzortzopoulou A, Voshol PJ, Kypreos KE. Apolipoprotein E predisposes to obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions in mice. FEBS J 2008; 275:4796-809. [PMID: 18754772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a central feature of the metabolic syndrome and is associated with increased risk for insulin resistance and typeII diabetes. Here, we investigated the contribution of human apoliproteinE3 and mouse apoliproteinE to the development of diet-induced obesity in response to western-type diet. Our data show that apolipoproteinE contributes to the development of obesity and other related metabolic disorders, and that human apolipoproteinE3 is more potent than mouse apolipoproteinE in promoting obesity in response to western-type diet. Specifically, we found that apolipoproteinE3 knock-in mice fed western-type diet for 24 weeks became obese and developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance that were more severe than in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, apolipoproteinE-deficient mice fed western-type diet for the same period were resistant to diet-induced obesity, had normal plasma glucose, leptin and insulin levels, and exhibited normal responses to glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tests. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice were more sensitive to the development of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance than apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, but were still more resistant than C57BL/6 mice, raising the possibility that low-density lipoprotein receptor mediates, at least in part, the effects of apolipoproteinE on obesity. Taken together, our findings suggest that, in addition to other previously identified mechanisms of obesity, apolipoproteinE and possibly the chylomicron pathway are also important contributors to the development of obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions in mice.
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23
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Grant AC, Ortiz-Colón G, Doumit ME, Tempelman RJ, Buskirk DD. Differentiation of bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous stromal-vascular cells exposed to dexamethasone and troglitazone. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2531-8. [PMID: 18539836 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of these experiments were to compare differentiation of bovine stromal-vascular (S-V) cells isolated from i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues in response to a glucocorticoid and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist. Stromal-vascular cells were isolated from i.m. and s.c. fat depots of 3 Angus steers and propagated in culture. Cells were exposed to differentiation media containing 0.25 microM dexamethasone (DEX), a glucocorticoid analog, and 40 microM troglitazone (TRO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, or both. Cells treated with DEX and TRO had greater (P < 0.02) glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than control cells. No interactions between DEX, TRO, and depot (P > 0.59) or depot differences (P = 0.41) in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were found. Morphological assessment of adipogenic colonies showed that DEX induced a 1.8-fold increase in the percentage of adipogenic colonies (P = 0.03), whereas TRO increased the proportion of adipogenic colonies by 1.9-fold (P = 0.02) compared with those not treated with DEX or TRO, respectively. Depots had a similar percentage of adipogenic colonies (P = 0.18); however, the percentage of differentiated cells within adipogenic colonies was found to be 6.4-fold greater in s.c. isolates compared with i.m. (P < 0.001). Addition of TRO increased the proportion of differentiated cells within colonies by 10-fold compared with those of nontreated colonies (P < 0.001), whereas the percentage of differentiated cells within adipogenic colonies only tended to be increased by DEX (P = 0.10). These data indicate that bovine i.m. and s.c. S-V cells are capable of enhanced differentiation in response to DEX and TRO, and these effects were additive. Most importantly, inherent differences in the capacity to differentiate exist between adipogenic bovine i.m. and s.c. S-V cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grant
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225, USA
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24
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Zhao LJ, Jiang H, Papasian CJ, Maulik D, Drees B, Hamilton J, Deng HW. Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:17-29. [PMID: 17784844 PMCID: PMC2663586 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was previously believed that obesity and osteoporosis were two unrelated diseases, but recent studies have shown that both diseases share several common genetic and environmental factors. Body fat mass, a component of body weight, is one of the most important indices of obesity, and a substantial body of evidence indicates that fat mass may have beneficial effects on bone. Contrasting studies, however, suggest that excessive fat mass may not protect against osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture. Differences in experimental design, sample structure, and even the selection of covariates may account for some of these inconsistent or contradictory results. Despite the lack of a clear consensus regarding the impact of effects of fat on bone, a number of mechanistic explanations have been proposed to support the observed epidemiologic and physiologic associations between fat and bone. The common precursor stem cell that leads to the differentiation of both adipocytes and osteoblasts, as well the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones that affect bone development, may partially explain these associations. Based on our current state of knowledge, it is unclear whether fat has beneficial effects on bone. We anticipate that this will be an active and fruitful focus of research in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Juan Zhao
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Hui Jiang
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Dev Maulik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Betty Drees
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James Hamilton
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Grant AC, Ortiz-Colòn G, Doumit ME, Buskirk DD. Optimization of in vitro conditions for bovine subcutaneous and intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation. J Anim Sci 2007; 86:73-82. [PMID: 17911240 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of these experiments was to develop an in vitro cell culture system for differentiation of bovine preadipocytes, which will permit examination of differences in differentiation between intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) bovine preadipocytes. Stromal-vascular cells from bovine i.m. and s.c. adipose depots were isolated and cultured. Clonally derived s.c. preadipocytes were used to determine the ability of insulin, bovine serum lipids, octanoate, acetic acid, dexamethasone (DEX), and troglitazone (TRO) to elicit differentiation of these cells when added to serum-free medium. Addition of 10 and 20 microL/mL of a commercially available serum lipids supplement to low-glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 280 nM insulin increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity (P < 0.01). Inclusion of 1.25 to 10 microM TRO to medium containing 280 nM insulin and 20 microL/ mL serum lipids supplement also increased GPDH activity (P < 0.001) compared with 0 microM TRO. The combination of 280 nM insulin, 1 mM octanoate, and 10 mM acetic acid, with 48 h exposure to 0.25 microM DEX caused morphological differentiation in a small number of cells but did not stimulate GPDH activity (P = 0.99). When used together, 280 nM insulin, 20 microL/mL of serum lipids supplement, 40 microM TRO, and 0.25 microM DEX stimulated differentiation compared with the aforementioned treatment (P < 0.001). Omission of TRO or insulin from this medium reduced GPDH activity by 68% (P < 0.001), whereas removal of DEX tended to reduce GPDH activity (P = 0.06). Preadipocytes from s.c. (n = 3) and i.m. (n = 2) adipose tissues of 3 steers were used to determine the effects of TRO on differentiation using the established conditions. Forty to sixty microM TRO enhanced differentiation compared with 0 microM TRO (P < 0.02) in both depots. No depot differences in response to TRO were detected (P = 0.32). These data demonstrate that bovine preadipocytes are capable of differentiation in response to combinations of insulin, serum lipids, DEX, and TRO. Although TRO enhanced differentiation of bovine preadipocytes, no differential effects of TRO on the differentiation of s.c. and i.m. cells were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grant
- Departments of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225, USA
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26
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Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:43-61. [PMID: 17624658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids (GC) and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have been characterized as critical components of the delicate hormonal control system that determines energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of GCs are required for proper metabolic control, excessive GC action has been tied to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Highlighted by its importance for human health, the investigation of molecular mechanisms of GC/GR action has become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the GC-GR pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the identification of novel therapeutic options in the treatment of severe metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of the GC-GR axis for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, emphasizing tissue-specific functions of GCs in the control of energy metabolism.
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27
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Avram MM, Avram AS, James WD. Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:472-92. [PMID: 17317490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The quest for effective strategies to treat obesity has propelled fat research into an exploration of the molecular processes that drive adipocyte formation, and hence body fat mass. The development of obesity is dependent on the coordinated interplay of adipocyte hypertrophy (increased fat cell size), adipocyte hyperplasia (increased fat cell number), and angiogenesis. Evidence suggests that adipocyte hyperplasia, or adipogenesis, occurs throughout life, both in response to normal cell turnover as well as in response to the need for additional fat mass stores that arises when caloric intake exceeds nutritional requirements. Adipogenesis involves two major events-the recruitment and proliferation of adipocyte precursor cells, called preadipocytes, followed by the subsequent conversion of preadipocytes, or differentiation, into mature fat cells. In vitro studies using experimental and primary preadipocyte cell lines have uncovered the mechanisms that drive the adipogenic process, a tightly controlled sequence of events guided by the strict temporal regulation of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory signaling events involving regulators of cell-cycle functions and differentiation factors. This article reviews the current understanding of adipogenesis with emphasis on the various stages of adipocyte development; on key hormonal, nutritional, paracrine, and neuronal control signals; as well as on the components involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions that are pivotal in regulating fat cell formation. Special consideration is given to clinical applications derived from adipogenesis research with impact on medical, surgical and cosmetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M Avram
- Massachusetts General Hospital Dermatology Laser and Cosmetic Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Dieudonné MN, Sammari A, Dos Santos E, Leneveu MC, Giudicelli Y, Pecquery R. Sex steroids and leptin regulate 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I and P450 aromatase expressions in human preadipocytes: Sex specificities. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 99:189-96. [PMID: 16621515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an important site of steroid hormone biosynthesis, as type I 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD1), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of cortisone into cortisol and the P450 aromatase, the enzyme catalysing androgens aromatization into estrogens, are both expressed in human adipose tissue. In the present report, we have investigated the possibility that sex steroids and leptin could regulate these two enzymes in cultured preadipocytes from men and women intra-abdominal fat depots. In women preadipocytes, human recombinant leptin down-regulates HSD1 mRNA expression (-58%) and P450 aromatase activity (-26%). Conversely, leptin up-regulates the HSD1 (2.4-fold) and the P450 aromatase (1.6-fold) mRNA expression in men preadipocytes. In women preadipocytes, 17beta-estradiol strongly stimulates HSD1 mRNA expression (10-fold) and, in contrast, decreases by half the P450 aromatase expression. In men, 17beta-estradiol has no influence on HSD1 expression but up-regulates P450 aromatase mRNA expression (2.4-fold). Finally, androgens increase by a factor of 2.5-5 the mRNA expression of both enzymes in men. These findings suggest that sex steroids and leptin either increase or decrease local cortisol and estrogens productions in men or in women preadipocytes, respectively. They also indicate that steroid metabolism in adipose tissue is controlled by a coordinated regulation of P450 aromatase and HSD1 expressions. Finally, the important sex-specific differences described herein may also contribute to explain the sexual dimorphism of body fat distribution in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Dieudonné
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, UPRES EA 2493, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France-Ouest, Université Versailles St Quentin, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy, 78303 Poissy Cedex, France
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29
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Klemcke HG, Vallet JL, Christenson RK. Lack of effect of metyrapone and exogenous cortisol on early porcine conceptus development. Exp Physiol 2006; 91:521-30. [PMID: 16431931 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.033134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of maternal cortisol on early conceptus development in pigs (Sus scrofa). The corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone was injected daily during days 14-19 of pregnancy, without (n = 6) and with commensurate administration of cortisol (n = 6). Blood samples were taken via an indwelling jugular catheter on days 14 and 18, and conceptuses were harvested during surgery on day 20. Compared with vehicle-injected control dams (n = 7) plasma cortisol and aldosterone concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) by 52 and 29%, respectively, by metyrapone treatment. Cortisol administration reversed decreases in plasma cortisol by day 18. There were no treatment-associated effects on conceptus survival or size. Nor were there treatment-associated effects on allantoic fluid volume or content. Trophodermal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression decreased by 34% (P < 0.05) in metyrapone-treated pigs, and was not further influenced by concomitant administration of cortisol, thereby suggesting an influence of aldosterone on GR mRNA expression. Also, when all pigs were considered, there were treatment-independent second-order polynomial regressions (P < 0.05) between maternal plasma cortisol concentrations and embryonic weight, allantoic size and allantoic glucose concentrations, and between plasma aldosterone concentrations and trophodermal GR mRNA expression. Such biphasic corticosteroid concentration versus tissue parameter curves are noteworthy, but difficult to interpret validly. They may suggest that an appropriate corticosteroid environment is necessary for optimal porcine embryonic development during this stage of gestation, but cannot overshadow the absence of treatment effects on the porcine embryonic measures evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Klemcke
- USDA-ARS, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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30
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Gnanalingham MG, Mostyn A, Symonds ME, Stephenson T. Ontogeny and nutritional programming of adiposity in sheep: potential role of glucocorticoid action and uncoupling protein-2. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1407-15. [PMID: 16002557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00375.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased glucocorticoid action and adipose tissue inflammation contribute to excess adiposity. These adaptations may be enhanced in offspring exposed to nutrient restriction (NR) in utero, thereby increasing their susceptibility to later obesity. We therefore determined the developmental ontogeny of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) types 1 and 2, and uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 mRNA in perirenal adipose tissue between late gestation and 6 mo after birth in the sheep, as well as the effect of maternal NR targeted between early to mid (28–80 days, term ∼147 days)- or late (110–147 days) gestation. GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA increased with fat mass and were all maximal within the 6-mo observation period. 11βHSD2 mRNA abundance demonstrated a converse decline, whereas UCP2 peaked at 30 days. GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA abundance were strongly correlated with total and relative perirenal adipose tissue weight, and UCP2 was strongly correlated with GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA. Early- to midgestational NR increased GR, 11βHSD1, and UCP2 mRNA, but decreased 11βHSD2 mRNA abundance, an adaptation reversed with late-gestational NR. We conclude that the continual rise in glucocorticoid action and fat mass after birth may underlie the development of later obesity. The magnitude of this adaptation is partly dependent on maternal food intake through pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhuntha G Gnanalingham
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Chemical Research, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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31
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Kang X, Xie Y, Kniss DA. Adipose tissue model using three-dimensional cultivation of preadipocytes seeded onto fibrous polymer scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:458-68. [PMID: 15869424 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanism of adipose tissue differentiation is of paramount importance in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Optimal results using tissue culture models can be expected only when the in vitro adipocyte resembles adipose tissue in vivo as closely as possible. In this study, we used tissue-engineering principles to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) culture system to mimic the geometry of adipose tissue in vivo. Mouse preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were seeded onto nonbiodegradable fibrous polyethylene terephthalate scaffolds and differentiated with a hormone cocktail consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine, and fetal calf serum. Cell morphology, growth, differentiation, and function were studied by immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and oil red O staining. Cells grown on 3-D fibrous scaffolds were differentiated in situ by hormone induction with high efficiency (approximately 90%) as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry, immunoblot analysis, and RT-PCR revealed that the 3-D constructs expressed adipocyte-specific genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, leptin, adipsin, aP2, adiponectin, GLUT4, and resistin. Adipocytes matured on 3-D constructs secreted leptin at levels even greater than that of fully differentiated adipocytes in 2-D conventional cell cultures. Finally, adipocyte-specific phenotypic function was demonstrated by accumulation of neutral lipids in larger fat droplets. In conclusion, preadipocytes grown on 3-D matrices acquire morphology and biological features of mature adipocytes. This new culture model should have significant utility for in vitro studies of adipocyte cell biology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Engeli S, Böhnke J, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Heintze U, Janke J, Luft FC, Sharma AM. Regulation of 11beta-HSD genes in human adipose tissue: influence of central obesity and weight loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 12:9-17. [PMID: 14742837 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The activity of adipose 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) 1 is increased in obese subjects, and animal data suggest that increased cortisol formation in adipose tissue contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine whether up-regulation of human adipose 11beta-HSD1 in obesity can also be found at the gene expression level. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES 11beta-HSD gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of 70 postmenopausal women was studied by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The influence of weight reduction and in vitro effects of several modulators of adipocyte gene expression on 11beta-HSD genes in human adipocytes were also studied. RESULTS The 11beta-HSD1 gene was highly expressed in human adipose tissue. 11beta-HSD2 mRNA was also detectable at lower levels. Adipose 11beta-HSD1 gene expression was increased by two-fold and was positively correlated with waist circumference and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance. 11beta-HSD2 gene expression was reduced by half in obese women. Weight reduction did not change gene expression levels of 11beta-HSD1 or 11beta-HSD2. Cortisol increased 11beta-HSD1 gene expression in isolated human adipocytes in vitro, whereas estradiol, triiodothyronine, angiotensin II, and pioglitazone had no influence. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that increased expression of the 11beta-HSD1 gene is associated with metabolic abnormalities in obese women and that increased expression of this gene may contribute to the previously reported increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue of obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin, Franz Volhard Clinic, Medical Faculty of the Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Shin SM, Kim KY, Kim JK, Yoon SR, Choi I, Yang Y. Dexamethasone reverses TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of primary rat preadipocyte differentiation. FEBS Lett 2003; 543:25-30. [PMID: 12753899 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) show contrary effects on differentiation of adipocytes. Dexamethasone stimulates adipocyte differentiation whereas TGF-beta inhibits it. In the present study, we investigated whether dexamethasone could reverse the TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation. Primary rat preadipocytes, obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats, were pretreated with dexamethasone in the presence or absence of TGF-beta, prior to the induction of differentiation. Co-treatment of dexamethasone and TGF-beta before inducing differentiation reversed the TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which dexamethasone reversed the effect of TGF-beta on the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation, the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) was examined. Dexamethasone increased C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma expression in the absence of TGF-beta and also recovered the TGF-beta-mediated suppression of C/EBPalpha expression in preadipocytes. Its effect was sustained in differentiated adipocytes as well. However, those effects were not observed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes or differentiated adipocytes. These results indicate that dexamethasone reverses the TGF-beta-mediated suppression of adipocyte differentiation by regulating the expression of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, which is dependent on the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 305-333, Daejon, South Korea
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34
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Maser E, Friebertshäuser J, Völker B. Purification, characterization and NNK carbonyl reductase activities of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from human liver: enzyme cooperativity and significance in the detoxification of a tobacco-derived carcinogen. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:435-48. [PMID: 12604230 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) physiologically catalyzes the interconversion of receptor-active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol) to their receptor-inactive 11-oxo metabolites (cortisone), thereby acting as important pre-receptor control device in regulating access of glucocorticoid hormones to the glucocorticoid receptor. Evidence is emerging that 11beta-HSD 1 fulfills an additional role in the detoxification of non-steroidal carbonyl compounds, by catalyzing their reduction to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives that are easier to conjugate and eliminate. Whereas a number of methods were ineffective in purifying 11beta-HSD 1 from human liver, this membrane-bound enzyme was successfully obtained in an active state by a purification procedure that took advantage of a gentle solubilization method as well as providing a favourable detergent surrounding during the various chromatographic steps. We could demonstrate that 11beta-HSD 1 is active as a dimeric enzyme which exhibits cooperativity with cortisone and dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxoreducing activity) as substrates. Accordingly, this enzyme dynamically adapts to low (nanomolar) as well as to high (micromolar) substrate concentrations, thereby providing the fine tuning required as a consequence of great variations in circadian plasma glucocorticoid levels. Due to this kinetic peculiarity, 11beta-HSD 1 is also able to even metabolize nanomolar concentrations of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a fact which is important in view of the relatively low levels of this carcinogen observed in smokers. Finally, 11beta-HSD 1 is potently (in nM concentrations) inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid, the main constituent of licorice. Licorice, however, in addition to being a confectionary, serves as a major cigarette additive, which is used in cigarette manufacturing as a taste and flavour intensifier. Hence, licorice exposure may affect NNK detoxification by inhibition of 11beta-HSD 1, a condition which may advance lung cancer incidence, especially in smokers expressing low levels of this enzyme. Collectively, our data expand insights into the multifunctional nature of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases/carbonyl reductases and emphasize the importance of 11beta-HSD 1 in the detoxification of a tobacco-derived carcinogen, in addition to its endocrinological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Maser
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 10, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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35
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Maser E, Völker B, Friebertshäuser J. 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from human liver: dimerization and enzyme cooperativity support its postulated role as glucocorticoid reductase. Biochemistry 2002; 41:2459-65. [PMID: 11841241 DOI: 10.1021/bi015803t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of receptor-active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol) to their receptor-inactive 11-oxo metabolites (cortisone). However, the physiological role of 11beta-HSD 1 as prereceptor control device in regulating access of glucocorticoid hormones to the glucocorticoid receptor remains obscure in light of its low substrate affinities, which is in contrast to low glucocorticoid plasma levels and low Kd values of the receptors to cortisol. To solve this enigma, we performed detailed kinetic analyses with a homogeneously purified 11beta-HSD 1 from human liver. The membrane-bound enzyme was successfully obtained in an active state by a purification procedure that took advantage of a gentle solubilization method as well as providing a favorable detergent surrounding during the various chromatographic steps. The identity of purified 11beta-HSD 1 was proven by determination of enzymatic activity, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and immunoblot analysis. By gel-permeation chromatography we could demonstrate that 11beta-HSD 1 is active as a dimeric enzyme. The cDNA for the enzyme was cloned from a human liver cDNA library and shown to be homologous to that previously characterized in human testis. Interestingly, 11beta-HSD 1 exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics with cortisol and corticosterone (11beta-dehydrogenation activity) but cooperative kinetics with cortisone and dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxoreducing activity). Accordingly, this enzyme dynamically adapts to low (nanomolar) as well as to high (micromolar) substrate concentrations, thereby providing the fine-tuning required as a consequence of great variations in circadian plasma glucocorticoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Maser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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36
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Aubert J, Saint-Marc P, Belmonte N, Dani C, Négrel R, Ailhaud G. Prostacyclin IP receptor up-regulates the early expression of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta in preadipose cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 160:149-56. [PMID: 10715548 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) and its stable analogue carbacyclin (cPGI(2)) are known to trigger the protein kinase A pathway after binding to the cell surface IP receptor and to promote or enhance terminal differentiation of adipose precursor cells to adipose cells. The early expression of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta is known to be critical for adipocyte differentiation in vitro as well as in vivo. We report herein that in Ob1771 and 3T3-F442A preadipose cells, activation of the IP receptor by specific agonists (PGI(2), cPGI(2) and BMY 45778) is sufficient to up-regulate rapidly the expression of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta. Cyclic AMP-elevating agents are able to substitute for IP receptor agonists, in agreement with the coupling of IP receptor to adenylate cyclase. Consistent with the fact that PGI(2) is released from preadipose cells and behaves as a paracrine/autocrine effector of adipose cell differentiation, the present results favor a key role of prostacyclin by means of the IP receptor and its intracellular signaling pathway in eliciting the critical early expression of both transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Centre de Biochimie (IFR 349 & UMR 6543 CNRS), UNSA, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
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37
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Ailhaud G. Cross talk between adipocytes and their precursors: relationships with adipose tissue development and blood pressure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 892:127-33. [PMID: 10842658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an important source of angiotensinogen (AT). A possible involvement of increased plasma AT has been proposed in hypertension in obese patients, but growing evidence suggests also that the local renin-angiotensinogen system (RAS), giving rise to angiotensin II (AngII), may act as a distinct system from the plasma RAS. AngII stimulates in vitro the production and release of prostacyclin from adipocytes which in turn promotes the differentiation of precursor cells into new adipocytes (Darimont et al. 1994, Endocrinology 138: 1092-1096). Cross talk between adipocytes and precursor cells has been validated ex vivo and in vivo as (1) AngII stimulates specifically prostacyclin production, (2) both carbacyclin, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, and AngII promote the formation of new fat cells, and (3) AT (-/-) mice, which have decreased blood pressure (Tanimoto et al. 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 31334-31336), exhibit both hypertrophy and hypoplasia of adipose tissue compared to wild-type mice (collaboration with Prof. A. Fukamizu, Tsukuba University, Japan). Altogether the data are consistent with an autocrine/paracrine mechanism implicating AT, AngII, and prostacyclin in adipose tissue development and suggest a new role for local AngII in addition to that of systemic AngII in blood pressure. Hormonal regulation of AT production from adipose tissue is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ailhaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement du Tissu Adipeux, Centre de Biochimie, IFR 349, Nice, France.
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38
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Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Hewison M, Stewart PM. Differentiation of adipose stromal cells: the roles of glucocorticoids and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Endocrinology 1999; 140:3188-96. [PMID: 10385414 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.7.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in determining adipose tissue distribution and function, with glucocorticoid excess states such as Cushing's syndrome resulting in central obesity. We have investigated the functional significance of local generation of cortisol within adipose tissue from inactive cortisone through the activity of the NADP(H)-dependent enzyme, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1). In primary cultures of paired omental (om) and sc human adipose stromal cells (ASC; n = 34), 11betaHSD1 oxo-reductase activity was significantly higher in om ASC (median, 40.2 pmol/mg protein x h; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-105) compared with sc ASC (median, 11.4; 95% confidence interval, 0-48.1; P<0.001) despite similar endogenous NADPH/NADP concentrations. Both cortisol and insulin increased the differentiation of ASC to adipocytes (as assessed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression), but only cortisol increased 11betaHSD1 activity and messenger RNA levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Cortisone (500 nM) was as effective as 500 nM cortisol in inducing ASC differentiation, but this stimulatory effect was inhibited by coincubation with the 11betaHSD1 inhibitor, glycyrrhetinic acid. The higher local conversion of cortisone to active cortisol through expression of 11betaHSD1 in om compared with sc ASC may explain the specific action of glucocorticoids on different adipose tissue depots. 11betaHSD1 expression in om ASC is regulated at a transcriptional level and is increased by glucocorticoids, but is not entirely dependent upon ASC differentiation. Inhibition of 11betaHSD1 within om ASC inhibits cortisone-induced ASC differentiation. These findings indicate that local metabolism of glucocorticoid may control differentiation of adipose tissue in a site-specific fashion. Specific inhibitors of 11betaHSD1 may offer a novel approach for the treatment of patients with central obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Bujalska
- Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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39
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Ogawa A, Ohba K, Uchida Y, Wada K, Yoshioka T, Muraki T. New adipogenic cell lines derived from C3H10T1/2. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999; 35:307-10. [PMID: 10476915 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-999-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the presence of cortisol in body tissue of porcine embryos at days 25 and 35 of gestation. Cortisol concentrations (ng/mg DNA) were low but measurable at day 25 and increased eightfold by day 35 during a time when body weight increased 6.4-fold. At day 35, there was a highly significant positive linear regression of body weight on cortisol concentrations. The source of this embryonic cortisol is not known, but its presence suggests the opportunity for cortisol to influence porcine embryonic development at these early gestational stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Klemcke
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Adipose cell differentiation from adipoblasts to preadipose and to adipose cells is a multistep process. Terminal differentiation of preadipose cells expressing early markers to adipose cells expressing late and very late markers and accumulating triacylglycerol requires a combination of circulating and locally-produced hormones. Prostacyclin (PGI2), one of the major metabolites of arachidonic acid in adipose tissue, has been shown to exert autocrine and paracrine adipogenic effects in vitro. As discussed herein, multiple arguments support the proposition that PGI2 is a key prostanoid involved in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Négrel
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement du Tissu Adipeux, CNRS UMR 6543, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
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42
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Abstract
The adipocyte plays a critical role in energy balance. Adipose tissue growth involves an increase in adipocyte size and the formation of new adipocytes from precursor cells. For the last 20 years, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation have been extensively studied using preadipocyte culture systems. Committed preadipocytes undergo growth arrest and subsequent terminal differentiation into adipocytes. This is accompanied by a dramatic increase in expression of adipocyte genes including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and lipid-metabolizing enzymes. Characterization of regulatory regions of adipose-specific genes has led to the identification of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), which play a key role in the complex transcriptional cascade during adipocyte differentiation. Growth and differentiation of preadipocytes is controlled by communication between individual cells or between cells and the extracellular environment. Various hormones and growth factors that affect adipocyte differentiation in a positive or negative manner have been identified. In addition, components involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions such as preadipocyte factor-1 and extracellular matrix proteins are also pivotal in regulating the differentiation process. Identification of these molecules has yielded clues to the biochemical pathways that ultimately result in transcriptional activation via PPAR-gamma and C/EBP. Studies on the regulation of the these transcription factors and the mode of action of various agents that influence adipocyte differentiation will reveal the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Gregoire
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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43
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Napolitano A, Voice MW, Edwards CR, Seckl JR, Chapman KE. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in adipocytes: expression is differentiation-dependent and hormonally regulated. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 64:251-60. [PMID: 9618026 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD-1) catalyses the reversible metabolism of physiological glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) to inactive metabolites (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone), thus regulating glucocorticoid access to receptors. 11Beta-HSD-1 expression is regulated during development and by hormones in a tissue specific manner. The enzyme is highly expressed in liver, where it may influence glucocorticoid action on fuel metabolism, processes also important in adipose tissue. Here we show that 11beta-HSD-1 is expressed in white adipose tissue, in both the adipocyte and stromal/vascular compartments, and in the adipocyte cell lines 3T3-F442A and 3T3-L1. In these cells, 11beta-HSD-1 expression is induced upon differentiation into adipocytes and is characteristic of a 'late differentiation' gene, with maximal expression 6-8 days after confluence is reached. In intact 3T3-F442A adipocytes the enzyme direction is predominantly 11beta-reduction, activating inert glucocorticoids. The expression of 11beta-HSD-1 mRNA is altered in fully differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes treated with insulin, dexamethasone or a combination of the hormones, in an identical manner to glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) mRNA (encoding a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis and a well-characterised marker of adipocyte differentiation). The demonstration of 11beta-HSD-1 expression in adipocytes and its predominant reductase activity in intact 3T3-F442A adipocytes suggests that 11beta-HSD-1 may play an important role in potentiating glucocorticoid action in these cells. 3T3-F442A and 3T3-L1 represent useful model systems in which to examine the factors which regulate 11beta-HSD-1 gene expression and the role of 11beta-HSD-1 in modulating glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Napolitano
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, UK
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44
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Børglum JD, Richelsen B, Darimont C, Pedersen SB, Négrel R. Expression of the two isoforms of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2) during adipose cell differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 131:67-77. [PMID: 9256365 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of mRNAs encoding the two prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) isoenzymes (PGHS-1 and -2) was investigated in differentiating clonal Ob1771 mouse preadipocytes and in mouse adipose tissues. Northern analysis revealed that the expression level of PGHS-1 mRNA was reduced by 98+/-0.2% (P <0.01) during differentiation of Ob1771 cells, whereas PGHS-2 mRNA was not detected. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, however, both PGHS-1 and -2 mRNA was detected in Ob1771 preadipose cells. In addition. mRNAs encoding both isoforms were markedly expressed in primary adipose precursor cells with considerably lower expression levels in mature adipocytes (56 75% reduction, P<0.01). Furthermore, exposure to dexamethasone (10 nM) for both 24 h (explants of adipose tissue) and 48 h (Ob1771 adipose cells) resulted in enhanced expression of PGHS-1 mRNA. whereas expression of PGHS-2 mRNA in explants of adipose tissue (24 h incubation) was reduced by 83 +/- 9% (P<0.05). In contrast, exposure to angiotensin II (100 nM) enhanced expression of PGHS-1 mRNA both in mature adipocytes (4 h incubation) and explants of adipose tissue (24 h incubation), and elevated PGHS-2 mRNA expression in mature adipocytes (4 h incubation). In conclusion, this report suggests a differential expression of PGHS mRNAs during adipose cell differentiation, and further suggests that the machinery for prostaglandin synthesis in mature adipocytes may be induced by various hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Børglum
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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45
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Dace A, Martin-el Yazidi C, Bonne J, Planells R, Torresani J. Calcitriol is a positive effector of adipose differentiation in the OB 17 cell line: relationship with the adipogenic action of triiodothyronine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232:771-6. [PMID: 9126352 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In a previous report, we showed that physiological concentrations of calcitriol (1 alpha,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 or VD), markedly stimulated the terminal adipose differentiation of Ob 17 preadipocytes cultured under standard conditions with fetal calf serum (FCS), and increased the differentiating effect of triiodothyronine (T3) reported as a necessary adipogenic factor in these cells. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that VD is an intrinsic strong adipogenic factor for the Ob 17 preadipocytes cultured in thyroid hormone-deprived medium (adipogenic concentrations: 0.025-0.25 nM in the presence of stripped FCS, 1-10 pM under serum-free conditions). VD action was potentiated by the coaddition of either T3, or arachidonic acid, two agents which also bear proper adipogenic properties. The efficient concentration ranges of other vitamin D3 metabolites suggest a mediation through the VD nuclear receptor (VDR). An expression of the VDR gene is here demonstrated in the Ob 17 cells, and evidence is given that VDR mRNA level increased during the differentiation process and that this increase is moderately amplified under long term treatment with adipogenic concentrations of VD. Our results strongly suggest that adipose differentiation is under the control of different closely related nuclear receptors acting at an early preadipocyte step and probably in an interchangeable manner depending on the availability of their respective ligands. The existence of an interplay between these receptors in exerting their adipogenic action is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dace
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM Unité 38, Université d'Aix-Marseille II, France
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46
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Yu ZK, Wright JT, Hausman GJ. Preadipocyte recruitment in stromal vascular cultures after depletion of committed preadipocytes by immunocytotoxicity. OBESITY RESEARCH 1997; 5:9-15. [PMID: 9061710 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids or the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone (DEX) enhances the differentiation of preadipocytes in the presence of insulin and influences preadipocyte proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to determine if DEX can induce the recruitment of preadipocytes. Using monoclonal antibodies for complement-mediated cytotoxicity, preadipocytes were removed from porcine stromal vascular (S-V) cell cultures. Our experiments demonstrated for the first time that after removal of preadipocytes by cytotoxicity, preadipocytes or fat cells could be induced by DEX or DEX plus insulin but not by insulin alone. However, many more fat cells were induced (258 +/- 15/unit area) when DEX was added with fetal bovine serum (FBS) followed with insulin treatment, compared to DEX with insulin (21.3 +/- 5.1/ unit area) after removal of preadipocytes. Immunocytochemistry with AD-3, a preadipocyte marker, showed that DEX with FBS for 3 days after seeding (i.e., the proliferation phase) produced many more preadipocytes (AD-3 positive, 223 +/- 45/unit area) than FBS alone (10.5 +/- 1.4/unit area). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays demonstrated that the efficiency of DEX with FBS (i.e., during proliferation) was mitosis dependent. Accordingly, we conclude that: porcine S-V cultures contain preadipocytes at different stages of differentiation; and that DEX induced early preadipocyte differentiation depends on mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Yu
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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47
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Aubert J, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. Evidence for a novel regulatory pathway activated by (carba)prostacyclin in preadipose and adipose cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 397:117-21. [PMID: 8941726 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostacyclin, one of the major prostanoids generated in adipose tissue, has been previously described as an autocrine/paracrine adipogenic effector, acting, in preadipose cells, by means of cAMP and free Ca2+ as cell surface receptor-mediated messengers. The present study presents evidence for the first time that its stable analogue, carbaprostacyclin, is unique among prostanoids in regulating the expression of two differentiation-dependent genes in preadipose and adipose cells in a way distinct from that elicited by its cell surface receptor. This regulation is likely mediated by some member(s) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family and suggests that prostacyclin behaves as an intracrine effector of adipose cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aubert
- Centre de Biochimie du CNRS (UMR 134), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Nice, France
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48
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Abstract
Adipose differentiation is a multistep process with the following sequence: adipoblasts --> preadipocytes --> adipocytes. Adipogenic agents are only involved in the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes by means of circulating hormones (growth hormone, glucocorticoids, or triiodothyronine) and locally produced hormones (prostacyclin). Fatty acids also behave as hormones and act as transcriptional regulators of lipid-related genes. Once differentiated, adipocytes become secretory cells able to synthetize and release an impressive number of peptide and nonpeptide compounds, suggesting a potential link between excess of adipose tissue mass and various physiopathphysiologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ailhaud
- Center for Biochemistry (CNRS UMR 134), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice 2, France
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49
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Darimont C, Gaillard D, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. Terminal differentiation of mouse preadipocyte cells: adipogenic and antimitogenic role of triiodothyronine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993; 98:67-73. [PMID: 7511547 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(93)90238-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of triiodothyronine (T3) in the differentiation process of Ob1771 mouse preadipocyte cells has been studied under serum-free and hormone supplemented culture conditions which were previously shown to lead to terminal differentiation. In the absence of T3, a dramatic decrease in the adipogenic activity of the culture medium (EC50 = 0.1 nM) could be observed, as indicated 12 days after confluence by the low levels of late markers of differentiation such as adipsin, lipid-binding protein aP2 and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as well as the sharp reduction of the number of triacyglycerol-containing cells. This decrease in adipogenic activity was accompanied by a parallel increase of the mitogenic potency of the culture medium. Therefore, T3 appears to be a hormone capable of modulating both proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes. T3 ceased to be necessary provided the culture medium was supplemented with high concentrations of inducers of differentiation, such as 8-bromo-cAMP or carbaprostacyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darimont
- Centre de Biochimie (UMR 134 CNRS), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ailhaud
- Centre de Biochimie (UMR 134 CNRS), Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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