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The insulin receptor endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:79-107. [PMID: 36631202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signaling controls multiple aspects of animal physiology. At the cell surface, insulin binds and activates the insulin receptor (IR), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin promotes a large conformational change of IR and stabilizes the active conformation. The insulin-activated IR triggers signaling cascades, thus controlling metabolism, growth, and proliferation. The activated IR undergoes internalization by clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The IR endocytosis plays important roles in insulin clearance from blood, and distribution and termination of the insulin signaling. Despite decades of extensive studies, the mechanism and regulation of IR endocytosis and its contribution to pathophysiology remain incompletely understood. Here we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways that mediate the IR endocytosis.
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Buncherd H, Roseboom W, Chokchaichamnankit D, Sawangareetrakul P, Phongdara A, Srisomsap C, de Jong L, Svasti J. β-Elimination coupled with strong cation-exchange chromatography for phosphopeptide analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1695-1704. [PMID: 28328035 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since the last decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential technique for phosphoprotein analysis. Formidable analytical challenges of MS for phosphoprotein study are both the low abundance of phosphopeptides and the lack of an unambiguous diagnostic fragment ion for identification of phospho residues. These challenges can be met by a charge-based isolation of β-elimination products after tryptic digestion using diagonal strong cation-exchange chromatography. METHODS β-Elimination combined with diagonal strong cation-exchange chromatography (BE/2SCX) was used for the enrichment of phosphorylated peptides prior to a mass spectrometric analysis by liquid chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Bovine α-casein (≥70% purity) was used as a model protein. RESULTS Conditions for β-elimination were optimized to maximize the efficiency of the reaction. With a β-elimination, all four model phosphopeptides from enolase (yeast) were correctly identified. The application of the BE/2SCX enrichment strategy for the analysis of β-elimination products of α-casein (bovine) allowed the identification of 11 phosphorylated products. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of a BE/2SCX-based enrichment step prior to LC/MS/MS analysis of β-elimination products facilitates the identification of phosphopeptides. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansuk Buncherd
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Winfried Roseboom
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 HX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Luitzen de Jong
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 HX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ben Abdelaziz R, Ben Chehida A, Azzouz H, Boudabbous H, Lascols O, Ben Turkia H, Tebib N. A novel homozygous missense mutation in the insulin receptor gene results in an atypical presentation of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 59:16-9. [PMID: 26691667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome) and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome are caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene and are associated with extreme insulin resistance. Clinically these syndromes appear to represent points on a continuum of severity of receptor dysfunction, rather than completely distinct syndromes. We investigated a Libyan infant with growth retardation, facial dysmorphism (elfin-like features), acanthosis nigricans and hirsutism. Fasting hypoglycaemia and postprandial hyperglycaemia with persistent hyperinsulinemia were found. A novel homozygous missense mutation was found in exon 2, resulting in a substitution of a glycine-132 for a serine in the INSR α-subunit (c.394G > A; p.Gly132Ser). At age ten, he developed diabetes mellitus. At age eleven, patient is still alive with mental retardation and severe growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Ben Abdelaziz
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Amel Ben Chehida
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Azzouz
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Boudabbous
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olivier Lascols
- Department of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hadhami Ben Turkia
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Néji Tebib
- Department of Paediatrics, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
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Ardon O, Procter M, Tvrdik T, Longo N, Mao R. Sequencing analysis of insulin receptor defects and detection of two novel mutations in INSR gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:71-84. [PMID: 27896077 PMCID: PMC5121292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the insulin receptor gene cause the inherited insulin resistant syndromes Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome. These recessive conditions are characterized by intrauterine and post-natal growth restrictions, dysmorphic features, altered glucose homeostasis, and early demise. The insulin receptor gene (INSR) maps to the short arm of chromosome 19 and is composed of 22 exons. Here we optimize the conditions for sequencing this gene and report novel mutations in patients with severe insulin resistance. Methods PCR amplification of the 22 coding exons of the INSR gene was performed using M13-tailed primers. Bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed with BigDye Terminator chemistry and M13 primers and the product was analyzed on the ABI 3100 genetic analyzer. Data analysis was performed using Mutation Surveyor software comparing the sequence to a reference INSR sequence (Genbank NC_000019). Results We sequenced four patients with Leprechaunism or Rabson–Mendenhall syndromes as well as seven samples from normal individuals and confirmed previously identified mutations in the affected patients. Three of the four mutations identified in this group caused premature insertion of a stop codon. In addition, the INSR gene was sequenced in 14 clinical samples from patients with suspected insulin resistance and one novel mutation was found in an infant with a suspected diagnosis of Leprechaunism. Discussion Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome are very rare and difficult to diagnose. Diagnosis is currently based mostly on clinical criteria. Clinical availability of DNA sequencing can provide an objective way of confirming or excluding the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ardon
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Procter
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T Tvrdik
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - N Longo
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Mao
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Ling H, Li X, Yao CH, Hu B, Liao D, Feng S, Wen G, Zhang L. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of adipocyte miRNAs. Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 91:195-202. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2012-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Their actions affect numerous important biological processes, including adipocyte differentiation and function, sugar and lipid metabolism, and insulin production and secretion. Recent reports suggest miRNAs may also be involved in the pathogenic processes of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize research progresses on adipocyte miRNAs and their physiological and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ling
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Center for Post-doctoral Studies in Basic Medical, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Chao Hua Yao
- Palmer Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, PCCR, Palmer College of Chiropractic-Florida, 4705 S. Clyde Morris Blvd., Port Orange, FL 32129, USA
| | - Bi Hu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Shuidong Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Gebo Wen
- Institute of Clinical Research /First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Palmer Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, PCCR, Palmer College of Chiropractic-Florida, 4705 S. Clyde Morris Blvd., Port Orange, FL 32129, USA
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Thauvin-Robinet C, Auclair M, Duplomb L, Caron-Debarle M, Avila M, St-Onge J, Le Merrer M, Le Luyer B, Héron D, Mathieu-Dramard M, Bitoun P, Petit JM, Odent S, Amiel J, Picot D, Carmignac V, Thevenon J, Callier P, Laville M, Reznik Y, Fagour C, Nunes ML, Capeau J, Lascols O, Huet F, Faivre L, Vigouroux C, Rivière JB. PIK3R1 mutations cause syndromic insulin resistance with lipoatrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:141-9. [PMID: 23810378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Short stature, hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay (SHORT) syndrome is a developmental disorder with an unknown genetic cause and hallmarks that include insulin resistance and lack of subcutaneous fat. We ascertained two unrelated individuals with SHORT syndrome, hypothesized that the observed phenotype was most likely due to de novo mutations in the same gene, and performed whole-exome sequencing in the two probands and their unaffected parents. We then confirmed our initial observations in four other subjects with SHORT syndrome from three families, as well as 14 unrelated subjects presenting with syndromic insulin resistance and/or generalized lipoatrophy associated with dysmorphic features and growth retardation. Overall, we identified in nine affected individuals from eight families de novo or inherited PIK3R1 mutations, including a mutational hotspot (c.1945C>T [p.Arg649Trp]) present in four families. PIK3R1 encodes the p85α, p55α, and p50α regulatory subunits of class IA phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3Ks), which are known to play a key role in insulin signaling. Functional data from fibroblasts derived from individuals with PIK3R1 mutations showed severe insulin resistance for both proximal and distal PI3K-dependent signaling. Our findings extend the genetic causes of severe insulin-resistance syndromes and provide important information with respect to the function of PIK3R1 in normal development and its role in human diseases, including growth delay, Rieger anomaly and other ocular affections, insulin resistance, diabetes, paucity of fat, and ovarian cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Developpement, Université de Bourgogne, F-21079 Dijon, France.
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Chettouh H, Fartoux L, Aoudjehane L, Wendum D, Clapéron A, Chrétien Y, Rey C, Scatton O, Soubrane O, Conti F, Praz F, Housset C, Rosmorduc O, Desbois-Mouthon C. Mitogenic insulin receptor-A is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma due to EGFR-mediated dysregulation of RNA splicing factors. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3974-86. [PMID: 23633480 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) exists as two isoforms resulting from the alternative splicing of IR pre-mRNA. IR-B promotes the metabolic effects of insulin, whereas IR-A rather signals proliferative effects. IR-B is predominantly expressed in the adult liver. Here, we show that the alternative splicing of IR pre-mRNA is dysregulated in a panel of 85 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) while being normal in adjacent nontumor liver tissue. An IR-B to IR-A switch is frequently observed in HCC tumors regardless of tumor etiology. Using pharmacologic and siRNA approaches, we show that the autocrine or paracrine activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway increases the IR-A:IR-B ratio in HCC cell lines, but not in normal hepatocytes, by upregulating the expression of the splicing factors CUGBP1, hnRNPH, hnRNPA1, hnRNPA2B1, and SF2/ASF. In HCC tumors, there is a significant correlation between the expression of IR-A and that of splicing factors. Dysregulation of IR pre-mRNA splicing was confirmed in a chemically induced model of HCC in rat but not in regenerating livers after partial hepatectomy. This study identifies a mechanism responsible for the generation of mitogenic IR-A and provides a novel interplay between IR and EGFR pathways in HCC. Increased expression of IR-A during neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes could mediate some of the adverse effects of hyperinsulinemia on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Chettouh
- INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
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8
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Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Chettouh H, Fartoux L, Aoudjehane L, Barbu V, Rey C, Priam S, Housset C, Rosmorduc O, Desbois-Mouthon C. Epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-3 restrict cell response to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Hepatol 2012; 57:108-15. [PMID: 22414764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sorafenib is the standard of care for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, primary and acquired resistance is observed in patients. We examined whether gefitinib, which inhibits both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-3 phosphorylation, could improve HCC cell response to sorafenib. METHODS Sorafenib and gefitinib were tested in HCC tumor xenografts and in sorafenib-sensitive and sorafenib-resistant HCC cell lines. Biomarkers relevant to the HER system were analyzed by Western blotting and ELISA. RNA interference was used to downregulate the HER system. Amphiregulin concentrations were measured by ELISA in sera from patients under sorafenib treatment. RESULTS Sorafenib combined with gefitinib significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice and reduced cell viability in vitro compared to single agents. In cell lines cultured in 10% serum or treated with EGF, sorafenib alone inhibited phospho-STAT3 while it maintained or even increased phospho-ERK and/or phospho-AKT. The paradoxical effects of sorafenib were prevented by gefitinib or by downregulation of EGFR and HER-3 expression. In cells with acquired resistance to sorafenib, aberrant activation of EGFR/HER-3 receptors as well as overexpression of several EGFR ligands were observed. These enhanced autocrine/paracrine loops led to the constitutive activation of ERK and AKT and conferred increased sensitivity to gefitinib. Increased serum concentrations of amphiregulin were observed in 10 out of 14 patients under sorafenib treatment compared to baselines. CONCLUSIONS Signaling pathways controlled by EGFR and HER-3 restrict sorafenib effects both in naive and sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Consequently, gefitinib cooperates with sorafenib to increase antiproliferative response and to prevent resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amphiregulin
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology
- Benzenesulfonates/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- EGF Family of Proteins
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Gefitinib
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylurea Compounds
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Sorafenib
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is the most important pathophysiological feature in many pre-diabetic states. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease and its pathogenesis involves abnormalities in both peripheral insulin action and insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. The creation of monogenic or polygenic genetically manipulated mice models in a tissue-specific manner was of great help to elucidate the tissue-specificity of insulin action and its contribution to the overall insulin resistance. However, complete understanding of the molecular bases of the insulin action and resistance requires the identification of the intracellular pathways that regulate insulin-stimulated proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Accordingly, cell lines derived from insulin target tissues such as brown adipose tissue, liver and beta islets lacking insulin receptors or sensitive candidate genes such as IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IR and PTP1B were developed. Indeed, these cell lines have been also very useful to understand the tissue-specificity of insulin action and inaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is the most important pathophysiological feature in many pre-diabetic states. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease and its pathogenesis involves abnormalities in both peripheral insulin action and insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. The creation of monogenic or polygenic genetically manipulated mice models in a tissue-specific manner was of great help to elucidate the tissue specificity of insulin action and its contribution to the overall insulin resistance. However, a complete understanding of the molecular bases of insulin action and resistance requires the identification of intracellular pathways that regulate insulin-stimulated proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Accordingly, cell lines derived from insulin target tissues such as brown adipose tissue, liver and beta islets lacking insulin resistance or sensitive candidate genes such as IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IR and PTP1B have been developed. Indeed, these cell lines have also been very useful to understand the tissue specificity of insulin action and inaction. Obesity is a risk factor for several components of the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systolic hypertension, because white and brown adipose tissues as endocrine organs express and secrete a variety of adipocytokines that can act at both local and systemic levels, modulating the insulin sensitivity. Recent studies revealed that the subjects with the highest transcription rates of genes encoding TNF-α and IL-6 were prone to develop obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, we specifically focus in this review on the impact of those adipocytokines on the modulation of insulin action in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Frawley Cass SM, Reid GE, Tepe JJ. Synthesis of diazo functionalized solid supports and their application towards the enrichment of phosphorylated peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3291-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b906577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Luzi L, Zoppini G, Targher G, Battezzati A, Muggeo M, Bonora E. Insulin effect on serum potassium and auto-inhibition of insulin secretion is intact in a patient with leprechaunism despite severe impairment of substrates metabolism. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24:205-10. [PMID: 17968975 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of insulin on glucose, protein metabolism, circulating fatty acids (FFA), potassium (K(+)) and C-peptide concentrations were investigated in a 12-year-old girl with leprechaunism. The mutations do not affect the insulin-receptor binding affinity and insulin-stimulated auto-phosphorylation of the receptor. METHODS The subject was studied with a primed-continuous infusion of [6,6 - (2)H(2)] glucose and [1-(13)C] leucine during a basal period followed by two steps of insulin infusion (1 and 10 mU/kg/min) of 2 h each, during which plasma glucose level decreased from 131 to 115 and then to 95 mg/dL. RESULTS Whole body glucose disposal was virtually unaffected by insulin, slightly decreasing from 21 micromol/kg/min in the basal period to 20 and to 19 micromol/kg/min during the two steps of insulin infusion, respectively. The endogenous leucine flux, an index of proteolysis, was completely insensitive to insulin, being 182, 189 and 180 micromol/kg/min, in the three periods, respectively. The FFA concentration (an indirect index of lipolysis) decreased from 1135 to 799 during step 1. During step 2 the FFA concentration rebounded to 917 micromol/L. The concentration of K(+) decreased from 4.2 to 3.2 mmol/L and an infusion of 20 mEq/h of KCl was necessary to prevent further hypokalemia (final value 3.3 mmol/l). The C-peptide concentration declined from 1.85 to 0.97 and then to 0.29 pmol/mL. CONCLUSIONS The dissociation of control exerted by insulin on K+ uptake and on beta-cell secretion may rely on a differential expression and folding of the mutated receptors in the different insulin target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Luzi
- Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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13
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Bypassing cellular EGF receptor dependence through epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:685-93. [PMID: 18236164 PMCID: PMC2471394 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of all cancers are carcinomas, malignancies derived from cells of epithelial origin. As carcinomas progress, these tumors may lose epithelial morphology and acquire mesenchymal characteristics which contribute to metastatic potential. An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) similar to the process critical for embryonic development is thought to be an important mechanism for promoting cancer invasion and metastasis. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions have been induced in vitro by transient or unregulated activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, oncogene signaling and disruption of homotypic cell adhesion. These cellular models attempt to mimic the complexity of human carcinomas which respond to autocrine and paracrine signals from both the tumor and its microenvironment. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the neoplastic transformation of solid tumors and overexpression of EGFR has been shown to correlate with poor survival. Notably, epithelial tumor cells have been shown to be significantly more sensitive to EGFR inhibitors than tumor cells which have undergone an EMT-like transition and acquired mesenchymal characteristics, including non-small cell lung (NSCLC), head and neck (HN), bladder, colorectal, pancreas and breast carcinomas. EGFR blockade has also been shown to inhibit cellular migration, suggesting a role for EGFR inhibitors in the control of metastasis. The interaction between EGFR and the multiple signaling nodes which regulate EMT suggest that the combination of an EGFR inhibitor and other molecular targeted agents may offer a novel approach to controlling metastasis.
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Cacheux W, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Barbu V, Fartoux L, Poupon R, Housset C, Rosmorduc O. Impact of IGF-1R/EGFR cross-talks on hepatoma cell sensitivity to gefitinib. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2557-66. [PMID: 16988945 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R)-dependent pathways are up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cross-talks between both pathways have been described in other systems. Gefitinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, has shown to reduce significantly, although not completely, HCC formation in rat cirrhotic liver. Here, we investigated whether IGF-1R-dependent pathways may interfere with EGFR signalling in hepatoma cells and, if so, whether such cross-talks may affect the antitumoral effect of gefitinib in these cells. We show that the proliferative action of IGF2 in HepG2 and Hep3B cells requires EGFR activation through the autocrine/paracrine release of amphiregulin. Thus, IGF2-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and DNA synthesis were inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against either EGFR or amphiregulin and by TAPI-1, a pharmalogical inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme, a sheddase of amphiregulin. Accordingly, IGF2 and EGF stimulating effects on cell proliferation were both strongly repressed by gefitinib. However, while gefitinib blocked Akt activation by EGF, it had no effect on Akt activation by IGF2 and did not cause apoptosis by its own. AG1024, a selective IGF-1R inhibitor, induced apoptosis and this effect was potentiated by gefitinib. In conclusion, we show that in HCC cells IGF2/IGF-1R activation triggers proliferative and survival signals through EGFR-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. The IGF2/IGF-1R survival pathway may contribute to gefitinib resistance in these cells. Therefore, the inhibition of IGF2/IGF-1R signalling could potentiate the anti-tumoral effect of gefinitib in HCC.
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Young J, Morbois-Trabut L, Couzinet B, Lascols O, Dion E, Béréziat V, Fève B, Richard I, Capeau J, Chanson P, Vigouroux C. Type A insulin resistance syndrome revealing a novel lamin A mutation. Diabetes 2005; 54:1873-8. [PMID: 15919811 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Particular forms of polycystic ovary syndrome with severe hyperandrogenism, acanthosis nigricans, and marked insulin resistance, defining the type A insulin resistance syndrome, are due to insulin receptor gene mutations. However, the majority of affected individuals do not have such mutation, arguing for the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. The familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type, one of the diseases due to mutations in the lamin A/C (LMNA) gene, is characterized by a lipodystrophic phenotype and shares some clinical and metabolic features with the type A syndrome. We describe here the case of a nonobese 24-year-old woman affected with type A syndrome without clinical lipodystrophy. We linked this phenotype to a novel heterozygous missense mutation in the LMNA, predicting a G602S amino acid substitution in lamin A. This mutation cosegregated with impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans in the absence of clinical lipodystrophy in the family. The skin fibroblasts from the proband exhibited nuclear alterations similar to those described in other laminopathies, and showed several defects in the insulin transduction pathway. This study further extends the vast range of diseases linked to LMNA mutations and identifies another genetic cause for the type A insulin resistance syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Young
- Saint-Antoine Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U680, 27 rue Chaligny, 75 571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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Niv MY, Rubin H, Cohen J, Tsirulnikov L, Licht T, Peretzman-Shemer A, Cna'an E, Tartakovsky A, Stein I, Albeck S, Weinstein I, Goldenberg-Furmanov M, Tobi D, Cohen E, Laster M, Ben-Sasson SA, Reuveni H. Sequence-based Design of Kinase Inhibitors Applicable for Therapeutics and Target Identification. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:1242-55. [PMID: 14570903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306723200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A platform for specifically modulating kinase-dependent signaling using peptides derived from the catalytic domain of the kinase is presented. This technology, termed KinAce, utilizes the canonical structure of protein kinases. The targeted regions (subdomain V and subdomains IX and X) are analyzed and their sequence, three-dimensional structure, and involvement in protein-protein interaction are highlighted. Short myristoylated peptides were derived from the target regions of the tyrosine kinases c-Kit and Lyn and the serine/threonine kinases 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB). For each kinase an active designer peptide is shown to selectively inhibit the signaling of the kinase from which it is derived, and to inhibit cancer cell proliferation in the micromolar range. This technology emerges as an applicable tool for deriving sequence-based selective inhibitors for a broad range of protein kinases as hits that may be further developed into drugs. Moreover, it enables identification of novel kinase targets for selected therapeutic indications as demonstrated in the KinScreen application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Y Niv
- Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, 15 Yad-Haruzim St., Jerusalem 93420, Israel
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Young ME, Wilson CR, Razeghi P, Guthrie PH, Taegtmeyer H. Alterations of the circadian clock in the heart by streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:223-31. [PMID: 11851361 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heart, like other organs, possesses an internal circadian clock. These clocks provide the selective advantage of anticipation, enabling the organ to prepare for a given stimulus, thereby optimizing the appropriate response. The heart in diabetes is associated with alterations in morphology, gene expression, metabolism and contractile performance. The present study investigated whether diabetes also alters the circadian clock in the heart. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by treatment with streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg). STZ increased humoral (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids) and heart gene expression (myosin heavy chain beta, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and uncoupling protein 3) markers of diabetes. The circadian patterns of gene expression of seven components of the mammalian clock (bmal1, clock, cry1, cry2, per1, per2 and per3), as well as three clock output genes (dbp, hlf and tef), were compared in hearts isolated from control and STZ-induced diabetic rats. All components of the clock investigated possessed circadian rhythms of gene expression. In the hearts isolated from STZ-induced diabetic rats, the phases of these circadian rhythms were altered (approximately 3 h early) compared to those observed for control hearts. The clock in the heart has therefore lost normal synchronization with its environment during diabetes. Whether this loss of synchronization plays a role in the development of contractile dysfunction of the heart in diabetes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Cadoret A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Bertrand F, Caron M, Atfi A, Cherqui G, Capeau J. Insulin-mediated cell proliferation and survival involve inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 2000; 141:922-31. [PMID: 10698166 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.3.7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that long term treatment with insulin led to sustained inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in CHO cells overexpressing insulin receptors. Here we investigated the signaling molecules involved in insulin inhibition of JNKs, focusing on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). In addition, we examined the relevance of JNK inhibition for insulin-mediated proliferation and survival. Insulin inhibition of JNKs was mediated by PI 3-K, as it was blocked by wortmannin and LY294002 and required the de novo synthesis of a phosphatase(s), as it was abolished by orthovanadate and actinomycin D. MKP-1 was a good candidate because 1) insulin stimulation of MKP-1 expression correlated with insulin inhibition of JNKs; 2) insulin stimulation of MKP-1 expression, like insulin inhibition of JNKs, was mediated by PI 3-K; and 3) the transient expression of an antisense MKP-1 RNA reduced the insulin inhibitory effect on JNKs. The overexpression of a dominant negative JNK1 mutant increased insulin stimulation of DNA synthesis and mimicked the protective effect of insulin against serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. The overexpression of wild-type JNK1 or antisense MKP-1 RNA reduced the proliferative and/or antiapoptotic responses to insulin. Altogether, these results demonstrate that insulin inhibits JNKs through a PI 3-K- and MKP-1-dependent pathway and provide evidence for a key role for JNK inhibition in insulin regulation of proliferation and survival.
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MESH Headings
- Africa
- Animals
- Body Height/ethnology
- Body Height/genetics
- Body Height/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Female
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/physiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nutrition Disorders/metabolism
- Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Magré J, Duprey J, Caron M, Blivet-Van Eggelpoel MJ, Daubas C, Gourmelen M, Chevallier B, Rizkalla S, Robert JJ, Capeau J. Major circadian variations of glucose homeostasis in a patient with Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome and primary insulin resistance due to a mutation (Cys284-->Tyr) in the insulin receptor alpha-subunit. Pediatr Res 1997; 42:72-7. [PMID: 9212040 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199707000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have performed clinical, in vitro biochemical, and genetic studies of a patient with severe insulin resistance, considerable growth restriction, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (patient RM-3). The blood IGF-I level was undetectable in this patient, although the GH level was moderately decreased. During the postprandial period, glycemia, ketonuria, and plasma glucagon were very elevated despite high doses of exogenous insulin (glucose levels up to 30 mmol/L). In the postabsorptive state, blood glucose was normalized with small amounts of insulin; ketonuria, and glucagon levels were reduced but remained supranormal. Erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient displayed a decrease in cell surface insulin receptors (IRs). The ability of physiologic concentrations of insulin to stimulate metabolic processes was altered in patient fibroblasts. Analysis of the IR gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing showed a homozygous missense mutation in exon 3, replacing Cys284 by Tyr in the alpha-subunit. In conclusion, marked primary insulin resistance was evidenced in patient cells as a result of a structural alteration in the IR alpha-subunit. The in vitro studies could not account alone for the in vivo metabolic alterations because glucose homeostasis varied considerably during the day in the patient.
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Girodon E, Ghanem N, Caron M, Pennerath A, Conteville P, Magre J, Besmond C, Goossens M, Capeau J, Amselem S. Molecular analysis of the insulin receptor gene for prenatal diagnosis of leprechaunism in two families. Prenat Diagn 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199707)17:7<657::aid-pd132>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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