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Sathe PK, Ramdasi GR, Giammatteo K, Beauzile H, Wang S, Zhang H, Kulkarni P, Booth RG, Ferris C. Effects of (-)-MBP, a novel 5-HT 2C agonist and 5-HT 2A/2B antagonist/inverse agonist on brain activity: A phMRI study on awake mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01144. [PMID: 37837184 PMCID: PMC10576165 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel serotonin ligand (-)-MBP was developed for the treatment of schizophrenia that has 5-HT2A/2B antagonist activity together with 5-HT2C agonist activity. The multi-functional activity of this novel drug candidate was characterized using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging. It was hypothesized (-)-MBP would affect activity in brain areas associated with sensory perception. Adult male mice were given one of three doses of (-)-MBP (3.0, 10, 18 mg/kg) or vehicle while fully awake during the MRI scanning session and imaged for 15 min post I.P. injection. BOLD functional imaging was used to follow changes in global brain activity. Data for each treatment were registered to a 3D MRI mouse brain atlas providing site-specific information on 132 different brain areas. There was a dose-dependent decrease in positive BOLD signal in numerous brain regions, especially thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic cortex. The 3.0 mg/kg dose had the greatest effect on positive BOLD while the 18 mg/kg dose was less effective. Conversely, the 18 mg/kg dose showed the greatest negative BOLD response while the 3.0 mg/kg showed the least. The prominent activation of the thalamus and cerebrum included the neural circuitry associated with Papez circuit of emotional experience. When compared to vehicle, the 3.0 mg dose affected all sensory modalities, for example, olfactory, somatosensory, motor, and auditory except for the visual cortex. These findings show that (-)-MBP, a ligand with both 5-HT2A/2B antagonist and 5-HT2C agonist activities, interacts with thalamocortical circuitry and impacts areas involved in sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti K. Sathe
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gargi R. Ramdasi
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kaylie Giammatteo
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Harvens Beauzile
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Raymond G. Booth
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Craig F. Ferris
- Department Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Translational NeuroscienceNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department PsychologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Kjelby E, Gjestad R, Fathian F, Sinkeviciute I, Alisauskiene R, Anda L, Løberg EM, Reitan SK, Joa I, Larsen TK, Rettenbacher M, Berle JØ, Fasmer OB, Kroken RA, Johnsen E. Antidepressive Effectiveness of Amisulpride, Aripiprazole, and Olanzapine in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Pragmatic, Randomized Trial (BeSt InTro). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 43:246-258. [PMID: 37083542 PMCID: PMC10155702 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are frequent in schizophrenia and associated with a poorer outcome. Currently, the optimal treatment for depressive symptoms in schizophrenia remains undetermined. Amisulpride, aripiprazole, and olanzapine all have antidepressive pharmacodynamic properties, ranging from serotonergic affinities to limbic dopaminergic selectivity. Consequently, in a 12-month pragmatic, randomized clinical trial, we aimed to investigate differences in antidepressive effectiveness among amisulpride, aripiprazole, and olanzapine as a secondary outcome, measured by change in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia sum score in patients within the schizophrenia spectrum. METHODS Psychotic patients within the schizophrenia spectrum were included, and effectiveness was analyzed with latent growth curve modeling. RESULTS Of the 144 patients, 51 (35%) were women, the mean age was 31.7 (SD 12.7), and 39% were antipsychotic naive. At inclusion, 68 (47%) participants had a Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia sum score >6, indicating severe depressive symptoms. Across the 12-month follow-up, there was a depressive symptom reduction in all medication groups, but no statistically significant differences between the study drugs. Separate analyses of the subcohort with elevated depressive symptoms at inclusion also failed to find differences in depressive symptom reduction between study drugs. The reduction in depressive symptoms mainly occurred within 6 weeks after randomization. CONCLUSIONS There was a reduction in depressive symptoms under treatment with amisulpride, aripiprazole, and olanzapine in acutely psychotic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, but no differences between the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Rettenbacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Chen Y, Liu J, Yao Y, Yan H, Su R. Rearing behaviour in the mouse behavioural pattern monitor distinguishes the effects of psychedelics from those of lisuride and TBG. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1021729. [PMID: 36874002 PMCID: PMC9978355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1021729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychedelics alter consciousness and may have potential for drug development. As psychedelics are likely therapeutically active, it is important to study their effects and mechanisms using preclinical models. Here, we examined the effects of phenylalkylamine and indoleamine psychedelics on locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour using the mouse Behavioural Pattern Monitor (BPM). DOM, mescaline, and psilocin reduced locomotor activity at high doses and influenced rearings, an exploratory behaviour, in a characteristic inverted U-shaped dose-response function. Pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 reversed the drug-induced alterations in locomotor activity, rearings, and jumps after systemic administration of DOM at low doses. However, holepoking at the full range of doses tested was not blocked by M100907. Administration of the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist 25CN-NBOH induced striking similarities in response to that to psychedelics; these alterations were significantly diminished by M100907, whereas the putatively non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist TBG did not affect locomotor activity, rearings, or jumps at the most effective doses. The nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist lisuride failed to increase rearing. The results of these experiments provide strong evidence that DOM-elicited increases in rearing are due to mediation by the 5-HT2A receptor. Finally, discriminant analysis was able to distinguish all four psychedelics from lisuride and TBG based on behavioural performance alone. Thus, increased rearing in mice could provide additional evidence of behavioural differences between hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yishan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Süß ST, Olbricht LM, Herlitze S, Spoida K. Constitutive 5-HT2C receptor knock-out facilitates fear extinction through altered activity of a dorsal raphe-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:487. [PMID: 36402746 PMCID: PMC9675804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) are widely distributed throughout the brain and are strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although in recent years, a considerable amount of evidence supports 5-HT2CRs facilitating effect on anxiety behavior, the involvement in learned fear responses and fear extinction is rather unexplored. Here, we used a 5-HT2CR knock-out mouse line (2CKO) to gain new insights into the involvement of 5-HT2CRs in the neuronal fear circuitry. Using a cued fear conditioning paradigm, our results revealed that global loss of 5-HT2CRs exclusively accelerates fear extinction, without affecting fear acquisition and fear expression. To investigate the neuronal substrates underlying the extinction enhancing effect, we mapped the immediate-early gene product cFos, a marker for neuronal activity, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Surprisingly, besides extinction-associated changes, our results revealed alterations in neuronal activity even under basal home cage conditions in specific subregions of the DRN and the BNST in 2CKO mice. Neuronal activity in the dorsal BNST was shifted in an extinction-supporting direction due to 5-HT2CR knock-out. Finally, the assessment of DRN-BNST connectivity using antero- and retrograde tracing techniques uncovered a discrete serotonergic pathway projecting from the most caudal subregion of the DRN (DRC) to the anterodorsal portion of the BNST (BNSTad). This serotonergic DRC-BNSTad pathway showed increased neuronal activity in 2CKO mice. Thus, our results provide new insights for the fear extinction network by revealing a specific serotonergic DRC-BNSTad pathway underlying a 5-HT2CR-sensitive mechanism with high significance in the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra T Süß
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Linda M Olbricht
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Spoida
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Shine JM, O’Callaghan C, Walpola IC, Wainstein G, Taylor N, Aru J, Huebner B, John YJ. Understanding the effects of serotonin in the brain through its role in the gastrointestinal tract. Brain 2022; 145:2967-2981. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The neuromodulatory arousal system imbues the nervous system with the flexibility and robustness required to facilitate adaptive behaviour. While there are well-understood mechanisms linking dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine to distinct behavioural states, similar conclusions have not been as readily available for serotonin. Fascinatingly, despite clear links between serotonergic function and cognitive capacities as diverse as reward processing, exploration, and the psychedelic experience, over 95% of the serotonin in the body is released in the gastrointestinal tract, where it controls digestive muscle contractions (peristalsis). Here, we argue that framing neural serotonin as a rostral extension of the gastrointestinal serotonergic system dissolves much of the mystery associated with the central serotonergic system. Specifically, we outline that central serotonin activity mimics the effects of a digestion/satiety circuit mediated by hypothalamic control over descending serotonergic nuclei in the brainstem. We review commonalities and differences between these two circuits, with a focus on the heterogeneous expression of different classes of serotonin receptors in the brain. Much in the way that serotonin-induced peristalsis facilitates the work of digestion, serotonergic influences over cognition can be reframed as performing the work of cognition. Extending this analogy, we argue that the central serotonergic system allows the brain to arbitrate between different cognitive modes as a function of serotonergic tone: low activity facilitates cognitive automaticity, whereas higher activity helps to identify flexible solutions to problems, particularly if and when the initial responses fail. This perspective sheds light on otherwise disparate capacities mediated by serotonin, and also helps to understand why there are such pervasive links between serotonergic pathology and the symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ishan C Walpola
- Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick, New South Wales , Australia
| | | | | | - Jaan Aru
- University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment affects up to 80% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is associated with poor quality of life. PD cognitive dysfunction includes poor working memory, impairments in executive function and difficulty in set-shifting. The pathophysiology underlying cognitive impairment in PD is still poorly understood, but there is evidence to support involvements of the cholinergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems. Only rivastigmine, an acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, is efficacious for the treatment of PD dementia, which limits management of cognitive impairment in PD. Whereas the role of the serotonergic system in PD cognition is less understood, through its interactions with other neurotransmitters systems, namely, the cholinergic system, it may be implicated in cognitive processes. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the pharmacological, clinical and pathological evidence that implicates the serotonergic system in mediating cognition in PD.
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Hatakama H, Asaoka N, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ameliorates obsessive-compulsive disorder-like perseverative behavior by attenuating 5-HT 2C receptor signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108926. [PMID: 34921828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perseveration is a characteristic of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinically, neuronal activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is increased in OCD patients. Successful treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduces activity in the lateral OFC of OCD patients, but the precise mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. Previously, we reported that repeated injection of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) resulted in OCD-like deficits, including perseveration in a reversal learning task. QNP-treated mice showed hyperactivity in lateral OFC pyramidal neurons. The present study demonstrated that 4-week administration of an SSRI increased the rate of correct choice in a reversal learning task. Using the electrophysiological approach, we revealed that an SSRI decreased the activity of lateral OFC pyramidal neurons in QNP-treated mice by potentiating inhibitory inputs. The 4-week administration of an SSRI inhibited the potentiation of neuronal activity induced by a 5-HT2C receptor agonist. Additionally, both 4-week administration of SSRI and acute application of 5-HT2C receptor antagonist prevented the QNP-induced potentiation of inhibitory inputs to fast-spiking interneurons in the lateral OFC. Administration of a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist to mice for 4 days increased the rate of correct choice in a reversal learning task. Collectively, these results indicate that chronic SSRI ameliorated perseverative behavior in QNP-treated mice by modulating inhibitory inputs in the lateral OFC. Short-term 5-HT2C receptor blockade also ameliorated QNP-induced behavioral and neurological abnormalities by, at least in part, a common mechanism with chronic SSRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Hatakama
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Altered behaviour, dopamine and norepinephrine regulation in stressed mice heterozygous in TPH2 gene. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110155. [PMID: 33127424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interaction (GxE) determines the vulnerability of an individual to a spectrum of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased impulsivity, excessive aggression, and other behavioural characteristics are associated with variants within the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene, a key enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. This phenotype is recapitulated in naïve mice with complete, but not with partial Tph2 inactivation. Tph2 haploinsufficiency in animals reflects allelic variation of Tph2 facilitating the elucidation of respective GxE mechanisms. Recently, we showed excessive aggression and altered serotonin brain metabolism in heterozygous Tph2-deficient male mice (Tph2+/-) after predator stress exposure. Here, we sought to extend these studies by investigating aggressive and anxiety-like behaviours, sociability, and the brain metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline. Separately, Tph2+/- mice were examined for exploration activity in a novel environment and for the potentiation of helplessness in the modified swim test (ModFST). Predation stress procedure increased measures of aggression, dominancy, and suppressed sociability in Tph2+/- mice, which was the opposite of that observed in control mice. Anxiety-like behaviour was unaltered in the mutants and elevated in controls. Tph2+/- mice exposed to environmental novelty or to the ModFST exhibited increased novelty exploration and no increase in floating behaviour compared to controls, which is suggestive of resilience to stress and despair. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in the metabolism of dopamine, and norepinephrine within the brain tissue. In conclusion, environmentally challenged Tph2+/- mice exhibit behaviours that resemble the behaviour of non-stressed null mutants, which reveals how GxE interaction studies can unmask latent genetically determined predispositions.
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Savransky A, Chiappelli J, Du X, Carino K, Kvarta M, Bruce H, Kochunov P, Goldwaser E, Tan Y, Hare S, Hong LE. Association of working memory and elevated overnight urinary norepinephrine in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:89-95. [PMID: 33662656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Norepinephrine has both central and peripheral origins and is known to influence cognitive processes in attention, learning, and working memory, but the research regarding the impact of norepinephrine on cognition in schizophrenia remains sparse, and mainly focuses on centrally regulated noradrenergic effects. This study examined the relationship between cumulative overnight norepinephrine levels in the urine and working memory in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHODS Urinary catecholamines were collected overnight in patients with schizophrenia (n = 75) and healthy controls (n = 33). Working memory was assessed using the digit sequencing task. RESULTS Patients showed significantly higher average levels of overnight norepinephrine (t(103.10) = -3.16, p = 0.002) and reduced working memory performance (t(90) = 3.87, p = 0.001) compared with healthy individuals. There was a significant negative correlation between norepinephrine and working memory in patients (r = -0.38, p = 0.005), but not in controls (r = 0.08, p = 0.67). After controlling for age, sex, antipsychotic medications, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor-based antidepressants, the correlation remained significant (r = -0.41, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS High peripheral overnight levels of urinary norepinephrine are associated with lower working memory performance in patients with schizophrenia. These results parallel previous studies suggesting that high levels of central norepinephrine may result in working memory impairments. As norepinephrine rapidly breaks down and usually does not pass through the blood-brain barrier, the potential effect of peripheral cumulative norepinephrine on working memory is intriguing, and needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Savransky
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Carino
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Kvarta
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Stephanie Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Campbell EJ, Bonomo Y, Pastor A, Collins L, Norman A, Galettis P, Johnstone J, Lawrence AJ. The 5-HT 2C receptor as a therapeutic target for alcohol and methamphetamine use disorders: A pilot study in treatment-seeking individuals. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00767. [PMID: 33929084 PMCID: PMC8085921 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) are prevalent and have high adverse impacts on both the individual and society. Current treatment strategies for these disorders are ineffective at a population level. Lorcaserin, a 5‐HT2C receptor agonist, has shown potential at reducing the symptoms of substance use disorder. This pilot study (initiated prior to market withdrawal) examined feasibility and safety of lorcaserin treatment in people undergoing residential detoxification and treatment for AUD and MUD. This was an open label pilot study of lorcaserin where participants (n = 10 AUD; n = 8 MUD) received 10‐mg lorcaserin daily for 4 days then twice daily for 1 month. Primary outcome measures included recruitment and retention rate, incidence of treatment‐emergent events, incidence of methamphetamine or alcohol withdrawal‐related events, heart rate, and blood pressure. Secondary measures included pharmacokinetic data and self‐reported alcohol or methamphetamine use, craving, and psychological distress. AUD participants were recruited faster and had a greater retention rate compared with MUD participants. Lorcaserin did not alter vital signs, was well tolerated, and had a similar pharmacokinetic profile to individuals with obesity. Lorcaserin reduced self‐reported alcohol and amphetamine‐type substance use and craving in AUD and MUD participants, respectively. Self‐reported psychological health also improved over the treatment period for all participants. Despite the pilot nature of this study, our data support the notion of 5‐HT2C receptors as a therapeutic target for drug and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yvonne Bonomo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Pastor
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Collins
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda Norman
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Galettis
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice Johnstone
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Beyeler A, Ju A, Chagraoui A, Cuvelle L, Teixeira M, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Multiple facets of serotonergic modulation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:3-39. [PMID: 33785133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system of the central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in a broad range of physiological functions and behaviors, such as cognition, mood, social interaction, sexual behavior, feeding behavior, sleep-wake cycle and thermoregulation. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) establishes a plethora of interactions with neurochemical systems in the CNS via its numerous 5-HT receptors and autoreceptors. The facets of this control are multiple if we consider the molecular actors playing a role in the autoregulation of 5-HT neuron activity including the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7 receptors as well as the serotonin transporter. Moreover, extrinsic loops involving other neurotransmitters giving the other 5-HT receptors the possibility to impact 5-HT neuron activity. Grasping the complexity of these interactions is essential for the development of a variety of therapeutic strategies for cognitive defects and mood disorders. Presently we can illustrate the plurality of the mechanisms and only conceive that these 5-HT controls are likely not uniform in terms of regional and neuronal distribution. Our understanding of the specific expression patterns of these receptors on specific circuits and neuronal populations are progressing and will expand our comprehension of the function and interaction of these receptors with other chemical systems. Thus, the development of new approaches profiling the expression of 5-HT receptors and autoreceptors should reveal additional facets of the 5-HT controls of neurochemical systems in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beyeler
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM 1215, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anes Ju
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM 1215, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Lise Cuvelle
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maxime Teixeira
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
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De Deurwaerdère P, Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin/dopamine interaction: Electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:161-264. [PMID: 33785130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the adaptive properties of living animals to their environment. These are two modulatory, divergent systems shaping and regulating in a widespread manner the activity of neurobiological networks and their interaction. The concept of one interaction linking these two systems is rather elusive when looking at the mechanisms triggered by these two systems across the CNS. The great variety of their interacting mechanisms is in part due to the diversity of their neuronal origin, the density of their fibers in a given CNS region, the distinct expression of their numerous receptors in the CNS, the heterogeneity of their intracellular signaling pathway that depend on the cellular type expressing their receptors, and the state of activity of neurobiological networks, conditioning the outcome of their mutual influences. Thus, originally conceptualized as inhibition of 5-HT on DA neuron activity and DA neurotransmission, this interaction is nowadays considered as a multifaceted, mutual influence of these two systems in the regulation of CNS functions. These new ways of understanding this interaction are of utmost importance to envision the consequences of their dysfunctions underlined in several CNS diseases. It is also essential to conceive the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs directly acting on their function including antipsychotic, antidepressant, antiparkinsonian, and drug of abuse together with the development of therapeutic strategies of Alzheimer's diseases, epilepsy, obsessional compulsive disorders. The 5-HT/DA interaction has a long history from the serendipitous discovery of antidepressants and antipsychotics to the future, rationalized treatments of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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De Keyser K, De Letter M, Santens P, Talsma D, Botteldooren D, Bockstael A. Neurophysiological investigation of auditory intensity dependence in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:345-356. [PMID: 33515333 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence for auditory dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, a possible relationship has been suggested between altered auditory intensity processing and the hypophonic speech characteristics in PD. Nonetheless, further insight into the neurophysiological correlates of auditory intensity processing in patients with PD is needed primarily. In the present study, high-density EEG recordings were used to investigate intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IDAEPs) in 14 patients with PD and 14 age- and gender-matched healthy control participants (HCs). Patients with PD were evaluated in both the on- and off-medication states. HCs were also evaluated twice. Significantly increased IDAEP of the N1/P2 was demonstrated in patients with PD evaluated in the on-medication state compared to HCs. Distinctive results were found for the N1 and P2 component. Regarding the N1 component, no differences in latency or amplitude were shown between patients with PD and HCs regardless of the medication state. In contrast, increased P2 amplitude was demonstrated in patients with PD evaluated in the on-medication state compared to the off-medication state and HCs. In addition to a dopaminergic deficiency, deficits in serotonergic neurotransmission in PD were shown based on increased IDAEP. Due to specific alterations of the N1-P2 complex, the current results suggest deficiencies in early-attentive inhibitory processing of auditory input in PD. This interpretation is consistent with the involvement of the basal ganglia and the role of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in auditory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Keyser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miet De Letter
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Durk Talsma
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dick Botteldooren
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Acoustics Research Group, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bockstael
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Acoustics Research Group, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Lagière M, Bosc M, Whitestone S, Benazzouz A, Chagraoui A, Millan MJ, De Deurwaerdère P. A Subset of Purposeless Oral Movements Triggered by Dopaminergic Agonists Is Modulated by 5-HT 2C Receptors in Rats: Implication of the Subthalamic Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228509. [PMID: 33198169 PMCID: PMC7698107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication for Parkinson’s disease is associated with troubling dystonia and dyskinesia and, in rodents, dopaminergic agonists likewise induce a variety of orofacial motor responses, certain of which are mimicked by serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists. However, the neural substrates underlying these communalities and their interrelationship remain unclear. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the dopaminergic agonist, apomorphine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) and the preferential D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.2–0.5 mg/kg), induced purposeless oral movements (chewing, jaw tremor, tongue darting). The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist 5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindone (SB 243213) (1 mg/kg) reduced the oral responses elicited by specific doses of both agonists (0.1 mg/kg apomorphine; 0.5 mg/kg quinpirole). After having confirmed that the oral bouts induced by quinpirole 0.5 mg/kg were blocked by another 5-HT2C antagonist (6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[6-(2-methylpiridin-3-yloxy)pyridine-3-yl carbamoyl] indoline (SB 242084), 1 mg/kg), we mapped the changes in neuronal activity in numerous sub-territories of the basal ganglia using c-Fos expression. We found a marked increase of c-Fos expression in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in combining quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) with either SB 243213 or SB 242084. In a parallel set of electrophysiological experiments, the same combination of SB 243213/quinpirole produced an irregular pattern of discharge and an increase in the firing rate of STN neurons. Finally, it was shown that upon the electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex, quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) increased the response of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons corresponding to activation of the “hyperdirect” (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway. This effect of quinpirole was abolished by the two 5-HT2C antagonists. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of orofacial motor responses by D2/3 receptor stimulation involves 5-HT2C receptor-mediated activation of the STN by recruitment of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lagière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Marion Bosc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Sara Whitestone
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Croissy/Seine, 78290 Paris, France;
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-557-57-12-90
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Quenten Highgate
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susan Schenk
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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Paizanis E, Crotti M, Petit A, Règue M, Beray-Berthat V, Noble F, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R. Effects of Alcohol and Cocaine in a Mutant Mouse Model of Predisposition to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:623. [PMID: 32477119 PMCID: PMC7232567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity between drug abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a stress-related dysregulation of fear responses, is very high. While some drugs are known to increase fear and anxiety, there are only few data regarding interactions between voluntary drug consumption and fear memory. The spontaneous chronic consumption of either alcohol or cocaine under a 3-week free-choice progressive paradigm of alcohol (3/6/10%) or cocaine (0.2/0.4/0.6 mg/ml), was assessed in VGV transgenic mice, having full 5-HT2C receptor editing and displaying PTSD-like behaviors. The consequences of these drug consumptions on the potentiated contextual and cued fear conditioning responses of VGV mice were assessed. The effects of drugs on hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA were measured as its expression was previously found to be decreased in VGV mice. Chronic alcohol consumption was similar in WT and VGV mice. In the alcohol condition, fear acquisition was not different at the end of the learning session and cue-fear extinction was facilitated. Regarding cocaine, in contrast to WT mice, VGV mice did not increase their drug consumption along with increasing doses, an effect that might be related with enhanced drug stimuli discrimination via increased 5-HT2C receptors. Cocaine-intake VGV mice did not display the contextual fear generalization usually observed in control VGV mice. In addition, Bdnf expression was upregulated after either chronic alcohol or cocaine intake. Altogether, these results suggest that both chronic alcohol and cocaine voluntary oral consumptions can exert some therapeutic-like effects in a mutant model of PTSD predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Paizanis
- University of Caen Normandy, INSERM U1075 COMETE, Caen, France
| | - Michela Crotti
- CNRS ERL 3649 «Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions» Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Petit
- IPNP-Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR-1266, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Règue
- IPNP-Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR-1266, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Beray-Berthat
- CNRS ERL 3649 «Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions» Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
| | - Florence Noble
- CNRS ERL 3649 «Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions» Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
| | | | - Raymond Mongeau
- CNRS ERL 3649 «Pharmacologie et thérapies des addictions» Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
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17
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Effects of lorcaserin on oxycodone self-administration and subjective responses in participants with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107859. [PMID: 31980285 PMCID: PMC7063580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lorcaserin, a high-affinity 5-HT2C receptor agonist approved for treating obesity, decreased self-administration of oxycodone and cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in preclinical studies. The current investigation is the first clinical trial to evaluate the ability of lorcaserin to alter the reinforcing and subjective effects of oxycodone. METHODS In this 7-week inpatient trial, 12 non-treatment-seeking volunteers (11 males) with moderate-to-severe opioid use disorder were detoxified from opioids. In a randomized cross-over fashion, participants were first stabilized on lorcaserin (10 mg BID) or placebo (0 mg BID). Participants underwent a two-week testing period during which the reinforcing and subjective effects of intranasal oxycodone were examined in verbal choice, cue-exposure, and progressive-ratio choice sessions. The two testing weeks were identical with the exception that during the first week, active oxycodone (10 mg) was available during verbal choice (self-administration) sessions, and during the second week placebo oxycodone was available. Subsequently, participants were stabilized on the other medication condition (placebo or lorcaserin) and underwent the same testing procedures again. RESULTS Lorcaserin did not alter oxycodone self-administration. However, lorcaserin had a trend to increase "wanting heroin" when oxycodone was available, and to accentuate oxycodone-induced miosis. CONCLUSION Under the current experimental conditions, lorcaserin at a dose of 10 mg BID did not reliably decrease the abuse liability of oxycodone, even though the study was sufficiently powered (≥80 %) to detect clinically meaningful differences in the main outcome variables between the placebo and active lorcaserin condition. Future research could explore a wider dose range of lorcaserin and oxycodone.
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18
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Horrillo I, Ortega JE, Diez-Alarcia R, Urigüen L, Meana JJ. Chronic fluoxetine reverses the effects of chronic corticosterone treatment on α 2-adrenoceptors in the rat frontal cortex but not locus coeruleus. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107731. [PMID: 31376424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is an established finding in patients with anxiety and/or depression. Chronic corticosterone administration in animals has been proposed as a model for the study of these stress-related disorders and the antidepressant action. Alterations of the central noradrenergic system and specifically of inhibitory α2-adrenoceptors seem to be part of the pathophysiology of depression and contribute to the antidepressant activity. The present study evaluates in male rats the effect of chronic corticosterone treatment during 35 days (16-20 mg kg-1 day-1) on the sensitivity of α2-adrenoceptors expressed in the somatodendritic and terminal noradrenergic areas locus coeruleus (LC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively. Further, the effect of chronic fluoxetine treatment (5 mg kg-1, i.p., since the 15th day) on the sensitivity of α2-adrenoceptors was examined under control conditions and in corticosterone-treated rats. The α2-adrenoceptor functionality was analysed in vitro by agonist-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding stimulation and in vivo through the modulation of noradrenaline (NA) release evaluated by dual-probe microdialysis. The concentration-effect curves of the [35S]GTPγS binding stimulation by the agonist UK14304 (5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-quinoxalinamine) demonstrated a desensitization of cortical α2-adrenoceptors induced by corticosterone (-logEC50 = 6.7 ± 0.2 vs 8.2 ± 0.3 in controls) that was reverted by fluoxetine treatment (-logEC50 = 7.5 ± 0.3). Local administration of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist RS79948 ((8aR,12aS,13aS)-5,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,13,13a-decahydro-3-methoxy-12-(ethylsulfonyl)-6H-isoquino[2,1-g][1,6]naphthyridine) (0.1-100 μmol L-1) into the LC induced a concentration-dependent NA increase in the PFC of the control group (Emax = 191 ± 30%) but non-significant effect was observed in corticosterone-treated rats (Emax = 133 ± 46%), reflecting a desensitization of α2-adrenoceptors that control the firing of noradrenergic neurons. Fluoxetine treatment did not alter the corticosterone-induced desensitization in this area (Emax = 136 ± 19%). No effect of fluoxetine on α2-adrenoceptor functionality was observed in control animals (Emax = 223 ± 30%). In PFC, the local administration of RS79948 increased NA in controls (Emax = 226 ± 27%) without effect in the corticosterone group (Emax = 115 ± 26%), suggesting a corticosterone-induced desensitization of terminal α2-adrenoceptors. Fluoxetine administration prevented the desensitization induced by corticosterone in the PFC (Emax = 233 ± 33%) whereas desensitized α2-adrenoceptors in control animals (Emax = -24 ± 10%). These data indicate that chronic corticosterone increases noradrenergic activity by acting at different α2-adrenoceptor subpopulations. Treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine seems to counteract these changes by acting mainly on presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors expressed in terminal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Horrillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - Jorge E Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - Rebeca Diez-Alarcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain.
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19
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Gan L, Sun M, Chen W. 5‑Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist pimavanserin impairs maternal behavior in postpartum female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Lam VM, Mielnik CA, Baimel C, Beerepoot P, Espinoza S, Sukhanov I, Horsfall W, Gainetdinov RR, Borgland SL, Ramsey AJ, Salahpour A. Behavioral Effects of a Potential Novel TAAR1 Antagonist. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 30233365 PMCID: PMC6131539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the monoaminergic regions of the brain, and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders. While selective agonists for TAAR1 have been successfully identified, only one high affinity TAAR1 antagonist has been described thus far. We previously identified four potential low potency TAAR1 antagonists through an in silico screen on a TAAR1 homology model. One of the identified antagonists (compound 22) was predicted to have favorable physicochemical properties, which would allow the drug to cross the blood brain barrier. In vivo studies were therefore carried out and showed that compound 22 potentiates amphetamine- and cocaine-mediated locomotor activity. Furthermore, electrophysiology experiments demonstrated that compound 22 increased firing of dopamine neurons similar to EPPTB, the only known TAAR1 antagonist. In order to assess whether the effects of compound 22 were mediated through TAAR1, experiments were carried out on TAAR1-KO mice. The results showed that compound 22 is able to enhance amphetamine- and cocaine-mediated locomotor activity, even in TAAR1-KO mice, suggesting that the in vivo effects of this compound are not mediated by TAAR1. In collaboration with Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, we attempted to determine the targets for compound 22. Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) results suggested several potential targets for compound 22 including, the dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters; as well as sigma 1 and 2 receptors. Our follow-up studies using heterologous cell systems showed that the dopamine transporter is not a target of compound 22. Therefore, the biological target of compound 22 mediating its psychoactive effects still remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catharine A Mielnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corey Baimel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pieter Beerepoot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Wendy Horsfall
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:20-41. [PMID: 29953902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as these allow a significant recovery not only in terms of hospitalization and reduction in symptoms severity, but also in terms of safety, socialization and better rehabilitation in the society. Regarding the mechanism of action, AAPs are weak D2 receptor antagonists and they act beyond D2 antagonism, involving other receptor targets which regulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Consequently, AAPs present a significant reduction of deleterious side effects like parkinsonism, hyperprolactinemia, apathy and anhedonia, which are all linked to the strong blockade of D2 receptors. This review revisits previous and current findings within the class of AAPs and highlights the differences in terms of receptor properties and clinical activities among them. Furthermore, we propose a continuum spectrum of "atypia" that begins with risperidone (the least atypical) to clozapine (the most atypical), while all the other AAPs fall within the extremes of this spectrum. Clozapine is still considered the gold standard in refractory schizophrenia and in psychoses present in Parkinson's disease, though it has been associated with adverse effects like agranulocytosis (0.7%) and weight gain, pushing the scientific community to find new drugs as effective as clozapine, but devoid of its side effects. To achieve this, it is therefore imperative to characterize and compare in depth the very complex molecular profile of AAPs. We also introduce relatively new concepts like biased agonism, receptor dimerization and neurogenesis to identify better the old and new hallmarks of "atypia". Finally, a detailed confrontation of clinical differences among the AAPs is presented, especially in relation to their molecular targets, and new means like therapeutic drug monitoring are also proposed to improve the effectiveness of AAPs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Verdesca
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Cini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J McCormick
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Li X, Ding X, Wu R, Chen L, Gao J, Hu G, Li M. A behavioral mechanistic investigation of the role of 5-HT 1A receptors in the mediation of rat maternal behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 169:16-26. [PMID: 29649502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that 5-HT1A receptors play a special role in rodent maternal aggression, but not in other aspects of maternal care (e.g. pup retrieval and nest building). The present study re-assessed the basic effects of 5-HT1A activation or blockade on various maternal responses in postpartum female rats. We also examined the possible behavioral mechanisms underlying the maternal effects of 5-HT1A. Sprague-Dawley mother rats were injected with a 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, sc), a 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-101405 (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, sc) or 0.9% saline solution on postpartum days 3, 5, and 7. Maternal behavior was tested 30 min before, 30 min, 120 min, and 240 min after the injection. Acute and repeated 8-OH-DPAT treatment significantly disrupted pup retrieval, pup licking, nursing, and nest building in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas WAY-101405 had no effect at the tested doses. The 5-HT1A receptor specificity of 8-OH-DPAT's action was confirmed as its maternal disruption effect was reversed by pretreatment of WAY-100635 (a highly selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Subsequent pup preference test found that 8-OH-DPAT did not decrease the pup preference over a novel object, thus no inhibition on maternal motivation or maternal affect. The pup separation test and pup retrieval on an elevated plus maze test also failed to find any motivational and motor impairment effect with 8-OH-DPAT. However, 8-OH-DPAT at the maternal disruptive dose did disrupt the prepulse inhibition (a measure of attentional function) of acoustic startle response and enhanced the basal startle response. These findings suggest that stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors by 8-OH-DPAT impairs maternal care by partially interfering with the attentional processing or basal anxiety. More work is needed to further delineate the psychological and neuronal mechanisms underlying the maternal disruptive effect of 5-HT1A receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First Peoples's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China; Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Ruiyong Wu
- Department of Animal Behavior, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Leilei Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
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Treatment with escitalopram modulates cardiovascular function in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:120-127. [PMID: 29428469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Considering depression is three times more common in cardiac patients compared to the normal population and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) as drug of choice for treating patients with cardiovascular disease and depression, our work aims to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of treatment for 21 days with escitalopram (5 mg/kg/day, ip) in rats. The treatment caused an increase in mean arterial pressure concomitant with a decrease in heart rate. Concerning heart rate variability, there was a significant reduction in the sympathetic component and an elevation of the parasympathetic component, indicating that escitalopram caused an autonomic imbalance with parasympathetic predominance. In addition, we observed a decrease in both low and very low frequency power in blood pressure variability. The cardiac autonomic blockade indicated an increase in parasympathetic modulation to the heart with escitalopram chronic treatment. However, no change was observed on baroreflex activity. On the other hand, there was a decrease in pressure response during acute restraint stress with no changes in the tachycardia response. These findings showed that despite the escitalopram be a relatively safe drug it can cause tonic effects on cardiovascular function as well as during aversive situations.
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Rebello C, Nikonova EV, Zhou S, Aronne LJ, Fujioka K, Garvey WT, Smith SR, Coulter AA, Greenway FL. Effect of Lorcaserin Alone and in Combination with Phentermine on Food Cravings After 12-Week Treatment: A Randomized Substudy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:332-339. [PMID: 29363287 PMCID: PMC5788290 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of lorcaserin 10 mg twice daily (LOR BID), or with phentermine 15 mg once daily (LOR BID + PHEN QD) and 15 mg twice daily (LOR BID + PHEN BID), in conjunction with energy restriction on food cravings. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-five patients without diabetes but with obesity or overweight and ≥ 1 comorbidity received LOR BID, LOR BID + PHEN QD, or LOR BID + PHEN BID for 12 weeks in a randomized double-blind study. The Food Craving Inventory (FCI) and the Control of Eating Questionnaire (COEQ) were administered over 12 weeks. RESULTS The FCI total score and the subscale scores reduced from baseline in all groups. The least squares means (95% confidence intervals) for the total scores were -0.65 (-0.75 to -0.55), -0.75 (-0.84 to -0.65), and -0.84 (-0.95 to -0.74) in the LOR BID, LOR BID + PHEN QD, and LOR BID + PHEN BID groups, respectively. Cravings assessed by COEQ reduced from baseline in all groups. In general, the combination treatments were more effective than lorcaserin alone. At week 12, except for fruit juice and dairy products, general and specific cravings reduced in LOR BID + PHEN BID compared with LOR BID (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lorcaserin in combination with phentermine improves control of food cravings during short-term energy restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elena V. Nikonova
- Eisai Medical and Scientific Affairs, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Sharon Zhou
- Eisai Medical and Scientific Affairs, Eisai Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Louis J. Aronne
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Ken Fujioka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Center for the Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ann A. Coulter
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Jia M, Li C, Zheng Y, Ding X, Chen M, Ding J, Du R, Lu M, Hu G. Leonurine Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects in the Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression Model in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:886-895. [PMID: 29016795 PMCID: PMC5737563 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leonurine is an active alkaloid that is extracted from Traditional Chinese Medicine Herba leonuri. Emerging evidence indicates that leonurine produces neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the effect of leonurine in neuropsychiatric disorders, especially in major depression, remains unknown. Methods We used the chronic mild stress mouse model to explore the antidepressant effects of leonurine and the potential mechanisms. Behavioral tests including sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test were taken to evaluate depression symptoms. Moreover, the contents of monoamine neurotransmitters in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Neuronal morphology was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Results Administration of leonurine (60 mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly alleviated depression-like behaviors of chronic mild stress mice, including increased sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in forced swimming test and tail suspension test. We further found that leonurine (60 mg/kg) effectively restored the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of chronic mild stress mice, accompanied by amelioration of hippocampal neuronal damage. Furthermore, leonurine (60 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and TNF-α, and suppressed the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that leonurine exerts antidepressant-like effects, which may be mediated, at least in part, by improving monoamine neurotransmitters and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Our study provides insight into the potential of leonurine in depression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Chenxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Xiaojing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Renhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jia, Li, Zheng, X. Ding, and Hu); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Chen, J. Ding, Du, Lu, and Hu)
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5-HT 2C Agonists Modulate Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2163-2177. [PMID: 28294132 PMCID: PMC5603814 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
All FDA-approved antipsychotic drugs (APDs) target primarily dopamine D2 or serotonin (5-HT2A) receptors, or both; however, these medications are not universally effective, they may produce undesirable side effects, and provide only partial amelioration of negative and cognitive symptoms. The heterogeneity of pharmacological responses in schizophrenic patients suggests that additional drug targets may be effective in improving aspects of this syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that 5-HT2C receptors may be a promising target for schizophrenia since their activation reduces mesolimbic nigrostriatal dopamine release (which conveys antipsychotic action), they are expressed almost exclusively in CNS, and have weight-loss-promoting capabilities. A difficulty in developing 5-HT2C agonists is that most ligands also possess 5-HT2B and/or 5-HT2A activities. We have developed selective 5-HT2C ligands and herein describe their preclinical effectiveness for treating schizophrenia-like behaviors. JJ-3-45, JJ-3-42, and JJ-5-34 reduced amphetamine-stimulated hyperlocomotion, restored amphetamine-disrupted prepulse inhibition, improved social behavior, and novel object recognition memory in NMDA receptor hypofunctioning NR1-knockdown mice, and were essentially devoid of catalepsy. However, they decreased motivation in a breakpoint assay and did not promote reversal learning in MK-801-treated mice. Somewhat similar effects were observed with lorcaserin, a 5-HT2C agonist with potent 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A agonist activities, which is approved for treating obesity. Microdialysis studies revealed that both JJ-3-42 and lorcaserin reduced dopamine efflux in the infralimbic cortex, while only JJ-3-42 decreased it in striatum. Collectively, these results provide additional evidence that 5-HT2C receptors are suitable drug targets with fewer side effects, greater therapeutic selectivity, and enhanced efficacy for treating schizophrenia and related disorders than current APDs.
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Activation of 5-HT 2A receptor disrupts rat maternal behavior. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:96-105. [PMID: 28965828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in sensorimotor function, emotion regulation, motivation, executive control, learning and memory. We investigated its role in rat maternal behavior, a naturalistic behavior encompassing many psychological functions that the 5-HT2A receptor is involved in. We first showed that activation of 5-HT2A receptor by TCB-2 (a highly selective 5-HT2A agonist, 1, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) disrupted maternal behavior dose-dependently, and this effect was reduced by pretreatment with a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100907, but exacerbated by pretreatment with a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 and a 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK212, indicating that the maternal disruptive effect of 5-HT2A activation is receptor-specific and can be modulated by 5-HT2C receptor bidirectionally. We then microinjected TCB-2 into two brain regions important for the normal expression of maternal behavior: the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and found that only acute intra-mPFC infusion of TCB-2 suppressed pup retrieval, whereas intra-mPOA had no effect. Finally, using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we identified that the ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (vBNST), the central amygdala (CeA), and the dorsal raphe (DR) were additionally involved in the maternal-disruptive effect of TCB-2. These findings suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor in the mPFC and other maternally related regions is required for the normal expression of maternal behavior through its intrinsic action or interactions with other receptors (e.g. 5-HT2C). Functional disruption of this neuroreceptor system might contribute to postpartum mental disorders (e.g. depression and psychosis) that impair the quality of maternal care.
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Szechtman H, Ahmari SE, Beninger RJ, Eilam D, Harvey BH, Edemann-Callesen H, Winter C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:254-279. [PMID: 27168347 PMCID: PMC5833926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research with animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shows the following: (1) Optogenetic studies in mice provide evidence for a plausible cause-effect relation between increased activity in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits and OCD by demonstrating the induction of compulsive behavior with the experimental manipulation of the CBGTC circuit. (2) Parallel use of several animal models is a fruitful paradigm to examine the mechanisms of treatment effects of deep brain stimulation in distinct OCD endophenotypes. (3) Features of spontaneous behavior in deer mice constitute a rich platform to investigate the neurobiology of OCD, social ramifications of a compulsive phenotype, and test novel drugs. (4) Studies in animal models for psychiatric disorders comorbid with OCD suggest comorbidity may involve shared neural circuits controlling expression of compulsive behavior. (5) Analysis of compulsive behavior into its constitutive components provides evidence from an animal model for a motivational perspective on OCD. (6) Methods of behavioral analysis in an animal model translate to dissection of compulsive rituals in OCD patients, leading to diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Richard J Beninger
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - David Eilam
- Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Brian H Harvey
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Henriette Edemann-Callesen
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christine Winter
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Effects of 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptor agonists and antagonists on responding for a conditioned reinforcer and its enhancement by methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:889-902. [PMID: 28097374 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES These experiments examined the effects of selective 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor ligands on responding for a conditioned reinforcer (CRf). Effects of these ligands were measured under basal conditions and following elevated dopamine (DA) activity produced by the DA reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate. METHODS Water-restricted rats learned to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS) with water in operant chambers. Subsequently, two response levers were made available; responding on one lever delivered the CS (now a CRf), while responding on the second lever had no consequences. The effects of agonist and antagonists of 5-HT1A (8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY100635)), 5-HT2A (DOI and M100907) and 5-HT2C (Ro60-0175 and SB242084) receptors on responding were examined alone, as well as in the presence of methylphenidate. RESULTS Responding for a CRf was reduced by the agonists 8-OH-DPAT, DOI and Ro60-0175. 8-OH-DPAT also reduced responding for water and seemed to impair responding in a non-specific fashion. None of the receptor antagonists affected responding. Methylphenidate dose-dependently enhanced responding for a CRf, and this was attenuated by DOI and Ro60-0175. Conversely, the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 potentiated the effect of methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS No evidence was found for a behaviourally selective effect of 5-HT1A receptor ligands on responding for a CRf. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors selectively inhibits responding for a CRf. 5-HT2C receptor ligands exerted bidirectional modulation of responding for a CRf, especially when DA activity was increased. This indicates that 5-HT2C receptor activity is an important modulator of DA-dependent reward-related behaviours.
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Abstract
The homeostatic controls over eating are inextricably linked to the reward aspects of eating. The result is an integrated response that coordinates the internal milieu with the prevailing environment. Thus, appetite, which reflects a complex interaction among the external environment, behavioral profile, and subjective states as well as the storage and metabolism of energy, has an important role in the regulation of energy balance. In the prevailing food environment which offers an abundance of food choices it is likely that the motivation to consume from a wide range of delectable foods plays a greater role in contributing to overeating than in the past when the motivation to eat was largely governed by metabolic need. The response to food-related cues can promote strong desires to eat known as cravings by activating the mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurocircuitry. Cravings are associated with subsequent eating and weight-related outcomes. Being able to control food cravings is a determinant of success at adhering to an energy-restricted diet regimen. Increased understanding of the neurocircuitry of appetite regulation, especially reward-related eating behavior, has provided potential targets for therapeutic anti-obesity agents specifically directed at reward mechanisms. The naltrexone-bupropion combination and lorcaserin, which are both approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term weight management, have shown promise in addressing craving-related eating behavior. Phentermine and liraglutide are approved as monotherapies for weight management. Preliminary research suggests that liraglutide, as well as phentermine alone or in combination with lorcaserin, may be effective in targeting food cravings. Food components such as thylakoid membranes have also been shown to influence food cravings. This review explores the concepts related to appetite and reward-induced eating behavior, as well as the pharmacological options and food-derived components that may be used to address food cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Chen W, Wang X, Yan M, Wang Y, Xie S, Li H, Li M. Repeated administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist MK212 produces a sensitization effect of antipsychotic activity. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:985-993. [PMID: 27797140 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C ) receptor agonists have been suggested to possess an antipsychotic activity in several acute preclinical tests of antipsychotic drugs with low extra-pyramidal side effect liability. However, little is known about the long-term effect associated with chronic use of 5-HT2C receptor agonists. The present study examined whether repeated activation of 5-HT2C receptor with a highly selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist MK212 would induce a long-term change in its antipsychotic-like activity (either a sensitization or tolerance) in the conditioned avoidance response and MK801-induced hyperlocomotion tests. Sprague-Dawley rats were first tested under the intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment of MK212 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days. Three days later, when all rats were injected with a low dose of MK 212 (0.25 mg/kg) and tested for avoidance responding, rats that had been pretreated with 1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg MK212 made significantly fewer avoidance responses than those that had been treated with vehicle (0.9% saline). However, this past drug exposure-induced group difference was not significant in the MK801-induced hyperlocomotion test. Overall, results from this study suggest that repeated treatment of MK212 is capable of inducing a dose-dependent sensitization of antipsychotic activity in conditioned avoidance response. The discrepancy in sensitization of MK212 in CAR and MK801-induce hyperlocomotion may be related to the different mechanism underlying the effect of MK212 in these two tests. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(12):985-993, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minmin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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Tian Y, Du J, Spagna A, Mackie MA, Gu X, Dong Y, Fan J, Wang K. Venlafaxine treatment reduces the deficit of executive control of attention in patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28028. [PMID: 27306061 PMCID: PMC4910055 DOI: 10.1038/srep28028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention plays an essential role in supporting other cognitive functions and behavior, and disturbance of attention is one of the most common symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although treatment with venlafaxine for MDD symptoms has been shown to reduce deficits in cognition and emotion regulation, it remains unclear whether venlafaxine improves specific attentional functions. We used the Attention Network Test to measure the attentional functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control before and after treatment with venlafaxine in patients with MDD compared to untreated healthy controls. Before treatment, the MDD group showed a selective impairment in alerting and executive control of attention, while there were no significant group differences in the orienting function. The interaction between group and session was significant for executive control, and after treatment with venlafaxine, the performance of the MDD group on executive control of attention was not significantly different from that of controls. Reported symptoms of MDD were also significantly reduced after treatment with venlafaxine. These results demonstrate that treatment with venlafaxine selectively normalizes the executive control function of attention in addition to improving clinical symptoms in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Melissa-Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, the University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Sullivan LC, Clarke WP, Berg KA. Atypical antipsychotics and inverse agonism at 5-HT2 receptors. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:3732-8. [PMID: 26044975 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150605111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now well accepted that receptors can regulate cellular signaling pathways in the absence of a stimulating ligand, and inverse agonists can reduce this ligand-independent or "constitutive" receptor activity. Both the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors have demonstrated constitutive receptor activity in vitro and in vivo. Each has been identified as a target for treatment of schizophrenia. Further, most, if not all, atypical antipsychotic drugs have inverse agonist properties at both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. This paper describes our current knowledge of inverse agonism of atypical antipsychotics at 5-HT2A/2C receptor subtypes in vitro and in vivo. Exploiting inverse agonist properties of APDs may provide new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly A Berg
- Department of Pharmacology - MS 7764, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Chagraoui A, Thibaut F, Skiba M, Thuillez C, Bourin M. 5-HT2C receptors in psychiatric disorders: A review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:120-135. [PMID: 26739950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
5-HT2Rs have a different genomic organization from other 5-HT2Rs. 5HT2CR undergoes post-transcriptional pre-mRNA editing generating diversity among RNA transcripts. Selective post-transcriptional editing could be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders through impairment in G-protein interactions. Moreover, it may influence the therapeutic response to agents such as atypical antipsychotic drugs. Additionally, 5-HT2CR exhibits alternative splicing. Central serotonergic and dopaminergic systems interact to modulate normal and abnormal behaviors. Thus, 5HT2CR plays a crucial role in psychiatric disorders. 5HT2CR could be a relevant pharmacological target in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The development of drugs that specifically target 5-HT2C receptors will allow for better understanding of their involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Among therapeutic means currently available, most drugs used to treat highly morbid psychiatric diseases interact at least partly with 5-HT2CRs. Pharmacologically, 5HT2CRs, have the ability to generate differentially distinct response signal transduction pathways depending on the type of 5HT2CR agonist. Although this receptor property has been clearly demonstrated, in vitro, the eventual beneficial impact of this property opens new perspectives in the development of agonists that could activate signal transduction pathways leading to better therapeutic efficiency with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chagraoui
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - F Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes and INSERM U 894 Laboratory of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - M Skiba
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - C Thuillez
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; INSERM U1096, Laboratory of New Pharmacological Targets for Endothelial Protection and Heart Failure, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - M Bourin
- EA 3256 Neurobiology of Anxiety and Depression, Faculté de Médecine, BP 53508, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
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Halberstadt AL, Sindhunata IS, Scheffers K, Flynn AD, Sharp RF, Geyer MA, Young JW. Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on temporal discrimination by mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:364-375. [PMID: 27020041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Timing deficits are observed in patients with schizophrenia. Serotonergic hallucinogens can also alter the subjective experience of time. Characterizing the mechanism through which the serotonergic system regulates timing will increase our understanding of the linkage between serotonin (5-HT) and schizophrenia, and will provide insight into the mechanism of action of hallucinogens. We investigated whether interval timing in mice is altered by hallucinogens and other 5-HT2 receptor ligands. C57BL/6J mice were trained to perform a discrete-trials temporal discrimination task. In the discrete-trials task, mice were presented with two levers after a variable interval. Responding on lever A was reinforced if the interval was <6.5 s, and responding on lever B was reinforced if the interval was >6.5 s. A 2-parameter logistic function was fitted to the proportional choice for lever B (%B responding), yielding estimates of the indifference point (T50) and the Weber fraction (a measure of timing precision). The 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 increased T50, whereas the 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242,084 reduced T50. The results indicate that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors have countervailing effects on the speed of the internal pacemaker. The hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; 3 mg/kg IP), a 5-HT2 agonist, flattened the response curve at long stimulus intervals and shifted it to the right, causing both T50 and the Weber fraction to increase. The effect of DOI was antagonized by M100907 (0.03 mg/kg SC) but was unaffected by SB-242,084 (0.1 mg/kg SC). Similar to DOI, the selective 5-HT2A agonist 25CN-NBOH (6 mg/kg SC) reduced %B responding at long stimulus intervals, and increased T50 and the Weber fraction. These results demonstrate that hallucinogens alter temporal perception in mice, effects that are mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor. It appears that 5-HT regulates temporal perception, suggesting that altered serotonergic signaling may contribute to the timing deficits observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Ivan S Sindhunata
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kees Scheffers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aaron D Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Richard F Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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36
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:175-236. [PMID: 27013075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior. Therefore, disclosure of this interaction could reveal important insights into the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction or neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Unfortunately, this interaction remains difficult to study for many reasons, including the rich and widespread innervations of 5-HT and DA in the brain, the plethora of 5-HT receptors and the release of co-transmitters by 5-HT and DA neurons. The purpose of this review is to present electrophysiological and biochemical data showing that endogenous 5-HT and pharmacological 5-HT ligands modify the mesencephalic DA systems' activity. 5-HT receptors may control DA neuron activity in a state-dependent and region-dependent manner. 5-HT controls the activity of DA neurons in a phasic and excitatory manner, except for the control exerted by 5-HT2C receptors which appears to also be tonically and/or constitutively inhibitory. The functional interaction between the two monoamines will also be discussed in view of the mechanism of action of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-Parkinsonians and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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The 5-HT 2C receptor agonist lorcaserin reduces cocaine self-administration, reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and cocaine induced locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Zhang G, Wu X, Zhang YM, Liu H, Jiang Q, Pang G, Tao X, Dong L, Stackman RW. Activation of serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor suppresses behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 101:246-54. [PMID: 26432939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Opioid abuse and dependence have evolved into an international epidemic as a significant clinical and societal problem with devastating consequences. Repeated exposure to the opioid, for example morphine, can induce profound, long-lasting behavioral sensitization and physical dependence, which are thought to reflect neuroplasticity in neural circuitry. Central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission participates in the development of dependence on and the expression of withdrawal from morphine. Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) agonists suppress psychostimulant nicotine or cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and drug-seeking behavior; however, the impact of 5-HT(2C)R agonists on behaviors relevant to opioid abuse and dependence has not been reported. In the present study, the effects of 5-HT(2C)R activation on the behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms were examined in mice underwent repeated exposure to morphine. Male mice received morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) to develop behavioral sensitization. Lorcaserin, a 5-HT(2C)R agonist, prevented the induction and expression, but not the development, of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization. Another cohort of mice received increasing doses of morphine over a 7-day period to induce morphine-dependence. Pretreatment of lorcaserin, or the positive control clonidine (an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist), ameliorated the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. SB 242084, a selective 5-HT(2C)R antagonist, prevented the lorcaserin-mediated suppression of behavioral sensitization and withdrawal. Chronic morphine treatment was associated with an increase in the expression of 5-HT(2C)R protein in the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest that 5-HT(2C)R can modulate behavioral sensitization and withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice, and the activation of 5-HT(2C)R may represent a new avenue for the treatment of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongliang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Life Science Initiative, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, College of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xinrong Tao
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, 25 Dongshan Middle Road, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Liuyi Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Life Science Initiative, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. New therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT2C receptor ligands in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:125-62. [PMID: 26617215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT2C receptor (R) displays a widespread distribution in the CNS and is involved in the action of 5-HT in all brain areas. Knowledge of its functional role in the CNS pathophysiology has been impaired for many years due to the lack of drugs capable of discriminating among 5-HT2R subtypes, and to a lesser extent to the 5-HT1B, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7Rs. The situation has changed since the mid-90s due to the increased availability of new and selective synthesized compounds, the creation of 5-HT2C knock out mice, and the progress made in molecular biology. Many pharmacological classes of drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics display affinities toward 5-HT2CRs and new 5-HT2C ligands have been developed for various neuropsychiatric disorders. The 5-HT2CR is presumed to mediate tonic/constitutive and phasic controls on the activity of different central neurobiological networks. Preclinical data illustrate this complexity to a point that pharmaceutical companies developed either agonists or antagonists for the same disease. In order to better comprehend this complexity, this review will briefly describe the molecular pharmacology of 5-HT2CRs, as well as their cellular impacts in general, before addressing its central distribution in the mammalian brain. Thereafter, we review the preclinical efficacy of 5-HT2C ligands in numerous behavioral tests modeling human diseases, highlighting the multiple and competing actions of the 5-HT2CRs in neurobiological networks and monoaminergic systems. Notably, we will focus this evidence in the context of the physiopathology of psychiatric and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293) 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Alsiö J, Nilsson SRO, Gastambide F, Wang RAH, Dam SA, Mar AC, Tricklebank M, Robbins TW. The role of 5-HT2C receptors in touchscreen visual reversal learning in the rat: a cross-site study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4017-31. [PMID: 26007324 PMCID: PMC4600472 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reversal learning requires associative learning and executive functioning to suppress non-adaptive responding. Reversal-learning deficits are observed in e.g. schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder and implicate neural circuitry including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Serotonergic function has been strongly linked to visual reversal learning in humans and experimental animals but less is known about which receptor subtypes are involved. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to test the effects of systemic and intra-OFC 5-HT2C-receptor antagonism on visual reversal learning in rats and assess the psychological mechanisms underlying these effects within novel touchscreen paradigms. METHODS In experiments 1-2, we used a novel 3-stimulus task to investigate the effects of 5-HT2C-receptor antagonism through SB 242084 (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg i.p.) cross-site. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of SB 242084 in 2-choice reversal learning. In experiment 4, we validated a novel touchscreen serial visual reversal task suitable for neuropharmacological microinfusions by baclofen-/muscimol-induced OFC inactivation. In experiment 5, we tested the effect of intra-OFC SB 242084 (1.0 or 3.0 μg/side) on performance in this task. RESULTS In experiments 1-3, SB 242084 reduced early errors but increased late errors to criterion. In experiment 5, intra-OFC SB 242084 reduced early errors without increasing late errors in a reversal paradigm validated as OFC dependent (experiment 4). CONCLUSION Intra-OFC 5-HT2C-receptor antagonism decreases perseveration in novel touchscreen reversal-learning paradigms for the rat. Systemic 5-HT2C-receptor antagonism additionally impairs late learning-a robust effect observed cross-site and potentially linked to impulsivity. These conclusions are discussed in terms of neural mechanisms underlying reversal learning and their relevance to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Functional Neurobiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden.
| | - S R O Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - F Gastambide
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - R A H Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - S A Dam
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - A C Mar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - M Tricklebank
- Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Wu X, Pang G, Zhang YM, Li G, Xu S, Dong L, Stackman RW, Zhang G. Activation of serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor suppresses behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 607:23-28. [PMID: 26375926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abuse and dependence to heroin has evolved into a global epidemic as a significant clinical and societal problem with devastating consequences. Repeated exposure to heroin can induce long-lasting behavioral sensitization and withdrawal. Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) suppresses psychostimulant-induced drug-seeking and behavioral sensitization. The present study examined the effect of a selective 5-HT2CR agonist lorcaserin on behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. Male mice received heroin (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) twice a day for 3 days and then drug treatment was suspended for 5 days. On day 9, a challenge dose of heroin (1.0 mg/kg) was administered to examine the expression of behavioral sensitization. Lorcaserin administered during the development, withdrawal or expression stage suppressed heroin-induced behavioral sensitization on day 9. Another cohort of mice received increasing doses of heroin over a 4.5-day period. Lorcaserin, or the positive control clonidine (an α2-adrenoceptor agonist) suppressed naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. These findings suggest that activation of 5-HT2CRs suppresses behavioral sensitization and withdrawal in heroin-treated mice. Thus, pharmacological activation of 5-HT2CRs may represent a new avenue for the treatment of heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Pang
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology; College of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Guangwu Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Liuyi Dong
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University and the Life Science Initiative at FAU, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University and the Life Science Initiative at FAU, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Acute effects of the designer drugs benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the Stroop task--a pilot study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2969-80. [PMID: 25893641 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A novel group of designer drugs containing benzylpiperazine (BZP) and/or trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) have been available worldwide for more than a decade; however, their effects on human brain function have not been extensively described. OBJECTIVES In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, the acute effects of BZP and TFMPP (alone and in combination) on the neural networks involved in executive function were investigated using an event-related Stroop functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm. METHODS Thirteen healthy participants aged 18-40 years undertook the Stroop task 90 min after taking an oral dose of either BZP (200 mg), TFMPP (either 50 or 60 mg), BZP + TFMPP (100 + 30 mg) or placebo. A change in activity in neural regions reflects an increase in local demand for oxygen, due to an increase in neuronal activity. RESULTS Relative to placebo, an increase in neural activation was observed in the dorsal striatum following BZP, and in the thalamus following TFMPP, when performing the Stroop task. CONCLUSION These data suggest that additional compensatory resources were recruited to maintain performance during the Stroop task. When BZP and TFMPP were administered together, both the dorsal striatum and thalamus were activated. However, the combination of BZP/TFMPP attenuated activation in the caudate, possibly due to TFMPP's indirect effects on dopamine release via 5HT2C receptors.
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Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ. Therapeutic Potential of 5-HT2C Receptor Agonists for Addictive Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1071-88. [PMID: 25870913 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) has long been associated with the control of a variety of motivated behaviors, including feeding. Much of the evidence linking 5-HT and feeding behavior was obtained from studies of the effects of the 5-HT releaser (dex)fenfluramine in laboratory animals and humans. Recently, the selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin received FDA approval for the treatment of obesity. This review examines evidence to support the use of selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists as treatments for conditions beyond obesity, including substance abuse (particularly nicotine, psychostimulant, and alcohol dependence), obsessive compulsive, and excessive gambling disorder. Following a brief survey of the early literature supporting a role for 5-HT in modulating food and drug reinforcement, we propose that intrinsic differences between SSRI and serotonin releasers may have underestimated the value of serotonin-based pharmacotherapeutics to treat clinical forms of addictive behavior beyond obesity. We then highlight the critical involvement of the 5-HT2C receptor in mediating the effect of (dex)fenfluramine on feeding and body weight gain and the evidence that 5-HT2C receptor agonists reduce measures of drug reward and impulsivity. A recent report of lorcaserin efficacy in a smoking cessation trial further strengthens the idea that 5-HT2C receptor agonists may have potential as a treatment for addiction. This review was prepared as a contribution to the proceedings of the 11th International Society for Serotonin Research Meeting held in Hermanus, South Africa, July 9-12, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON M5A
4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paul J. Fletcher
- Section of Biopsychology
and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Möller M, Swanepoel T, Harvey BH. Neurodevelopmental Animal Models Reveal the Convergent Role of Neurotransmitter Systems, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress as Biomarkers of Schizophrenia: Implications for Novel Drug Development. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:987-1016. [PMID: 25794269 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a life altering disease with a complex etiology and pathophysiology, and although antipsychotics are valuable in treating the disorder, certain symptoms and/or sufferers remain resistant to treatment. Our poor understanding of the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of schizophrenia hinders the discovery and development of improved pharmacological treatment, so that filling these gaps is of utmost importance for an improved outcome. A vast amount of clinical data has strongly implicated the role of inflammation and oxidative insults in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Preclinical studies using animal models are fundamental in our understanding of disease development and pathology as well as the discovery and development of novel treatment options. In particular, social isolation rearing (SIR) and pre- or postnatal inflammation (PPNI) have shown great promise in mimicking the biobehavioral manifestations of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the "dual-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia states that a first adverse event such as genetic predisposition or a prenatal insult renders an individual susceptible to develop the disease, while a second insult (e.g., postnatal inflammation, environmental adversity, or drug abuse) may be necessary to precipitate the full-blown syndrome. Animal models that emphasize the "dual-hit" hypothesis therefore provide valuable insight into understanding disease progression. In this Review, we will discuss SIR, PPNI, as well as possible "dual-hit" animal models within the context of the redox-immune-inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia, correlating such changes with the recognized monoamine and behavioral alterations of schizophrenia. Finally, based on these models, we will review new therapeutic options, especially those targeting immune-inflammatory and redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Möller
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - T. Swanepoel
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - B. H. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Lee MA, Jayathilake K, Sim MY, Meltzer HY. Decreased serotonin2C receptor responses in male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:308-15. [PMID: 25650049 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT)2C receptors in brain affect psychosis, reward, substance abuse, anxiety, other behaviors, appetite, body temperature, and other physiological measures. They also have been implicated in antipsychotic drug efficacy and side effects. We previously reported that the hyperthermia following administration of MK-212, a predominantly 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist, was diminished in a small sample of patients with schizophrenia (SCH), suggesting decreased 5-HT(2C) receptor responsiveness. We have now studied the responses to oral MK-212 and placebo in a larger sample of unmedicated male SCH (n = 69) and normal controls (CON) (n = 33), and assessed the influence of comorbid substance abuse (SA) on oral body temperature, behavioral responses, etc. The placebo-adjusted oral body temperature response to MK-212 was significantly lower in SCH compared to CON and not significantly different between the SCH with or without SA. Some behavioral responses to MK-212, e.g. self-rated feelings of increased anxiety, depression and decreased calmness, or good overall feeling, were significantly lower in the SCH patients compared to CON. These results add to the evidence for diminished 5-HT(2C) receptor responsiveness in SCH patients compared to CON and are consistent with reported association of HTR(2C) polymorphisms, leading to decreased expression or function of the HTR(2C) in patients with SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karuna Jayathilake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Min Young Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Cheng J, Giguère PM, Onajole OK, Lv W, Gaisin A, Gunosewoyo H, Schmerberg CM, Pogorelov VM, Rodriguiz RM, Vistoli G, Wetsel WC, Roth BL, Kozikowski AP. Optimization of 2-phenylcyclopropylmethylamines as selective serotonin 2C receptor agonists and their evaluation as potential antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1992-2002. [PMID: 25633969 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new series of compounds that are potent, selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists is described herein as we continue our efforts to optimize the 2-phenylcyclopropylmethylamine scaffold. Modifications focused on the alkoxyl substituent present on the aromatic ring led to the identification of improved ligands with better potency at the 5-HT2C receptor and excellent selectivity against the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. ADMET studies coupled with a behavioral test using the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity model identified four compounds possessing drug-like profiles and having antipsychotic properties. Compound (+)-16b, which displayed an EC50 of 4.2 nM at 5-HT2C, no activity at 5-HT2B, and an 89-fold selectivity against 5-HT2A, is one of the most potent and selective 5-HT2C agonists reported to date. The likely binding mode of this series of compounds to the 5-HT2C receptor was also investigated in a modeling study, using optimized models incorporating the structures of β2-adrenergic receptor and 5-HT2B receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cheng
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Visser AK, Kleijn J, van Faassen MH, Dremencov E, Flik G, Kema IP, Den Boer JA, van Waarde A, Dierckx RA, Bosker FJ. Serotonin-2C antagonism augments the effect of citalopram on serotonin and dopamine levels in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Neurochem Int 2015; 81:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bezzina G, Body S, Cheung THC, Hampson CL, Bradshaw CM, Glennon JC, Szabadi E. Evidence for a role of 5-HT2C receptors in the motor aspects of performance, but not the efficacy of food reinforcers, in a progressive ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:699-711. [PMID: 25134499 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists reduce the breakpoint in progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, an effect that has been attributed to a decrease of the efficacy of positive reinforcers. However, a reduction of the breakpoint may also reflect motor impairment. Mathematical models can help to differentiate between these processes. OBJECTIVE The effects of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro-600175 ((αS)-6-chloro-5-fluoro-α-methyl-1H-indole-1-ethanamine) and the non-selective 5-HT receptor agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) on rats' performance on a progressive ratio schedule maintained by food pellet reinforcers were assessed using a model derived from Killeen's Behav Brain Sci 17:105-172, 1994 general theory of schedule-controlled behaviour, 'mathematical principles of reinforcement'. METHOD Rats were trained under the progressive ratio schedule, and running and overall response rates in successive ratios were analysed using the model. The effects of the agonists on estimates of the model's parameters, and the sensitivity of these effects to selective antagonists, were examined. RESULTS Ro-600175 and mCPP reduced the breakpoint. Neither agonist significantly affected a (the parameter expressing incentive value), but both agonists increased δ (the parameter expressing minimum response time). The effects of both agonists could be attenuated by the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084 (6-chloro-5-methyl-N-{6-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]pyridin-3-yl}indoline-1-carboxamide). The effect of mCPP was not altered by isamoltane, a selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, or MDL-100907 ((±)2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-1-(2-(4-piperidine)methanol)), a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists on progressive ratio schedule performance is mediated by an impairment of motor capacity rather than by a reduction of the incentive value of the food reinforcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bezzina
- Psychopharmacology Section, Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Pehek EA, Hernan AE. Stimulation of glutamate receptors in the ventral tegmental area is necessary for serotonin-2 receptor-induced increases in mesocortical dopamine release. Neuroscience 2015; 290:159-64. [PMID: 25637799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of dopamine (DA) released by serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptors has been implicated in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. The mesocortical DA system has been implicated particularly in the cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Agonism at 5-HT2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with increases in cortical DA release. Evidence indicates that 5-HT2A receptors in the cortex regulate mesocortical DA release through stimulation of a "long-loop" feedback system from the PFC to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and back. However, a causal role for VTA glutamate in the 5-HT2-induced increases in PFC DA has not been established. The present study does so by measuring 5-HT2 agonist-induced DA release in the cortex after infusions of glutamate antagonists into the VTA of the rat. Infusions of a combination of a N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) (AP-5: 2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid) and an AMPA/kainate (CNQX: 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) receptor antagonist into the VTA blocked the increases in cortical DA produced by administration of the 5-HT2 agonist DOI [(±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine] (2.5mg/kg s.c.). These results demonstrate that stimulation of glutamate receptors in the VTA is necessary for 5-HT2 agonist-induced increases in cortical DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pehek
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - A E Hernan
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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