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Maciel F, Madureira L, Geada P, Teixeira JA, Silva J, Vicente AA. The potential of Pavlovophyceae species as a source of valuable carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids for human consumption. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108381. [PMID: 38777244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are a group of microorganisms, mostly photoautotrophs with high CO2 fixation capacity, that have gained increased attention in the last decades due to their ability to produce a wide range of valuable metabolites, such as carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, for application in food/feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. Their increasing relevance has highlighted the importance of identifying and culturing new bioactive-rich microalgae species, as well as of a thorough understanding of the growth conditions to optimize the biomass production and master the biochemical composition according to the desired application. Thus, this review intends to describe the main cell processes behind the production of carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in order to understand the possible main triggers responsible for the accumulation of those biocompounds. Their economic value and the biological relevance for human consumption are also summarized. In addition, an extensive review of the impact of culture conditions on microalgae growth performance and their biochemical composition is presented, focusing mainly on the studies involving Pavlovophyceae species. A complementary description of the biochemical composition of these microalgae is also presented, highlighting their potential applications as a promising bioresource of compounds for large-scale production and human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Maciel
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Leandro Madureira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Geada
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - José António Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Joana Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE, Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal.
| | - António Augusto Vicente
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Suhaimi N, Kumakubo R, Yoshino T, Maeda Y, Murata S, Tanaka T. Expansion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism of the oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris by genetic engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:105-110. [PMID: 38825559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) are widely used as additives in fish feed in the aquaculture sector. To date, the supply of omega-3 PUFAs have heavily depended upon fish oil production. As the need for omega-3 PUFAs supply for the growing population increases, a more sustainable approach is required to keep up with the demand. The oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris is known to synthesize EPA with the highest level among autotrophically cultured microalgae, however, this species does not accumulate significant amounts of DHA, which, in some cases, is required in aquaculture rather than EPA. This is likely due to the lack of expression of essential enzymes namely Δ5 elongase (Δ5ELO) and Δ4 desaturase. In this study, we identified endogenous Δ5ELO genes in F. solaris and introduced recombinant expression cassettes harboring Δ5ELO into F. solaris through bacterial conjugation. As a result, it managed to induce the synthesis of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; C22:5n-3), a direct precursor of DHA. This study paves the way for expanding our understanding of the omega-3 PUFAs pathway using endogenous genes in the oleaginous diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraiza Suhaimi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryota Kumakubo
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murata
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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3
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Canini D, Ceschi E, Perozeni F. Toward the Exploitation of Sustainable Green Factory: Biotechnology Use of Nannochloropsis spp. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38785776 PMCID: PMC11117969 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Securing food, energy, and raw materials for a growing population is one of the most significant challenges of our century. Algae play a central role as an alternative to plants. Wastewater and flue gas can secure nutrients and CO2 for carbon fixation. Unfortunately, algae domestication is necessary to enhance biomass production and reduce cultivation costs. Nannochloropsis spp. have increased in popularity among microalgae due to their ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids, including PUFAs. Recently, the interest in the use of Nannochloropsis spp. as a green bio-factory for producing high-value products increased proportionally to the advances of synthetic biology and genetic tools in these species. In this review, we summarized the state of the art of current nuclear genetic manipulation techniques and a few examples of their application. The industrial use of Nannochloropsis spp. has not been feasible yet, but genetic tools can finally lead to exploiting this full-of-potential microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Perozeni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.)
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4
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Dalmia A, Daga P, Datey A, Chakravortty D, Tumaney AW. Biochemical characterization of lipid metabolic genes of Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129078. [PMID: 38176490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to have numerous health benefits and immense dietary value. There is a pressing need to have a deeper understanding of DHA metabolism. Acyl CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase (DGAT) is an important enzyme of lipid anabolism and an essential piece of the puzzle. Aurantiochytrium limacinum, a primary producer of DHA, is a good model for studying DHA metabolism. Thus, we aimed to investigate important lipid metabolic genes from A. limacinum. We cloned four putative DGATs (DGAT2a, DGAT2b, DGAT2c, and DGAT2d) from A. limacinum and performed detailed in vivo and in vitro characterization. Functional characterization showed that not all the studied genes exhibited DGAT activity. DGAT2a and DGAT2d conferred DGAT activity whereas DGAT2b showed wax synthase (WS) activity and DGAT2c showed dual function of both WS and DGAT. Based on their identified function, DGAT2b and DGAT2c were renamed as AlWS and AlWS/DGAT respectively. DGAT2a was found to exhibit a preference for DHA as a substrate. DGAT2d was found to have robust activity and emerged as a promising candidate for genetic engineering aimed at increasing oil yield. The study enriches our knowledge of lipid biosynthetic enzymes in A. limacinum, which can be utilized to design suitable application strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Dalmia
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Palak Daga
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akshay Datey
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ajay W Tumaney
- Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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5
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Can Growth of Nannochloropsis oculata under Modulated Stress Enhance Its Lipid-Associated Biological Properties? Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120737. [PMID: 36547884 PMCID: PMC9782458 DOI: 10.3390/md20120737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oculata is well-recognized as a potential microalgal source of valuable compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The content and profile of these lipids is highly dependent on the growth conditions and can, therefore, be tailored through modulation of the growth parameters, specifically, temperature. Moreover, biological activities are composition dependent. In the present work, lipid extracts obtained from N. oculata, grown under constant temperature and under modulated temperature stress (to increase EPA content; Str) were characterized by GC-FID and several bioactivities were evaluated, namely, antioxidant (L-ORACFL), cytotoxic (MTT), adipolytic, anti-hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), and anti-inflammatory properties. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity (c.a. 49 µmol Troloxequivalent/mgextract) and the absence of toxicity (up to 800 µg/mL) toward colon and hepatic cells, adipocytes, and macrophages. They also induced adipolysis and the inhibition of triglycerides hepatic accumulation, with a higher impact from Str. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation of macrophages in the presence of either extract, since lower levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 and interferon-β were obtained, specifically by Str. The results presented herein revealed that modulated temperature stress may enhance the health effects of N. oculata lipid extracts, which may be safely utilized to formulate novel food products.
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Lenzo D, Pezzolesi L, Samorì C, Rindi F, Pasteris A, Pistocchi R, Colangelo MA. Allelopathic interactions between phytobenthos and meiofaunal community in an Adriatic benthic ecosystem: Understanding the role of aldehydes and macroalgal structural complexity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150827. [PMID: 34627880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae produce several allelopathic substances, including polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), which may inhibit photosynthesis and growth rates of other algal species, and grazing. Additionally, macroalgal structural complexity is an important factor in determining abundance patterns and size structure of epiphytic organisms. In this study the PUAs production of two Mediterranean macroalgae, Dictyopteris polypodioides, (DP, Phaeophyceae, Dictyotales) and Cystoseira compressa (CC, Phaeophyceae, Fucales), was characterized to clarify the relationships between the meiobenthic and microphytobenthic communities. Results showed a higher PUAs production and a diverse qualitative profile for DP, which reported long-chain compounds (i.e. C14-C16) as main aldehydes, than CC, with the short-chain C6:2 as the main compound, as well as variability among sampling times. A clear separation of the meiofauna and microphytobenthos assemblages was found for the macroalgae, but with different temporal trends. Dissimilarities were due to five microalgal orders, namely Naviculales, Lyrellales, Gonyaulacales (i.e. Ostreopsis), Bacillariales, and Licmophorales, and to the meiofaunal groups nematodes, copepods, and copepod nauplii, which were more abundant on DP than on CC. Results indicate that macroalgal complexity is a major determinant of the meiofaunal community structure (accounting for 26% of the variation), rather than PUAs production itself (17%). PUAs effects seem species-specific, thus affecting some grazers instead of the entire community. Conversely, microphytobenthos affected the meiofauna assemblages, particularly harpacticoids, confirming the role of these organisms as the primary food source of all marine food chain producers. Since PUAs are produced also by several epiphytic diatoms, the understanding of their effects on the community structure and on the relationships among taxa in the field is complicated and requires further in-depth investigations in simplified systems (i.e. microcosms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Samorì
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Rindi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasteris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marina Antonia Colangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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7
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Abstract
Biomass and lipid production by the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were characterized in media based on palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a source of key nutrients. The optimal medium comprised 20% by volume POME, 80 µM Na2SiO3, and 35 g NaCl L−1 in water at pH ~7.7. In 15-day batch cultures (16:8 h/h light–dark cycle; 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 26 ± 1 °C) bubbled continuously with air mixed with CO2 (2.5% by vol), the peak concentration of dry biomass was 869 ± 14 mg L−1 corresponding to a productivity of ~58 mg L−1 day−1. The neutral lipid content of the biomass was 46.2 ± 1.1% by dry weight. The main components of the esterified lipids were palmitoleic acid methyl ester (31.6% w/w) and myristic acid methyl ester (16.8% w/w). The final biomass concentration and the lipid content were affected by the light–dark cycle. Continuous (24 h light) illumination at the above-specified irradiance reduced biomass productivity to ~54 mg L−1 day−1 and lipid content to 38.1%.
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Martínez‐Macias MDR, Aguilar‐Ruiz RJ, Nateras‐Ramírez O, Sánchez‐Machado DI, López‐Cervantes J, Dévora‐Isiordia GE, Álvarez‐Sánchez J, Ríos‐Vázquez NJ. Influence of different reactor types on
Nannochloropsis oculata
microalgae culture for lipids and fatty acid production. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocio Janeth Aguilar‐Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
| | - Omar Nateras‐Ramírez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
| | | | - Jaime López‐Cervantes
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Álvarez‐Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
| | - Nidia Josefina Ríos‐Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Cd. Obregón Sonora Mexico
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Parkes R, Archer L, Gee DM, Smyth TJ, Gillespie E, Touzet N. Differential responses in EPA and fucoxanthin production by the marine diatom Stauroneis sp. under varying cultivation conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3197. [PMID: 34337902 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing drive toward better valorising raw biological materials in the context of the sustainability of bio-based industries and the circular economy. As such, microalgae hold the ability to biosynthesise valuable metabolites, which are sought after within the bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics or nutrition sectors. Owing to their bioactivities, the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have fostered increasing interests in terms of sustainably refining them from natural sources, such as microalgae. Together with the suitability of individual species to industrial cultivation, a key challenge resides in optimizing the yields of these compounds within the microalgal biomass they are retrieved from. The marine diatom Stauroneis sp. LACW24 was batch cultivated into its stationary phase of growth prior to being subjected at high cell density (1 × 106 cells mL-1 ) to seven different regimes of light exposure in replenished medium and under nutritional limitation (silica and nitrate) for 12 days. The highest EPA proportions and yields were obtained under blue LED in f/2 medium (16.5% and 4.8 mg g-1 , respectively), double the values obtained under red LED illumination. The fucoxanthin yield was the highest when cells were subjected to blue LEDs (5.9 mg g-1 ), a fourfold increase compared to the nitrogen-limited treatment under white LEDs. These results indicate that a two-stage approach to the batch cultivation of this diatom can be used for enhancing the production of the high-value metabolites fucoxanthin and EPA post-stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Parkes
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Archer
- Algal Innovation Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Thomas J Smyth
- School of Science, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Eoin Gillespie
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- School of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Sustainability and Innovation, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
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10
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Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid which is an essential nutrient for both humans and animals. This review examines the global need for EPA, both in human nutrition and aquaculture. The potential shortfall in supply of this important nutrient as well as sustainability issues with wild-caught fish have generated increased interest into alternative sources of EPA. Various approaches are summarized, including heterotrophic production and the use of genetically modified microorganisms and plants. Studies on photoautotrophic production of EPA are extensively reviewed. Widely used species for large-scale production of EPA includes Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis due to their robustness and relatively high growth rates and EPA content (typically 5% of dry biomass). Approaches for large-scale production have also been reviewed. Closed reactors like flat panels, tubular reactors and bubble columns may be the most suitable due to their high productivity. However, there is no agreement in the literature as to which design generates the lowest cost of production. The economics of the process has also been examined. The best estimates for large-scale (100 hectare) plants give EPA prices of the order 39-90 USD per kilogram. This is approximately ten times higher than the price of EPA derived from fish oil. Potential avenues for lowering the cost are highlighted, along with the need to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of different EPA production methods from a more holistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Gu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Remize M, Brunel Y, Silva JL, Berthon JY, Filaire E. Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:113. [PMID: 33670628 PMCID: PMC7922858 DOI: 10.3390/md19020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Remize
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yves Brunel
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Joana L. Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE–Natural Products, Avenida 25 Abril, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal;
| | | | - Edith Filaire
- GREENTECH, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 SAINT BEAUZIRE, France;
- ECREIN Team, UMR 1019 INRA-UcA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Jo N, La HS, Kim JH, Kim K, Kim BK, Kim MJ, Son W, Lee SH. Different Biochemical Compositions of Particulate Organic Matter Driven by Major Phytoplankton Communities in the Northwestern Ross Sea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:623600. [PMID: 33552041 PMCID: PMC7858670 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine particulate organic matter (POM) largely derived from phytoplankton is a primary food source for upper trophic consumers. Their biochemical compositions are important for heterotrophs. Especially, essential amino acids (EAAs) in phytoplankton are well known to have impacts on the survival and egg productions of herbivorous zooplankton. To estimate the nutritional quality of POM, the biochemical compositions [biomolecular and amino acid (AA) compositions] of POM were investigated in the northwestern Ross Sea during the late austral summer in 2018. Carbohydrates (CHO) accounted for the highest portion among different biomolecules [CHO, proteins (PRT), and lipids (LIP)] of POM. However, the higher contribution of PRT and lower contribution of CHO were observed in the southern section of our study area compared to those in the northern section. The spatial distribution of total hydrolyzable AAs in POM was considerably influenced by phytoplankton biomass, which indicates that the main source of particulate AA was generated by phytoplankton. Our results showed that the relative contribution of EAA to the total AAs was strongly associated with EAA index (EAAI) for determining protein quality. This result indicates that higher EAA contribution in POM suggests a better protein quality in consistency with high EAAI values. In this study, variations in the biochemical compositions in POM were principally determined by two different bloom-forming taxa (diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica). The southern region dominated majorly by diatoms was positively correlated with PRT, EAA, and EAAI indicating a good protein quality, while P. antarctica-abundant northern region with higher CHO contribution was negatively correlated with good protein quality factors. Climate-driven environmental changes could alter not only the phytoplankton community but also the physiological conditions of phytoplankton. Our findings could provide a better understanding for future climate-induced changes in the biochemical compositions of phytoplankton and consequently their potential impacts on higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Jo
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Sul La
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Myung Joon Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wuju Son
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Labeeuw L, Commault AS, Kuzhiumparambil U, Emmerton B, Nguyen LN, Nghiem LD, Ralph PJ. A comprehensive analysis of an effective flocculation method for high quality microalgal biomass harvesting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141708. [PMID: 32892040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation is a low-cost harvesting technique for microalgae biomass production, but flocculation efficiency is species dependent. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of two synthetic (polyacrylamide) and one natural (chitosan) flocculants against three algal species: the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp., the freshwater Chlorella vulgaris, and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum at laboratory and pilot scales to evaluate harvesting efficiency, biomass integrity and media recycling. Growth phase affected the harvesting efficiency of the eukaryotic microalgae. The flocculation was optimal at stationary phase with high flocculation efficiency achieved using polyacrylamides at 24-36 mg/g dry weight. The effect of the flocculants on the harvested biomass was investigated. The flocculated Synechocystis sp. showed a higher proportion of compromised cells compared to C. vulgaris and P. tricornutum likely due to differences in cell walls composition. Compromised cells could lead to the release of valuable products into the surrounding growth media during flocculation. The residual culture media was recycled once with no impact on cell growth for all treatments and algal species. The flocculation technique was demonstrated at pilot-scale using 350 L microalgal suspension, showing an efficiency of 82-90% at a polyacrylamide dosage of 6.5-10 mg/L. This efficiency and the biomass quality are comparable to the laboratory-scale results. Overall, results indicate that polyacrylamide flocculants work on a wide range of species without the need for pre-treatment. The information generated in this study can contribute to making the microalgae industry more competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Labeeuw
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Audrey S Commault
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Emmerton
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Peter J Ralph
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Saad MH, El-Fakharany EM, Salem MS, Sidkey NM. The use of cyanobacterial metabolites as natural medical and biotechnological tools: review article. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2828-2850. [PMID: 33164673 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1838948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, Gram-negative bacteria that are considered one of the most morphologically diverse groups of prokaryotes with a chief role in the global nutrient cycle as they fixed gaseous carbon dioxide and nitrogen to organic materials. Cyanobacteria have significant adaptability to survive in harsh conditions due to they have different metabolic pathways with unique compounds, effective defensive mechanisms, and wide distribution in different habitats. Besides, they are successfully used to face different challenges in several fields, including industry, aquaculture, agriculture, food, dairy products, pollution control, bioenergy, and pharmaceutics. Analysis of 680 publications revealed that nearly 1630 cyanobacterial molecules belong to different families have a wide range of applications in several fields, including cosmetology, agriculture, pharmacology (immunosuppressant, anticancer, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, anticoagulant, anti-tuberculosis, antitumor, and antiviral activities) and food industry. In this review, we nearly mentioned 92 examples of cyanobacterial molecules that are considered the most relevant effects related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities as well as their roles that can be used in various biotechnological fields. These cyanobacterial products might be promising candidates for fighting various diseases and can be used in managing viral and microbial infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabroka H Saad
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.,Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Salem
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Nasr City, Egypt
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15
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Huang B, Mimouni V, Lukomska E, Morant-Manceau A, Bougaran G. Carbon Partitioning and Lipid Remodeling During Phosphorus and Nitrogen Starvation in the Marine Microalga Diacronema lutheri (Haptophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:908-922. [PMID: 32215912 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The domesticated marine microalga Diacronema lutheri is of great interest for producing various highly valuable molecules like lipids, particularly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). In this study, we investigated the impact of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) starvation on growth, carbon fixation (photosynthetic activity) and partitioning, and membrane lipid remodeling in this alga during batch culture. Our results show that the photosynthetic machinery was similarly affected by P and N stress. Under N starvation, we observed a much lower photosynthetic rate and biomass productivity. The degradation and re-use of cellular N-containing compounds contributed to triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. On the other hand, P-starved cells maintained pigment content and a carbon partitioning pattern more similar to the control, ensuring a high biomass. Betaine lipids constitute the major compounds of non-plastidial membranes, which are rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Under P and N starvations, EPA was transferred from the recycling of membrane polar lipids, most likely contributing to TAG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Huang
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (IUML - FR 3473 CNRS), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Man Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (IUML - FR 3473 CNRS), IUT de Laval, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, 52 rue des Docteurs Calmette et Guérin, 53020, Laval Cedex 9, France
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Annick Morant-Manceau
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (IUML - FR 3473 CNRS), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Man Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Gaël Bougaran
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues, IFREMER, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
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16
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Hikihara R, Yamasaki Y, Shikata T, Nakayama N, Sakamoto S, Kato S, Hatate H, Tanaka R. Analysis of Phytosterol, Fatty Acid, and Carotenoid Composition of 19 Microalgae and 6 Bivalve Species. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1749744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Risako Hikihara
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamasaki
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shikata
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Japan
| | - Natsuko Nakayama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Japan
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Japan
| | - Sueo Kato
- Faculty of Human Development, Kokugakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatate
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tanaka
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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17
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Bjerkelund Røkke G, Hohmann-Marriott MF, Almaas E. An adjustable algal chloroplast plug-and-play model for genome-scale metabolic models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229408. [PMID: 32092117 PMCID: PMC7039451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast is a central part of plant cells, as this is the organelle where the photosynthesis, fixation of inorganic carbon, and other key functions related to fatty acid synthesis and amino acid synthesis occur. Since this organelle should be an integral part of any genome-scale metabolic model for a microalgae or a higher plant, it is of great interest to generate a detailed and standardized chloroplast model. Additionally, we see the need for a novel type of sub-model template, or organelle model, which could be incorporated into a larger, less specific genome-scale metabolic model, while allowing for minor differences between chloroplast-containing organisms. The result of this work is the very first standardized chloroplast model, iGR774, consisting of 788 reactions, 764 metabolites, and 774 genes. The model is currently able to run in three different modes, mimicking the chloroplast metabolism of three photosynthetic microalgae-Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In addition to developing the chloroplast metabolic network reconstruction, we have developed multiple software tools for working with this novel type of sub-model in the COBRA Toolbox for MATLAB, including tools for connecting the chloroplast model to a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction in need of a chloroplast, for switching the model between running in different organism modes, and for expanding it by introducing more reactions either related to one of the current organisms included in the model, or to a new organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunvor Bjerkelund Røkke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Novel endogenous promoters for genetic engineering of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana CCMP526. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Rodríguez M, G Rebollar P, Mattioli S, Castellini C. n-3 PUFA Sources (Precursor/Products): A Review of Current Knowledge on Rabbit. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100806. [PMID: 31618904 PMCID: PMC6827073 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review compares the effects of different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources on biological activity, physiological/reproductive endpoints, and health implications with a special emphasis on a rabbit case study. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are members of two classes of PUFAs, namely the n-6 and n-3 series, which are required for normal human health. Both are considered precursors of a cascade of molecules (eicosanoids), which take part in many biological processes (inflammation, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, thromboregulation, etc.). However, their biological functions are opposite and are mainly related to the form (precursor or long-chain products) in which they were administered and to the enzyme-substrate preference. ALA is widely present in common vegetable oils and foods, marine algae, and natural herbs, whereas its long-chain PUFA derivatives are available mainly in fish and animal product origins. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of n-3 PUFAs seems mostly to be tissue-dependent and acts in a tissue-selective manner. Furthermore, dietary n-3 PUFAs widely affect the lipid oxidation susceptibility of all tissues. In conclusion, sustainable sources of n-3 PUFAs are limited and exert a different effect about (1) the form in which they are administered, precursor or derivatives; (2) their antioxidant protections; and (3) the purpose to be achieved (health improvement, physiological and reproductive traits, metabolic pathways, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar G Rebollar
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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Kokabi K, Gorelova O, Ismagulova T, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Boussiba S, Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I. Metabolomic foundation for differential responses of lipid metabolism to nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation in an arachidonic acid-producing green microalga. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:95-115. [PMID: 31128719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The green oleaginous microalga Lobosphaera incisa accumulates storage lipids triacylglycerols (TAG) enriched in the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid under nitrogen (N) deprivation. In contrast, under phosphorous (P) deprivation, the production of the monounsaturated oleic acid prevails. We compared physiological responses, ultrastructural, and metabolic consequences of L. incisa acclimation to N and P deficiency to provide novel insights into the key determinants of ARA accumulation. Differential responses to nutrient deprivation on growth performance, carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry, membrane lipid composition and TAG accumulation were demonstrated. Ultrastructural analyses suggested a dynamic role for vacuoles in sustaining cell homeostasis under conditions of different nutrient availability and their involvement in autophagy in L. incisa. Paralleling ARA-rich TAG accumulation in lipid droplets, N deprivation triggered intensive chloroplast dismantling and promoted catabolic processes. Metabolome analysis revealed depletion of amino acids and pyrimidines, and repression of numerous biosynthetic hubs to favour TAG biosynthesis under N deprivation. Under P deprivation, despite the relatively low growth penalties, the presence of the endogenous P reserves and the characteristic lipid remodelling, metabolic signatures of energy deficiency were revealed. Metabolome adjustments to P deprivation included depletion in ATP and phosphorylated nucleotides, increased levels of TCA-cycle intermediates and osmoprotectants. We conclude that characteristic cellular and metabolome adjustments tailor the adaptive responses of L. incisa to N and P deprivation modulating its LC-PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel.
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21
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Wang T, Jin P, Wells ML, Trick CG, Gao K. Insensitivities of a subtropical productive coastal plankton community and trophic transfer to ocean acidification: Results from a microcosm study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:462-471. [PMID: 30955757 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) has potential to affect marine phytoplankton in ways that are partly understood, but there is less knowledge about how it may alter the coupling to secondary producers. We investigated the effects of OA on phytoplankton primary production, and its trophic transfer to zooplankton in a subtropical eutrophic water (Wuyuan Bay, China) under present day (400 μatm) and projected end-of-century (1000 μatm) pCO2 levels. Net primary production was unaffected, although OA did lead to small decreases in growth rates. OA had no measurable effect on micro-/mesozooplankton grazing rates. Elevated pCO2 had no effect on phytoplankton fatty acid (FA) concentrations during exponential phase, but saturated FAs increased relative to the control during declining phase. FA profiles of mesozooplankton were unaffected. Our findings show that short-term exposure of plankton communities in eutrophic subtropical waters to projected end-of-century OA conditions has little effect on primary productivity and trophic linkage to mesozooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Charles G Trick
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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22
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Xin Y, Shen C, She Y, Chen H, Wang C, Wei L, Yoon K, Han D, Hu Q, Xu J. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol Molecules with a Tailored PUFA Profile in Industrial Microalgae. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:474-488. [PMID: 30580039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in triacylglycerols (TAGs) is key to health benefits and for oil applications, yet the underlying genetic mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, by in silico, ex vivo, and in vivo profiling of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT2s) in Nannochloropsis oceanica we revealed two novel PUFA-preferring enzymes that discriminate individual PUFA species in TAG assembly, with NoDGAT2J for linoleic acid (LA) and NoDGAT2K for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The LA and EPA composition of TAG molecules is mediated in vivo via the functional partitioning between NoDGAT2J and 2K, both of which are localized in the chloroplast envelope. By modulating transcript abundance of the DGAT2s, an N. oceanica strain bank was created, where proportions of LA and EPA in TAG vary by 18.7-fold (between 0.21% and 3.92% dry weight) and 34.7-fold (between 0.09% and 3.12% dry weight), respectively. These findings lay the foundation for producing designer TAG molecules with tailored health benefits or for biofuel applications in industrial microalgae and higher-plant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiting She
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Core Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kangsup Yoon
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Danxiang Han
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Uzunov B, Gärtner G, Borisova C, Draganova P, Radkova M, Stoykova P, Atanassov I. Current bioeconomical interest in stramenopilic Eustigmatophyceae: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1573154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cvetanka Borisova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Draganova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariana Radkova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Stoykova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Atanassov
- Molecular Genetics Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Janssen JH, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ. Lipid Production in Nannochloropsis gaditana during Nitrogen Starvation. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010005. [PMID: 30626148 PMCID: PMC6466408 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana is a natural producer of triacylglycerol (TAG) and the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). TAG accumulation is induced by nitrogen starvation. The biomass-specific photon supply rate used had an effect on EPA and TAG accumulation during nitrogen starvation as well as on the localization of EPA accumulation. Clear differences in TAG yield on light were found for different biomass-specific photon supply rates and light regimes during nitrogen starvation. De novo EPA synthesis or the translocation of EPA between lipid fractions might be limiting for EPA accumulation in TAG. Further studies are needed to fully understand EPA accumulation in TAG during nitrogen starvation. To elucidate the function of EPA in TAG nitrogen recovery, experiments are suggested. The overexpression of genes involved in de novo EPA synthesis and translocation is proposed to elucidate the exact metabolic routes involved in these processes during nitrogen starvation. This work addresses future opportunities to increase EPA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorijn H Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Maria J Barbosa
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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Janssen JH, Lamers PP, de Vos RC, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ. Translocation and de novo synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) during nitrogen starvation in Nannochloropsis gaditana. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Montero-Lobato Z, Vázquez M, Navarro F, Fuentes JL, Bermejo E, Garbayo I, Vílchez C, Cuaresma M. Chemically-Induced Production of Anti-Inflammatory Molecules in Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E478. [PMID: 30513601 PMCID: PMC6315467 DOI: 10.3390/md16120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been widely recognized as a valuable source of natural, bioactive molecules that can benefit human health. Some molecules of commercial value synthesized by the microalgal metabolism have been proven to display anti-inflammatory activity, including the carotenoids lutein and astaxanthin, the fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and sulphated polysaccharides. These molecules can accumulate to a certain extent in a diversity of microalgae species. A production process could become commercially feasible if the productivity is high and the overall production process costs are minimized. The productivity of anti-inflammatory molecules depends on each algal species and the cultivation conditions, the latter being mostly related to nutrient starvation and/or extremes of temperature and/or light intensity. Furthermore, novel bioprocess tools have been reported which might improve the biosynthesis yields and productivity of those target molecules and reduce production costs simultaneously. Such novel tools include the use of chemical triggers or enhancers to improve algal growth and/or accumulation of bioactive molecules, the algal growth in foam and the surfactant-mediated extraction of valuable compounds. Taken together, the recent findings suggest that the combined use of novel bioprocess strategies could improve the technical efficiency and commercial feasibility of valuable microalgal bioproducts production, particularly anti-inflammatory compounds, in large scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Montero-Lobato
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - María Vázquez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Francisco Navarro
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Cell Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Fuentes
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Elisabeth Bermejo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Inés Garbayo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Carlos Vílchez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - María Cuaresma
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA, RENSMA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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Lee S, Lim SR, Jeong DG, Kim JH. Characterization of an Oleaginous Unicellular Green Microalga, Lobosphaera incisa (Reisigl, 1964) Strain K-1, Isolated From a Tidal Flat in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2159. [PMID: 30250461 PMCID: PMC6139321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered as sustainable resources for biofuel production. However, recently the focus on microalgal research has shifted toward the investigation of high-value metabolites for potential pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. Herein, we report the identification of a novel oleaginous green microalga isolated from the Yellow Sea in Korea. We also describe the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this microalga. On the basis of microscopic and genetic analyses, the isolate was classified as Lobosphaera incisa (the strain was designated as K-1), and molecular phylogeny revealed that the isolate distinctly differed from the other known L. incisa strains. The microalga could be cultivated in various commercial culture media under a relatively broad range of pH and temperature conditions. We also did a rough and detailed estimation of the different cellular components in the microalga. The composition of arachidonic acid (C20:4ω6) in the lipids of L. incisa strain K-1 was relatively high, similar to that in other strains, however, the K-1 strain had higher proportions of the ω3 series of fatty acids (FAs), including α-linolenic acid (C18:3ω3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω3), highlighting its uniqueness and strong potential for biotechnological application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of L. incisa from Korea as well as from a marine environment; this novel strain might be useful for the production of high-value ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Se Ra Lim
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Willette S, Gill SS, Dungan B, Schaub TM, Jarvis JM, St. Hilaire R, Omar Holguin F. Alterations in lipidome and metabolome profiles of Nannochloropsis salina in response to reduced culture temperature during sinusoidal temperature and light. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Aussant J, Guihéneuf F, Stengel DB. Impact of temperature on fatty acid composition and nutritional value in eight species of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5279-5297. [PMID: 29696337 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered a sustainable source of high-value products with health benefits. Marine algae-derived omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are considered dietary elements with effects on mental health, cognition enhancement, and cardiovascular protection. This study investigated the temperature effect on omega-3 LC-PUFA production in eight species of microalgae from various taxonomic groups, with a focus on achieving an optimal balance between omega-3 accumulation and efficient growth performance. Samples were batch-cultivated at four different temperatures, with constant light, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Several nutritional indices were calculated to assess the potential value of biomass produced for human consumption. Two promising candidates were identified suitable for batch cultivation and large-scale production: Nannochloropsis oculata for EPA and Isochrysis galbana for DHA production, with optimum productivities obtained between 14 and 20 °C, and nutritional indices falling within the range required for nutritional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Aussant
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Freddy Guihéneuf
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Maeda Y, Nojima D, Yoshino T, Tanaka T. Structure and properties of oil bodies in diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0408. [PMID: 28717018 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms accumulate triacylglycerols in spherical organelles called oil bodies when exposed to nutrient deprivation conditions. Oil body biology in diatoms has attracted significant attention due to the complexity of the intracellular organelles and the unique combination of genes generated by the evolutionary history of secondary endosymbiosis. The demand for biofuel production has further increased the interest in and importance of a better understanding of oil body biology in diatoms, because it could provide targets for genetic engineering to further enhance their promising lipid accumulation. This review describes recent progress in studies of the structure and properties of diatom oil bodies. Firstly, the general features of diatom oil bodies are described, in particular, their number, size and morphology, as well as the quantity and quality of lipids they contain. Subsequently, the diatom oil body-associated proteins, which were recently discovered through oil body proteomics, are introduced. Then, the metabolic pathways responsible for the biogenesis and degradation of diatom oil bodies are summarized. During biogenesis and degradation, oil bodies interact with other organelles, including chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, suggesting their dynamic nature in response to environmental changes. Finally, the functions of oil bodies in diatoms are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maeda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nojima
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Zulu NN, Zienkiewicz K, Vollheyde K, Feussner I. Current trends to comprehend lipid metabolism in diatoms. Prog Lipid Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gite S, Ross RP, Kirke D, Guihéneuf F, Aussant J, Stengel DB, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Stanton C. Nutraceuticals to promote neuronal plasticity in response to corticosterone-induced stress in human neuroblastoma cells. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:551-568. [PMID: 29378496 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1418728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To search for novel compounds that will protect neuronal cells under stressed conditions that may help to restore neuronal plasticity. Methods: A model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was used to compare the efficacy of 6 crude extracts and 10 pure compounds (6 polyphenols, 2 carotenoids, 1 amino acid analogue, and 1 known antidepressant drug) to increase neuronal plasticity and to decrease cytotoxicity. Results: Astaxanthin (among pure compounds) and phlorotannin extract of Fucus vesiculosus (among crude extracts) showed a maximum increase in cell viability in the presence of excess CORT. BDNF-VI mRNA expression in SH-SY5Y cells was significantly improved by pretreatment with quercetine, astaxanthin, curcumin, fisetin, and resveratrol. Among crude extracts, xanthohumol, phlorotannin extract (Ecklonia cava), petroleum ether extract (Nannochloropsis oculata), and phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) showed a significant increase in BDNF-VI mRNA expression. CREB1 mRNA expression was significantly improved by astaxanthin, β-carotene, curcumin, and fluoxetine whereas none of the crude extracts caused significant improvement. As an adjunct of fluoxetine, phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus), β-carotene, and xanthohumol have resulted in significant improvement in BDNF-VI mRNA expression and CREB1 mRNA expression was significantly improved by phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus). Significant improvement in mature BDNF protein expression by phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) and β-carotene as an adjunct of fluoxetine confirm their potential to promote neuronal plasticity against CORT-induced stress. Discussion: The carotenoids, flavonoids, namely quercetine, curcumin, and low molecular weight phlorotannin-enriched extract of F. vesiculosus may serve as potential neuroprotective agents promoting neuronal plasticity in vitro. Graphical abstract: Cascade of events associated with disturbed homeostatic balance of glucocorticoids and impact of phlorotannin extract (F. vesiculosus) and β-carotene in restoring neuronal plasticity. Abbreviation: TrKB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B; P-ERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; Ca++/CaMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; pCREB, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein; CRE, cAMP response elements, CORT, corticosterone; and BDNF; brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Gite
- a Food Biosciences Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork , Ireland
| | | | - Dara Kirke
- c Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research , National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland.,d Department of Food Bioscience , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin
| | - Freddy Guihéneuf
- c Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research , National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
| | - Justine Aussant
- c Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research , National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- c Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research , National University of Ireland Galway , Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- e Department of Psychiatry , University College Cork , Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- f Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience , University College Cork , Western Gateway Building, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- a Food Biosciences Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork , Ireland
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Steinrücken P, Mjøs SA, Prestegard SK, Erga SR. Enhancing EPA Content in an Arctic Diatom: A Factorial Design Study to Evaluate Interactive Effects of Growth Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:491. [PMID: 29755487 PMCID: PMC5932356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae with a high content of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are of great demand for microalgae-based technologies. An Arctic strain of the diatom Attheya septentrionalis was shown in previous experiments to increase its EPA content from 3.0 to 4.6% of dry weight (DW) in the nutrient-replete exponential phase and nutrient-depleted stationary phase, respectively. In the present study, a factorial-design experiment was used, to investigate this effect in more detail and in combination with varying salinities and irradiances. A mathematical model revealed that both growth phase and salinity, alone and in combination, influenced the EPA content significantly. Maximum EPA values of 7.1% DW were obtained at a salinity of 22 and after 5 days in stationary phase, and might be related to a decreased silica content, an accumulation of storage lipids containing EPA, or both. However, growth rates were lower for low salinity (0.54 and 0.57 d-1) than high salinity (0.77 and 0.98 d-1) cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Steinrücken
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Pia Steinrücken
| | - Svein A. Mjøs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Svein R. Erga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Wang T, Tong S, Liu N, Li F, Wells ML, Gao K. The fatty acid content of plankton is changing in subtropical coastal waters as a result of OA: Results from a mesocosm study. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 132:51-62. [PMID: 29108676 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean Acidification (OA) effects on marine plankton are most often considered in terms of inorganic carbon chemistry, but decreasing pH may influence other aspects of cellular metabolism. Here we present the effects of OA on the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of an artificial phytoplankton community (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and Emiliania huxleyi) in a fully replicated, ∼4 m3 mesocosm study in subtropical coastal waters (Wuyuan Bay, China, 24.52°N, 117.18°E) at present day (400 μatm) and elevated (1000 μatm) pCO2 concentrations. Phytoplankton growth occurred in three phases during the 33-day experiment: an initial exponential growth leading to senescence and a subsequent decline phase. Phytoplankton sampled from these mesocosms were fed to mesozooplankton collected by net haul from Wuyuan Bay. Concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in both phytoplankton and mesozooplankton remained high under acidified and non-acidified conditions. However, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased significantly more under elevated pCO2 during the late exponential phase (Day 13), indicating increased nutritional value for zooplankton and higher trophic levels. Indeed, uptake rates of the essential FA docosahexaenoic acid (C20:5n3, DHA) increased in mesozooplankton under acidified conditions. However, mesozooplankton grazing rates decreased overall with elevated pCO2. Our findings show that these selected phytoplankton species have a relatively high tolerance to acidification in terms of FA production, and local mesozooplankton in these subtropical coastal waters can maintain their FA composition under end of century ocean acidification conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanying Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nana Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Futian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Effects of growth phase and nitrogen limitation on biochemical composition of two strains of Tisochrysis lutea. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hess SK, Schunck NS, Goldbach V, Ewe D, Kroth PG, Mecking S. Valorization of Unconventional Lipids from Microalgae or Tall Oil via a Selective Dual Catalysis One-Pot Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13487-13491. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K. Hess
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Natalie S. Schunck
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Verena Goldbach
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter G. Kroth
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry and ‡Plant Ecology,
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Sayanova O, Mimouni V, Ulmann L, Morant-Manceau A, Pasquet V, Schoefs B, Napier JA. Modulation of lipid biosynthesis by stress in diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160407. [PMID: 28717017 PMCID: PMC5516116 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are responsible for up to 40% of the carbon fixation in our oceans. The fixed carbon is moved through carbon metabolism towards the synthesis of organic molecules that are consumed through interlocking foodwebs, and this process is strongly impacted by the abiotic environment. However, it has become evident that diatoms can be used as 'platform' organisms for the production of high valuable bio-products such as lipids, pigments and carbohydrates where stress conditions can be used to direct carbon metabolism towards the commercial production of these compounds. In the first section of this review, some aspects of carbon metabolism in diatoms and how it is impacted by environmental factors are briefly described. The second section is focused on the biosynthesis of lipids and in particular omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and how low temperature stress impacts on the production of these compounds. In a third section, we review the recent advances in bioengineering for lipid production. Finally, we discuss new perspectives for designing strains for the sustainable production of high-value lipids.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Annick Morant-Manceau
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Virginie Pasquet
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Bioprospecting North Atlantic microalgae with fast growth and high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content for microalgae-based technologies. ALGAL RES 2017; 26:392-401. [PMID: 28989862 PMCID: PMC5614095 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be an important and sustainable alternative to fish oil as a source for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Due to their health benefits, there is an increasing interest in the commercial application of these fatty acids (FA) to health and dietary products, and to aquaculture feeds. However, FA from microalgae are still expensive to produce compared to fish or plant oils. With only a few microalgal strains being cultivated on a large scale for commercial PUFA production, prospecting for new, robust and fast-growing strains with increased PUFA content is essential in order to reduce production costs. Microalgae from northern high latitudes, exposed to cold temperatures, may be especially promising candidates as previous studies have shown increasing unsaturation of FA in response to decreasing growth temperatures in different microalgae, most likely to maintain membrane fluidity and function. We have designed a screening pipeline, targeting a focused search and selection for marine microalgal strains from extreme North Atlantic locations with high robustness and biomass production, and increased levels of EPA and DHA. The pipeline includes a rational sampling plan, isolation and cultivation of clonal strains, followed by a batch growth experiment designed to obtain information on robustness, growth characteristics, and the FA content of selected isolates during both nutrient replete exponential cultivation and nutrient limited stationary cultivation. A number of clonal cultures (N = 149) have been established, and twenty of these strains have been screened for growth and FA content and composition. Among those strains, three showed growth rates ≥ 0.7 d− 1 at temperatures of 15 °C or below, and high amounts of EPA (> 3% DW), suggesting their potential as candidates for large scale production. Fast growing microalgae with high EPA and DHA levels were prospected in North Atlantic waters. A number of 149 clonal stock cultures were established, mostly represented by diatoms. Three out of 20 strains showed fast growth together with high EPA content. Highest EPA content of 4.6% of dry weight was found in an Arctic diatom. Microalgae from northern high latitudes reveal potential for biotechnological applications.
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Aliev AM, Abdulagatov IM. The study of microalgae Nannochloropsis salina fatty acid composition of the extracts using different techniques. SCF vs conventional extraction. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schüler LM, Schulze PS, Pereira H, Barreira L, León R, Varela J. Trends and strategies to enhance triacylglycerols and high-value compounds in microalgae. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singh R, Parihar P, Singh M, Bajguz A, Kumar J, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Uncovering Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria and Algal Metabolites in Biology, Agriculture and Medicine: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28487674 PMCID: PMC5403934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and algae having complex photosynthetic systems can channelize absorbed solar energy into other forms of energy for production of food and metabolites. In addition, they are promising biocatalysts and can be used in the field of "white biotechnology" for enhancing the sustainable production of food, metabolites, and green energy sources such as biodiesel. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover the significance of various metabolites like phenolics, phytoene/terpenoids, phytols, sterols, free fatty acids, photoprotective compounds (MAAs, scytonemin, carotenoids, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds, etc.), phytohormones, cyanotoxins, biocides (algaecides, herbicides, and insecticides) etc. Apart from this, the importance of these metabolites as antibiotics, immunosuppressant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory agent has also been discussed. Metabolites obtained from cyanobacteria and algae have several biotechnological, industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic uses which have also been discussed in this review along with the emerging technology of their harvesting for enhancing the production of compounds like bioethanol, biofuel etc. at commercial level. In later sections, we have discussed genetically modified organisms and metabolite production from them. We have also briefly discussed the concept of bioprocessing highlighting the functioning of companies engaged in metabolites production as well as their cost effectiveness and challenges that are being addressed by these companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Botany, Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post-Graduate CollegeBaikunthpur, Koriya, India
| | - Sheo M. Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
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Remmers IM, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, Lamers PP. Dynamics of triacylglycerol and EPA production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum under nitrogen starvation at different light intensities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175630. [PMID: 28403203 PMCID: PMC5389818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid production in microalgae is highly dependent on the applied light intensity. However, for the EPA producing model-diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, clear consensus on the impact of incident light intensity on lipid productivity is still lacking. This study quantifies the impact of different incident light intensities on the biomass, TAG and EPA yield on light in nitrogen starved batch cultures of P. tricornutum. The maximum biomass concentration and maximum TAG and EPA contents were found to be independent of the applied light intensity. The lipid yield on light was reduced at elevated light intensities (>100 μmol m-2 s-1). The highest TAG yield on light (112 mg TAG molph-1) was found at the lowest light intensity tested (60 μmol m-2 s-1), which is still relatively low to values reported in literature for other algae. Furthermore, mass balance analysis showed that the EPA fraction in TAG may originate from photosynthetic membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M. Remmers
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Packo P. Lamers
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Interactive effects of light and temperature on pigments and n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched oil accumulation in batch-cultivated Pavlova lutheri using high-bicarbonate supply. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Inui H, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M. Wax Ester Fermentation and Its Application for Biofuel Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:269-283. [PMID: 28429326 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Euglena cells under anaerobic conditions, paramylon, the storage polysaccharide, is promptly degraded and converted to wax esters. The wax esters synthesized are composed of saturated fatty acids and alcohols with chain lengths of 10-18, and the major constituents are myristic acid and myristyl alcohol. Since the anaerobic cells gain ATP through the conversion of paramylon to wax esters, the phenomenon is named "wax ester fermentation". The wax ester fermentation is quite unique in that the end products, i.e. wax esters, have relatively high molecular weights, are insoluble in water, and accumulate in the cells, in contrast to the common fermentation end products such as lactic acid and ethanol.A unique metabolic pathway involved in the wax ester fermentation is the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system. In this system, fatty acid are synthesized by the reversal of β-oxidation with an exception that trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase functions instead of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Therefore, acetyl-CoA is directly used as a C2 donor in this fatty acid synthesis, and the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which requires ATP, is not necessary. Consequently, the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system makes possible the net gain of ATP through the synthesis of wax esters from paramylon. In addition, acetyl-CoA is provided in the anaerobic cells from pyruvate by the action of a unique enzyme, oxygen sensitive pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, instead of the common pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.Wax esters produced by anaerobic Euglena are promising biofuels because myristic acid (C14:0) in contrast to other algal produced fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0), has a low freezing point making it suitable as a drop-in jet fuel. To improve wax ester production, the molecular mechanisms by which wax ester fermentation is regulated in response to aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been gradually elucidated by identifying individual genes related to the wax ester fermentation metabolic pathway and by comprehensive gene/protein expression analysis. In addition, expression of the cyanobacterial Calvin cycle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase/sedohepturose-1,7-bisphosphatase, in Euglena provided photosynthesis resulting in increased paramylon accumulation enhancing wax ester production. This chapter will discuss the biochemistry of the wax ester fermentation, recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of the wax ester fermentation and genetic engineering approaches to increase production of wax esters for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka Prefecture University, 30-7-3 Habikino, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8555, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
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Pichierri S, Pezzolesi L, Vanucci S, Totti C, Pistocchi R. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) on the growth of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:125-133. [PMID: 27606904 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms have been shown to produce and release a wide range of secondary metabolites that mediate interactions between individuals of different species. Among these compounds, different types of fatty acid derived long-chained polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) have been related to multiple functions such as intra- or interspecific signals and adverse effect on the reproduction of marine organisms. Several studies have reported changes on growth, cell membrane permeability, flow cytometric properties and cell morphology in phytoplankton organisms exposed to PUAs, but little information is available on the effect of these compounds on benthic microalgae. Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic benthic dinoflagellate which causes massive blooms along the Mediterranean coasts typically during the late summer period. In this study the effects of three toxic PUAs known to be produced by several algae (2E,4E-decadienal, 2E,4E-octadienal and 2E,4E-heptadienal) on the growth, cytological features and cell morphology of O. cf. ovata were investigated. Our results show a clear decrease of O. cf. ovata growth with longer-chain molecules than with shorter-chain ones, confirmed also by EC50 values calculated at 48h for 2E,4E-decadienal and 2E,4E-octadienal (6.6±1.5, 17.9±2.6μmolL(-1) respectively) and at 72h for 2E,4E-heptadienal (18.4±0.7μmolL(-1)). Moreover, morphological analysis highlighted up to 79% of abnormal forms of O. cf. ovata at the highest concentrations of 2E,4E-decadienal tested (9, 18 and 36μmolL(-1)), a gradual DNA degradation and an increase of lipid droplets with all tested PUAs. Further studies are needed to better clarify the interactions between diatoms and O. cf. ovata, especially on bloom-forming dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pichierri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali-Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Silvana Vanucci
- Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali-Università di Messina, viale Ferdinando d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali-Università di Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Lipids rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8667-84. [PMID: 27649964 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite microalgae recently receiving enormous attention as a potential source of biodiesel, their use is still not feasible as an alternative to fossil fuels. Recently, interest in microalgae has focused on the production of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which provide microalgae a high added value. Several considerations need to be assessed for optimizing PUFA production from microalgae. Firstly, a microalgae species that produces high PUFA concentrations should be selected, such as Nannochloropsis gaditana, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Crypthecodinium cohnii, with marine species gaining more attention than do freshwater species. Closed cultivation processes, e.g., photobioreactors, are the most appropriate since temperature, pH, and nutrients can be controlled. An airlift column with LEDs or optical fibers to distribute photons into the culture media can be used at small scale to produce inoculum, while tubular and flat panels are used at commercial scale. Depending on the microalgae, a temperature range from 15 to 28 °C and a pH from 7 to 8 can be employed. Relevant conditions for PUFA production are medium light irradiances (50-300 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), air enriched with (0-1 % (v/v) CO2, as well as nitrogen and phosphorous limitation. For research purposes, the most appropriate medium for PUFA production is Bold's Basal, whereas mixotrophic cultivation using sucrose or glucose as the carbon source has been reported for industrial processes. For cell harvesting, the use of tangential flow membrane filtration or disk stack centrifugation is advisable at commercial scale. Current researches on PUFA extraction have focused on the use of organic solvents assisted with ultrasound or microwaves, supercritical fluids, and electroporation or are enzyme assisted. Commercial-scale extraction involves mainly physical methods such as bead mills and expeller presses. All these factors should be taken into account when choosing a PUFA production system, as discussed in this review.
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Current advances in molecular, biochemical, and computational modeling analysis of microalgal triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1046-1063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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An Aqueous Extract of Marine Microalgae Exhibits Antimetastatic Activity through Preferential Killing of Suspended Cancer Cells and Anticolony Forming Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9730654. [PMID: 27656243 PMCID: PMC5021869 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9730654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on marine natural products as potential anticancer agents is still limited. In the present study, an aqueous extract of a Canadian marine microalgal preparation was assessed for anticancer activities using various assays and cell lines of human cancers, including lung, prostate, stomach, breast, and pancreatic cancers, as well as an osteosarcoma. In vitro, the microalgal extract exhibited marked anticolony forming activity. In addition, it was more toxic, as indicated by increased apoptosis, to nonadherent cells (grown in suspension) than to adherent cells. In vivo, an antimetastatic effect of the extract was observed in NOD-SCID mice carrying subrenal capsule xenografts of PC3 prostate cancer cells. The results of the present study suggest that the antimetastatic effect of the aqueous microalgal extract is based on inhibition of colony forming ability of cancer cells and the preferential killing of suspended cancer cells. Further research aimed at identification of the molecular basis of the anticancer activities of the microalgal extract appears to be warranted.
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Sales R, Mélo RCS, de Moraes RM, da Silva RCS, Cavalli RO, do Amaral Ferraz Navarro DM, de Souza Santos LP. Production and use of a flocculated paste of Nannochloropsis oculata for rearing newborn seahorse Hippocampus reidi. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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