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Simpson AM, Nutile SA, Hodgson OC, Russell AE, Keyes JD, Wood CC, Buckanovich RJ. Evaluating the trophic transfer of PCBs from fish to humans: Insights from a synergism of environmental monitoring and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122419. [PMID: 37598933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) within fish tissues has prompted many states to issue consumption advisories. In Pennsylvania such advisories suggest one meal per month for most game species harvested from Lake Erie; however, these advisories do not account for the emergent properties of regional PCB mixtures, and the downstream accumulation of PCB congeners into human tissues is poorly documented. This study aimed to demonstrate the utility of pairing environmental monitoring with pharmacokinetic modeling for the purpose of estimating dietary PCB exposure in humans. We qualified and quantified the PCB congeners present in the filets of five Lake Erie fish species and used these data to estimate exposure under consumption scenarios that matched or exceeded the advisories. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was then employed to predict PCB accumulation within seven tissue compartments of a hypothetical man and woman over 10 years. Twenty-one congeners were detected between the five fish species at concentrations ranging from 56.0 to 411.7 ng/g. Predicted accumulation in human tissues varied based on tissue type, the species consumed, biological sex, and fish-consumption rate. Notably, steady-state concentrations were higher in fatty tissue compartments ("Fat" and "Liver") and across all tissues in women compared to men. This study serves as a preliminary blueprint for generating predictions of site-specific and tissue-specific exposure through the integration of environmental monitoring and pharmacokinetic modeling. Although the details may vary across applications, this simple approach could complement traditional exposure assessments for vulnerable communities in the Great Lakes region that continue to suffer from legacy contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Simpson
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Olivia C Hodgson
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Ashley E Russell
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Keyes
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Cody C Wood
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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2
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Kapraun DF, Zurlinden TJ, Verner MA, Chiang C, Dzierlenga MW, Carlson LM, Schlosser PM, Lehmann GM. A Generic Pharmacokinetic Model for Quantifying Mother-to-Offspring Transfer of Lipophilic Persistent Environmental Chemicals. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:155-174. [PMID: 35951756 PMCID: PMC9713949 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) can accumulate in a woman's body and transfer to her developing child across the placenta and via breast milk. To assess health risks associated with developmental exposures to LPECs, we developed a pharmacokinetic (PK) model that quantifies mother-to-offspring transfer of LPECs during pregnancy and lactation and facilitates internal dosimetry calculations for offspring. We parameterized the model for mice, rats, and humans using time-varying functions for body mass and milk consumption rates. The only required substance-specific parameter is the elimination half-life of the LPEC in the animal species of interest. We used the model to estimate whole-body concentrations in mothers and offspring following maternal exposures to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) and compared these with measured concentrations from animal studies. We also compared estimated concentrations for humans to those generated using a previously published human LPEC PK model. Finally, we compared human equivalent doses (HEDs) calculated using our model and an allometric scaling method. Estimated and observed whole-body concentrations of HCB and PCB 153 in offspring followed similar trends and differed by less than 60%. Simulations of human exposure yielded concentration estimates comparable to those generated using the previously published model, with concentrations in offspring differing by less than 12%. HEDs calculated using our PK model were about 2 orders of magnitude lower than those generated using allometric scaling. Our PK model can be used to calculate internal dose metrics for offspring and corresponding HEDs and thus informs assessment of developmental toxicity risks associated with LPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin F. Kapraun
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Todd J. Zurlinden
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1A8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS Du Centre-Sud-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3N 1X7, Canada
| | - Catheryne Chiang
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Michael W. Dzierlenga
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Laura M. Carlson
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Paul M. Schlosser
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Geniece M. Lehmann
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Bouazza N, Foissac F, Hirt D, Urien S, Benaboud S, Lui G, Treluyer JM. Methodological Approaches to Evaluate Fetal Drug Exposure. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:496-504. [PMID: 30892158 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug prescriptions are usual during pregnancy, however, women and their fetuses still remain an orphan population with regard to drugs efficacy and safety. Most xenobiotics diffuse through the placenta and some of them can alter fetus development resulting in structural abnormalities, growth or functional deficiencies. METHODS To summarize the different methodologies developed towards the prediction of fetal drug exposure. RESULTS Neonatal cord blood concentration is the most specific measurement of the transplacental drug transfer at the end of pregnancy. Using the cord blood and mother drug concentrations altogether, drug exchanges between the mother and fetus can be modeled and quantified via a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Thereafter, it is possible to estimate the fetus exposure and the fetus-to-mother exposure ratio. However, the prediction of placental transfer before any administration to pregnant women is desirable. Animal studies remain difficult to interpret due to structural and functional inter-species placenta differences. The ex-vivo perfusion of the human placental cotyledon is the method of reference to study the human placental transfer of drugs because it is thought to mimic the functional placental tissue. However, extrapolation of data to in vivo situation remains difficult. Some research groups have extensively worked on physiologically based models (PBPK) to predict fetal drug exposure and showed very encouraging results. CONCLUSION PBPK models appeared to be a very promising tool in order to predict fetal drug exposure in-silico. However, these models mainly picture the end of pregnancy and knowledge regarding both, development of the placental permeability and transporters is strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïm Bouazza
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Frantz Foissac
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Hirt
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Saïk Urien
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Sihem Benaboud
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Lui
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Universite Paris Descartes, EA7323, Sorbonne Paris Cite, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, Paris, France
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Komprda J, Komprdová K, Domínguez-Romero E, Mikeš O, Řiháčková K, Čupr P, Černá M, Scheringer M. Dynamics of PCB exposure in the past 50 years and recent high concentrations in human breast milk: Analysis of influencing factors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:388-399. [PMID: 31299572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we reconstruct the long-term exposure of Czech mothers to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and determine the causes of high contamination of breast milk by indicator PCBs (iPCBs). A data set containing information from more than 1000 primiparous women from the Czech Republic was used, including iPCB concentrations in breast milk, individual physiology and living characteristics. The time series of PCB intakes for the whole period from the beginning of PCB production in 1958 until 2011 were reconstructed. We estimated the individual lifetime exposure of mothers for all iPCBs, i.e. congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Various model scenarios were investigated to determine the influence of physiology, age at delivery, past dietary exposure, and food composition on concentrations in breast milk for all iPCBs. The highest contributions to the presence of iPCBs in breast milk were observed for food composition. The main factor determining the concentration of higher-chlorinated PCBs (138, 153 and 180) was past exposure. The most important parameter for identification of children's postnatal exposure through breast milk was the time-span from the maximum of the exposure peak to the birth of the child. The current concentrations of iPCBs in breast milk in the Czech population are still high because the maximum of the exposure peak occurred more than 10 years later than in other European countries and was very broad, e.g. covered more than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Komprda
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Řiháčková
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Codaccioni M, Bois F, Brochot C. Placental transfer of xenobiotics in pregnancy physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: Structure and data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Modelling the Fate of Chemicals in Humans Using a Lifetime Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model in MERLIN-Expo. MODELLING THE FATE OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE HUMAN BODY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59502-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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7
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Schuhmacher M, Fàbrega F, Kumar V, García F, Nadal M, Domingo JL. A PBPK model to estimate PCDD/F levels in adipose tissue: comparison with experimental values of residents near a hazardous waste incinerator. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:150-157. [PMID: 25118088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in 15 samples of adipose tissue from subjects who had been living in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI). The results were compared with levels obtained in previous surveys carried out in 1998 (baseline study), 2002 and 2007. The current (2013) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in adipose tissue ranged from 2.8 to 46.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean and median concentrations: 11.5 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively), being significantly lower (64%) than those observed in 1998. In contrast, no significant differences in the mean PCDD/F concentrations were noted in the period 2002-2013. The significant decrease of the PCDD/F content in fat, also noted in other biological monitors such as plasma and breast milk, is in agreement with the reduction in the dietary intake of PCDD/Fs found in the same area of study. Similarly to other investigations across Europe, an increase of PCDD/F levels in adipose tissue in relation to age was observed, while no significant differences were noted according to gender. A multicompartmental physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was also applied to estimate the levels of PCDD/Fs in adipose tissue. When comparing the modeled and experimental concentrations of PCDD/Fs in that tissue, very similar values were obtained for the four surveys, which indicates this can be a reliable tool to predict the internal dose of PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Fàbrega
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco García
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Medicina Legal de Catalunya (IMLC), Divisió de Tarragona, Av. President Companys 10, 43005 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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8
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Ruiz P, Aylward LL, Mumtaz M. Application of pharmacokinetic modelling for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure assessment. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:873-90. [PMID: 25397879 PMCID: PMC8204318 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.962083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and mono- and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) are identified as a family or group of organic compounds known as 'dioxins' or dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs). The most toxic member of this group is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-(p)-dioxin (TCDD). Historically, DLCs have caused a variety of negative human health effects, but a disfiguring skin condition known as chloracne is the only health effect reported consistently. As part of translational research to make computerized models accessible to health risk assessors, the Concentration- and Age-Dependent Model (CADM) for TCDD was recoded in the Berkeley Madonna simulation language. The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's computational toxicology laboratory used the recoded model to predict TCDD tissue concentrations at different exposure levels. The model simulations successfully reproduced the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002 TCDD data in age groups from 6 to 60 years and older, as well as in other human datasets. The model also enabled the estimation of lipid-normalized serum TCDD concentrations in breastfed infants. The model performed best for low background exposures over time compared with a high acute poisoning case that could due to the large dose and associated liver toxicity. Hence, this model may be useful for interpreting human biomonitoring data as a part of an overall DLC risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ruiz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - M. Mumtaz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Nadal M, Fàbrega F, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. PCDD/Fs in plasma of individuals living near a hazardous waste incinerator. A comparison of measured levels and estimated concentrations by PBPK modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5971-5978. [PMID: 23627713 DOI: 10.1021/es400498q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the first and, until now, only hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Spain finished in 1998. To assess its potential impact on the population living in the vicinity, a surveillance program was established. It includes the periodical biomonitoring of PCDD/Fs body burden. On the basis of this program, in 2012 we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in plasma of nonoccupationally exposed individuals living near the HWI. The results were compared with those of the baseline study, and with those of two previous surveys (2002 and 2007). A multicompartment, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was also applied to estimate the levels of PCDD/Fs in plasma. The model was validated by comparing the results with our experimental data (baseline, 2002, 2007, and 2012). The current mean concentration was 6.18 pg I-TEQ/g lipid, with a range between 2.03 and 18.8 pg I-TEQ/g lipid. In 1998 (baseline), the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs in plasma was 27.0 pg I-TEQ/g lipid (reduction of 77%, p < 0.001). Significant reductions were also noted in our previous 2002 and 2007 surveys, with mean concentrations of 15.7 and 9.36 pg I-TEQ/g lipid, respectively. However, the comparison between simulated (using the PBPK model) and experimental results was very successful, as PCDD/F values in plasma were very similar (7.95 vs 6.18 pg I-TEQ/g lipid). The levels of PCDD/Fs in plasma of nonoccupationally exposed individuals living near the HWI here assessed are comparatively lower than most recently reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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10
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Wei X, Leung KS, Wong MH, Giesy J, Cai ZW, Wong CKC. Assessment of risk of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in marine and freshwater fish in Pearl River Delta, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:166-171. [PMID: 21392810 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption is known to be beneficial to human health. However since the age of industrialization, the released/disposed chemical pollutants into water systems make fish a source of various environmental toxicants to humans. In oceanic cities with heavy industrial activities, fish products contribute the greatest proportion of exposure to pollutants. In this study, risks and potential effects of dioxins to health of coastal populations in the Pearl River Delta were assessed. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in common fish species purchased at local markets. Concentrations of total dioxins in fish ranged from 0.481 to 9.05 pg TEQ/g wet weight were similar to the lesser concentrations reported for fish from other countries. The greatest concentrations of dioxins were measured in mandarin fish, a carnivorous freshwater fish. Exposure of murine primary leydig and ovarian cells to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (2,3,7,8-TCDD) reduced the synthesis of progesterone, testosterone and/or estrogen. The reductions were probably via inhibitory effects on the expression of the steroidogenic enzymes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc). Based on these reproductive parameters, the concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like residues represent a moderate health risk due to consumption of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Croucher Institute of Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
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11
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Beaudouin R, Micallef S, Brochot C. A stochastic whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to assess the impact of inter-individual variability on tissue dosimetry over the human lifespan. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:103-16. [PMID: 20122977 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have proven to be successful in integrating and evaluating the influence of age- or gender-dependent changes with respect to the pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics throughout entire lifetimes. Nevertheless, for an effective application of toxicokinetic modelling to chemical risk assessment, a PBPK model has to be detailed enough to include all the multiple tissues that could be targeted by the various xenobiotics present in the environment. For this reason, we developed a PBPK model based on a detailed compartmentalization of the human body and parameterized with new relationships describing the time evolution of physiological and anatomical parameters. To take into account the impact of human variability on the predicted toxicokinetics, we defined probability distributions for key parameters related to the xenobiotics absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The model predictability was evaluated by a direct comparison between computational predictions and experimental data for the internal concentrations of two chemicals (1,3-butadiene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). A good agreement between predictions and observed data was achieved for different scenarios of exposure (e.g., acute or chronic exposure and different populations). Our results support that the general stochastic PBPK model can be a valuable computational support in the area of chemical risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Beaudouin
- INERIS, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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12
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Verner MA, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Charbonneau M, Haddad S. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the assessment of infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants in epidemiologic studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:481-7. [PMID: 19337526 PMCID: PMC2661921 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that pre- and postnatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can promote several adverse effects in children, such as altered neurodevelopment. Epidemiologic studies to date have relied on the analysis of biological samples drawn pre- or post-natally for exposure assessment, an approach that might not capture some key events in the toxicokinetics of POPs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to build a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling framework for neutral POPs to assess infant toxicokinetic profiles and to validate the model using data on POP levels measured in mothers and infants from a Northern Québec Inuit population. METHODS The PBPK model developed herein was based upon a previously published model to which an infant submodel was added. Using the model and maternal blood levels at the time of delivery, exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-138), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153), and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB-180) in mothers was estimated to subsequently simulate infant blood, breast milk, and cord blood POP concentration. Simulations were then compared with corresponding measured levels through Spearman correlation analyses. RESULTS Predictions were highly correlated with measured concentrations for PCB-153, PCB-180, PCB-138, HCB, and p,p'-DDE (r = 0.83-0.96). Weaker correlations were observed for p,p'-DDT and beta-HCH for which levels were near the limits of detection. CONCLUSION This is the first study to validate a PBPK model of POPs in infants on an individual basis. This approach will reduce sampling efforts and enable the use of individualized POP toxicokinetic profiles in the epidemiologic studies of POP adverse effects on child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Verner
- Département des sciences biologiques, Centre Toxen, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec – Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec – Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Charbonneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Département des sciences biologiques, Centre Toxen, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Trapp S, Bomholtz LM, Legind CN. Coupled mother-child model for bioaccumulation of POPs in nursing infants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:90-98. [PMID: 18280018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) leads to high levels in human milk and high doses of POPs for nursing infants. This is currently not considered in chemical risk assessment. A coupled model for bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in breast-feeding mother and nursing infant was developed and tested for a series of organic compounds. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in mother, breast milk and child were predicted to vary with logK(OW) and, for volatile compounds, with K(AW) and concentration in air. The concentrations of POPs in the infant body increase the first half year to about factor 3 above mother and decline thereafter to lower levels. The predicted results are close to empirical data and to an empirical regression. The new mother-child model is compact due to its easy structure and the analytical matrix solution. It could be added to existing exposure and risk assessment systems, such as EUSES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trapp
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nadal M, Perelló G, Schuhmacher M, Cid J, Domingo JL. Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs in plasma of subjects living in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator: follow-up and modeling validation. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:901-6. [PMID: 18715608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were determined in plasma of non-occupationally exposed subjects living near the only hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Spain (Constantí, Tarragona County, Catalonia). These data were compared with the levels found in two previous surveys performed in 1998 (baseline) and 2002. The current mean PCDD/PCDF concentration in plasma was 9.36pg I-TEQg(-1) of lipid (range: 1.76-23.44pg I-TEQg(-1) of lipid). It means a significant reduction of the mean PCDD/PCDFs levels in plasma in comparison to the concentrations found in 1998 and 2002 (27.01 and 15.70pg I-TEQg(-1) of lipid, respectively). This important decrease agrees well with the notable reduction in the dietary intake of PCDD/PCDFs recently noted for the population of the same area (210.1pg I-TEQd(-1), 63.8pgWHO-TEQd(-1), and 27.8pgWHO-TEQd(-1), in 1998, 2002 and 2007, respectively). The current data were also used to predict theoretical PCDD/PCDF concentrations in plasma by executing a single-compartment empirically-based pharmacokinetic model on the basis of the daily intake of these pollutants by the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, "Rovira i Virgili" University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Turrio-Baldassarri L, Abate V, Battistelli CL, Carasi S, Casella M, Iacovella N, Indelicato A, La Rocca C, Scarcella C, Alivernini S. PCDD/F and PCB in human serum of differently exposed population groups of an Italian city. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:S228-S234. [PMID: 18514762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A chemical plant located in Brescia, an industrial city in North-Western Italy, produced polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) during a 30-50 year period, causing widespread pollution of the surrounding agricultural area. This area contains several small farms, which principally produce veal meat for private consumption of the farmers' families. The pollution went undiscovered for many years, during which period contaminated food was regularly consumed. This paper reports the polychlorodibenzodioxin (PCDD), polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF) and PCB levels of a serum sample pooled from the consumers of contaminated food, compared to six population groups of the city of Brescia. Four of these groups were selected in order to represent, respectively, the local general population and the residents of three zones of the polluted area, while the last two groups represented, respectively, the present and the former workers of the plant. One human milk sample from one of the consumers of contaminated food was also analyzed. Results show that the consumers of the contaminated food and the former workers of the plant display considerably higher levels than all other groups. The levels of general population and of all other groups were generally similar both to each other and to the range of literature values for unexposed populations. The respective contribution of PCDDs, PCDFs, mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs (dioxin-like PCBs) to (Toxicity Equivalents) TEQ of the population groups of this study were also compared to literature data: the two groups with a high contamination level, together with the human milk sample, displayed a higher incidence of mono-ortho PCBs and a lower contribution of PCDD, possibly correlated with the source of contamination.
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Verner MA, Charbonneau M, López-Carrillo L, Haddad S. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of persistent organic pollutants for lifetime exposure assessment: a new tool in breast cancer epidemiologic studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:886-92. [PMID: 18629310 PMCID: PMC2453156 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite experimental evidence, most epidemiologic studies to date have not supported an association between exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) and breast cancer incidence in humans. This may be attributable to difficulties in estimating blood/tissue POP concentration at critical time periods of carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES In this work we aimed to develop a tool to estimate lifetime POP blood/tissue exposure and levels during any hypothesized time window of susceptibility in breast cancer development. METHODS We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that can account for any given physiologic lifetime history. Using data on pregnancies, height, weight, and age, the model estimates the values of physiologic parameters (e.g., organ volume, composition, and blood flow) throughout a woman's entire life. We assessed the lifetime toxicokinetic profile (LTP) for various exposure scenarios and physiologic factors (i.e., breast-feeding, growth, pregnancy, lactation, and weight changes). RESULTS Simulations for three POPs [hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-153, PCB-180] using different lifetime physiologic profiles showed that the same blood concentration at 55 years of age can be reached despite totally different LTP. Aside from exposure levels, lactation periods and weight profile history were shown to be the factors that had the greatest impact on the LTP. CONCLUSIONS This new lifetime PBPK model, which showed the limitations of using a single sample value obtained around the time of diagnosis for lifetime exposure assessment, will enable researchers conducting environmental epidemiology studies to reduce uncertainty linked to past POP exposure estimation and to consider exposure during time windows that are hypothesized to be mechanistically critical in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Verner
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Iida T, Todaka T, Hirakawa H, Hori T, Tobiishi K, Matsueda T, Watanabe S, Yamada T. Concentration and distribution of dioxins and related compounds in human tissues. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:S263-71. [PMID: 17215028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in human blood, lung, liver, bile, pancreas, spleen, kidney and mesentery fat were determined to assess the concentrations and distribution of these chemicals in human tissues from 20 donors. The mean TEQ concentrations in blood, lung, liver, bile, spleen, pancreas, kidney and mesentery fat were 119, 178, 228, 50, 113, 163, 138 and 139 pg TEQ/g lipid, respectively. Parallel levels were seen in the blood, spleen, kidney and mesentery fat; in the lungs and pancreas, the levels were somewhat higher. Among the organ tissues samples, the highest concentration was observed in the liver and the lowest in the bile. Mean total-TEQ concentration of the liver was about 4.5 times higher than that of bile. Positive correlations were observed among the concentrations of dioxins in various tissues. However, the concentrations in bile were not correlated with any tissues. It is suggested that the distribution behavior of dioxin-like congeners in human tissues varies among tissues and the kinds of congeners ingested. To evaluate the relationship between the accumulation levels of dioxins and their pathophysiological significance or risk, data must be accumulated from a more extensive group of human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Iida
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
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Maruyama W, Aoki Y. Estimated cancer risk of dioxins to humans using a bioassay and physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:188-98. [PMID: 16443251 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The health risk of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds to humans was analyzed quantitatively using experimental data and mathematical models. To quantify the toxicity of a mixture of three dioxin congeners, we calculated the new relative potencies (REPs) for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), and 2,3,4,7,8- pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), focusing on their tumor promotion activity. We applied a liver foci formation assay to female SD rats after repeated oral administration of dioxins. The REP of dioxin for a rat was determined using dioxin concentration and the number of the foci in rat liver. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK model) was used for interspecies extrapolation targeting on dioxin concentration in liver. Toxic dose for human was determined by back-estimation with a human PBPK model, assuming that the same concentration in the target tissue may cause the same level of effect in rats and humans, and the REP for human was determined by the toxic dose obtained. The calculated REPs for TCDD, PeCDD, and PeCDF were 1.0, 0.34, and 0.05 for rats, respectively, and the REPs for humans were almost the same as those for rats. These values were different from the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) presented previously (Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A.T.C., Brunstrom, B., Cook, P., Feeley, M., Giesy, J.P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S.W., Kubiak, T., Larsen, J.C., Rolaf van Leeuwen, F.X., Liem, A.K.D., Nolt, C., Peterson, R.E., Poellinger. L., Safe, S., Schrenk, D., Tillitt, D, Tysklind, M., Younes, M., Waern, F., Zacharewski, T., 1998. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 775-792). The relative risk of excess liver cancer for Japanese people in general was 1.7-6.5 x 10(-7) by TCDD only, and 2.9-11 x 10(-7) by the three dioxins at the present level of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakae Maruyama
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
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Maruyama W, Yoshida K, Aoki Y. Dioxin health risk to infants using simulated tissue concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 18:21-37. [PMID: 21782732 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 05/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin concentrations in infant and child were simulated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models developed for these groups. The infant model was validated by comparing the simulated concentration with the measured concentration from the literature, and they showed good agreement. Simulations with our PBPK model showed temporal patterns in concentrations in various tissues. For risk assessment, estimated concentrations of 29 dioxins in the liver were summed up in a toxic equivalency (TEQ) basis to be compared with actual 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations in rat liver associated with toxicity. Maximum liver concentrations in breast-fed and formula-fed infants were 16.8pg TEQ/g and 3.5pg TEQ/g, respectively. The level in breast-fed infant liver was approximately 1/300 of the level associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and 1/5 of the level found in maternal rat liver associated with alterations in reproductive organs in the next generation. Based on our analysis, the present contamination level is not safe enough, but further dose-response data is required for a quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakae Maruyama
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies,16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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