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Dong WJ, Xu MD, Yang XW, Yang XM, Long XZ, Han XY, Cui LY, Tong Q. Rice straw ash and amphibian health: A deep dive into microbiota changes and potential ecological consequences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171651. [PMID: 38490417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Rice straw is burned as a result of agricultural practices and technical limitations, generating significant volumes of ash that might have environmental and ecological consequences; however, the effects on organisms have not been researched. Amphibians depend on their gut and skin microbiomes. Ash exposure may cause inflammation and changes in microbial diversity and function in frogs' skin and gut microbiota due to its chemical composition and physical presence, but the implications remain unclear. Rana dybowskii were exposed to five aqueous extracts of ashes (AEA) concentrations for 30 days to study survival, metal concentrations, and microbial diversity, analyzing the microbiota of the cutaneous and gut microbiota using Illumina sequencing. Dominant elements in ash: K > Ca > Mg > Na > Al > Fe. In AEA, K > Na > Ca > Mg > As > Cu. Increased AEA concentrations significantly reduced frog survival. Skin microbiota alpha diversity varied significantly among all treatment groups, but not gut microbiota. Skin microbiota differed significantly across treatments via Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac; gut microbiota was only affected by Bray-Curtis. Skin microbiota varied significantly with AEA levels in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, while the gut microbiota's dominant phyla, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, remained consistent across all groups. Lastly, the functional prediction showed that the skin microbiota had big differences in how it worked and looked, which were linked to different health and environmental adaptation pathways. The gut microbiota, on the other hand, had smaller differences. In conclusion, AEA exposure affects R. dybowskii survival and skin microbiota diversity, indicating potential health and ecological impacts, with less effect on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Dong
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Ming-da Xu
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xue-Wen Yang
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xin-Zhou Long
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Han
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Li-Yong Cui
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Qing Tong
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Santos D, Abrantes N, Campos I, Domingues I, Lopes I. Impacts of aqueous extracts of wildfire ashes on aquatic life-stages of Xenopus laevis: Influence of plant coverage. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106664. [PMID: 37639824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have emerged as a global ecological concern due to their wide-ranging off-site effects. One particular consequence is the adverse impact on aquatic environments, as wildfires are acknowledged as a significant source of aquatic contamination through ash runoffs containing toxic compounds. Yet, amphibian response to this source of contamination remains largely undocumented. This study assessed how ash runoffs from Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. affect early aquatic life-stages of Xenopus laevis. Embryos and tadpoles were exposed, respectively, for 96 h and 14 days to serial concentrations (26.9% - 100%) of aqueous extracts of ashes (AEAs; 10 gL-1) composed of eucalypt (ELS) and pine (PLS) ashes. Mortality and development were monitored, and biometric data (snout-to-vent, tail and total length, and weight) measured. Sub-individual endpoints regarding oxidative stress (catalase-CAT; total glutathione-TG; lipid peroxidation-TBARS), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase-AChE), transformation metabolism (glutathione-S-transferase-GST) and energetic metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid and protein content and O2 consumption), were also measured. The two AEAs induced no significant lethal effects on embryos or tadpoles. However, in general, AEAs caused a developmental delay in both life stages. Effects of AEAs on biometric endpoint were only reported for tadpoles, which showed a decreased body length (snout-to-vent, tail and total) and weight (embryos were not weighed), with PLS exerting higher effect than ELS. As for the sub-individual endpoints, embryos showed mostly no alterations on the activity of the monitored parameters, except for PLS, which reduced embryos' carbohydrate content (at ≥59.2%) and increased O2 consumption (at ≥35.0%). Regarding tadpoles, AEA exposure decreased the activity of CAT and GST (at ≥26.0%) and decreased carbohydrate (at ≥26.0%) and lipid (at ≥45.5%), whereas oxygen consumption increased (at ≥26.0%) only on PLS. Overall, the tested AEAs differentially affected amphibians across life-stages, indicating that plant coverage might affect ash toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santos
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - N Abrantes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Campos
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Domingues
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Murthy MK, Khandayataray P, Mohanty CS, Pattanayak R. Ecotoxicity risk assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles in Duttaphrynus melanostictus tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137754. [PMID: 36608887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, copper oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have gained considerable importance in ecotoxicology studies. CONP ecotoxicity studies on amphibians are limited, particularly on Duttaphrynus melanostictus (D. melanostictus) tadpoles, and most CONP ecotoxicity studies have shown developmental effects on amphibians. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the ecotoxicity of CONPs in D. melanostictus tadpoles by assessing multi-biomarkers including bioaccumulation, antioxidants, biochemical, haematological, immunological and oxidative stress biomarkers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the morphology and physicochemical properties of CONPs. After 30 d of the experiment, blood and organs were collected to measure the levels of multiple biomarkers. The dissolution rate of copper ions in exposed media was observed in all studied groups. According to the results, significant (p < 0.05) increase in copper ion bioaccumulation (blood, liver and kidney), oxidative stress and biochemical biomarkers in the blood serum of CONPs exposed tadpoles compared to control tadpoles, which was accompanied by significant variations in morphological and haematological parameters. In contrast to the untreated tadpoles, the CONPs-exposed tadpoles showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in antioxidants and immunological indices of blood serum. Based on our results, we concluded that the ecotoxicity of CONPs is due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative stress in tadpoles, resulting in impairments. According to our knowledge, the present study was the first to use a multi-biomarker ecotoxicity approach on D. melanostictus tadpoles that could be used as an ecological bioindicator to assess aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Pratima Khandayataray
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Science, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genomic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rojalin Pattanayak
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
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Santos D, Abrantes N, Campos I, Domingues I, Lopes I. Effects of aqueous extracts of wildfire ashes on tadpoles of Pelophylax perezi: Influence of plant coverage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158746. [PMID: 36116652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have been pointed out as an important source of diffuse contamination to aquatic ecosystems, namely through the input of toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals. However, amphibians' responses to this disturbance have been largely ignored. Hence, this study intended to assess how ashes from Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. plantation forests affect tadpoles of Pelophylax perezi. Tadpoles were exposed 14 days to serial concentrations (26.9 %-100 %) of aqueous extracts of ashes (AEA, with 10 g L-1 of ashes) containing Eucalypt (ELS) and Pine (PLS) ashes. The following endpoints were measured: mortality, malformations, developmental stage, body length and weight. Effects at sub-individual level were also monitored for oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and energetic metabolism. Chemical characterization of the AEA of ELS showed higher concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb and V, while PLS showed higher concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn. Concerning the lethal effects of AEAs on tadpoles, both extracts were able to induce mortality at high concentrations (76.9 and/or 100 % of AEA), although a high variability in the response was found. A significant mortality in tadpoles exposed to ELS was observed at the concentration of 76.9 %. For organisms exposed to PLS, though a mortality above 20 % was registered at the two highest tested concentrations, it was not significantly different from the control. No significant sub-lethal effects were observed in the ELS treatments. Contrasting, exposure to PLS induced a decrease in body length, weight, glutathione-S-transferase activity and an increase in oxygen consumption. Overall, the distinct effects of ELS and PLS suggest an influence of vegetation cover in ash toxicity. In conclusion, exposure to both ash extracts negatively affected sublethal responses of tadpoles of P. perezi. Future research is needed to assess how these effects at individual level may translate into effects at population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Santos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Wei X, Hogstrand C, Chen G, Lv W, Song Y, Xu Y, Luo Z. Zn Induces Lipophagy via the Deacetylation of Beclin1 and Alleviates Cu-Induced Lipotoxicity at Their Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4943-4953. [PMID: 33739816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mechanisms of environmentally relevant doses of Cu and Zn mixtures influencing lipid deposition and metabolism were investigated in freshwater teleost yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (2 months old, 4.95 (t0.01 g, mean ± SEM). Our study indicated that waterborne Cu exposure increased lipid content, while Zn activated lipophagic flux and alleviated Cu-induced lipid accumulation. Yellow catfish hepatocytes treated with Zn or Zn + Cu activated autophagy-specific lipophagy, decreased lipid storage, and increased nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) release, suggesting a causal relationship between lipophagy and lipid droplet (LD) breakdown under Zn and Zn + Cu conditions. Our further investigation found that Beclin1 deacetylation by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was required for Zn- and Zn + Cu-induced lipophagy and lipolysis, and lysine residues 427 and 434 were key sites for Beclin1 deacetylation. Taken together, these findings show that the Zn-induced deacetylation of Beclin1 promotes lipophagy as an important pathway to alleviate Cu-induced lipid accumulation in fish, which reveals a previously unidentified mechanism for understanding the antagonistic effects of Cu and Zn on metabolism at their environmentally relevant concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of combined exposure when the biological effects of heavy metals are evaluated during environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RJ, U.K
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wuhong Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yufeng Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yichuang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Environmental Health for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang Y, Song X, Chen A, Wang H, Chai L. Exposure to copper altered the intestinal microbiota in Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13855-13865. [PMID: 32036523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a crucial physiological system that offers multiple services to the host and contributes to the health of host. However, substantially less is known concerning the interrelation between amphibian gut microbiota and Cu exposure. R. chensinensis larvae were exposed to different concentrations of Cu (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.75 μM) until reached Gosner stage 38. Histological and morphological data were measured by four Cu exposure conditions. Then, the diversity, structure, and composition of intestinal microbiota were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These results indicated that total body length, intestinal wet weight, and total body wet weight were reduced in 0.75 μM CuSO4 exposure group. Besides, obvious histopathologic alterations were observed in CuSO4 exposure groups. Alpha diversity significantly differentiated in 0.75 μM CuSO4 exposure group, and beta diversity showed 0.1 μM and 0.2 μM CuSO4 exposure groups separation with the control group. At the phylum level of intestinal microbial community, the relative abundances of Fusobacteria were significantly decreased, while Bacteroidetes was no significant difference in all CuSO4 exposure groups. Furthermore, at the genera level, Flavobacterium has a significant higher abundance in 0.75 μM CuSO4 exposure group, and high abundance of Rahnella was found in 0.1 μM CuSO4 exposure group. Also, Cu exposure affected the metabolism function of R. chensinensis tadpoles based on functional prediction analysis. This work provides new perspective to explore the effect of heavy metal on the intestinal health of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Aixia Chen
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Hutler Wolkowicz I, Svartz GV, Aronzon CM, Pérez Coll C. Developmental toxicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (epoxide resin badge) during the early life cycle of a native amphibian species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:3031-3038. [PMID: 27176149 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used in packaging materials, in epoxy adhesives, and as an additive for plastics, but it is also a potential industrial wastewater contaminant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adverse effects of BADGE on Rhinella arenarum by means of standardized bioassays at embryo-larval development. The results showed that BADGE was more toxic to embryos than to larvae at all exposure times. At acute exposure, lethality rates of embryos exposed to concentrations of 0.0005 mg/L BADGE and greater were significantly higher than rates in the vehicle control, whereas lethality rates of larvae were significantly higher in concentrations of 10 mg/L BADGE and greater. The toxicity then increased significantly, with 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.13 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. By the end of the chronic period, the 336-h LC50s were 0.04 mg/L and 2.2 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. This differential sensitivity was also ascertained by the 24-h pulse exposure experiments, in which embryos showed a stage-dependent toxicity, with blastula being the most sensitive stage and S.23 the most resistant. The most important sublethal effects in embryos were cell dissociation and delayed development, whereas the main abnormalities observed in larvae related to neurotoxicity, as scare response to stimuli and narcotic effect. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3031-3038. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianina Hutler Wolkowicz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Svartz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina M Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christina Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fernando VAK, Weerasena J, Lakraj GP, Perera IC, Dangalle CD, Handunnetti S, Premawansa S, Wijesinghe MR. Lethal and sub-lethal effects on the Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus from exposure to hexavalent chromium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:98-105. [PMID: 27262939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromium discharged in industrial effluents frequently occurs as an environmental pollutant, but the lethal and sub-lethal effects the heavy metal might cause in animals exposed to it have been insufficiently investigated. Selecting the amphibian Duttaphrynus melanostictus, we carried out laboratory tests to investigate the effects of short and long term exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in both tadpoles and adult toads. The concentrations used were 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0mg/L, the first three corresponding to field levels. In vitro exposures were also carried out using toad erythrocytes and Cr(VI) concentrations of 0.0015, 0.003, 0.015, 0.03, 0.15mg/L. Mortality, growth retardation, developmental delays and structural aberrations were noted in the metal-treated tadpoles, with increasing incidence corresponding to increase in Cr(VI) level and duration of exposure. Many of the sub-lethal effects were evident with long term exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the toxicant. Changes in selected blood parameters and erythrocyte morphometry were also detected in Cr(VI) exposed toads, indicating anaemic and leucopenic conditions. In the genotoxicity study, DNA damage indicated by comet assay and increased micronuclei frequency, occurred at the low Cr(VI) concentrations tested. The multiple deleterious effects of exposure to chromium signal the need for monitoring and controlling the discharge of chromium to the environment. The dose-dependency and genotoxic effects observed in this widely distributed Asian toad indicates its suitability for monitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindhya A K Fernando
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Jagathpriya Weerasena
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - G Pemantha Lakraj
- Department of Statistics, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Inoka C Perera
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chandima D Dangalle
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Shiroma Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sunil Premawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Mayuri R Wijesinghe
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
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Weir SM, Flynn RW, Scott DE, Yu S, Lance SL. Environmental levels of Zn do not protect embryos from Cu toxicity in three species of amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:161-168. [PMID: 27086071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants often occur as mixtures in the environment, but investigations into toxicity usually employ a single chemical. Metal contaminant mixtures from anthropogenic activities such as mining and coal combustion energy are widespread, yet relatively little research has been performed on effects of these mixtures on amphibians. Considering that amphibians tend to be highly sensitive to copper (Cu) and that metal contaminants often occur as mixtures in the environment, it is important to understand the interactive effects that may result from multiple metals. Interactive effects of Cu and zinc (Zn) on amphibians have been reported as antagonistic and, conversely, synergistic. The goal of our study was to investigate the role of Zn in Cu toxicity to amphibians throughout the embryonic developmental period. We also considered maternal effects and population differences by collecting multiple egg masses from contaminated and reference areas for use in four experiments across three species. We performed acute toxicity experiments with Cu concentrations that cause toxicity (10-200 μg/L) in the absence of other contaminants combined with sublethal concentrations of Zn (100 and 1000 μg/L). Our results suggest very few effects of Zn on Cu toxicity at these concentrations of Zn. As has been previously reported, we found that maternal effects and population history had significant influence on Cu toxicity. The explanation for a lack of interaction between Cu and Zn in this experiment is unknown but may be due to the use of sublethal Zn concentrations when previous experiments have used Zn concentrations associated with acute toxicity. Understanding the inconsistency of amphibian Cu/Zn mixture toxicity studies is an important research direction in order to create generalities that can be used to understand risk of contaminant mixtures in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Weir
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
| | - R Wesley Flynn
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - David E Scott
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - Shuangying Yu
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
| | - Stacey L Lance
- University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA.
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Wang C, Liang G, Chai L, Wang H. Effects of copper on growth, metamorphosis and endocrine disruption of Bufo gargarizans larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:24-30. [PMID: 26587739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpoles were exposed to copper (1, 6.4, 32 and 64μgL(-1) copper) from the beginning of larval period through completion of metamorphosis. We examined the effects of chronic copper exposure on mortality, growth, time to metamorphosis, tail resorption time, body size at the metamorphic climax (Gs 42) and completion of metamorphosis (Gs 46) and thyroid gland histology. In addition, type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2 and Dio3), thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) mRNA levels were also measured to assess disruption of TH synthesis. Our result showed that 6.4-64μgL(-1) copper concentration increased the mortality and inhibited the growth of B. gargarizans tadpoles. In addition, significant reduction in size at Gs 42 and a time delay to Gs 42 were observed at 6.4-64μgL(-1) copper treatments. Moreover, histological examinations have clearly revealed that 64μgL(-1) copper caused follicular cell hyperplasia in thyroid gland. According to real-time PCR results, exposure to 32 and 64μgL(-1) copper significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of Dio3, but down-regulated mRNA expression of TRα and TRβ mRNA level. We concluded that copper delayed amphibian metamorphosis through changing mRNA expression of Dio3, TRα and TRβ, which suggests that copper might have the endocrine-disrupting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Gang Liang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Hojman JY, Meichtry JM, Litter MI, Pérez Coll CS. Abatement of toxicity of effluents containing Cr(VI) by heterogeneous photocatalysis. Toxicity assessment by AMPHITOX assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:545-550. [PMID: 26432027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of a Cr(VI) solution before and after treatment by TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) was performed with AMPHITOX bioassay. Changes in toxicity on Rhinella arenarum larvae for 10-d were monitored after exposure to an untreated Cr(VI) solution and to the same solution after HP treatment. The HP treatment of a 41.60 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) solution reduced to 37.5% the concentration of the metal ion. A 10-fold reduction in toxicity at acute exposure (72 h) and 150-fold reduction in toxicity after 240 h was found. Further, the LOEC value increased from 0.001% for the untreated solution to 0.153% after HP treatment. Moreover, the safe concentration in untreated solution corresponded to 0.0001% sample, and it was 0.01% after the treatment, i.e., 100 times higher. A saving of water of about 100,000 L per L of effluent would be possible through dilution to allow safer concentrations for discharge; the saving would reach the highest value (1,000,000 L per L) at 240 h. Sub-lethal effects were completely absent in larvae exposed to the treated solution. The AMPHITOX test allowed to detect chronic effects at low Cr concentrations, i.e. at environmentally relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Y Hojman
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Martín de Irigoyen, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Martín Meichtry
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta I Litter
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Martín de Irigoyen, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina S Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Martín de Irigoyen, 1650 San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Herkovits J, Castañaga LA, D'Eramo JL, Jourani VP. Living organisms influence on environmental conditions: pH modulation by amphibian embryos versus aluminum toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:210-215. [PMID: 26126231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The LC10, 50 and 90/24h of aluminum for Rhinella arenarum embryos at complete operculum stage were 0.55, 0.75 and 1mgAl(3+)/L respectively. Those values did not change significantly by expanding the exposure period till 168h. The aluminum toxicity was evaluated in different pH conditions by means of a citrate buffer resulting for instance, 1mgAl(3+)/L at pH 4, 4.1, 5 and 6 in 100%, 70%, 35% and 0% of lethality respectively. As an outstanding feature, the embryos changed the pH of the maintaining media both in the case of Al(3+) or citrate buffer treatments toward neutral. 10 embryos in 40mL of AMPHITOX solution were able to increase the pH from 4.2 to 7.05, a fact related with a metabolic shift resulting in an increase in nitrogen loss as ammonia. Our study point out the natural selection of the most resistant amphibian embryos both for pH or aluminum as well as the capacity of living organisms (as a population) to alter their chemical environment toward optimal conditions for their survival. As these facts occur at early life stages, it expand the concept that living organisms at ontogenic stages are biomarker of environmental signatures of the evolutionary process (Herkovits, 2006) to a global Onto-Evo concept which imply also the feedback mechanisms from living organisms to shape environmental conditions in a way that benefits them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herkovits
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alberto Castañaga
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis D'Eramo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Platonova Jourani
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Nations S, Long M, Wages M, Maul JD, Theodorakis CW, Cobb GP. Subchronic and chronic developmental effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:166-174. [PMID: 25950410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles, such as copper oxide (CuO), are mass produced for use in a variety of products like coatings and ceramics. Acute exposure to CuO nanoparticles has caused toxicity to many aquatic organisms, yet there is no information on the effect of prolonged CuO nanomaterial exposures. This study examined effects of chronic exposure to CuO nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis growth and development. Experiments included a 14 d subchronic exposure and a 47 d chronic exposure throughout metamorphosis. The subchronic exposure caused mortality in all tested CuO concentrations, and significant growth effects occurred after exposure to 2.5 mg L(-1) CuO. Chronic exposure to 0.3 mg L(-1) CuO elicited significant mortality and affected the rate of metamorphosis. Exposure to lower concentrations of CuO stimulated metamorphosis and growth, indicating that low dose exposure can have hormetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Nations
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Monique Long
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mike Wages
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jonathan D Maul
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Christopher W Theodorakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76712, USA.
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14
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Flynn RW, Scott DE, Kuhne W, Soteropoulos D, Lance SL. Lethal and sublethal measures of chronic copper toxicity in the eastern narrowmouth toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:575-582. [PMID: 25475581 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many metals are acutely toxic to aquatic organisms at high concentrations and for some metals, such as copper (Cu), even low-level chronic contamination may be cause for conservation concern. Amphibian susceptibility to Cu has been examined in only a few species, and susceptibility is highly variable. The lethal and sublethal effects were examined of chronic aqueous Cu exposure on embryonic and larval eastern narrowmouth toads, Gastrophryne carolinensis. Copper levels as low as 10 μg Cu/L reduced embryonic and larval survival. Embryonic survivorship varied within- and between-source populations, with embryos derived from uncontaminated-wetland parents having greater survival at lower Cu levels than embryos from parents from a metal-contaminated constructed wetland. At 30 μg/L, embryos from the contaminated site had greater survival. Overall survival from oviposition to metamorphosis was 68.9% at 0 μg/L and 5.4% at 10 μg/L. Similarly, embryos exposed to ≥50 μg/L demonstrated developmental delays in transition from embryo to free-swimming larva. These results demonstrate a negative population-specific response to environmentally relevant levels of Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wesley Flynn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
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15
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Mariel AC, Alejandra BP, Silvia PCC. Developmental toxicity and risk assessment of nonylphenol to the South American toad, Rhinella arenarum. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:634-642. [PMID: 25195099 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Nonylphenol, an emerging pollutant, on the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum was stage and time dependent, thus Median Lethal Concentrations (LC50) for acute (96h), short-term chronic (168h) and chronic exposure (336h) were 1.06; 0.96 and 0.17mgNP/L from embryonic period (S.4), whereas for exposure from larvae (S.25), LC50 remained constant at 0.37mgNP/L from 96h to 168h, decreasing to 0.11mgNP/L at 336h. NOEC-168h for exposure from embryos was 0.025mgNP/L. The Teratogenic Potential (NOEC-lethality/NOEC-sublethal effects) was 23 times higher than the threshold value, indicating a high risk for embryos to be malformed in absence of significant lethality and representing a threat for the species conservation. By comparing with other amphibians, the early development of R. arenarum was very sensitive to NP. The results highlight the relevance of extending the exposure time and look for the most sensitive stage in order to perform the bioassays for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aronzon Carolina Mariel
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA) Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia. C.P.: 1650. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Babay Paola Alejandra
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pérez Coll Cristina Silvia
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA) Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia. C.P.: 1650. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Soteropoulos DL, Lance SL, Flynn RW, Scott DE. Effects of copper exposure on hatching success and early larval survival in marbled salamanders, Ambystoma opacum. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1631-1637. [PMID: 24729474 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The creation of wetlands, such as urban and industrial ponds, has increased in recent decades, and these wetlands often become enriched in pollutants over time. One metal contaminant trapped in created wetlands is copper (Cu(2+)). Copper concentrations in sediments and overlying water may affect amphibian species that breed in created wetlands. The authors analyzed the Cu concentration in dried sediments from a contaminated wetland and the levels of aqueous Cu released after flooding the sediments with different volumes of water, mimicking low, medium, and high pond-filling events. Eggs and larvae of Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst, a salamander that lays eggs on the sediments in dry pond beds that hatch on pond-filling, were exposed to a range of Cu concentrations that bracketed potential aqueous Cu levels in created wetlands. Embryo survival varied among clutches, but increased Cu levels did not affect embryo survival. At Cu concentrations of 500 µg/L or greater, however, embryos hatched earlier, and the aquatic larvae died shortly after hatching. Because Cu concentrations in sediments increase over time in created wetlands, even relatively tolerant species such as A. opacum may be affected by Cu levels in the posthatching environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Soteropoulos
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
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17
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Aronzon CM, Marino DJG, Ronco AE, Pérez Coll CS. Differential toxicity and uptake of Diazinon on embryo-larval development of Rhinella arenarum. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 100:50-56. [PMID: 24485812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon, an anti-cholinesterase organophosphate, is an extensively used pesticide. The main objective of this work was to assess the lethal and sublethal effects of Diazinon and its comparison with the uptake by embryos and larvae of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum by means of standardized bioassays during acute (96 h), short-term chronic (168 h) and chronic (504 h) exposures. Toxicity resulted time- and stage-dependent, thus the lethal concentration 50 for 96 h, 168 h and 504 h were 27.2; 20.1 and 6.8 mg Diazinon L(-1) for embryos and 8, 6.7 and 1.9 mg Diazinon L(-1) for larvae. It is noteworthy the remarkable differences found in the concentration which caused lethality with those causing adverse effects on development such as malformations (teratogenic effects). Therefore, the teratogenic index from 144 h was greater than two; the main adverse effects were axial flexures, irregular borders, wavy tail, microcephaly, malformed mouth and adhesive structures, gut miscoiling, underdeveloped gills, cloacal edema, desquamation and severe hydropsy. Moreover, the characteristic sublethal effect of Diazinon on larvae was abnormal behavior related to neurotoxicity with a NOEC-168 h of 4.5 mg Diazinon L(-1). Diazinon contents in R. arenarum were time-dependent and significantly related to exposure concentration for both embryos and larvae. Diazinon contents were also stage-dependent, as it was up to 27 times higher for organisms exposed from blastula stage onwards than early larvae. These facts and the Hazard Quotients, a numerical expression of ecological risk, of 2.73, which is above USEPA's Level of Concern, showed the threat that Diazinon represents for R. arenarum populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mariel Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián J G Marino
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, C.P. 1900 La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Ronco
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, C.P. 1900 La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Silvia Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Wolkowicz IRH, Herkovits J, Pérez Coll CS. Stage-dependent toxicity of bisphenol a on Rhinella arenarum (anura, bufonidae) embryos and larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:146-154. [PMID: 22052622 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The acute and chronic toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) was evaluated on the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum embryos and larvae by means of continuous and pulse exposure treatments. Embryos were treated continuously from early blastula (S.4) up to complete operculum (S.25), during early larval stages and by means of 24 h pulse exposures of BPA in concentrations ranging between 1.25 and 40 mg L(-1) , in order to evaluate the susceptibility to this compound in different developmental stages. For lethal effects, S.25 was the most sensitive and gastrula was the most resistant to BPA. The Teratogenic Index for neurula, the most sensitive embryonic stage for sublethal effects was 4.7. The main morphological alterations during early stages were: delayed or arrested development, reduced body size, persistent yolk plug, microcephaly, axial/tail flexures, edemas, blisters, waving fin, underdeveloped gills, mouth malformations, and cellular dissociation. BPA caused a remarkable narcotic effect from gill circulation stage (S.20) onwards in all the organisms exposed after 3 h of treatment with 10 mg L(-1) BPA. After recovering, the embryos exhibited scarce response to stimuli, erratic or circular swimming, and spasmodic contractions from 5 mg L(-1) onwards. Our results highlight the lethal and sublethal effectsof BPA on R. arenarum embryos and larvae, in the last case both at structural and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianina R Hutler Wolkowicz
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Zocche JJ, Damiani AP, Hainzenreder G, Mendonça RÁ, Peres PB, Santos CEID, Debastiani R, Dias JF, Andrade VMD. Assessment of heavy metal content and DNA damage in Hypsiboas faber (anuran amphibian) in coal open-casting mine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:194-201. [PMID: 23619523 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the heavy metal content in the tissues of Hypsiboas faber from a coal mining area and to compare the DNA damage in the blood cells of these animals with that of animals living in an unpolluted area. The heavy metal content was detected according to the technique of Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and the DNA damage was assessed by the Comet assay. Our results reveal that the specimens of H. faber collected from the coal mining area exhibited elements of order Fe>Cu>Al>Zn>Rb>Mn>Br, independently of the organ. The values of Comet assay parameters (DNA damage index and DNA damage frequency) were significantly higher in specimens collected from the coal mining area than in the reference animals. Our study concludes that the coal mining residues are genotoxic to amphibians and may have adverse effects on soil, water, vegetation and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo José Zocche
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagem e de Vertebrados, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Unidade Acadêmica de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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20
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Lance SL, Flynn RW, Erickson MR, Scott DE. Within- and among-population level differences in response to chronic copper exposure in southern toads, Anaxyrus terrestris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 177:135-142. [PMID: 23500050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants are implicated in the global decline of amphibian populations. Copper (Cu) is a widespread contaminant that can be toxic at concentrations just above the normal physiological range. In the present study we examined the effects of chronic Cu aqueous exposure on embryos and larvae of southern toads, Anaxyrus (Bufo) terrestris. Measurable levels of Cu were found in larvae, with tissue concentrations up to 27.5 μg Cu/g dry mass. Aqueous concentrations of Cu as low as 10 μg/L significantly reduced survival to the free-swimming stage and no larvae reached metamorphosis at concentrations above 15 μg/L. Clutches from populations with prior Cu exposure had the lowest survivorship. Among several populations there was significant variation in survivorship at different levels of Cu. More data are needed to understand the underlying causes of within- and among-population resilience to anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.
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21
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Güngördü A, Birhanli A, Ozmen M. Biochemical response to exposure to six textile dyes in early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:452-460. [PMID: 22802115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the toxic effect of a lethal concentration of six different commercially used textile dyes on the 46th stage of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The tadpoles were exposed to Astrazon Red FBL, Astrazon Blue FGRL, Remazol Red RR, Remazol Turquoise Blue G-A, Cibacron Red FN-3G, and Cibacron Blue FN-R for 168 h in static test conditions, and thus, 168-h median lethal concentrations (LC(50)s) of each dye were determined to be 0.35, 0.13, 112, 7, 359, and 15.8 mg/L, respectively. Also, to evaluate the sublethal effects of each dye, tadpoles were exposed to different concentrations of dyes (with respect to 168-h LC(50)s) for 24 h. The alteration of selected enzyme activities was tested. For this aim, glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. After dye exposure, the GST induction or inhibition and LDH induction indicated some possible mechanisms of oxidative stress and deterioration in aerobic respiration processes induced by the tested dyes. Findings of the study suggest that selected biomarker enzymes are useful in understanding the toxic mechanisms of these dyes in X. laevis tadpoles as early warning indicators. Therefore, these selected biomarkers may evaluate the effect of environmental factors, such as textile dye effluents and other industrial pollutants, on amphibians in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Güngördü
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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22
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Simon E, Puky M, Braun M, Tóthmérész B. Assessment of the effects of urbanization on trace elements of toe bones. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:5749-5754. [PMID: 21960362 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians, particularly frogs and toads, are increasingly used as bioindicators of contaminant accumulation in pollution studies. We developed an analytical technique to analyse their elemental contents based on a small amount of toe bone samples. This method is environment-friendly as, unlike traditional methods, it is not necessary to kill animals during sampling. Using this technique, we explored the effects of urbanization on the elemental contents of toe bones. Bufo bufo specimens were collected from an urban and two rural ponds. The ratios of Ca and P at the ponds were: 20.5% Ca and 14.6% P at the urban pond and 30.4% and 29.6% Ca, 22.4% and 21.7% P at the rural ponds, respectively. For the other elements, the following percentage ratios were found: 0.7% B, 0.3% Mg and 0.06% Zn at the urban pond and 1.1% and 0.4% B, 0.4% Mg and 0.05% Zn at the rural ponds, respectively. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated the separation of the urban and the rural ponds based on the elemental concentrations of toe bones. Significant differences were found between the concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, B and Zn at the urban and the rural ponds (p < 0.05). Anthropogenic activity was found to have effects on the elemental contents of toe bones in the urbanized area. Our study also demonstrated that the developed method was appropriate for the elemental analysis of small samples to assess the effects of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Simon
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, P.O. Box 71, 4010, Hungary.
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23
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Lance SL, Erickson MR, Flynn RW, Mills GL, Tuberville TD, Scott DE. Effects of chronic copper exposure on development and survival in the southern leopard frog (Lithobates [Rana] sphenocephalus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:1587-1594. [PMID: 22511547 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants contributes to the global decline of amphibian populations. The impacts of organic contaminants on amphibians are well documented. However, substantially less is known concerning the potential effects of metals on amphibian populations. Copper (Cu) is an essential element, but it can be toxic at concentrations only slightly higher than the normal physiological range. The present study examines the effects of chronic Cu exposure on embryos and larvae of southern leopard frogs, Lithobates (Rana) sphenocephalus. Groups of eggs from multiple clutches were collected from two wetlands and exposed to a range of Cu concentrations (0-150 µg/L) until they reached the free-swimming stage, and then individual larvae were reared to metamorphosis. Higher Cu concentrations significantly reduced embryo survival to the free-swimming stage but did not further reduce survival to metamorphosis. Larval period was affected by Cu treatment, but the clutch from which larvae originated (i.e., parentage) explained a higher proportion of the variation. Embryo survival to hatching varied significantly among clutches, ranging from 42.9 to 79.2%. Measurable levels of Cu were found in larvae with body burdens up to 595 µg Cu/g dry mass in the 100 µg/L treatment, and larval Cu body burdens were higher than in metamorphs. The present study also demonstrated that higher initial egg density ameliorated embryo mortality at higher Cu levels and should be accounted for in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA.
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Xia K, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H. Chronic toxicity of copper on embryo development in Chinese toad, Bufo gargarizans. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1395-1402. [PMID: 22436585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of copper exposure on embryonic development of Chinese toad, Bufo gargarizans. Firstly, the LC(50) values from 24 to 96 h of exposure were 3.61×10(-6) M, by means of a 4 d toxicity test with B. gargarizans embryos. Secondly, Chinese toad embryos were exposed to 10(-9)-10(-6) M copper from mid gastrula stage to operculum completion stage. Measurements included mortality, tadpole weight, tadpole total length, growth retardation, duration of different embryo stages and malformation. Embryonic survival was not affected by copper. Relative to control tadpoles, significantly decreased weight and total length were found at 10(-9)-10(-6) M reduced percentage of the embryos in right operculum stage after 10 d exposure to copper and reduced percentage of embryos in operculum completion stage after 12 d exposure to copper were also observed. Moreover, the duration of embryonic development increased at neural, circulation and operculum development stage in copper-treated groups. For the scanning microscope and histological observation, the abnormalities were malformation of wavy dorsal fin, flexural tail, curvature body axis, yolk sac oedema and reduced pigmentation in the yolk sac. Histopathological changes in olfactory, retinal epithelium and skin were also observed. DNA strand breaks exposed to the copper were analyzed by DNA ladder. In conclusion, copper induced toxic effects on B. gargarizans embryos. The present study indicated chronic toxicity tests may provide more accurate way in formulating the "safe levels" of heavy metals to amphibian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Aronzon CM, Sandoval MT, Herkovits J, Pérezcoll CS. Stage-dependent susceptibility to copper in Rhinella arenarum embryos and larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2771-2777. [PMID: 21919040 DOI: 10.1002/etc.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Copper toxicity in different embryonic and larval stages of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum was evaluated by means of continuous and 24-h pulse treatments in 12 different developmental stages. Lethal concentrations (LC) of 10, 50, and 90% of continuous treatment with Cu from early blastula (S.4), complete operculum (S.25), and hind limb bud (S.28) stages were plotted from 24 to 168 h, resulting from S.4 in a 24-h LC50 of 137 µg Cu(2+) /L and a 168-h LC50 of 19.5 µg Cu(2+) /L. This result was in agreement with pulse treatments that showed a high resistance to Cu at blastula and gastrula stages, whereas the organogenic period, between muscular response (S.18) and open mouth (S.21), was very susceptible to this metal. Continuous treatments from S.25 showed no significant differences along exposure time (168-h LC50 = 51 µg Cu(2+) /L), but in the case of S.28 toxicity increased slightly from a 24-h LC50 of 138.6 µg Cu(2+) /L to a 168-h LC50 of 104 µg Cu(2+) /L, pointing out that, although the larval period was significantly more resistant to Cu, there was also a remarkable stage-dependent susceptibility to this metal. Copper teratogenic potential was approximately two, and main adverse effects were reduced body size, axial flexure, microcephaly, acephaly, mouth malformations, agenesis of or underdeveloped gills, agenesis of or underdeveloped tail, and hydropsy. The results are discussed considering Cu toxicity mechanisms, an evolutionary perspective, and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Aronzon
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Aronzon CM, Sandoval MT, Herkovits J, Pérez-Coll CS. Stage-dependent toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:373-81. [PMID: 20112415 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The acute and short term chronic toxicity of both the herbicide butyl ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and a commercial formulation (CF) were evaluated on Rhinella (= Bufo) arenarum embryos at different developmental stages. Adverse effects were analyzed by means of the isotoxicity curves for lethality, malformations, stage-dependent susceptibility, and ultrastructural features. For all experimental conditions, the CF was more toxic, up to 10 times, than the active ingredient, being the open mouth stage (S.21) the most susceptible to the herbicide. For continuous treatment conditions, the early embryonic development was the most susceptible to 2,4-D and the LC50s for 96 and 168 h were 9.06 and 7.76 mg L(-1) respectively. In addition, both the active ingredient and the CF were highly teratogenic, resulting in reduced body size, delayed development, microcephaly, agenesis of gills, and abnormal cellular proliferation processes as the main adverse effects. According to US EPA, 2,4-D in agricultural scenarios may be up to three times higher than the NOEC values for teratogenic effects reported in this study. Therefore, they might represent a risk for amphibians. This study also points out the relevance of reporting the susceptibility of embryos at different developmental stages to both the active ingredient and the CF of agrochemicals in order to protect nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Aronzon
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, (1405) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Kim B, Kim YS, Kim BM, Hay AG, McBride MB. Effect of soil metal contamination on glyphosate mineralization: role of zinc in the mineralization rates of two copper-spiked mineral soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:596-601. [PMID: 21298705 DOI: 10.1002/etc.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation into lowered degradation rates of glyphosate in metal-contaminated soils was performed by measuring mineralization of [(14)C]glyphosate to (14)CO(2) in two mineral soils that had been spiked with Cu and/or Zn at various loadings. Cumulative (14)CO(2) release was estimated to be approximately 6% or less of the amount of [(14)C]glyphosate originally added in both soils over an 80-d incubation. For all but the highest Cu treatments (400 mg kg(-1)) in the coarse-textured Arkport soil, mineralization began without a lag phase and declined over time. No inhibition of mineralization was observed for Zn up to 400 mg kg(-1) in either soil, suggesting differential sensitivity of glyphosate mineralization to the types of metal and soil. Interestingly, Zn appeared to alleviate high-Cu inhibition of mineralization in the Arkport soil. The protective role of Zn against Cu toxicity was also observed in the pure culture study with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that increased mineralization rates in high Cu soil with Zn additions might have been due to alleviation of cellular toxicity by Zn rather than a mineralization specific mechanism. Extensive use of glyphosate combined with its reduced degradation in Cu-contaminated, coarse-textured soils may increase glyphosate persistence in soil and consequently facilitate Cu and glyphosate mobilization in the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojeong Kim
- The Center for NanoBioEarth, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Song MO, Li J, Freedman JH. Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:386-401. [PMID: 19549813 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element; however, at supraphysiological levels, it can be extremely toxic. Microarray data from HepG2 cells exposed to 100, 200, 400, and 600 microM copper for 4, 8, 12 and 24 h were generated and analyzed. Principal components, K-means, and hierarchical clustering, interactome, and pathway mapping analyses indicated that these exposure conditions induce physiological and toxicological changes in the HepG2 transcriptome. As a general trend, when the level of toxicity increases, the number and diversity of affected genes, Gene Ontology categories, regulatory pathways, and complexity of interactomes increase. Physiological responses to copper include transition metal ion binding and responses to stress/stimulus, whereas toxicological responses include apoptosis, morphogenesis, and negative regulation of biomolecule metabolism. The global gene expression profile was overlaid onto biomolecular interaction networks and signal transduction cascades using pathway mapping and interactome identification. This analysis indicated that copper modulates signal transduction pathways associated with MAPK, NF-kappaB, death receptor, IGF-I, hypoxia, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6, EGF, Toll-like receptor, protein ubiquitination, xenobiotic metabolism, leukocyte extravasation, complement and coagulation, and sonic hedgehog signaling. These results provide insights into the global and molecular mechanisms regulating the physiological and toxicological responses to metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ok Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Brodeur JC, Asorey CM, Sztrum A, Herkovits J. Acute and subchronic toxicity of arsenite and zinc to tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum both alone and in combination. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:884-890. [PMID: 19557616 DOI: 10.1080/15287390902959524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated acute and subchronic toxicity of arsenite (As(3+)) and zinc (Zn(2+)) to stage 25 tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum in both single and joint laboratory exposures. LC50 values obtained for As(3+) were elevated and remained within the range of 46 to 50 mg/L of As(3+) between 4 and 17 d of exposure. Growth of tadpoles was completely inhibited with 30 mg/L of As(3+), demonstrating the presence of ecologically relevant sublethal effects at concentrations lower than those resulting in lethality. With respect to Zn(2+), a 96-h LC50 value of 2.49 mg/L was calculated in soft water. Contrary to results obtained for As(3+), LC50 values of Zn(2+) gradually decreased with increasing exposure duration, from 2.49 mg/L at 96 h to 1.30 mg/L after 21 d. In joint exposures to both metals, the type of interaction observed between As(3+) and Zn(2+) was concentration dependent. Lethal effects of As(3+) were mitigated, unaffected, or potentiated by 0.01, 0.1, and 1-2 mg/L of Zn(2+), respectively. However, although 0.01 mg/L of Zn(2+) significantly reduced lethality of As(3+)-exposed tadpoles, the same concentration of Zn(2+) did not help to reverse the stunt growth of these animals. Further studies need to examine which are the lowest concentrations As(3+) required to reduce growth and whether Zn(2+) serves to antagonize growth effects in this range of concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Céline Brodeur
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. julbrodeur@ hotmail.com
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Pérez-Coll CS, Sztrum AA, Herkovits J. Nickel tissue residue as a biomarker of sub-toxic exposure and susceptibility in amphibian embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 74:78-83. [PMID: 18992908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although low level exposure to physicochemical agents is the most common environmental scenario, their effects on living organisms are very controversial. However, there is an increasing need to integrate low level exposures from risk assessment to remediation purposes. This study focus on the possibility to employ Ni tissue residue values as biomarkers of sub-toxic exposure and susceptibility to this metal in a range of almost pristine to sub-toxic concentrations for Rhinella arenarum embryos. For that purpose, three batches of amphibian embryos were pretreated during 10 days with three increasing concentrations of Ni starting in 2, 8 and 20 microg Ni(2+) L(-1) and ending in 16, 64 and 160 microg Ni(2+) L(-1) (in natural fresh waters this value ranges from 2 to 10 microgL(-1); the LC(50)-24h for R. arenarum is 26.2mg Ni(2+) L(-1)). For the experimental conditions, the Ni tissue residue values at 360 h post exposure were 0.5, 2.1 and 3.6 microg Ni g(-1) embryo w/w, respectively, corresponding to BCFs of 31, 33 and 23. The susceptibility to Ni in those experimental embryos was evaluated by means of challenge exposures to three lethal concentrations of this metal (10, 20 and 30 mg Ni(2+) L(-1)), registering survival during the following 10 days of treatment. As a general pattern, the lower, intermediate and higher pretreatments with Ni resulted in enhanced, neutral and adverse effects on embryonic survival, respectively. Thus, sub-toxic exposure to Ni could modify the resistance of the amphibian embryo to this metal and Ni tissue residue values could be considered as biomarkers of both, exposure and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S Pérez-Coll
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundación PROSAMA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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McKibbin R, Dushenko WT, vanAggelen G, Bishop CA. The influence of water quality on the embryonic survivorship of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in British Columbia, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 395:28-40. [PMID: 18336868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In Canada, the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a critically endangered species with only three known populations and an estimated breeding population of less than 400 located in isolated sites in the extreme south-west corner of British Columbia. Floating Nitex cages were used to assess embryonic survivorship in two populations of Oregon spotted frogs from 2002-2005. One population, near Aldergrove, BC experienced declines in population size while the other population, at Maria Slough, increased during the period 1997-2001. During embryo development, we measured trace metals, nutrients and physical parameters in the water at each site. These were used to test the hypothesis that water quality parameters were correlated with embryonic survivorship. During the study period in the declining population at Aldergrove R. pretiosa bred at two distinct sub sites (A and B) located 500 m apart within the wetland. Mean embryonic survivorship varied from 9% to 36% at sub site A and from 78% to 88% at sub site B whereas in the population in Maria Slough, the mean embryonic survivorship varied from 77% to 84%. Sulphate was the only water chemistry variable that differed significantly between the two study sites and was the highest at Maria Slough. A weak significant positive correlation was found between chloride and embryonic survivorship and conductivity and embryonic survivorship. A multiple regression model found conductivity was the only significant variable. We concluded that natural water chemistry conditions of low chloride and consequently low conductivity may be contributing to low embryonic survivorship in the population of R. pretiosa at MD Aldergrove, BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- René McKibbin
- Environment Canada, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC, Canada V4K 3N2.
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32
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Herkovits J, Pérez-Coll CS. Acclimation to low level exposure of copper in Bufo arenarum embryos: linkage of effects to tissue residues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2007; 4:166-72. [PMID: 17617681 PMCID: PMC3728583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2007040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The acclimation possibilities to copper in Bufo arenarum embryos was evaluated by means of three different low level copper exposure conditions during 14 days. By the end of the acclimation period the copper content in control embryos was 1.04 +/- 0.09 microg g(-1) (wet weight) while in all the acclimated embryos a reduction of about 25% of copper was found. Thus copper content could be considered as a biomarker of low level exposure conditions. Batches of 10 embryos (by triplicate) from each acclimation condition were challenged with three different toxic concentrations of copper. As a general pattern, the acclimation protocol to copper exerted a transient beneficial effect on the survival of the Bufo arenarum embryos. The acclimation phenomenon could be related to the selection of pollution tolerant organisms within an adaptive process and therefore the persistence of information within an ecological system following a toxicological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herkovits
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Browne RK, Odum RA, Herman T, Zippel K. Facility Design and Associated Services for the Study of Amphibians. ILAR J 2007; 48:188-202. [PMID: 17592183 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.48.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of facilities and associated services for amphibians has recently undergone diversification. Amphibians traditionally used as research models adjust well to captivity and thrive with established husbandry techniques. However, it is now necessary to maintain hundreds of novel amphibian species in captive breeding, conservation research, and biomedical research programs. These diverse species have a very wide range of husbandry requirements, and in many cases the ultimate survival of threatened species will depend on captive populations. Two critical factors have emerged in the maintenance of amphibians, stringent quarantine and high-quality water. Because exotic diseases such as chytridiomycosis have devastated both natural and captive populations of amphibians, facilities must provide stringent quarantine. The provision of high-quality water is also essential to maintain amphibian health and condition due to the intimate physiological relationship of amphibians to their aquatic environment. Fortunately, novel technologies backed by recent advances in the scientific knowledge of amphibian biology and disease management are available to overcome these challenges. For example, automation can increase the reliability of quarantine and maintain water quality, with a corresponding decrease in handling and the associated disease-transfer risk. It is essential to build facilities with appropriate nontoxic waterproof materials and to provide quarantined amphibian rooms for each population. Other spaces and services include live feed rooms, quarantine stations, isolation rooms, laboratory space, technical support systems, reliable energy and water supplies, high-quality feed, and security. Good husbandry techniques must include reliable and species-specific management by trained staff members who receive support from the administration. It is possible to improve husbandry techniques for many species by sharing knowledge through common information systems. Overall, good facility design corresponds to the efficient use of space, personnel, energy, materials, and other resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Perth Zoo, 20 Labouchere Road, South Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia. robert.browne2gmail.com
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34
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Perez-Coll CS, Herkovits J. Synergistic Effects of Copper and Butylic Ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (Esternon Ultra) on Amphibian Embryos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 3:343-7. [PMID: 17159276 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2006030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cu2+ and butylic ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as Esternon Ultra (2,4-D) toxicity on Bufo arenarum embryos were evaluated by means of a short-term chronic toxicity test (AMPHITOX). The NOEC values for Cu and 2,4-D were 0.02 mg/L and 2 mg/L respectively. The toxicity profile curves for Cu and 2,4-D were reported. The interactions of the metal and the herbicide were evaluated by combined treatments with different concentrations of Cu and 2,4-D. Although in all cases, a synergistic effect between these chemicals was observed, the combination of concentrations exerting low level effects in isolated treatments resulted in more adverse embryonic survival. Considering that both products are extensively used in agroecosystems, this fact could be of concern for non target species like amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Silvia Perez-Coll
- Programa de Seguridad Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundacion PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, (1405) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hsiao MC, Wang HP, Chang JE, Peng CY. Tracking of copper species in incineration fly ashes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2006; 138:539-42. [PMID: 16839673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Speciation of copper in the incineration waste heat boiler (HB) and the down stream electrostatic precipitator (EP) fly ashes during the flue gas cooling down (1123-->473 K) has been studied by X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy in the present work. Copper species such as Cu(OH)(2) (59-67%), CuCl(2) (5-12%), CuO (24-26%), and a small amount of CuS (3-4%) in fly ashes were determined by semi-quantitative analyses of the XANES spectra. In the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) tests, about 83 and 20% of copper were leached from the EP and HB fly ashes, respectively. The relatively high leachability of copper for the EP fly ash might be due to the fact that CuCl(2) was enriched on the surfaces as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the contrary, CuCl(2) was mainly encapsulated in the HB fly ashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
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Herkovits J, D'Eramo JL, Fridman O. The effect of UV-B radiation on Bufo arenarum embryos survival and superoxide dismutase activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 3:43-7. [PMID: 16823076 PMCID: PMC3785679 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2006030006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of Bufo arenarum embryos to 300-310 nm UV-B at a dose of 4,104 Joule/m(2) resulted in 100% lethality within 24 hr while 820 Joule/m(2) was the NOEC value for short-term chronic (10 days) exposure. The dose response curves show that lethal effects are proportional with the dose and achieve its highest value within 48 hr post exposure. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in amphibian embryos for sublethal UV-B exposures was evaluated by means of UV-B treatments with 273 (A), 820(B), 1368(C) and 1915(D) Joule/m(2) at 2 and 5 hours post irradiation. The SOD activity in units/mg protein in A, B, C and D at 2 hr after treatments were 80.72 +/- 14.29, 74.5 +/- 13.19, 39.5 +/- 6.99 and 10.7 +/- 1.89 respectively while for control embryos it was 10.88 +/- 1.31. At 5 hr after treatments the SOD values were similar to those found in control embryos. The results confirm the high susceptibility of amphibian embryos to UV-B and point out that the SOD activity is enhanced by low doses of UV-B irradiation achieving significantly higher values than in control embryos at 2 hr post exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herkovits
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundación PROSAMA, Paysandú, Buenos Aires,
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Gorter RW, Butorac M, Cobian EP. Examination of the Cutaneous Absorption of Copper After the Use of Copper-Containing Ointments. Am J Ther 2004; 11:453-8. [PMID: 15543084 DOI: 10.1097/01.mjt.0000127148.83065.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because copper-containing ointments are frequently used in anthroposophical medicine, a phase I trial to investigate the cutaneous absorption of copper was conducted. Sixty-one volunteers were randomized [group A: 0.4% copper (I) oxide, 13 men and 18 women (19-55 years); group B: 20% elementary copper, 11 men and 19 women (18-70 years)]. The ointment was applied over a 4-week period followed by a 4-week wash-out phase. Serum and urine copper concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and hair copper concentration by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For statistical analysis, the Student t test for related random samples was used; alpha = 0.05 was chosen for the standard error. In group A, an increase of copper in serum and scalp hair and a decrease in urine were found in the study period. The mean serum concentration in all premenopausal women using oral contraceptives was above normal. In group B, the serum copper concentration increased significantly; in urine, it decreased, and in scalp hair, it remained stable. A higher level of serum copper was found in female volunteers using hormonal contraception. Treatment with the 2 different ointments did not cause toxic irritations on the skin, and it can therefore be deduced that the appropriate application of ointment preparations containing copper in concentrations up to 20% do not present a toxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Gorter
- International Institute for Oncological and Immunological Research, Cologne, Germany.
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38
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Pérez-Coll CS, Herkovits J. Lethal and teratogenic effects of naringenin evaluated by means of an amphibian embryo toxicity test (AMPHITOX). Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:299-306. [PMID: 14667474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of naringenin on the survival and morphogenesis of amphibian embryos was evaluated by means of the AMPHITOX test reporting early life stage and chronic toxicity effects. Lethality, malformation incidence and the degree of adverse effects were concentration-dependent. The Teratogenic Index (TI) for naringenin was 2 pointing out the high developmental hazard of this substance. For instance, 10 mg/l naringenin exerted 100% malformations while only 30% of the abnormal embryos died. Main abnormalities were reduced body size, axial curves, microcephaly, abdominal edema, underdeveloped gills and delayed development. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed alterations in epithelial cell shapes related to malformations. The results obtained by means of treatment of Bufo arenarum embryos with naringenin from complete operculum stage onwards show that at this final stage of development, the susceptibility of the embryos to this flavonoid is slightly lower for lethal effects but exerted sublethal adverse effects such as transient narcosis, abnormal contortions, loss of equilibrium, reduced motility and edema. Overall, amphibian early life stages appeared more susceptible to the embryotoxicity associated with exposure to naringenin, especially at concentrations greater than 5 mg/l. This increased susceptibility may result from the relatively high rates of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis that occur at this early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pérez-Coll
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundación PROSAMA, Paysandú 752, (1405) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Untersteiner H, Kahapka J, Kaiser H. Behavioural response of the cladoceran Daphnia magna STRAUS to sublethal Copper stress--validation by image analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 65:435-442. [PMID: 14568357 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study changes in the locomotory behaviour of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna STRAUS were used as sublethal indicators of toxic copper (Cu) stress. The behavioural responses were determined by a real time image analysis, using a video camera and a Pentium-PC equipped with a standard low cost frame grabber. For a sequence of 50 images per group, where 10 daphnids were moving simultaneously, the trajectories have been reconstructed in binary image sequences. As biological endpoints, we defined the average swimming velocity and the average duration of swimming activity and inactivity. The behavioural responses of the daphnids were analysed under normal conditions (without Cu stress) and after application of sublethal Cu stress of following concentrations (in microg l(-1) (ppb)): C1=1, C2=5, C3=10, C4=20, C5=30. The test organisms were exposed to the Cu concentration for 24 h under static conditions. Already after 9 h of Cu-exposure a significant (*P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be observed at the group of the highest Cu concentration (30 ppb). After 13 h of Cu-contamination the swimming velocity was significantly (*P<0.05) reduced at group of 20 ppb Cu-treatment and after 14 h a significant (*P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be measured at the group of 10 ppb Cu-treatment. No significant decrease of the swimming velocity could be observed in the 1 and 5 ppb Cu-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Untersteiner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Hsiao MC, Wang HP, Wei YL, Chang JE, Jou CJ. Speciation of copper in the incineration fly ash of a municipal solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2002; 91:301-307. [PMID: 11900920 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The speciation of copper and zinc in the incineration fly ash of a municipal solid waste in Taiwan was investigated in the present work. By the least-squares fitted X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy, we found that CuCO3, CuOH2, and CuO (fractions of 0.09, 0.39 and 0.51, respectively) were the main copper species in the fly ash. Quantitative analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS) spectra indicated that the bond distance of Cu-O in the fly ash was 1.96 A with a coordination number (CN) of 3.9 in the first shell of copper. In the second shell, the bond distance and CN of Cu-(O)-Cu were 2.91 A and 2.7, respectively. In addition, speciation of Zn was also examined in the same X-ray absorption energy (8780-9970 eV). The bond distance of Zn-O and Zn-O-Zn were 1.97 and 2.94 A, respectively. However, the Zn-O-Cu structure was not found because of the physically unreasonable sigma(2) (Debye-Waller factor) values in the EXAFS data fitting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Herkovits J, Perez-Coll C, Herkovits FD. Ecotoxicological studies of environmental samples from Buenos Aires area using a standardized amphibian embryo toxicity test (AMPHITOX). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 116:177-183. [PMID: 11808551 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of 34 environmental samples from potentially polluted and reference stations were evaluated by means of the AMPHITOX test from acute to chronic exposure according to the toxicity found in each sample. The samples were obtained from surface and ground water, leaches, industrial effluents and soils. The data, expressed in acute, short-term chronic and chronic Toxicity Units (TUa, TUstc and TUc) resulted in a maximal value of 1000 TUc, found in a leach, while the lower toxicity value was 1.4 TUa corresponding to two surface water samples. In five samples (four providing from reference places) no toxicity was detected. The results point out the possibility of evaluating the toxicity of a wide diversity of samples by means of AMPHITOX as a customized toxicity test. The fact that almost all samples with suspected toxicity in rivers and streams from the Metropolitan area of Buenos Aires city resulted toxic, indicates the need of enhanced stewardship of chemical substances for environmental and human health protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herkovits
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud (ICAS), Fundación PROSAMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Herkovits J, Pérez-Coll CS, Herkovits FD. Evaluation of nickel-zinc interactions by means of bioassays with amphibian embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2000; 45:266-273. [PMID: 10702346 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The nickel hazard was evaluated by means of a 7-day toxicity test with Bufo arenarum embryos. The LC(50) values for this metal from 24 to 168 h diminished from about 26 to 1.8 mg Ni(2+)/L, respectively, but from 96 h onward, the LC(50) varied very slightly. Although a noticeable difference among the LC(50) and LC(10) or LC(90) was observed at 24 h of exposure, these parameters tended to a similar value at 168 h of exposure while the confidence intervals of LC(50) overlapped all other confidence interval values. These results, plotted as toxicity profile curves, are useful for determining time and concentration thresholds for Ni. Nickel-zinc interactions on B. arenarum embryos were evaluated by means of simultaneous treatments with both cations (Ni: 5-35 mg Ni(2+)/L; Zn: 0.5-130 mg Zn(2+)/L). As a general pattern, low Zn concentrations (0.5 mg Zn(2+)/L) did not have a clear-cut effect on Ni toxicity, higher Zn concentrations (2-20 mg Zn(2+)/L) enhanced Ni toxicity, and concentrations of 30 mg Zn(2+)/L and higher had a beneficial effect in most cases. The metal interaction studies provide a scientific basis for the establishment of water quality criteria for wildlife protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herkovits
- Programa de Seguridad Química, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundación PROSAMA, Paysandú 752/760, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina.
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