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Zhou X, Dong L, Zhang Y, Li J, Ren Z, Niu K. Trait-dependent importance of intraspecific variation relative to species turnover in determining community functional composition following nutrient enrichment. Oecologia 2024; 205:107-119. [PMID: 38698244 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Community weighted mean trait, i.e., functional composition, has been extensively used for upscaling of individual traits to the community functional attributes and ecosystem functioning in recent years. Yet, the importance of intraspecific trait variation relative to species turnover in determining changes in CWM still remains unclear, especially under nutrient enrichment scenarios. In this study, we conducted a global data synthesis analysis and three nutrient addition experiments in two sites of alpine grassland to reveal the extent to which species turnover and ITV contribute to shift in CWM in response to nutrient enrichment. The results consistently show that the importance of ITV relative to species turnover in regulating CWM in response to nutrient enrichment strongly depends on trait attributes rather than on environmental factors (fertilization type, climatic factors, soil properties, and light transmittance). For whole plant traits (height) and leaf morphological traits, species turnover is generally more important than ITV in determining CWM following most treatments of nutrient addition. However, for leaf nutrient traits, ITV outweighed species turnover in determining shifts in CWM in response to almost all treatments of nutrient addition, regardless of types and gradients of the nutrient addition. Thus, our study not only provides robust evidence for trait-dependent importance of ITV in mediating community functional composition, but also highlights the need to consider the nature of functional traits in linking ITV to community assembly and ecosystem functioning under global nutrient enrichment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhou
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring and Restoration of Desert-Oasis, MNR, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Liuwen Dong
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring and Restoration of Desert-Oasis, MNR, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring and Restoration of Desert-Oasis, MNR, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Jingdong Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring and Restoration of Desert-Oasis, MNR, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Zhengwei Ren
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Kechang Niu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Ievinsh G. Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061238. [PMID: 36986926 PMCID: PMC10058729 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to reconsider basic information about various functional aspects related to plant water content and provide evidence that the usefulness of measuring absolute water content in plant sciences is undervalued. First, general questions about water status in plants as well as methods for determining water content and their associated problems were discussed. After a brief overview of the structural organization of water in plant tissues, attention was paid to the water content of different parts of plants. Looking at the influence of environmental factors on plant water status, the differences caused by air humidity, mineral supply, biotic effects, salinity, and specific life forms (clonal and succulent plants) were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that the expression of absolute water content on a dry biomass basis makes easily noticeable functional sense, but the physiological meaning and ecological significance of the drastic differences in plant water content need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gederts Ievinsh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
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3
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Bonthond G, Neu A, Bayer T, Krueger‐Hadfield SA, Künzel S, Weinberger F. Non-native hosts of an invasive seaweed holobiont have more stable microbial communities compared to native hosts in response to thermal stress. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9753. [PMID: 36713485 PMCID: PMC9873590 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are colonized by a microbial community, which can be directly linked to their performance. This community is shaped by an interplay of stochastic and deterministic processes, including mechanisms which the holobiont host deploys to manipulate its associated microbiota. The Anna Karenina principle predicts that when a holobiont is exposed to suboptimal or stressful conditions, these host mechanisms may be compromised. This leads to a relative increase of stochastic processes that may potentially result in the succession of a microbial community harmful to the host. Based on this principle, we used the variability in microbial communities (i.e., beta diversity) as a proxy for stability within the invasive holobiont Gracilaria vermiculophylla during a simulated invasion in a common garden experiment. Independent of host range, host performance declined at elevated temperature (22°C) and disease incidence and beta diversity increased. Under thermally stressful conditions, beta diversity increased more in epibiota from native populations, suggesting that epibiota from non-native holobionts are thermally more stable. This pattern reflects an increase in deterministic processes acting on epibiota associated with non-native hosts, which in the setting of a common garden can be assumed to originate from the host itself. Therefore, these experimental data suggest that the invasion process may have selected for hosts better able to maintain stable microbiota during stress. Future studies are needed to identify the underlying host mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Bonthond
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | | | - Till Bayer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | | | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
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4
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Liu H, Pausch J, Wu Y, Xu H, Liu G, Ma L, Xue S. Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Guobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - LiHui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Sha Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
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Ji L, Wei L, Zhang L, Li Y, Tian Y, Liu K, Ren H. Effects of Simulated Nitrogen Deposition and Micro-Environment on the Functional Traits of Two Rare and Endangered Fern Species in a Subtropical Forest. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3320. [PMID: 36501359 PMCID: PMC9740810 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of N deposition on forest plants have been widely reported, few studies have focused on rare and endangered fern species (REFs). Information is also lacking on the effects of micro-environments on REFs. We investigated the effects of N addition (canopy and understory N addition, CAN, and UAN) and micro-environments (soil and canopy conditions) on the functional traits (growth, defense, and reproduction; 19 traits in total) of two REFs-Alsophila podophylla and Cibotium baromet-in a subtropical forest in South China. We found that, compared to controls, CAN or UAN decreased the growth traits (e.g., plant height, H) of C. baromet, increased its defense traits (e.g., leaf organic acid concentrations, OA), delayed its reproductive event (all-spore release date), and prolonged its reproductive duration. In contrast, A. podophylla showed increased growth traits (e.g., H), decreased defense traits (e.g., OA), and advanced reproductive events (e.g., the all-spore emergence date) under CAN or UAN. Meanwhile, the negative effects on the C. baromet growth traits and A. podophylla defense traits were stronger for CAN than for UAN. In addition, the soil chemical properties always explained more of the variations in the growth and reproductive traits of the two REFs than the N addition. Our study indicates that, under simulated N deposition, C. baromet increases its investment in defense, whereas A. podophylla increases its investment in growth and reproduction; this may cause an increasing A. podophylla population and decreasing C. baromet population in subtropical forests. Our study also highlights the importance of considering micro-environments and the N-addition approach when predicting N deposition impact on subtropical forest REFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Ji
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Wei
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuanqiu Li
- Shimentai National Natural Reserve, Yingde 513000, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ke Liu
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai Ren
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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6
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Stotz GC, Salgado‐Luarte C, Escobedo VM, Valladares F, Gianoli E. Phenotypic plasticity and the leaf economics spectrum: plasticity is positively associated with specific leaf area. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela C. Stotz
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Univ. Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Cristian Salgado‐Luarte
- Inst. de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Univ. de La Serena La Serena Chile
| | - Víctor M. Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Inst. de Ciencias Biológicas, Univ. de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Depto de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid España
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles Madrid España
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7
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Damiano N, Arena C, Bonfante A, Caputo R, Erbaggio A, Cirillo C, De Micco V. How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111507. [PMID: 35684279 PMCID: PMC9182941 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in severe drought events due to climate change in the areas traditionally suitable for viticulture is enhancing the need to understand how grapevines regulate their photosynthetic metabolism in order to forecast specific cultivar adaptive responses to the changing environment. This study aims at evaluating the association between leaf anatomical traits and eco-physiological adjustments of the ‘Falanghina’ grapevine under different microclimatic conditions at four sites in southern Italy. Sites were characterized by different pedoclimatic conditions but, as much as possible, were similar for plant material and cultivation management. Microscopy analyses on leaves were performed to quantify stomata and vein traits, while eco-physiological analyses were conducted on vines to assess plant physiological adaptation capability. At the two sites with relatively low moisture, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosystem electron transfer rate, and quantum yield of PSII, linear electron transport was lower compared to the other two sites. Stomata size was higher at the site characterized by the highest precipitation. However, stomatal density and most vein traits tended to be relatively stable among sites. The number of free vein endings per unit leaf area was lower in the two vineyards with low precipitation. We suggest that site-specific stomata and vein traits modulation in Falanghina grapevine are an acclimation strategy that may influence photosynthetic performance. Overall in-depth knowledge of the structure/function relations in Falanghina vines might be useful to evaluate the plasticity of this cultivar towards site-specific management of vineyards in the direction of precision viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Damiano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21-26, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonello Bonfante
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems, ISAFOM, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Rosanna Caputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Arturo Erbaggio
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems, ISAFOM, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Chiara Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (V.D.M.)
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8
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Impact of the female and hermaphrodite forms of Opuntia robusta on the plant defence hypothesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12063. [PMID: 34103611 PMCID: PMC8187663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal defence hypothesis predicts that increased plant defence capabilities, lower levels of damage, and lower investment in vegetative biomass will occur more frequently in sexual forms with higher resource-demanding tissue production and/or younger plant parts. We aimed to examine the effects of sexual form, cladode, and flower age on growth rate, herbivore damage, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), chlorogenic acid, and quercetin (QUE) concentrations in Opuntia robusta plants in central Mexico. Our findings demonstrated that hermaphrodite flowers showed faster growth and lesser damage than female flowers. The effect of cladode sexual forms on 4-HBA and QUE occurrence was consistent with the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis. However, chlorogenic acid occurrences were not significantly affected by sexual forms. Old cladodes exhibited higher QUE and 4-HBA occurrences than young cladodes, and hermaphrodites exhibited higher 4-HBA concentrations than females. Resource allocation for reproduction and secondary metabolite production, and growth was higher and lower, respectively, in females, compared to hermaphrodites, indicating a trade-off between investment in reproduction, growth, and secondary metabolite production. Secondary metabolite concentrations in O. robusta plants were not negatively correlated with herbivore damage, and the two traits were not accurate predictors of plant reproductive output.
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9
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Tameirão LBS, Caminha-Paiva D, Negreiros D, Veloso MDDM, Berbara RLL, Dias LE, Pierce S, Fernandes GW. Role of environmental filtering and functional traits for species coexistence in a harsh tropical montane ecosystem. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental filtering and niche differentiation are often invoked to explain species coexistence at local scales. The ironstone campo rupestre of Brazil provides a biodiverse natural experiment in which edaphic gradients represent filters to test the hypothesis that plant community functional composition, despite converging on extreme stress tolerance, exhibits a co-structure with environmental parameters. At the Serra do Rola-Moça State Park, soil physico-chemical parameters were characterized alongside community-weighted mean plant functional traits and Grime’s competitor, stress-tolerator and ruderal strategies for species at each sampling site. In general, species exhibited a high degree of stress tolerance (between 72.6% and 100%), while ruderalism was 0% for all species. Soil nutrients related to plant metabolism (e.g. P, Ca, Mg) were associated with the stress-tolerant strategy and with traits involved in the leaf economics and size spectra. Despite a major edaphic filter selecting stress tolerance, fine-scale microhabitat variability represented by soil parameters related to fertility (i.e. P, Ca, Mg) and water retention capacity (i.e. clay content) was associated with subtle variation in ecological strategies and functional traits of species in the ironstone campo rupestre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B S Tameirão
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DGEE, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dario Caminha-Paiva
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DGEE, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Negreiros
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DGEE, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Centro Universitário UNA, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Das Dores M Veloso
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde/Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L L Berbara
- Biologia de Solos/Departamento de Solos, Instituto de Agronomia/Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Dias
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Simon Pierce
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - G Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DGEE, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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10
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Kurze S, Engelbrecht BMJ, Bilton MC, Tielbörger K, Álvarez-Cansino L. Rethinking the Plant Economics Spectrum for Annuals: A Multi-Species Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640862. [PMID: 33841468 PMCID: PMC8034396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant economics spectrum hypothesizes a correlation among resource-use related traits along one single axis, which determines species' growth rates and their ecological filtering along resource gradients. This concept has been mostly investigated and shown in perennial species, but has rarely been tested in annual species. Annuals evade unfavorable seasons as seeds and thus may underlie different constraints, with consequences for interspecific trait-trait, trait-growth, and trait-environment relations. To test the hypotheses of the plant economics spectrum in annual species, we measured twelve resource-use related leaf and root traits in 30 winter annuals from Israel under controlled conditions. Traits and their coordinations were related to species' growth rates (for 19 species) and their distribution along a steep rainfall gradient. Contrary to the hypotheses of the plant economics spectrum, in the investigated annuals traits were correlated along two independent axes, one of structural traits and one of carbon gain traits. Consequently, species' growth rates were related to carbon gain traits, but independent from structural traits. Species' distribution along the rainfall gradient was unexpectedly neither associated with species' scores along the axes of carbon gain or structural traits nor with growth rate. Nevertheless, root traits were related with species' distribution, indicating that they are relevant for species' filtering along rainfall gradients in winter annuals. Overall, our results showed that the functional constraints hypothesized by the plant economics spectrum do not apply to winter annuals, leading to unexpected trait-growth and trait-rainfall relations. Our study thus cautions to generalize trait-based concepts and findings between life-history strategies. To predict responses to global change, trait-based concepts should be explicitly tested for different species groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kurze
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama
| | - Mark C. Bilton
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), Windhoek, Namibia
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonor Álvarez-Cansino
- Functional and Tropical Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Reboredo FH, Pelica J, Lidon FC, Pessoa MF, Silva MM, Guerra M, Leitão R, Ramalho JC. The Tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus to Soil Contamination with Arsenic. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040627. [PMID: 33806210 PMCID: PMC8066964 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of abandoned mining areas is a problem worldwide that needs urgent attention. Phytoremediation emerges as a successful method to extract different contaminants from the soil. In this context, Eucalyptus globulus plants growing in soils artificial contaminated with arsenic (As) were used to access its phytoremediation capabilities. The effects of As on photosynthetic performance were monitored through different physiological parameters, whereas the uptake and translocation of As and the putative effects on calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc levels on plants were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Root system is the major accumulator organ, while the translocation to the above-ground organs is poor. In the end of the experiment, the root biomass of plants treated with 200 μg As mL-1 is 27% and 49.7% lower than equivalent biomass from plants treated with 100 μg As mL-1 and control plants, respectively. Each plant can accumulate 8.19 and 8.91 mg As after a 6-month period, when submitted to 100 As and 200 As, respectively. It seems to exist an antagonistic effect of As on Zn root uptake by E. globulus. In general, the tested concentrations do not influence negatively plant metabolism, indicating that this species is suitable for plantation in contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Henrique Reboredo
- Departamento Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.C.L.); (M.F.P.)
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.H.R.); or (J.C.R.)
| | - João Pelica
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- Departamento Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.C.L.); (M.F.P.)
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Maria F. Pessoa
- Departamento Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.C.L.); (M.F.P.)
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Maria Manuela Silva
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
- ESEAG-COFAC, Avenida do Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mauro Guerra
- LIBPHYS, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Roberta Leitão
- LIBPHYS, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.G.); (R.L.)
| | - José C. Ramalho
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (J.P.); (M.M.S.)
- PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, 2784-505 Oeiras e Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.H.R.); or (J.C.R.)
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12
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Time A, Acevedo E. Effects of Water Deficits on Prosopis tamarugo Growth, Water Status and Stomata Functioning. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:plants10010053. [PMID: 33383674 PMCID: PMC7823844 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water deficit on growth, water status and stomatal functioning of Prosopis tamarugo was investigated under controlled water conditions. The study was done at the Antumapu Experiment Station of the University of Chile. Three levels of water stress were tested: (i) well-watered (WW), (ii) medium stress intensity (low-watered (LW)) and (iii) intense stress (non-watered (NW)), with 10 replicates each level. All growth parameters evaluated, such as twig growth, specific leaf area and apical dominance index, were significantly decreased under water deficit. Tamarugo twig growth decreased along with twig water potential. The stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation decreased significantly under the water deficit condition. Tamarugo maintained a high stomatal conductance at low leaf water potential. In addition, tamarugo reduced its leaf area as a strategy to diminish the water demand. These results suggest that, despite a significant decrease in water status, tamarugo can maintain its growth at low leaf water potential and can tolerate intense water deficit due to a partial stomatal closing strategy that allows the sustaining of CO2 assimilation in the condition of reduced water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alson Time
- Programa Magister en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa, La Pintana, Santiago 11315, Chile
- Laboratory Relation Soil-Water-Plant (SAP), Department of Agricultural Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1004, Chile
| | - Edmundo Acevedo
- Laboratory Relation Soil-Water-Plant (SAP), Department of Agricultural Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1004, Chile
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13
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Garcia L, Damour G, Kazakou E, Fried G, Bopp M, Metay A. Seasonal and interannual variations in functional traits of sown and spontaneous species in vineyard inter‐rows. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Garcia
- SYSTEM University of Montpellier CIHEAM‐IAMM CIRAD INRA Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Gaëlle Damour
- CIRADUPR GECO Montpellier F‐34398 France
- GECOUniversity of Montpellier CIRAD Montpellier France
| | - Elena Kazakou
- CEFE University of Montpellier CNRS EPHE INRAInstitut Agro IRD Montpellier France
| | - Guillaume Fried
- Anses Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux Unité Entomologie et Plantes Invasives Montferrier‐sur‐Lez France
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Bopp
- SYSTEM University of Montpellier CIHEAM‐IAMM CIRAD INRA Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Aurélie Metay
- SYSTEM University of Montpellier CIHEAM‐IAMM CIRAD INRA Institut Agro Montpellier France
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14
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Stavridou E, Webster RJ, Robson PRH. Novel Miscanthus genotypes selected for different drought tolerance phenotypes show enhanced tolerance across combinations of salinity and drought treatments. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:653-674. [PMID: 31665760 PMCID: PMC6821188 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Water deficit and salinity stresses are often experienced by plants concurrently; however, knowledge is limited about the effects of combined salinity and water deficit stress in plants, and especially in C4 bioenergy crops. Here we aim to understand how diverse drought tolerance traits may deliver tolerance to combinations of drought and salinity in C4 crops, and identify key traits that influence the productivity and biomass composition of novel Miscanthus genotypes under such conditions. METHODS Novel genotypes used included M. sinensis and M. floridulus species, pre-screened for different drought responses, plus the commercial accession Miscanthus × giganteus (M×g.). Plants were grown under control treatments, single stress or combinations of water deficit and moderate salinity stress. Morphophysiological responses, including growth, yield, gas exchange and leaf water relations and contents of proline, soluble sugars, ash and lignin were tested for significant genotypic and treatment effects. KEY RESULTS The results indicated that plants subjected to combined stresses showed more severe responses compared with single stresses. All novel drought-tolerant genotypes and M×g. were tolerant to moderate salinity stress. Biomass production in M. sinensis genotypes was more resilient to co-occurring stresses than that in M×g. and M. floridulus, which, despite the yield penalty produced more biomass overall. A stay-green M. sinensis genotype adopted a conservative growth strategy with few significant treatment effects. Proline biosynthesis was species-specific and was triggered by salinity and co-occurring stress treatments, mainly in M. floridulus. The ash content was compartmentalized differently in leaves and stems in the novel genotypes, indicating different mechanisms of ion accumulation. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential to select novel drought-tolerant Miscanthus genotypes that are resilient to combinations of stress and is expected to contribute to a deeper fundamental knowledge of different mechanistic responses identified for further exploitation in developing resilient Miscanthus crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Stavridou
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Richard J Webster
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul R H Robson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
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15
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Riley RC, Cavagnaro TR, Brien C, Smith FA, Smith SE, Berger B, Garnett T, Stonor R, Schilling RK, Chen ZH, Powell JR. Resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption drives mycorrhizal responses. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1757-1766. [PMID: 31370098 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly variable phenotypic responses in mycorrhizal plants challenge our functional understanding of plant-fungal mutualisms. Using non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping, we observed that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi relieved phosphorus (P) limitation and enhanced growth of Brachypodium distachyon under P-limited conditions, while photosynthetic limitation under low nitrogen (N) was exacerbated by the fungus. However, these responses were strongly dependent on host genotype: only the faster growing genotype (Bd3-1) utilised P transferred from the fungus to achieve improved growth under P-limited conditions. Under low N, the slower growing genotype (Bd21) had a carbon and N surplus that was linked to a less negative growth response compared with the faster growing genotype. These responses were linked to the regulation of N : P stoichiometry, couples resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption in diverse plant lineages. Our results attest strongly to a mechanism in plants by which plant genotype-specific resource economics drive phenotypic outcomes during AM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan C Riley
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chris Brien
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F Andrew Smith
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sally E Smith
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bettina Berger
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Trevor Garnett
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stonor
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Schilling
- The Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Austrailia
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16
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Moriwaki T, Falcioni R, Tanaka FAO, Cardoso KAK, Souza LA, Benedito E, Nanni MR, Bonato CM, Antunes WC. Nitrogen-improved photosynthesis quantum yield is driven by increased thylakoid density, enhancing green light absorption. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 278:1-11. [PMID: 30471722 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A nitrogen supply is necessary for all plants. The multifaceted reasons why this nutrient stimulates plant dry weight accumulation are assessed herein. We compared tomato plants grown in full sunlight and in low light environments under four N doses and evaluated plant growth, photosynthetic and calorimetric parameters, leaf anatomy, chloroplast transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a high resolution profile of optical leaf properties. Increases in N supplies allow tomato plants to grow faster in low light environments (91.5% shading), displaying a robust light harvesting machinery and, consequently, improved light harvesting efficiency. Ultrastructurally, high N doses were associated to a high number of grana per chloroplast and greater thylakoid stacking, as well as high electrodensity by TEM. Robust photosynthetic machinery improves green light absorption, but not blue or red. In addition, low construction and dark respiration costs were related to improved total dry weight accumulation in shade conditions. By applying multivariate analyses, we conclude that improved green light absorbance, improved quantum yield and greater palisade parenchyma cell area are the primary components that drive increased plant growth under natural light-limited photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Moriwaki
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Renan Falcioni
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Francisco André Ossamu Tanaka
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (LFN), Escola Superior de Agricultura, Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ - USP), Brazil
| | | | - L A Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Laboratório de Histotécnica Vegetal, Brazil
| | - Evanilde Benedito
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia Energética, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rafael Nanni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil; Grupo Aplicado ao Levantamento e Espacialização dos Solos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Moacir Bonato
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brazil.
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17
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Medeiros CD, Scoffoni C, John GP, Bartlett MK, Inman‐Narahari F, Ostertag R, Cordell S, Giardina C, Sack L. An extensive suite of functional traits distinguishes Hawaiian wet and dry forests and enables prediction of species vital rates. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila D. Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Los Angeles California
| | - Grace P. John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Megan K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey
| | - Faith Inman‐Narahari
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawai'i
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Christian Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
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18
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Wills J, Herbohn J, Hu J, Sohel S, Baynes J, Firn J. Tree leaf trade-offs are stronger for sub-canopy trees: leaf traits reveal little about growth rates in canopy trees. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1116-1125. [PMID: 29698583 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Can morphological plant functional traits predict demographic rates (e.g., growth) within plant communities as diverse as tropical forests? This is one of the most important next-step questions in trait-based ecology and particularly for global reforestation efforts. Due to the diversity of tropical tree species and their longevity, it is difficult to predict their performance prior to reforestation efforts. In this study, we investigate if simple leaf traits are predictors of the more complex ecological process of plant growth in regenerating selectively logged natural forest within the Wet Tropics (WTs) bioregion of Australia. This study used a rich historical data set to quantify tree growth within plots located at Danbulla National Park and State Forest on the Atherton Tableland. Leaf traits were collected from trees that have exhibited fast or slow growth over the last ~50 yr of measurement. Leaf traits were found to be poor predictors of tree growth for trees that have entered the canopy; however, for sub-canopy trees, leaf traits had a stronger association with growth rates. Leaf phosphorus concentrations were the strongest predictor of Periodic Annual Increment (PAI) for trees growing within the sub-canopy, with trees with higher leaf phosphorus levels showing a higher PAI. Sub-canopy tree leaves also exhibited stronger trade-offs between leaf traits and adhere to theoretical predictions more so than for canopy trees. We suggest that, in order for leaf traits to be more applicable to reforestation, size dependence of traits and growth relationships need to be more carefully considered, particularly when reforestation practitioners assign mean trait values to tropical tree species from multiple canopy strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah Wills
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Mt. Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Brisbane, Queensland, 4066, Australia
| | - John Herbohn
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Shawkat Sohel
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Baynes
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
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19
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Rossini Oliva S, Mingorance MD, Sanhueza D, Fry SC, Leidi EO. Active proton efflux, nutrient retention and boron-bridging of pectin are related to greater tolerance of proton toxicity in the roots of two Erica species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:142-151. [PMID: 29524801 PMCID: PMC5902606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tolerance to soil acidity was studied in two species of Ericaceae that grow in mine-contaminated soils (S Portugal, SW Spain) to find out if there are interspecific variations in H+ tolerance which might be related to their particular location. METHODS Tolerance to H+ toxicity was tested in nutrient solutions using seeds collected in SW Spain. Plant growth and nutrient contents in leaves, stems and roots were determined. Viability tests and proton exchange were studied in roots exposed, short-term, to acidic conditions. Membrane ATPase activity and the cell-wall pectic polysaccharide domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) were analysed to find out interspecific differences. RESULTS Variation in survival, growth and mineral composition was found between species. The H+-tolerant species (Erica andevalensis) showed greater concentration of nutrients than E. australis. Very low pH (pH 2) produced a significant loss of root nutrients (K, P, Mg) in the sensitive species. Root ATPase activity was slightly higher in the tolerant species with a correspondingly greater H+ efflux capacity. In both species, the great majority of the RG-II domains were in their boron-bridged dimeric form. However, shifting to a medium of pH 2 caused some of the boron bridges to break in the sensitive species. CONCLUSIONS Variation in elements linked to the cell wall-membrane complex and the stability of their components (RG-II, H+-ATPases) are crucial for acid stress tolerance. Thus, by maintaining root cell structure, active proton efflux avoided toxic H+ build-up in the cytoplasm and supported greater nutrient acquisition in H+-tolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Rossini Oliva
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Av Reina Mercedes, POB 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - M Dolores Mingorance
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (UGR-CSIC), Av Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Eduardo O Leidi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, IRNAS-CSIC, Av Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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20
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Egelkraut D, Kardol P, De Long JR, Olofsson J. The role of plant–soil feedbacks in stabilizing a reindeer‐induced vegetation shift in subarctic tundra. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Egelkraut
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Jonathan R. De Long
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
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21
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Falcioni R, Moriwaki T, de Oliveira DM, Andreotti GC, de Souza LA, dos Santos WD, Bonato CM, Antunes WC. Increased Gibberellins and Light Levels Promotes Cell Wall Thickness and Enhance Lignin Deposition in Xylem Fibers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1391. [PMID: 30294339 PMCID: PMC6158321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity and hormones (gibberellins; GAs) alter plant growth and development. A fine regulation triggered by light and GAs induces changes in stem cell walls (CW). Cross-talk between light-stimulated and GAs-induced processes as well as the phenolic compounds metabolism leads to modifications in lignin formation and deposition on cell walls. How these factors (light and GAs) promote changes in lignin content and composition. In addition, structural changes were evaluated in the stem anatomy of tobacco plants. GA3 was sprayed onto the leaves and paclobutrazol (PAC), a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, via soil, at different irradiance levels. Fluorescence microscopy techniques were applied to detect lignin, and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) was used to obtain details on cell wall structure. Furthermore, determination of total lignin and monomer contents were analyzed. Both light and GAs induces increased lignin content and CW thickening as well as greater number of fiber-like cells but not tracheary elements. The assays demonstrate that light exerts a role in lignification under GA3 supplementation. In addition, the existence of an exclusive response mechanism to light was detected, that GAs are not able to replace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renan Falcioni, Werner Camargos Antunes, ;
| | - Thaise Moriwaki
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Dyoni Matias de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Giovana Castelani Andreotti
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio de Souza
- Laboratório de Histotécnica e Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Dantas dos Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carlos Moacir Bonato
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renan Falcioni, Werner Camargos Antunes, ;
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22
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Hattas D, Scogings PF, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Does the Growth Differentiation Balance Hypothesis Explain Allocation to Secondary Metabolites in Combretum apiculatum , an African Savanna Woody Species? J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:153-163. [PMID: 28091822 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) provides a framework that predicts a trade-off between costs of secondary metabolites (SMs) relative to the demand for photosynthate by growth. However, this hypothesis was developed using empirical evidence from plant species in northern boreal and temperate systems, leaving its applicability to species under different abiotic and biotic conditions questionable and generalizations problematic. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the GDBH explains allocation to SMs in the deciduous African savanna woody species C. apiculatum along a 6-point N gradient. The cornerstone prediction of the GDBH, i.e., the parabolic response in SMs along the N gradient, was not observed, with secondary metabolism showing compound-specific responses. Quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol glycoside concentrations, all produced via the same pathway, responded differently across the N gradient. Flavonol glycoside, cinnamic acid, and quercetin glycoside concentrations decreased as N increased, which provides partial support for the carbon nutrient balance hypothesis. Simulated herbivory had no effect on photosynthesis, decreased foliar N and consequently increased C:N ratio, but did not induce an increase in SMs, with condensed tannins and flavonol glycosides being unaffected. Defoliated plants at low N concentration compensated for lost biomass, which suggests a tolerance response, but as predicted by the limiting resource model, plants at higher N concentration were evidently C limited and thus unable to compensate. Our results show that the GDBH does not explain allocation to SMs in C. apiculatum, and suggest that mechanistic explanations of plant allocation should consider the integrative defensive effect of changed SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Hattas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Peter F Scogings
- Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Mangeze, South Africa.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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23
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Miller ET, Wagner SK, Harmon LJ, Ricklefs RE. Radiating despite a Lack of Character: Ecological Divergence among Closely Related, Morphologically Similar Honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) Co-occurring in Arid Australian Environments. Am Nat 2016; 189:E14-E30. [PMID: 28107055 DOI: 10.1086/690008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the relationship between form and function can inform use of morphology as a surrogate for ecology. How the strength of this relationship varies continentally can inform understanding of evolutionary radiations; for example, does the relationship break down when certain lineages invade and diversify in novel habitats? The 75 species of Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with species feeding on nectar, insects, fruit, and other resources. We investigated Meliphagidae ecomorphology and community structure by (1) quantifying the concordance between morphology and ecology (foraging behavior), (2) estimating rates of trait evolution in relation to the packing of ecological space, and (3) comparing phylogenetic and trait community structure across the broad environmental gradients of the continent. We found that morphology explained 37% of the variance in ecology (and 62% vice versa), and we uncovered well-known bivariate relationships among the multivariate ecomorphological data. Ecological trait diversity declined less rapidly than phylogenetic diversity along a gradient of decreasing precipitation. We employ a new method (trait fields) and extend another (phylogenetic fields) to show that while species in phylogenetically clustered, arid-environment assemblages are similar morphologically, they are as varied in foraging behavior as those from more diverse assemblages. Thus, although closely related and similar morphologically, these arid-adapted species have diverged in ecological space to a similar degree as their mesic counterparts.
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Phragmites australis: How do genotypes of different phylogeographic origins differ from their invasive genotypes in growth, nitrogen allocation and gas exchange? Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Maseda PH, Fernández RJ. Growth potential limits drought morphological plasticity in seedlings from six Eucalyptus provenances. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:243-51. [PMID: 26786540 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Water stress modifies plant above- vs belowground biomass allocation, i.e., morphological plasticity. It is known that all species and genotypes reduce their growth rate in response to stress, but in the case of water stress it is unclear whether the magnitude of such reduction is linked to the genotype's growth potential, and whether the reduction can be largely attributed to morphological adjustments such as plant allocation and leaf and root anatomy. We subjected seedlings of six seed sources, three from each of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (potentially fast growing) and E. globulus (inherently slow growing), to three experimental water regimes. Biomass, leaf area and root length were measured in a 6-month glasshouse experiment. We then performed functional growth analysis of relative growth rate (RGR), and aboveground (leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR)) and belowground (root length ratio (RLR), specific root length (SRL) and root mass ratio (RMR)) morphological components. Total biomass, root biomass and leaf area were reduced for all Eucalyptus provenances according to drought intensity. All populations exhibited drought plasticity, while those of greater growth potential (RGRmax) had a larger reduction in growth (discounting the effect of size). A positive correlation was observed between drought sensitivity and RGRmax. Aboveground, drought reduced LAR and LMR; under severe drought a negative correlation was found between LMR and RGRmax. Belowground, drought reduced SRL but increased RMR, resulting in no change in RLR. Under severe drought, a negative correlation was found between RLR, SRL and RGRmax. Our evidence strongly supports the classic ecophysiological trade-off between growth potential and drought tolerance for woody seedlings. It also suggests that slow growers would have a low capacity to adjust their morphology. For shoots, this constraint on plasticity was best observed in partition (i.e., LMR) whereas for roots it was clearest in morphology/anatomy (i.e., SRL). Thus, a low RGRmax would limit plastic response to drought not only at the whole plant level but also at the organ and even the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo H Maseda
- IFEVA-CONICET and Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSQ, Argentina
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Rozema J, Cornelisse D, Zhang Y, Li H, Bruning B, Katschnig D, Broekman R, Ji B, van Bodegom P. Comparing salt tolerance of beet cultivars and their halophytic ancestor: consequences of domestication and breeding programmes. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu083. [PMID: 25492122 PMCID: PMC4381740 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance of higher plants is determined by a complex set of traits, the timing and rate of evolution of which are largely unknown. We compared the salt tolerance of cultivars of sugar beet and their ancestor, sea beet, in hydroponic studies and evaluated whether traditional domestication and more recent breeding have changed salt tolerance of the cultivars relative to their ancestor. Our comparison of salt tolerance of crop cultivars is based on values of the relative growth rate (RGR) of the entire plant at various salinity levels. We found considerable salt tolerance of the sea beet and slightly, but significantly, reduced salt tolerance of the sugar beet cultivars. This indicates that traditional domestication by selection for morphological traits such as leaf size, beet shape and size, enhanced productivity, sugar content and palatability slightly affected salt tolerance of sugar beet cultivars. Salt tolerance among four sugar beet cultivars, three of which have been claimed to be salt tolerant, did not differ. We analysed the components of RGR to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance at the whole-plant level. The growth rate reduction at higher salinity was linked with reduced leaf area at the whole-plant level (leaf area ratio) and at the individual leaf level (specific leaf area). The leaf weight fraction was not affected by increased salinity. On the other hand, succulence and leaf thickness and the net assimilation per unit of leaf area (unit leaf rate) increased in response to salt treatment, thus partially counteracting reduced capture of light by lower leaf area. This compensatory mechanism may form part of the salt tolerance mechanism of sea beet and the four studied sugar beet cultivars. Together, our results indicate that domestication of the halophytic ancestor sea beet slightly reduced salt tolerance and that breeding for improved salt tolerance of sugar beet cultivars has not been effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte Rozema
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Cornelisse
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- Chang 'an Agricultural Institute, Dong Ying, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hongxiu Li
- Chang 'an Agricultural Institute, Dong Ying, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bas Bruning
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Katschnig
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Broekman
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bin Ji
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Bodegom
- Systems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Peng S, Zobel K. Climate warming may facilitate invasion of the exotic shrub Lantana camara. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105500. [PMID: 25184224 PMCID: PMC4153567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species show different responses to the elevated temperatures that are resulting from global climate change, depending on their ecological and physiological characteristics. The highly invasive shrub Lantana camara occurs between the latitudes of 35 °N and 35 °S. According to current and future climate scenarios predicted by the CLIMEX model, climatically suitable areas for L. camara are projected to contract globally, despite expansions in some areas. The objective of this study was to test those predictions, using a pot experiment in which branch cuttings were grown at three different temperatures (22 °C, 26 °C and 30 °C). We hypothesized that warming would facilitate the invasiveness of L. camara. In response to rising temperatures, the total biomass of L. camara did increase. Plants allocated more biomass to stems and enlarged their leaves more at 26 °C and 30 °C, which promoted light capture and assimilation. They did not appear to be stressed by higher temperatures, in fact photosynthesis and assimilation were enhanced. Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a receptor plant in a bioassay experiment, we also tested the phytotoxicity of L. camara leachate at different temperatures. All aqueous extracts from fresh leaves significantly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of lettuce, and the allelopathic effects became stronger with increasing temperature. Our results provide key evidence that elevated temperature led to significant increases in growth along with physiological and allelopathic effects, which together indicate that global warming facilitates the invasion of L. camara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Zhang
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunchun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaolin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kristjan Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Tomlinson KW, Poorter L, Bongers F, Borghetti F, Jacobs L, van Langevelde F. Relative growth rate variation of evergreen and deciduous savanna tree species is driven by different traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:315-24. [PMID: 24958787 PMCID: PMC4111386 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant relative growth rate (RGR) depends on biomass allocation to leaves (leaf mass fraction, LMF), efficient construction of leaf surface area (specific leaf area, SLA) and biomass growth per unit leaf area (net assimilation rate, NAR). Functional groups of species may differ in any of these traits, potentially resulting in (1) differences in mean RGR of groups, and (2) differences in the traits driving RGR variation within each group. We tested these predictions by comparing deciduous and evergreen savanna trees. METHODS RGR, changes to biomass allocation and leaf morphology, and root non-structural carbohydrate reserves were evaluated for juveniles of 51 savanna species (34 deciduous, 17 evergreen) grown in a common garden experiment. It was anticipated that drivers of RGR would differ between leaf habit groups because deciduous species have to allocate carbohydrates to storage in roots to be able to flush leaves again, which directly compromises their LMF, whereas evergreen species are not subject to this constraint. KEY RESULTS Evergreen species had greater LMF and RGR than deciduous species. Among deciduous species LMF explained 27 % of RGR variation (SLA 34 % and NAR 29 %), whereas among evergreen species LMF explained between 2 and 17 % of RGR variation (SLA 32-35 % and NAR 38-62 %). RGR and LMF were (negatively) related to carbohydrate storage only among deciduous species. CONCLUSIONS Trade-offs between investment in carbohydrate reserves and growth occurred only among deciduous species, leading to differences in relative contribution made by the underlying components of RGR between the leaf habit groups. The results suggest that differences in drivers of RGR occur among savanna species because these have different selected strategies for coping with fire disturbance in savannas. It is expected that variation in the drivers of RGR will be found in other functional types that respond differently to particular disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Tomlinson
- Community Ecology & Conservation Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, Yunnan, China Resource Ecology Group
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Borghetti
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, 70910-970, Federal District, Brazil
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Mráz P, Tarbush E, Müller-Schärer H. Drought tolerance and plasticity in the invasive knapweed Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae): effect of populations stronger than those of cytotype and range. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:289-99. [PMID: 24918204 PMCID: PMC4111397 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe s.l., Asteraceae) is native to Europe, where it occurs as a diploid (2xEU) and tetraploid cytotype (4xEU), but so far only the tetraploid has been reported in the introduced range in North America (4xNA). In previous studies, significant range shifts have been found towards drier climates in 4xEU compared with 2xEU, and in 4xNA when compared with the native range. In addition, 4x plants showed thicker leaves and reduced specific leaf area compared with 2x plants, suggesting higher drought tolerance in 4x plants. It is thus hypothesized that the 4x cytotype might be better pre-adapted to drought than the 2x, and the 4xNA better adapted than the 4xEU due to post-introduction selection. METHODS Plants of the three geocytotypes (2xEU, 4xEU and 4xNA ), each represented by six populations, were subjected to three water treatments over 6 weeks in a greenhouse experiment. Plasticity and reaction norms of above- and below-ground biomasses and their ratio, survival rate, stomatal conductance and carbon isotope discrimination were analysed using linear and generalized linear mixed effect models. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Above-ground and total biomasses of European tetraploids were slightly less affected by drought than those of European diploids, and 4xEU plants maintained higher levels of stomatal conductance under moderate drought than 4xNA plants, thus supporting the pre-adaptation but not the post-introduction evolution hypothesis. Plasticity indexes for most of the traits were generally higher in 2xEU and 4xNA than in 4xEU plants, but these differences were not or were only marginally significant. Interestingly, the effect of population origin and its interaction with treatment was more important than the effects of geocytotype and range. Population means for the control treatment showed several significant associations either with latitude or some aspect of climatic data, suggesting evolution of local adaptations, especially within the 2xEU and 4xEU geocytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mráz
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Herbarium and Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-12801 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Elham Tarbush
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Sand-Jensen K. Ecophysiology of gelatinous Nostoc colonies: unprecedented slow growth and survival in resource-poor and harsh environments. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:17-33. [PMID: 24966352 PMCID: PMC4071103 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyanobacterial genus Nostoc includes several species forming centimetre-large gelatinous colonies in nutrient-poor freshwaters and harsh semi-terrestrial environments with extended drought or freezing. These Nostoc species have filaments with normal photosynthetic cells and N2-fixing heterocysts embedded in an extensive gelatinous matrix of polysaccharides and many other organic substances providing biological and environmental protection. Large colony size imposes constraints on the use of external resources and the gelatinous matrix represents extra costs and reduced growth rates. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate the mechanisms behind the low rates of growth and mortality, protection against environmental hazards and the persistence and longevity of gelatinous Nostoc colonies, and their ability to economize with highly limiting resources. CONCLUSIONS Simple models predict the decline in uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and a decline in the growth rate of spherical freshwater colonies of N. pruniforme and N. zetterstedtii and sheet-like colonies of N. commune in response to a thicker diffusion boundary layer, lower external DIC concentration and higher organic carbon mass per surface area (CMA) of the colony. Measured growth rates of N. commune and N. pruniforme at high DIC availability comply with general empirical predictions of maximum growth rate (i.e. doubling time 10-14 d) as functions of CMA for marine macroalgae and as functions of tissue thickness for aquatic and terrestrial plants, while extremely low growth rates of N. zetterstedtii (i.e. doubling time 2-3 years) are 10-fold lower than model predictions, either because of very low ambient DIC and/or an extremely costly colony matrix. DIC uptake is limited by diffusion at low concentrations for all species, although they exhibit efficient HCO3(-) uptake, accumulation of respiratory DIC within the colonies and very low CO2 compensation points. Long light paths and light attenuation by structural substances in large Nostoc colonies cause lower quantum efficiency and assimilation number and higher light compensation points than in unicells and other aquatic macrophytes. Extremely low growth and mortality rates of N. zetterstedtii reflect stress-selected adaptation to nutrient- and DIC-poor temperate lakes, while N. pruniforme exhibits a mixed ruderal- and stress-selected strategy with slow growth and year-long survival prevailing in sub-Arctic lakes and faster growth and shorter longevity in temperate lakes. Nostoc commune and its close relative N. flagelliforme have a mixed stress-disturbance strategy not found among higher plants, with stress selection to limiting water and nutrients and disturbance selection in quiescent dry or frozen stages. Despite profound ecological differences between species, active growth of temperate specimens is mostly restricted to the same temperature range (0-35 °C; maximum at 25 °C). Future studies should aim to unravel the processes behind the extreme persistence and low metabolism of Nostoc species under ambient resource supply on sediment and soil surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Sand-Jensen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hunter PJ, Teakle GR, Bending GD. Root traits and microbial community interactions in relation to phosphorus availability and acquisition, with particular reference to Brassica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:27. [PMID: 24575103 PMCID: PMC3920115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassicas are among the most widely grown and important crops worldwide. Phosphorus (P) is a key mineral element in the growth of all plants and is largely supplied as inorganic rock-phosphate, a dwindling resource, which is likely to be an increasingly significant factor in global agriculture. In order to develop crops which can abstract P from the soil, utilize it more efficiently, require less of it or obtain more from other sources such as soil organic P reservoirs, a detailed understanding the factors that influence P metabolism and cycling in plants and associated soil is required. This review focuses on the current state of understanding of root traits, rhizodeposition and rhizosphere community interaction as it applies to P solubilization and acquisition, with particular reference to Brassica species. Physical root characteristics, exudation of organic acids (particularly malate and citrate) and phosphatase enzymes are considered and the potential mechanisms of control of these responses to P deficiency examined. The influence of rhizodeposits on the development of the rhizosphere microbial community is discussed and the specific features of this community in response to P deficiency are considered; specifically production of phosphatases, phytases and phosphonate hydrolases. Finally various potential approaches for improving overall P use efficiency in Brassica production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hunter
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
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Goodale UM, Berlyn GP, Gregoire TG, Tennakoon KU, Ashton MS. Differences in Survival and Growth Among Tropical Rain Forest Pioneer Tree Seedlings in Relation to Canopy Openness and Herbivory. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uromi M. Goodale
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Graeme P. Berlyn
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
| | - Timothy G. Gregoire
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
| | - Kushan U. Tennakoon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research (IBER) and Faculty of Science; Faculty of Science; Universiti of Brunei Darussalam; Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mark S. Ashton
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
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Mengarda LHG, Milanez CRD, Silva DM, Aguilar MAG, Cuzzuol GRF. Morphological and physiological adjustments of Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata Lam.) to direct solar radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202012000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Couso LL, Fernández RJ. Phenotypic plasticity as an index of drought tolerance in three Patagonian steppe grasses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:849-57. [PMID: 22782237 PMCID: PMC3423805 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite general agreement regarding the adaptive importance of plasticity, evidence for the role of environmental resource availability in plants is scarce. In arid and semi-arid environments, the persistence and dominance of perennial species depends on their capacity to tolerate drought: tolerance could be given on one extreme by fixed traits and, on the other, by plastic traits. To understand drought tolerance of species it is necessary to know the plasticity of their water economy-related traits, i.e. the position in the fixed-plastic continuum. METHODS Three conspicuous co-existing perennial grasses from a Patagonian steppe were grown under controlled conditions with four levels of steady-state water availability. Evaluated traits were divided into two groups. The first was associated with potential plant performance and correlated with fitness, and included above-ground biomass, total biomass, tillering and tiller density at harvest. The second group consisted of traits associated with mechanisms of plant adjustment to environmental changes and included root biomass, shoot/root ratio, tiller biomass, length of total elongated leaf, length of yellow tissue divided by time and final length divided by the time taken to reach final length. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The most plastic species along this drought gradient was the most sensitive to drought, whereas the least plastic and slowest growing was the most tolerant. This negative relationship between tolerance and plasticity was true for fitness-related traits but was trait-dependent for underlying traits. Remarkably, the most tolerant species had the highest positive plasticity (i.e. opposite to the default response to stress) in an underlying trait, directly explaining its drought resistance: it increased absolute root biomass. The niche differentiation axis that allows the coexistence of species in this group of perennial dryland grasses, all limited by soil surface moisture, would be a functional one of fixed versus plastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Couso
- Cátedra de Ecología e IFEVA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kruse J, Turnbull TL, Adams MA. Disentangling respiratory acclimation and adaptation to growth temperature by Eucalyptus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:149-163. [PMID: 22587590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
• Respiratory acclimation to growth temperature differs between species, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that respiratory acclimation of CO(2) release is a consequence of growth regulation such that growth rates of young foliage of Eucalyptus spp. are similar at contrasting growth temperatures. Further, we tested whether such a response is affected by adaptation of Eucalyptus to different thermal environments via growth at different altitudes in the Australian Alps. • We employed calorimetric methods to relate rates of CO(2) release (mainly from substrate oxidation) and rates of O(2) reduction to conservation of energy. Temperature responses of these processes provided insight into mechanisms that control energy conservation and expenditure, and helped define 'instantaneous enthalpic growth capacity' (CapG). • CapG increased with altitude, but was counteracted by other factors in species adapted to highland habitats. The acclimation response was partly driven by changes in respiratory capacity (CapR(CO2)), and partly by more pronounced dynamic responses of CO(2) release (δ(R(CO2))) to measurement temperature. We observed enhanced temperature sensitivity of O(2) reduction (E(o)(R(O2))) at higher altitudes. • Adaptation to growth temperature included differences in respiration and growth capacities, but there was little evidence that Eucalyptus species vary in metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kruse
- Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Freiburg, Germany.
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Jin L, Zhang G, Wang X, Dou C, Chen M, Lin S, Li Y. Arbuscular mycorrhiza regulate inter-specific competition between a poisonous plant, Ligularia virgaurea, and a co-existing grazing grass, Elymus nutans, in Tibetan Plateau Alpine meadow ecosystem. Symbiosis 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-011-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Marks CO. The causes of variation in tree seedling traits: the roles of environmental selection versus chance. Evolution 2007; 61:455-69. [PMID: 17348954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of biodiversity is the great quantitative variation in functional traits observed among species. One perspective asserts that trait values should converge on a single optimum value in a particular selective environment, and consequently trait variation would reflect differences in selective environment, and evolutionary outcomes would be predictable. An alternative perspective asserts that there are likely multiple alternative optima within a particular selective environment, and consequently different lineages would evolve toward different optima due to chance. Because there is evidence for both of these perspectives, there is a long-standing controversy over the relative importance of convergence due to environmental selection versus divergence due to chance in shaping trait variation. Here, I use a model of tree seedling growth and survival to distinguish trait variation associated with multiple alternative optima from variation associated with environmental differences. I show that variation in whole plant traits is best explained by environmental differences, whereas in organ level traits variation is more affected by alternative optima. Consequently, I predict that in nature variation in organ level traits is most closely related to phylogeny, whereas variation in whole plant traits is most closely related to ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O Marks
- Biology Department, McGill University, Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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