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Proposal for the designation of the natural killer antigens-positive γδ T-cell subset as γδ NKT-cells: nomenclature based on immunoprofile. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1278-1279. [PMID: 33840040 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT)-cells with both T- and NK-cell antigens can be classified into αβ or γδ type according to the TCR gene expression. The WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms did not further subdivide the above-mentioned NKT-cell malignancies according to the expression of these TCR types. γδ T-cells can be stimulated and expanded by Zoledronic acid, usually carrying Vγ9 Vδ2 TCR and various NK-associated receptors (NKR) such as CD56, CD94, CD158a, CD158b, CD161, etc. In contrast, αβ T-type NKT-cells are positive for Vα24 Vβ11 TCR. NKR positive γδ T-cells have clearly different features than the NKT-cells with Vα24 Vβ11 TCR type, αβ NKT. NKT-cells carrying γδ TCR should be classified and named as γδ NKT-cells to distinguish the cells explicitly from αβ NKT-cells.
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2
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Castiglione F, Taddei A, Buccoliero AM, Garbini F, Gheri CF, Freschi G, Bechi P, Degl'Innocenti DR, Taddei GL. TNM Staging and T-cell Receptor Gamma Expression in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Correlation with Disease Progression? TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:384-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in Europe and the United States. Several studies have evaluated the immune response to colorectal cancer, with contradictory results. Some studies showed that lymphocyte infiltration in colorectal cancer seemed to be an important prognostic parameter, a finding not confirmed by other studies. Several studies showed the gamma-delta T-cell receptor repertoire of intestinal adenocarcinoma. In this study, we hypothesize that the presence of T cells with the T-cell receptor gamma complex may play a particular role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Methods A total of 58 patients with colon adenocarcinoma was included in the analysis. We used the TNM staging system to grade colon cancer. Results Thirty samples (52.6%) revealed a polyclonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor gamma. In the N0 cases, only 5 samples revealed a T-cell receptor gamma molecular assessment; in N1/N2 cases, 25 revealed a T-cell receptor gamma molecular assessment. Conclusions The results showed statistical significance between the presence of T-cell receptor gamma and N1/N2 stage lymph nodes (P = 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Castiglione
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Buccoliero
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Garbini
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Francesca Gheri
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Freschi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Gian Luigi Taddei
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
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Roller A, Perino A, Dapavo P, Soro E, Okkenhaug K, Hirsch E, Ji H. Blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3Kδ or PI3Kγ reduces IL-17 and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4612-20. [PMID: 23024273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease triggered by interplay between immune mediators from both innate and adaptive immune systems and skin tissue, in which the IL-23/IL-17 axis is critical. PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ play important roles in various immune cell functions. We found that mice lacking functional PI3Kδ or PI3Kγ are largely protected from imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis, correlating with reduced IL-17 levels in the lesions, serum, and the draining lymph nodes. TCRγδ T cells were the major IL-17-producing population in the draining lymph nodes and were significantly diminished in IMQ-treated PI3Kδ knockin and PI3Kγ knockout mice. We also show that PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ inhibitors reduced IFN-γ production by human TCRγδ T cells and IL-17 and IFN-γ production by PBMCs from psoriatic or healthy donors. In addition, inhibition of PI3Kγ, but not PI3Kδ, blocked chemotaxis of CCR6(+)IL-17-producing cells from IMQ-treated mice or healthy human donors. Taken together, these data indicate that PI3Kδ and/or PI3Kγ inhibitors should be considered for treating IL-17-driven diseases, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roller
- Rheumatology Research, Merck Serono S.A., 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Maha A, Gan GG, Koh CL. Phenotype and TCR-gamma gene rearrangements in a Malaysian cohort of T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 15:382-90. [PMID: 21114900 DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12719010991902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo a series of complex phenotypic changes before achieving maturation. Discrete stages of T-cell differentiation are simplified to four stages (pro-, pre-, cortical and mature-T cell) and used in the classification of T-cell leukaemia. HLA-DR has been reported to be expressed in immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and also confer a poorer treatment outcome. Simultaneously, the genotype goes through distinct pattern changes due to rearrangement of T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. TCR gene rearrangement is important in the diagnosis of clonality and used as markers to detect minimal residual disease in lymphoproliferative disorders. We identified a subset within Pro-T and Pre-T cell cases distinguished by the expression of HLA-DR. These subgroups appeared to be more immature as rearrangement of the TCR-gamma gene was either at germline or involved only the first constant region (C1) unlike a more rearranged pattern in the HLA-DR-subgroups. We also observed a higher incidence of mediastinal mass (67%) in the HLA-DR-subgroup in the Pre-T stage. These characteristics may be useful as markers to further refine staging of T-cell ALL and determine prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Maha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Wang H, Fang Z, Morita CT. Vgamma2Vdelta2 T Cell Receptor recognition of prenyl pyrophosphates is dependent on all CDRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6209-22. [PMID: 20483784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells differ from alphabeta T cells in the Ags they recognize and their functions in immunity. Although most alphabeta TCRs recognize peptides presented by MHC class I or II, human gammadelta T cells expressing Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCRs recognize nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphates. To define the molecular basis for this recognition, the effect of mutations in the TCR CDR was assessed. Mutations in all CDR loops altered recognition and cover a large footprint. Unlike murine gammadelta TCR recognition of the MHC class Ib T22 protein, there was no CDR3delta motif required for recognition because only one residue is required. Instead, the length and sequence of CDR3gamma was key. Although a prenyl pyrophosphate-binding site was defined by Lys109 in Jgamma1.2 and Arg51 in CDR2delta, the area outlined by critical mutations is much larger. These results show that prenyl pyrophosphate recognition is primarily by germline-encoded regions of the gammadelta TCR, allowing a high proportion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCRs to respond. This underscores its parallels to innate immune receptors. Our results also provide strong evidence for the existence of an Ag-presenting molecule for prenyl pyrophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Raspollini MR, Rossi Degl'Innocenti D, Castiglione F, Mecocci F, Marchionni M, Taddei GL. Could γ/δ T cells influence the mother's rejection in recurrent aborted embryos? J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 27:165-7. [PMID: 17454466 DOI: 10.1080/01443610601124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that the investigation of aborted material may identify aetiologies not easily detectable from even a careful clinical investigation, suggested a study of the T-cell receptors (TCRs) of decidual-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM). From 33 cases of RSM (>3 previous consecutive miscarriages, range 3-5, mean 3.7), PCR products were analysed by 15% acrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualised under UV illumination after ethidium bromide staining. A broad band obtained suggests the presence of a monoclonal T-lymphocyte proliferation. A PCR not showing bands means that the tissue does not contain reactive T cells. A total of 11 samples (33.3%) revealed the presence of receptor TCRgamma with the presence of a specific band. T-cell receptors in RSM were identified in one-third of cases. These data underline the importance of a maternal immune host response to the embryo and the need to study the immune mechanisms with the hope of modulating therapeutic treatment of recurrent abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Raspollini
- Departments of Human Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Florence, viale G.B. Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Winkelhake JL, Nag B. Section Review—Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis: Trials and Tribulations in the Development of Antigen-Specific Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.5.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the potential role of human gammadelta T cells in the control of adaptive immunity. Our latest findings emerged as a consequence of our working hypothesis, which predicts a close relationship between the migration control in leukocytes and their function in immune processes as diverse as hematopoiesis, initiation of adaptive immunity, and immune surveillance in peripheral tissues. Leukocyte migration control is defined by the combination of migration and adhesion receptors on their surface and the tissue distribution of the corresponding ligands. According to our hypothesis, leukocytes featuring migration receptors for homing to lymph nodes (LNs) will also display activities that preferentially take place within LNs. Following this line of thought, by showing LN-homing properties in a subset of human gammadelta T cells, we speculated that gammadelta T cells influence the initiation of T- and B-cell responses. Here, we summarize our recent data, showing that LN-homing gammadelta T cells have potent antigen-presenting cell characteristics. This unexpected finding is discussed with regards to microbial sensing by human gammadelta T cells and a possible role for these cells in anti-microbial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Vodanovic-Jankovic S, Drobyski WR. Gammadelta T cells do not require fully functional cytotoxic pathways or the ability to recognize recipient alloantigens to prevent graft rejection. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 12:1125-34. [PMID: 17085305 PMCID: PMC1679815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells are a unique and minor T-cell subset that differs from conventional alphabeta T cells by virtue of their tissue localization and antigen processing requirements. We have previously shown that ex vivo-activated gammadelta T cells are able to prevent graft rejection without causing clinically significant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the present study, we examined how gammadelta T cells facilitate alloengraftment and to what extent mechanisms used by conventional alphabeta T cells are also used by gammadelta T cells. We observed that, unlike alphabeta T cells, for which CD8(+) T cells are primarily responsible for facilitating engraftment, purified CD8(+)gammadelta(+) T cells administered at the same fractional dose as for the unseparated activated gammadelta T-cell population were insufficient to prevent graft rejection. Furthermore, the ability to prevent graft rejection was not affected by the absence of fully functional fas ligand or perforin cytotoxic pathways, nor was it contingent on the ability of gammadelta T cells to recognize recipient major histocompatibility process alloantigens. Repetitive infusions of a suboptimal dose of gammadelta T cells however were able to rescue mice from graft rejection, suggesting that the persistence of these cells in vivo was critical in facilitating alloengraftment. These studies demonstrate that gammadelta T cells do not use mechanisms used by conventional nontolerant alphabeta T cells to prevent graft rejection. The ability of these cells to promote engraftment without causing GVHD further distinguishes these cells from alphabeta T cells and may be an attribute that can be exploited in the clinical transplantation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William R. Drobyski
- Address correspondence to: William R. Drobyski, M.D., Bone Marrow
Transplant Program, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226 Phone:
414-456-4941, Fax 414-805-4630, E-mail
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10
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Raspollini MR, Castiglione F, Rossi Degl'innocenti D, Amunni G, Villanucci A, Garbini F, Baroni G, Taddei GL. Tumour-infiltrating gamma/delta T-lymphocytes are correlated with a brief disease-free interval in advanced ovarian serous carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:590-6. [PMID: 15699022 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular biology of ovarian carcinoma. Along with the molecular characteristics of cancer, the patient's response to the tumour may also contribute to survival; in particular, the effect of the immune system may play an important role on survival of cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analysed the CD3 positive tumour-infiltrating T cells and direct molecular assessment of T cell receptors (TCRs) gamma and beta in 95 advanced ovarian carcinomas. RESULTS Gamma/delta T cells are statistically correlated with a brief disease-free interval (P=0.036). CD3 positive tumour-infiltrating T cells are correlated with a brief disease-free interval and with survival (P=0.004 and P=0.0001, respectively). CD3 positive tumour-infiltrating T cells are associated with clinical responsiveness to chemotherapy (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to better understand the role of gamma/delta T cells in ovarian carcinoma, yet these data underline the importance of host immune response to cancer and the need to better study immune mechanisms to modulate the therapeutic treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Raspollini
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology and Department of Gynecology, Perinatology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Florence, School of Medicine, Florence, Italy.
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SAITO T, TADA K, SHIMIZU M, NAKAMURA T, ITO H, TAKAHASHI H. Orally administrated risedronate can commit V.GAMMA.2V.DELTA.2 T cells to IFN-.GAMMA. secreting effectors in patients with osteoporosis. Biomed Res 2004. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.25.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Oral asaccharolytic Eubacterium saphenum, which are newly isolated gram-positive rods and one of the predominant microorganisms in human periodontal pockets, were injected intraperitoneally in mice to elucidate their pathogenicity in periodontal diseases. Infiltrating immune cells in the peritoneal exudate were quantitated and intracellular T cell (CD4+/CD8+/gammadelta+) production of cytokines IL-4 and IFN-gamma which are related to cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, was determined. Neutrophils appeared first in peritoneal exudates, followed by macrophages and lymphocytes, after the injection of either E. saphenum or Porphyromonas gingivalis. Intracellular IL-4+ and IFN-gamma+ gammadelta T cells were detected in the exudates after the injection of E. saphenum (4.6 +/- 0.8% and 10.1 +/- 1.4%, respectively) and P. gingivalis (5.3 +/- 1.6% and 10.1 +/- 2.1%, respectively). The intracellular production of IL-4/IFN-gamma in CD4+/CD8+ T cells was rather low indicating that the main response was from gammadelta T cells which initiated the immune reactions in mouse peritoneal cavities after injection of E. saphenum or P. gingivalis. Serum IgG and IgM levels were elevated in animals injected with E. saphenum and similarly with P. gingivalis. The present study showed that with slight differences, similar modes of cell response and cytokine and Ig production were observed after intraperitoneal injection of both E. saphenum and P. gingivalis, indicating that E. saphenum may play just as important a role in periodontal diseases as P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salam
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahram
- Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
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Byrom B, Barbet AF, Obwolo M, Mahan SM. CD8(+) T cell knockout mice are less susceptible to Cowdria ruminantium infection than athymic, CD4(+) T cell knockout, and normal C57BL/6 mice. Vet Parasitol 2000; 93:159-72. [PMID: 11035234 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of T cells in immunity to Cowdria ruminantium was investigated by studying the responses to infection of normal, athymic, CD4(+) T cell knock out (KO) and CD8(+) T cell KO C57BL/6 mice. Normal C57BL/6 mice could be immunized by infection and treatment, and immunity was adoptively transferable from immune to naive mice by splenocytes. Following infection, athymic mice died sooner than normal mice (P=0.0017), and could not be immunized by infection and treatment. CD4(+) T cell KO mice were as susceptible to infection as normal mice and could be immunized by infection and treatment. In contrast, CD8(+) T cell KO mice were less susceptible than normal and CD4(+) T cell KO mice and 43% self-cured, while those that died did so after a prolonged incubation period. Antibody responses to C. ruminantium were CD4(+) T cell dependent, because responses were detected in immune normal and CD8(+) T cell KO mice but not in immune CD4(+) KO mice (P=0.005). Since CD8(+) T cell KO mice were less susceptible to infection, and since CD4(+) T cell KO mice could be immunized, it can be concluded that immunity to C. ruminantium can be mediated by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Byrom
- UF/USAID/SADC Heartwater Research Project, Central Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
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15
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Spada FM, Grant EP, Peters PJ, Sugita M, Melián A, Leslie DS, Lee HK, van Donselaar E, Hanson DA, Krensky AM, Majdic O, Porcelli SA, Morita CT, Brenner MB. Self-recognition of CD1 by gamma/delta T cells: implications for innate immunity. J Exp Med 2000; 191:937-48. [PMID: 10727456 PMCID: PMC2193122 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.6.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of immunoglobulins and alpha/beta T cell receptors (TCRs) provides a framework for the molecular basis of antigen recognition. Yet, evolution has preserved a separate lineage of gamma/delta antigen receptors that share characteristics of both immunoglobulins and alpha/beta TCRs but whose antigens remain poorly understood. We now show that T cells of the major tissue gamma/delta T cell subset recognize nonpolymorphic CD1c molecules. These T cells proliferated in response to CD1+ presenter cells, lysed CD1c+ targets, and released T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines. The CD1c-reactive gamma/delta T cells were cytotoxic and used both perforin- and Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, they produced granulysin, an important antimicrobial protein. Recognition of CD1c was TCR mediated, as recognition was transferred by transfection of the gamma/delta TCR. Importantly, all CD1c-reactive gamma/delta T cells express V delta 1 TCRs, the TCR expressed by most tissue gamma/delta T cells. Recognition by this tissue pool of gamma/delta T cells provides the human immune system with the capacity to respond rapidly to nonpolymorphic molecules on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the absence of foreign antigens that may activate or eliminate the APCs. The presence of bactericidal granulysin suggests these cells may directly mediate host defense even before foreign antigen-specific T cells have differentiated.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca M. Spada
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ethan P. Grant
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Peter J. Peters
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masahiko Sugita
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Augustín Melián
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David S. Leslie
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hoi K. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | | | - Alan M. Krensky
- Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Otto Majdic
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Activation of C-C β-chemokines in human peripheral blood γδ T cells by isopentenyl pyrophosphate and regulation by cytokines. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes respond to viral, bacterial, protozoal, and tumoral antigens, but their precise function remains unknown. In adults the major circulating γδ T-cell subset expresses the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor and responds to protease-resistant phosphorylated derivatives found in many pathogens. In this study we show that activation of Vδ2+ cells with the nonpeptidic antigen isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) rapidly induces (within 4-12 hours) the C-C chemokines MIP-1, MIP-1β, and lymphotactin but not MCP-1. The most robust response was obtained for MIP-1β. IPP induction of MIP-1 and MIP-1β was not affected by costimulation with interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, TGF-β, or interferon-γ (INF-γ). However, IL-12 significantly enhanced IPP-induced expression and release of MIP-1 that was down-regulated by TGF-β whereas the induction of MIP-1β by IPP+IL-12 was refractory to cotreatment with TGFβ indicating that these chemokines are differentially regulated by these cytokines. Vδ2+ T cells also expressed a wide range of C-C chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR5, and CCR8, all of which were down-regulated following activation. We conclude that Vδ2+ cells can be rapidly induced by components of bacterial cell walls to express high levels of proinflammatory chemokines, supporting an important role for these cells in the early stages of the inflammatory responses to many common pathogens. (Blood. 2000, 95:39-47)
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Activation of C-C β-chemokines in human peripheral blood γδ T cells by isopentenyl pyrophosphate and regulation by cytokines. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.1.39.001k04_39_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes respond to viral, bacterial, protozoal, and tumoral antigens, but their precise function remains unknown. In adults the major circulating γδ T-cell subset expresses the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor and responds to protease-resistant phosphorylated derivatives found in many pathogens. In this study we show that activation of Vδ2+ cells with the nonpeptidic antigen isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) rapidly induces (within 4-12 hours) the C-C chemokines MIP-1, MIP-1β, and lymphotactin but not MCP-1. The most robust response was obtained for MIP-1β. IPP induction of MIP-1 and MIP-1β was not affected by costimulation with interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, TGF-β, or interferon-γ (INF-γ). However, IL-12 significantly enhanced IPP-induced expression and release of MIP-1 that was down-regulated by TGF-β whereas the induction of MIP-1β by IPP+IL-12 was refractory to cotreatment with TGFβ indicating that these chemokines are differentially regulated by these cytokines. Vδ2+ T cells also expressed a wide range of C-C chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR5, and CCR8, all of which were down-regulated following activation. We conclude that Vδ2+ cells can be rapidly induced by components of bacterial cell walls to express high levels of proinflammatory chemokines, supporting an important role for these cells in the early stages of the inflammatory responses to many common pathogens. (Blood. 2000, 95:39-47)
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Abstract
Classical T cells, those with alpha beta T-cell receptors (TCRs), are an important component of the dominant paradigm for self-nonself immune recognition in vertebrates. alpha beta T cells recognize foreign peptide antigens when they are bound to MHC molecules on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. gamma delta T cells bear a similar receptor, and it is often assumed that these T cells also require specialized antigen-presenting molecules for immune recognition, which we term "indirect antigen recognition." B-cell receptors, or immunoglobulins, bind directly to antigens without the help of a specialized antigen-presenting molecule. Phylogenetically, it has been assumed that T-cell receptors and the genes that encode them are a monophyletic group, and that "indirect" antigen recognition evolved before the split into two types of TCR. Recently, however, it has been proposed that gamma delta-TCRs bind directly to antigens, as do immunoglobulins (Ig's). This calls into question the null hypothesis that indirect antigen recognition is a common characteristic of TCRs and, by extension, the hypothesis that all TCR gene sequences form a monophyletic group. To determine whether alternative explanations for antigen recognition and other historical relationships among TCR genes might be possible, we performed phylogenetic analyses on amino acid sequences of the constant and variable regions which encode the basic subunits of TCR and Ig molecules. We used both maximum-parsimony and genetic distance-based methods and could find no strong support for the hypothesis of TCR monophyly. Analyses of the constant region suggest that TCR gamma or delta sequences are the most ancient, implying that the ancestral immune cell was like a modern gamma delta T cell. From this gamma delta-like ancestor arose alpha beta T cells and B cells, implying that indirect antigen recognition is indeed a derived property of alpha beta-TCRs. Analyses of the variable regions are complicated by strong selection on antigen-binding sequences, but imply that direct antigen binding is the ancestral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Sugaya M, Nakamura K, Tamaki K. Interleukins 18 and 12 synergistically upregulate interferon-gamma production by murine dendritic epidermal T cells. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:350-4. [PMID: 10469333 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A unique subset of gammadelta T cells, termed dendritic epidermal T cells, reside in murine epidermis. It was previously reported that freshly isolated dendritic epidermal T cells and dendritic epidermal T cell lines expressed mRNA for interferon-gamma. Recent studies indicated that interleukin-18, a novel cytokine which strongly induces interferon-gamma production by T cells, was produced by murine keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. Interleukin-12, which is regarded as a key cytokine for Th1 type helper clone responses, has also been reported to be produced by these cells in murine skin. In this study, we demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 synergistically upregulated interferon-gamma production by dendritic epidermal T cells in short-term cultures. This was the case in both C57/BL6 mice and BALB/C mice, although the quantity of interferon-gamma produced was different in the two mouse strains. Interleukin-18 or interleukin-12 alone did not induce interferon-gamma production by dendritic epidermal T cells. Interferon-gamma mRNA was only weakly detected by the semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method in freshly isolated dendritic epidermal T cells, and the mRNA expression was much increased 12 h after stimulation with interleukin-18 and interleukin-12. We also confirmed biologic activity of interferon-gamma produced by dendritic epidermal T cells by showing upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on Pam 212, murine keratinocyte cell line. Thus, this study suggests that interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 produced by keratinocytes and Langerhans cells regulate interferon-gamma production by dendritic epidermal T cells and thus may play important parts in the regulation of immune responses in skin-associated lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Weirich G, Sandherr M, Fellbaum C, Richter T, Schmidt L, Kinjerski T, Dietzfelbinger H, Rastetter J, Höfler H. Molecular evidence of bone marrow involvement in advanced case ot Tgammadelta lymphoma with secondary myelofibrosis. Hum Pathol 1998; 29:761-5. [PMID: 9670837 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the case of a middle-aged man with long indolent course of generalized Tgammadelta lymphoma. The onset of secondary myelofibrosis made cytological monitoring of the bone marrow infiltrates impossible. As during progression of the disease splenectomy revealed typical histological features of a high-grade hepatosplenic Tgammadelta lymphoma, the low-grade bone infiltrate was considered a secondary lymphoma. The use of the polymerase chain reaction helped to detect a constant and identical monoclonal rearrangement pattern of the T-cell receptor gamma-chain gene in both bone marrow and splenic T-cell infiltrates. The notion of a secondary spread of malignant T-cells to the bone marrow was thereby confirmed despite striking cytological differences between bone marrow and splenic infiltrates. This is the first report of a diagnostic DNA-based molecular approach using fixed decalcified bone marrow. This method may provide a major tool when dealing with myelofibrosis, which normally hampers sampling of cytological specimens.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Neoplasms/complications
- Bone Marrow Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Bone Marrow Neoplasms/genetics
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Decalcification Technique
- Formaldehyde
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Liver Neoplasms/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/complications
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Primary Myelofibrosis/etiology
- Primary Myelofibrosis/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Splenic Neoplasms/complications
- Splenic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Splenic Neoplasms/genetics
- Tissue Fixation
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weirich
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick Research and Development Center, Laboratory of Immunobiology, MD 21702, USA
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21
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Reinhardt C, Melms A. Skewed TCRV beta repertoire in human thymus persists after thymic emigration: influence of genomic imposition, thymic maturation and environmental challenge on human TCRV beta usage in vivo. Immunobiology 1998; 199:74-86. [PMID: 9717669 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(98)80065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in originating a diverse TCR repertoire in human peripheral blood we analyzed TCRV beta surface expression in different T cell subsets of unrelated individuals. The relative frequencies of 11 distinct V beta chains were determined for immature double positive (DP) as well as for mature CD4 single positive (4SP) and CD8 single positive (8SP) thymocytes, respectively. By comparing these data with expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the same donors we were able to show that usage of TCRV beta in peripheral T cells is significantly (p < 0.001) depending on the pattern in mature SP thymocytes whereas the frequency of TCRV beta families in immature DP thymocytes has no impact (p > 0.2). No association with distinct HLA-haplotypes was observed. Preferential usage of V beta-families in either CD4- or CD8-positive peripheral T cells also correlates with the status in mature thymic precursors (p < 0.001). Altogether, this first combined study of TCR frequencies within different stages of human T cell ontogeny indicates that TCRV beta repertoire is determined mainly through selectional processes within the thymus. Since neither genomically imposed expression nor modulating events in the periphery seem to have strong influence on the relative expression of TCRV beta chains these findings have to be considered in future studies of human diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Lineage
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reinhardt
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Roth SJ, Diacovo TG, Brenner MB, Rosat JP, Buccola J, Morita CT, Springer TA. Transendothelial chemotaxis of human alpha/beta and gamma/delta T lymphocytes to chemokines. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:104-13. [PMID: 9485190 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199801)28:01<104::aid-immu104>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two subpopulations of human T lymphocytes expressing different antigen receptors, alpha/beta and gamma/delta, emigrate into inflamed tissues in distinctive patterns. We compared the transmigration of alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells to C-C and C-X-C chemokines using an in vitro transendothelial chemotaxis assay. The C-C chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta stimulated similar, dose-dependent chemotaxis of purified gamma/delta T cells, whereas MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha produced greater chemotaxis of purified alpha/beta T cells than MIP-1beta. In contrast, the C-X-C chemokines interleukin (IL)-8 and interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) did not promote chemotaxis of either alpha/beta or gamma/delta T cells. Three gamma/delta T cell clones with differing CD4 and CD8 phenotypes also migrated exclusively to C-C chemokines. Phenotypic analysis of mononuclear cells that transmigrated from an input population of unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed the results with purified gamma/delta T cells. Our data demonstrate that human peripheral blood alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells can transmigrate to MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, and suggest that both T lymphocyte subpopulations share the capacity to emigrate in response to C-C chemokines during inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Endothelium, Vascular
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Roth
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
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23
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Correale J, Rojany M, Weiner LP. Human CD8+ TCR-alpha beta(+) and TCR-gamma delta(+) cells modulate autologous autoreactive neuroantigen-specific CD4+ T-cells by different mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 80:47-64. [PMID: 9413259 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-9851(97)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory interactions among autologous T-cells during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), proteolipid protein peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell clones (TCCs) were irradiated and used as immunogens to stimulate purified populations of autologous CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ and TCR-gamma delta+ T-cells isolated from the peripheral blood of MS patients, patients with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases, and healthy blood donors. The resulting blasts were expanded in the presence of hIL-2 and then cloned by limiting dilution. Two different groups of CD8+ TCCs were revealed. A first group of CD8+ TCCs recognized autologous CD4+ T-cells based in their TCRV beta structures (anti-idiotypic responsiveness). A second group of CD8+ TCCs recognized Ag activated autologous CD4+ TCCs irrespective of their Ag specificity or TCRV beta expression (anti-ergotypic responsiveness). Both groups showed MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity against CD4+ T-cells and were able to secrete IFN-gamma, TNF alpha/beta and TGF-beta. TCR-gamma delta+ TCCs isolated in response to stimulation with autologous peptide-specific CD4+ TCCs showed only anti-ergotypic cytotoxicity, which was not inhibited by anti-MHC class Ia monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, they were able to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF alpha/beta, but not TGF-beta. These data demonstrate that regulatory mechanisms among human autologous T-cells can be mediated by cytolytic interactions or by the release of specific cytokines. Furthermore, they provide evidence that CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ and TCR-gamma delta+ cells differ in their patterns of recognition and in their abilities to modulate the immune response mediated by autologous autoreactive CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Correale
- Department of Neurology, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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24
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Brabb T, Rubicz R, Mannikko V, Goverman J. Separately expressed T cell receptor alpha and beta chain transgenes exert opposite effects on T cell differentiation and neoplastic transformation. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3039-48. [PMID: 9394835 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two aspects of T cell differentiation in T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice, the generation of an unusual population of CD4-CD8-TCR+ thymocytes and the absence of gamma delta cells, have been the focus of extensive investigation. To examine the basis for these phenomena, we investigated the effects of separate expression of a transgenic TCR alpha chain and a transgenic TCR beta chain on thymocyte differentiation. Our data indicate that expression of a transgenic TCR alpha chain causes thymocytes to differentiate into a CD4-CD8-TCR+ lineage at an early developmental stage, depleting the number of thymocytes that differentiate into the alpha beta lineage. Surprisingly, expression of the TCR alpha chain transgene is also associated with the development of T cell lymphosarcoma. In contrast, expression of the transgenic TCR beta chain causes immature T cells to accelerate differentiation into the alpha beta lineage and thus inhibits the generation of gamma delta cells. Our observations provide a model for understanding T cell differentiation in TCR-transgenic mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brabb
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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25
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Hong K, Greer CE, Ketter N, Van Nest G, Paliard X. Isolation and characterization of human papillomavirus type 6-specific T cells infiltrating genital warts. J Virol 1997; 71:6427-32. [PMID: 9261360 PMCID: PMC191916 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.9.6427-6432.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential role of T cells in the control of human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) infections is an appealing premise, but their actual role has been sparsely investigated. Since HPV-6 infections are confined to the epithelium, such an investigation should focus on the T cells present at the site of infection (i.e., the warts). Therefore, we isolated wart-infiltrating lymphocytes (WIL) from patients with clinically diagnosed anogenital warts. These WIL were characterized by their phenotype and their specificity for E7 and L1 proteins of HPV-6. The phenotype of WIL varied drastically from patient to patient, as determined by their expression of CD4, CD8, T-cell receptor alpha/beta chain (TCR alpha beta), and TCR gamma delta. Despite this heterogeneity in phenotype, HPV-6 E7 and/or L1-specific WIL, as determined by lymphoproliferation, could be isolated from more than 75% of the patients studied. Among all L1 peptides recognized by WIL, peptides 311-330 and 411-430 were the most consistently detected, with seven of nine patients for whom L1 peptide reactivity was observed responding to at least one of them. Moreover, the HPV-6 epitopic peptides recognized by WIL differed to some extent from those recognized by peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hong
- Department of Virology and Vaccine Development, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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26
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Eck M, Greiner A, Kandolf R, Schmausser B, Marx A, Müller-Hermelink HK. Active fulminant myocarditis characterized by T-lymphocytes expressing the gamma-delta T-cell receptor: a new disease entity? Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21:1109-12. [PMID: 9298889 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199709000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic myocarditis is thought to be a virus-induced disease. T cells expressing the alpha-beta T-cell receptor seem to play a central role in the pathogenesis and to mediate tissue injury in this disease. A case of active fulminant myocarditis is described, which was analyzed by immunohistochemical, molecular biologic, and serologic methods. Infiltration of the heart tissue predominantly by gamma-delta T cells was detected by immunohistochemistry. No evidence of viral disease could be obtained by in situ hybridization with different enterovirus-specific DNA probes; by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for enteroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, influenza A and B viruses, and cytomegaloviruses; or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy. Because gamma-delta T cells may have an autoimmune capacity, we propose that these cells may trigger autoimmune myocarditis. These findings may be important in order to identify subgroups of patients who may benefit from immunosuppressive therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- DNA/analysis
- DNA/genetics
- Heart Ventricles/chemistry
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eck
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Amoroso A, Garzia P, Pasquarelli C, Sportelli G, Afeltra A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with urticaria and angio-oedema: disappearance of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations after thyroidectomy. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50:254-6. [PMID: 9155680 PMCID: PMC499824 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.50.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A 60 year old woman affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis presented with a history of recurring episodes of urticaria and angio-oedema. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient excluded allergy to external agents, hereditary angio-oedema, and occult infections. A pathogenic relation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and chronic urticaria/angio-oedema was suspected. However, treatment with L-thyroxine had no influence on the frequency and severity of the cutaneous and mucosal manifestations, which occurred almost daily and required repeated administration of steroids. The patient therefore underwent total thyroidectomy. Cytometric analysis of intrathyroidal lymphocyte subsets showed unusual abnormalities. Urticaria and angio-oedema completely remitted after surgery; 18 months postoperatively the patient was still asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amoroso
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy
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28
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Donor γδ T Lymphocytes Promote Allogeneic Engraftment Across the Major Histocompatibility Barrier in Mice. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.3.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
T cells that express the αβ T-cell receptor are thought to be the T-cell population primarily responsible for facilitating alloengraftment. The role of γδ+ T cells that comprise only a minority of mature T cells in promoting allogeneic engraftment, however, has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether γδ T cells were capable of facilitating alloengraftment in murine recipients of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched marrow grafts. We developed a model where engraftment of C57BL/6 × 129/F2 (H-2b) marrow in sublethally irradiated (800 cGy) recipients (AKR/J, H-2k) is dependent on the presence of mature donor T cells in the marrow graft. In this model, donor T-cell engraftment was significantly augmented by as few as 1 × 105 αβ T cells. The role of γδ T cells was then investigated using transgenic donors (C57BL/6 × 129 background) in which a portion of the T-cell receptor–β chain gene was deleted by gene targeting so that these mice lack αβ T cells. Addition of 10 × 106 naive γδ T cells to T-cell depleted marrow grafts was required to significantly increase alloengraftment, although donor T cells averaged <50% of total splenic T cells. To determine whether higher doses of γδ T cells would improve donor engraftment and eradicate residual host T cells, γδ T cells were ex vivo expanded with a γδ T-cell–specific monoclonal antibody and interleukin-2 and then transplanted into irradiated recipients. Transplantation of ≥ 160 × 106 activated γδ T cells was necessary to consistently and significantly augment donor cell chimerism and enhance hematopoietic reconstitution when compared to control mice, but host T cells persisted in these chimeras. Addition of 2.5 × 104 mature αβ T cells, which alone were incapable of facilitating engraftment, to T-cell depleted marrow grafts containing 160 × 106 activated γδ T cells resulted in long-term (<100 day) complete donor engraftment, indicating that limiting numbers of αβ T cells were required in the marrow graft for the eradication of residual host T cells. Using serial weight curves and B-cell reconstitution as end points, clinically significant graft-versus-host disease was not observed in these chimeras under these experimental conditions. These data show that, whereas less potent than αβ T cells, γδ T cells are able to promote engraftment and enhance hematopoietic reconstitution in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients.
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29
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Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a prevalent opportunistic mucosal infection, caused predominantly by Candida albicans, which affects a significant number of otherwise healthy women of childbearing age. Since there are no known exogenous predisposing factors to explain the incidence of symptomatic vaginitis in most women with idiopathic RVVC, it has been postulated that these particular women suffer from an immunological abnormality that prediposes them to RVVC. Because of the increased incidence of mucosal candidiasis in individuals with depressed cell-mediated immunity (CMI), defects in CMI are viewed as a possible explanation for RVVC. In this review, we attempt to place into perspective the accumulated information regarding the immunopathogenesis of RVVC, as well as to provide new immunological perspectives and hypotheses regarding potential immunological deficiencies that may predispose to RVVC and potentially other mucosal infections by the same organism. The results of both clinical studies and studies in an animal model of experimental vaginitis suggest that systemic CMI may not be the predominant host defense mechanism against C. albicans vaginal infections. Rather, locally acquired mucosal immunity, distinct from that in the peripheral circulation, is now under consideration as an important host defense at the vaginal mucosa, as well as the notion that changes in local CMI mechanism(s) may predispose to RVVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Fidel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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30
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Bot A. Immunoglobulin deficient mice generated by gene targeting as models for studying the immune response. Int Rev Immunol 1996; 13:327-40. [PMID: 8884429 DOI: 10.3109/08830189609061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
B cell deficient animals obtained by various strategies of gene targeting were used to study the B cell development and examine the role of different immune compartments in the immune response to microbes. Study of muMT, JHD, lambda 5T and JHT models of B cell deficiency, was essential in order to understand the role of pre-B cell receptor in B cell development, allelic exclusion and variable gene rearrangement regulation. In the immune response to influenza virus, a protective role of T cells in a total absence of B cell compartment, was revealed by studying the JHD -/- model. Further, it was established that a T cell compartment is sufficient to mediate the recovery from influenza infection. Examination of immune response in muMT and JHD models of definitive B cell deficiency to various blood stage Plasmodia species, showed that whereas B cells are not required for recovery from infection with P. chabaudi adami, P. vinckei petteri and P. chabaudi chabaudi (CB), B cell compartment is important in the later stages of infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi (AS). Studies carried out in muMT model suggested a possible role for T gamma delta subpopulation in the immune response to blood stage malaria parasite. B cell deficiency models are valuable for understanding the normal and pathological immune response. Studies carried out in muMT model indicated that T cell responses are not significantly affected in the absence of B cells. These data can neither rule out a role for B cells in T cell priming, nor in triggering an effective T cell help for humoral response. Study of double homozygous mice deficient for B cells and FAS or IL-2 gene, pinpointed the role of B cells in pathogenesis of lupus-like nephritis and vasculitis from lpr mouse and in hemolytic anemia from IL-2 -/- mouse model, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bot
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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31
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Abstract
Activated T-cells are believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model resembling human multiple sclerosis (MS), there is evidence that T cells reactive to myelin basic protein mediate an inflammatory response within the central nervous system leading to demyelination. Furthermore, encephalitogenic T cells express TCR with highly restricted V gene usage and consequently specific forms of immunotherapy directed against V gene products have been successful in preventing and treating EAE. These findings prompted studies into the analysis of TCR repertoire expression in human autoimmune diseases in an attempt to identify the TCR usage of autoreactive and potentially pathogenic T cells. However, this has proved difficult as the autoantigens that drive the T cell response in most human autoimmune disorders are unknown. This review examines the data that have accumulated over the past few years on TCR usage in human autoimmune diseases and is focused largely on rheumatoid arthritis and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Division of Clinical Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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32
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Rosat JP, Conceiçao-Silva F, Waanders GA, Beermann F, Wilson A, Owen MJ, Hayday AC, Huang S, Aguet M, MacDonald HR. Expansion of gamma delta+ T cells in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major is dependent upon Th2-type CD4+ T cells. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3000-4. [PMID: 7622222 PMCID: PMC173408 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.8.3000-3004.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells belong to either the alpha beta+ or gamma delta+ lineage as defined by their antigen receptor. Although both T-cell subsets have been shown to be involved in the immune response to the parasite Leishmania major, very little is known about possible interactions between these two populations. In this study, using a mouse model of infection with L. major, we showed that expansion of a subset of gamma delta+ T cells in vivo is dependent upon the presence of alpha beta+ CD4+ T cells. Moreover, this effect appears to be mediated via the secretion of lymphokines by CD4+ cells with a T-helper 2 (Th2) functional phenotype. Results showing that activation of Th2-type cells in mice treated with anti-immunoglobulin D antibodies or infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis also results in gamma delta+ T-cell expansion suggest that this effect of the Th2-type CD4+ cells is a general phenomenon not restricted to infection with L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rosat
- World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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33
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Gambón-Deza F, Pacheco Carracedo M, Cerdá Mota T, Montes Santiago J. Lymphocyte populations during tuberculosis infection: V beta repertoires. Infect Immun 1995; 63:1235-40. [PMID: 7890378 PMCID: PMC173140 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.4.1235-1240.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by T lymphocytes. We studied the changes in lymphocyte populations occurring in peripheral blood, pleural fluid, and ascites during tuberculosis infection. For this purpose, we compared recent-onset patients (newly converted to positive Mantoux reactions) with previously diagnosed patients (individuals with organic lesions). Recent infection was associated with peripheral blood lymphocytosis involving T lymphocytes expressing either T-cell receptor alpha/beta or gamma/delta. Lymphocytosis involved both CD4 and CD8 cells. On the other hand, we detected no changes in the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in previously diagnosed patients. No changes were found in the numbers of B lymphocytes or natural killer cells in either recently infected or previously diagnosed patients. The pleural effusion and ascitic fluid samples contained T lymphocytes expressing T-cell receptor alpha/beta, the majority of which were CD4+. These lymphocytes showed an inverted CD45RA-to-CD45RO ratio, and we found high-level expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) in some patients. The results are compatible with the existence of periods of cell activation in the pleural fluid (which are disclosed by the appearance of the CD25 antigen and the transition of CD45RA expression to CD45RO) together with nonactivation periods (loss of CD25 and persistence of CD45RO expression). We studied a fraction of the V beta repertoire in peripheral blood in both groups and the same fraction of the V beta repertoire in pleural fluid from patients with tuberculous pleuritis, demonstrating that, in recently infected subjects, lymphocytosis was produced by the increase in lymphocytes which expressed some specific V beta subfamilies that differed from one individual to another. In two of five patients studied, we found significant changes in the V beta repertoire between lymphocytes from peripheral blood and the pleural fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gambón-Deza
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital do Meixoeiro, Vigo, Spain
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34
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Battistini L, Selmaj K, Kowal C, Ohmen J, Modlin RL, Raine CS, Brosnan CF. Multiple sclerosis: limited diversity of the V delta 2-J delta 3 T-cell receptor in chronic active lesions. Ann Neurol 1995; 37:198-203. [PMID: 7847861 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410370210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T-cell receptor have been found in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis in association with demyelinated lesions. Although the biological function of these cells remains to be established, it has been proposed that they are involved in the response to highly conserved antigens, such as heat shock proteins (hsp), expressed during tissue damage and thus may contribute to the development of an autoimmune response. Using polymerase chain reaction, we probed for the presence of T-cell receptor gamma delta cells in fresh-frozen early autopsy brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis and patients with non-multiple sclerosis conditions. The results demonstrated the presence of two major V-J combinations of the T-cell receptor delta chain--V delta 2-J delta 3, V delta 2-J delta 1--and we used a direct sequencing technique to determine whether this gamma delta T-cell population was clonal or diverse. In chronic-active plaques from 9 patients with multiple sclerosis, we found a striking predominant gene rearrangement within the V delta 2-J delta 3 T-cell receptor population that was not present in central nervous system tissue from patients with other neurological diseases. In contrast, within the V delta 2-J delta 1 T-cell receptor population, a predominant rearrangement pattern was detected in only 1 of the multiple sclerosis patients. The sequence of the predominant V delta 2-J delta 3 gene rearrangement was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the gene products from 1 multiple sclerosis patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Battistini
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neuroscience and Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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35
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Kalovidouris AE. MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION AND HISTOPATHOLOGY IN INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Wilhelm M, Tony HP. An in vitro model for the expansion of V gamma 9 delta 2 T lymphocytes during development. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:521-8. [PMID: 7526442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The gamma/delta T lymphocytes represent a minority of T lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. Although there have been reports of reactivity against (myco-) bacterial antigens and heat shock proteins, their function and antigen specificity remain ill defined. The biological role of gamma/delta T cells has been related to functions within the 'first line of defense'. Similar to gamma/delta T lymphocytes in the T-cell compartment, CD5 positive B cells represent a small subset of B lymphocytes, which is thought to be involved in the maintenance of natural immunity and autoimmunity. We provide evidence for the cooperation of gamma/delta T cells and CD5 positive B cells in the proliferative response of gamma/delta T cells to bacterial antigens. Our data indicate a strong proliferation of V gamma 9 delta 2 T cells in response to gram-negative bacteria, which is dependent upon the presence of CD5 positive B-CLL or activated normal B lymphocytes. The selective stimulation of the V gamma 9 delta 2 subpopulation by gram-negative bacteria is also confirmed by analysis of different gamma/delta T-cell clones. The interaction of gamma/delta T cells with activated B cells and gram-negative bacteria may prove to be a useful model similar to the expansion of the V gamma 9 delta 2 subpopulation during development. In addition, our in vitro system should provide new insights in the interaction of CLL B cells with the immune system and the antigens recognized by gamma/delta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD5 Antigens
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Models, Immunological
- Palatine Tonsil/cytology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wilhelm
- Med. Poliklinik, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Sinclair swine display cutaneous melanoma lesions and develop a generalized depigmentation subsequent to tumor regression. Sinclair swine represent a valuable animal model to study the factors influencing the development of melanoma and also the factors which lead to the development of vitiligo. Therefore, information obtained in studies of Sinclair swine should facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms by which melanoma and vitiligo develop and provide us with possible therapeutic treatments for these human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Misfeldt
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65212
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38
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Giacomelli R, Parzanese I, Frieri G, Passacantando A, Pizzuto F, Pimpo T, Cipriani P, Viscido A, Caprilli R, Tonietti G. Increase of circulating gamma/delta T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients affected by active inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98:83-8. [PMID: 7923890 PMCID: PMC1534185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of gamma/delta T cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans, we measured the percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood, assessed the ratio of the non-disulphide-linked (delta TCS1) type of T cell receptor (TCR) in the total gamma/delta T cells, studied the co-expression of gamma/delta TCR and accessory molecules CD8 and CD16, and compared these data with both the type and the activity of the disease. Percentage levels and absolute numbers of gamma/delta+ T cells were higher in active patients than in controls (P < 0.05), mainly as a result of an increase of V delta 1+ (delta TCS1) T cell subset (P < 0.05). This trend was strongly retained independently of disease activity and clinical picture. An increased percentage of TCR delta 1+/CD16+ cells was observed in our patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed as far as the TCR delta 1+/CD8+ cells were concerned. These results suggest that IBD is associated with an expansion of gamma/delta T cells in peripheral blood, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giacomelli
- Clinica Medica, University of L'Aquila, School of Medicine, Italy
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39
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Okazaki K, Yokoyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi M, Araki K, Ogata T. T cell cytotoxicity of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes in a patient with Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol 1994; 29:415-22. [PMID: 7951850 DOI: 10.1007/bf02361237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a 27-year-old male with Crohn's disease (CD) of the small and large intestine, whose peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) showed increased cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CTL). Autologous and allogeneic effector cells from PBL and intestinal lymph nodes (LN) were isolated on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Colonic cells were prepared as the target and were incubated for 6h with effector cells, after being labeled with Na(2)51CrO4. The CTL activity [effector/target (E/T) ratio, 100:1] of PBL for autologous targets was increased by 38% compared with that in normal subjects (< 10%), while that shown by LN was not increased (14%). The CTL activity of allogeneic PBL prepared from three of four other CD patients was also increased. Anti-major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II and CD4 and CD8 monoclonal antibodies (50 micrograms/ml) significantly inhibited CTL activity. Complement-mediated depletion of CD2+ cells significantly reduced CTL activity. These results suggest that MHC-restricted CTL may play a role in mucosal damage in some patients with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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40
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Mochizuki M, Suzuki N, Takeno M, Nagafuchi H, Harada T, Kaneoka H, Yamashita N, Hirayama K, Nakajima T, Mizushima Y. Fine antigen specificity of human gamma delta T cell lines (V gamma 9+) established by repetitive stimulation with a serotype (KTH-1) of a gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus sanguis. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1536-43. [PMID: 7517873 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have established human gamma delta T cell lines specific for Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis) KTH-1 present in normal oral cavity flora. The CD4-CD8-CD3+V gamma 9+V delta 1-CD45RO+ CD25+ T cell lines showed a proliferative response to the streptococcal antigen (Ag) in the presence of autologous antigen-presenting cells without apparent evidence of HLA restriction. The proliferative response of the gamma delta T cell lines was completely blocked by anti-TcR gamma delta monoclonal antibody (mAb) and anti-HLA class I mAb (W6/32), whereas anti-HLA classical class Ia mAb (B-H9; anti-HLA-A,B,C), anti-HLA class II mAb (anti-DR, anti-DQ, and anti-DP) and anti-CD4 mAb did not have any inhibitory effects. Surprisingly, the gamma delta T cell lines showed the proliferative response against the original bacterial Ag KTH-1 exclusively, and exhibited no cross-reactivity with nominal Ag such as purified protein derivative of tuberculin, tetanus toxoid and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or the same species but different strain of S. sanguis, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) standard strain (10556), or even with the same strain but different serotype of S. sanguis, KTH-3. Moreover, cytokine production of the gamma delta T cell lines was similar to the Th1 pattern [interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF-beta]. They also produced interleukin-8 that functions as one of chemoattractants for polymorphonuclear cells. Using direct sequencing technique of the polymerase chain reaction products, we found that junctional diversity of the T cell receptor (TcR) used by the parental KTH-1 specific gamma delta T cell line and its subclones is rather limited. It is suggested that gamma delta T cells with canonical TcR could preferentially respond to KTH-1 Ag. Thus, in addition to a broad or cross-reactivity of gamma delta T cells against phylogenetically conserved stress/heat-shock protein, which is well characterized by others, some peripheral blood gamma delta T cells could recognize and kill exogenous agents with fine antigenic specificity to protect the body against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Division of Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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41
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Akan H, Beksaç M, Aydoğdu I, Koç H, Ilhan O, Ozcan M. Peripheral T cell receptors alpha beta and gamma delta in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 1994; 87:544-7. [PMID: 7993794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb08310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antigen recognition by T cells is determined by an antigen specific T cell receptor (TCR). Two heterodimeric TCR structures associated with CD3 have been defined: TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta. TCR alpha beta and its function are well described but the role of TCR gamma delta in normal and lymphoproliferative disorders is not well established. In newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD), a disease associated with defective T cell functions and increased sIL-2R, we determined levels of seven TCR alpha beta variable regions [beta V5(a), beta V5(b), beta V6(a), beta V12(a), alpha beta V(a), alpha V2(a)] and TCR gamma delta by using monoclonal antibodies (MCA). TCR gamma delta levels did not show any difference, but several variable regions of the TCR alpha beta differed when groups are compared with each other and the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akan
- Ibni Sina Hospital, Ankara Faculty of Medicine, Department of Haematology, Turkey
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42
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Langhorne J, Morris-Jones S, Casabo LG, Goodier M. The response of gamma delta T cells in malaria infections: a hypothesis. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 145:429-36. [PMID: 7899708 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Langhorne
- Max-Planck Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Clinical observations and animal models show that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is an important host defense mechanism against Candida albicans infections. In HIV-infected patients, a switch from TH1- to TH2-type CMI responses correlates with the progression to AIDS, and may also increase susceptibility to mucosal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Fidel
- Divn of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Harper Hospital, Detroit, MI 48201
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44
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Kawakami K, Kohno S, Morikawa N, Kadota J, Saito A, Hara K. Activation of macrophages and expansion of specific T lymphocytes in the lungs of mice intratracheally inoculated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 96:230-7. [PMID: 7910533 PMCID: PMC1534877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative and qualitative change in inflammatory cells in the lungs of mice after intratracheal inoculation of heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans was examined by direct analysis of the pulmonary intraparenchymal leucocytes. Macrophages and T and B lymphocytes increased, peaked at day 7, and then gradually decreased to the basal level. Macrophages were activated 7 days after the inoculation, as indicated by the enhanced expression of MHC class II, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Fc receptor (FcR), which have been known as their activation markers. T cells were also activated, as indicated by the induction of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and the enhanced expression of leucocyte function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) and ICAM-1, a pair of adhesion molecules which have also been regarded as T cell activation markers. CD4+ T cells preferentially accumulated in lungs, and proliferated in vitro by stimulation with heat-killed whole yeast cells, suggesting that at least some of the infiltrated T cells expand locally in response to the organisms. These results demonstrate that the activation of macrophages and T cells reactive to C. neoformans is induced in lungs after intratracheal inoculation of heat-killed organisms, and suggest that these cells interact to eliminate organisms more efficiently from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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45
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Rosat JP, Schreyer M, Ohteki T, Waanders GA, MacDonald HR, Louis JA. Selective expansion of activated V delta 4+ cells during experimental infection of mice with Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:496-9. [PMID: 8299701 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory has revealed that infection of mice with Leishmania major leads to an expansion of gamma delta+ T cells in the spleen. Further examination of the gamma delta+ T cells expanding in infected mice has shown that the majority of these cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, blood and liver expressed the V delta 4 gene segment. Cell cycle analysis, using propidium iodide incorporation, demonstrated that while only 1% of alpha beta+ T cells in the spleen were in either S + G2/M phase, up to 10% of the gamma delta+ T cells were in cycling phase 8 weeks after infection. Comparison of the state of activation of the two populations in different organs after infection, confirmed that gamma delta+ T cells are actively dividing in lymph nodes, liver and blood, but not in the thymus or among intraepithelial lymphocytes. Examination of the expression of different activation markers on the surface of gamma delta+ T cells in the spleen of both normal and chronically infected BALB/c mice by FACS analysis, revealed increased expression of LFA-1, CD25, CD44, 4F2, CD28 and the heat-stable antigen, whereas Thy-1 and CD5 decreased. Collectively, these results suggest an oligoclonal expansion and activation of gamma delta+ T cells in response to L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rosat
- WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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46
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Iwatani Y, Hidaka Y, Matsuzuka F, Kuma K, Amino N. Intrathyroidal lymphocyte subsets, including unusual CD4+ CD8+ cells and CD3loTCR alpha beta lo/-CD4-CD8- cells, in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 93:430-6. [PMID: 8370171 PMCID: PMC1554927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb08196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathyroidal lymphocyte subsets were analysed in 13 euthyroid patients with autoimmune thyroid disease by two-colour flow cytometry and compared with subsets in peripheral blood. In both Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases, proportions of intrathyroidal CD5- B cells were higher than in peripheral blood. The numbers of such cells were correlated with serum levels of anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies. Proportions of T cells bearing alpha beta chains of T cell receptors (TCR alpha beta+ T; T alpha beta) and CD16+CD57+ natural killer (NK) cells were lower in the thyroid, but proportions of CD3hiTCR alpha beta-TCR gamma delta+ (T gamma delta) cells were not different. Proportions of CD4+Leu-8- helper T cells and CD4+CD57+ germinal centre T cells were higher and proportions of CD4+Leu-8+ suppressor-inducer T cells and CD8+CD57+ or CD8+CD11b+ suppressor T cells were lower than in the blood in both diseases. Proportions of CD5+ B cells were high in Graves' disease, and proportions of CD8+CD11b- cytotoxic T cells were high in Hashimoto's disease. Unexpectedly, CD4+CD8+ cells and CD3loTCR alpha beta lo/-CD4-CD8- cells were present in thyroid tissues of both diseases. These findings suggest that: (i) an imbalance in the numbers of regulatory T cells and of NK cells that had appeared in the thyroid resulted in the proliferation of CD5- B cells, which were related to thyroid autoantibody production; (ii) CD5+ B cells and cytotoxic T cells are important for the different pathological features in Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases, respectively; and (iii) intrathyroidal CD4+CD8+ cells and CD3loTCR alpha beta lo/-CD4-CD8- cells may be related to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iwatani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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47
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Robijn RJ, Bloemendal H, Jainandunsing S, Wiegman LJ, VanBerge-Henegouwen GP, Logtenberg T, Koningsberger JC. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of human monoclonal TCR gamma/delta T-cell lines from jejunum and colon of healthy individuals. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38:247-53. [PMID: 8356401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a phenotypic and molecular analysis of monoclonal TCR gamma/delta T-cell lines derived from jejunal and colonic biopsies of healthy individuals. Flow cytometric analysis employing a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) demonstrated that intestinal TCR gamma/delta intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) constitute a phenotypically heterogeneous population. Nucleotide sequence analysis of expressed TCR delta variable (V) regions revealed the dominant utilization of the V delta 2 and D delta 3 gene segments and frequent rearrangement of J delta 3. IEL V delta regions displayed extensive junctional diversity as a result of N and P insertion and the utilization of D delta 3 in all three reading frames. The results demonstrate that intestinal TCR gamma/delta T cells from healthy individuals constitute a phenotypically heterogeneous population expressing V delta regions that differ from their systemic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Robijn
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Grimm DR, Richerson JT, Theiss PM, LeGrand RD, Misfeldt ML. Isolation and characterization of gamma delta T lymphocyte cell lines from Sinclair swine peripheral blood. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 38:1-20. [PMID: 8256429 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90110-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sinclair miniature swine represent a breed of miniature swine which display a significant incidence of inheritable melanoma which undergo a developmentally regulated spontaneous regression. In an attempt to characterize the host cellular immune response to the melanoma, lymphocyte cell lines have been generated from peripheral blood and designated as peripheral blood lymphocyte cell lines (PBLCLs). The cell lines were expanded in vitro without the addition of exogenous mediators, cloned by limiting dilution, and characterized by flow microfluorimetry, Western, and Northern blot analysis. The cell lines were shown to be CD2-, CD4-, CD8-, and slg-, a phenotype consistent with a null cell population described in swine. The null cell population in swine has been reported to consist of a subpopulation of cells which express the gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer, swine gamma delta T lymphocytes. The PBLCLs were further analyzed by flow microfluorimetry and observed to express the IL-2R, swine MHC Class II antigens, and the endothelial lymphocyte adhesion marker (CD44), which can function as a homing receptor for the skin. In addition, the PBLCLs were observed to express the antigen which is recognized by mAb 86D, an antibody that has been reported to recognize an external epitope on a subset of gamma delta TCR bearing swine T lymphocytes. Western blot analysis of Triton X-114 phase fractions of a PBLCL revealed a protein recognized by the W6 antibody, an antibody which recognizes a conserved region of the C delta chain. Furthermore, Southern and Northern blot analysis indicated that the PBLCL have rearranged the TCR gamma chain gene and express mRNA from the TCR gamma and delta chain genes prior to and following treatment with ionomycin or Concanavalin A. Therefore, the data indicates that the PBLCLs represent swine gamma delta T lymphocyte cell lines which should enable us to enhance our understanding of the role of gamma delta T lymphocytes in the porcine immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Grimm
- University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia 65212
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49
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Ishiyama T, Watanabe K, Fukuchi K, Yajima K, Koike M, Tomoyasu S, Tsuruoka N. The presence of CD5LOW+NK cells in normal controls and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 1993; 37:139-44. [PMID: 7505001 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90023-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD5 antigen is present on all normal alpha beta T cells and some B cells. Human NK cells do not usually express CD5 antigen, but we found a subset of CD5LOW+ (low density of CD5) NK cells in some patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Unlike CD5-NK cells, most CD5LOW+NK cells had HLA-DR. We observed few CD5LOW+NK cells in the normal controls and some in the large granular lymphocyte (LGL) population purified by Percoll density centrifugation. Sorted CD5LOW+NK populations were LGL. The CD5LOW+NK cells had high lytic activity on K562 cells in a 4-h 51chromium release assay. Our results indicate that there is a previously unidentified subset of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishiyama
- Department of Hematology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
T cells are primary participants in the pathogenesis of the MHC-dependent autoimmune diseases, and therefore, evidence for association of TCR V-gene repertoires with such disorders has been actively sought. With very few exceptions, no clear-cut evidence for correlation of particular RFLP-defined V-C-region genomic polymorphisms with autoimmune disease predisposition has thus far been demonstrated. With regard to TCR V-gene repertoires engaged in responses to autoantigens, restricted use of certain V beta and V alpha genes in response to myelin basic protein has been documented in animal models. In many spontaneous and experimentally induced animal and human autoimmune diseases, however, the picture is far from clear. Although dominance of certain TCR V genes has been noted, the clonal restrictions are not absolute; they differ from one study to another and from one patient to another. Such variations may be caused by MHC allele-dependent determinant selection mechanisms, secondary T-cell infiltrates in inflammatory sites, different patient populations and stages of disease, or the involvement of different pathogens that, nevertheless, lead to the same clinical entity. Overall, the results indicate that efforts to intervene therapeutically in autoimmune diseases by vaccination with modified T-cell clones, V region-synthetic peptides, or TCR blocking analogues may not be easily applicable. Further studies on the characterization of the specific antigens involved in autoimmune disease pathogenesis is required in order to accurately address the issue of TCR utilization in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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