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Liu T, Yao W, Sun W, Yuan Y, Liu C, Liu X, Wang X, Jiang H. Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18801-18833. [PMID: 38979917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yihan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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2
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Javitt A, Shmueli MD, Kramer MP, Kolodziejczyk AA, Cohen IJ, Radomir L, Sheban D, Kamer I, Litchfield K, Bab-Dinitz E, Zadok O, Neiens V, Ulman A, Wolf-Levy H, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Kacen A, Alon M, Rêgo AT, Stacher-Priehse E, Lindner M, Koch I, Bar J, Swanton C, Samuels Y, Levin Y, da Fonseca PCA, Elinav E, Friedman N, Meiners S, Merbl Y. The proteasome regulator PSME4 modulates proteasome activity and antigen diversity to abrogate antitumor immunity in NSCLC. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:629-647. [PMID: 37217651 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy revolutionized treatment options in cancer, yet the mechanisms underlying resistance in many patients remain poorly understood. Cellular proteasomes have been implicated in modulating antitumor immunity by regulating antigen processing, antigen presentation, inflammatory signaling and immune cell activation. However, whether and how proteasome complex heterogeneity may affect tumor progression and the response to immunotherapy has not been systematically examined. Here, we show that proteasome complex composition varies substantially across cancers and impacts tumor-immune interactions and the tumor microenvironment. Through profiling of the degradation landscape of patient-derived non-small-cell lung carcinoma samples, we find that the proteasome regulator PSME4 is upregulated in tumors, alters proteasome activity, attenuates presented antigenic diversity and associates with lack of response to immunotherapy. Collectively, our approach affords a paradigm by which proteasome composition heterogeneity and function should be examined across cancer types and targeted in the context of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Javitt
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav D Shmueli
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Matthias P Kramer
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ivan J Cohen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihi Radomir
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daoud Sheban
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Kamer
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Oranit Zadok
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Vanessa Neiens
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Adi Ulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hila Wolf-Levy
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Kacen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Alon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ina Koch
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Asklepios Lung Clinic Munich-Gauting, Gauting, Germany
| | - Jair Bar
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Charles Swanton
- UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Yishai Levin
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula C A da Fonseca
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Division of Cancer-Microbiome Research, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Yin L, Chen Y, Fu T, Liu L, Xia Q. Identification of candidate blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of septicaemic melioidosis based on WGCNA. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 50:252-259. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2126490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, PR China
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Ugwu CC, Hair-Bejo M, Nurulfiza MI, Omar AR, Ideris A. Efficacy, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response of inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b propagated in chicken embryo liver cells using bioreactor in broiler chickens. Vet World 2022; 15:2681-2692. [PMID: 36590109 PMCID: PMC9798058 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2681-2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b causes inclusion body hepatitis, resulting in major economic losses globally among chickens. The objectives were to inactivate FAdV 8b isolate propagated in chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells using a stirred tank bioreactor (UPM08136P5B1) and determine the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, efficacy, and virus shedding in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods The FAdV 8b isolate UPM08136P5B1 was inactivated using binary ethyleneimine, adjuvanted with Montanide 71VG, inoculated into day-old broiler chickens in a booster group (BG) and non-booster group (NBG), and challenged with a pathogenic FAdV 8b strain. Clinical signs, gross lesions, body weight (BW), liver: body weight ratio, FAdV antibody titer using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and histopathological changes were recorded. The CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte profiles of the liver, spleen, and thymus using flow cytometry, and viral load in liver and cloacal shedding using quantitative polymerase chain reaction were evaluated. Results Chickens in the challenged control group (CCG) exhibited mild clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathological changes, which were absent in the inoculated groups, and had lower BW and higher liver BW ratio than chickens in the unchallenged control group (UCG); BG and NBG on 35- and 42-days post-inoculation (DPI). Chickens in NBG and BG had higher antibodies than UCG on 7, 21, 35, and 42 DPI. The challenged BG and NBG produced higher antibodies than the CCG on 35 DPI. T-lymphocytes were higher among the inoculated groups than UCG in the liver, spleen, and thymus. Inoculated challenged groups recorded higher CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes on 35 and 42 DPI than CCG. The challenged control group had a significantly higher viral load in the liver than challenged that in BG on 35 DPI and BG and NBG on 42 DPI. The challenged control group had significantly higher challenge FAdV shedding than challenged inoculated groups on 35 and NBG on 42 DPI. Conclusion UPM08136P5B1 was successfully inactivated and mixed with Montanide 71VG. The inactivated vaccine candidate that induced humoral and cellular immunity was effective, reduced FAdV load in the liver, and shedding in the cloaca, and could be useful against FAdV 8b infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Clifford Ugwu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri 460114, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Corresponding author: Mohd Hair-Bejo, e-mail: Co-authors: CCU: , MIN: , ARO: , AI:
| | - Mat Isa Nurulfiza
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Liu M, Yang X, Zeng C, Zhao H, Li J, Hou Z, Wen H. Transcriptional Signatures of Immune, Neural, and Endocrine Functions in the Brain and Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Aeromonas salmonicida Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031340. [PMID: 35163263 PMCID: PMC8835788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serves as one of the most important commercial fish with an annual production of around 800,000 tonnes. However, infectious diseases, such as furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida infection, results in great economic loss in trout culture. The brain and kidney are two important organs associated with “sickness behaviors” and immunomodulation in response to disease. Therefore, we worked with 60 trout and investigated transcriptional responses and enrichment pathways between healthy and infected trout. We observed that furunculosis resulted in the activation of toll-like receptors with neuroinflammation and neural dysfunction in the brain, which might cause the “sickness behaviors” of infected trout including anorexia and lethargy. We also showed the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication contributed to duplicated colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) paralogs, which play an important role in modulating brain immunomodulation. Enrichment analyses of kidneys showed up-regulated immunomodulation and down-regulated neural functions, suggesting an immune-neural interaction between the brain and kidney. Moreover, the kidney endocrine network was activated in response to A. salmonicida infection, further convincing the communications between endocrine and immune systems in regulating internal homeostasis. Our study provided a foundation for pathophysiological responses of the brain and kidney in response to furunculosis and potentially offered a reference for generating disease-resistant trout strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhishuai Hou
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
| | - Haishen Wen
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
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6
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses cause lifelong infections by establishing latency in neurons and undergo sporadic reactivations that promote recurrent disease and new infections. The success of HSVs in persisting in infected individuals is likely due to their multiple molecular determinants involved in escaping the host antiviral and immune responses. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), key immune cells that are involved in establishing effective and balanced immunity against viruses. Here, we review and discuss several molecular and cellular processes modulated by HSVs in DCs, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and the unfolded protein response. Given the central role of DCs in establishing optimal antiviral immunity, particular emphasis should be given to the outcome of the interactions occurring between HSVs and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farías Ma
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Duarte Lf
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tognarelli Ei
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González Pa
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Kang JH, Lee HJ, Kim OH, Yun YJ, Seo YJ, Lee HJ. Biomechanical forces enhance directed migration and activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12106. [PMID: 34103554 PMCID: PMC8187447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are pervasive in the inflammatory site where dendritic cells (DCs) are activated to migrate into draining lymph nodes. For example, fluid shear stress modulates the movement patterns of DCs, including directness and forward migration indices (FMIs), without chemokine effects. However, little is known about the effects of biomechanical forces on the activation of DCs. Accordingly, here we fabricated a microfluidics system to assess how biomechanical forces affect the migration and activity of DCs during inflammation. Based on the structure of edema, we proposed and experimentally analyzed a novel concept for a microchip model that mimicked such vascular architecture. The intensity of shear stress generated in our engineered chip was found as 0.2–0.6 dyne/cm2 by computational simulation; this value corresponded to inflammation in tissues. In this platform, the directness and FMIs of DCs were significantly increased, whereas the migration velocity of DCs was not altered by shear stress, indicating that mechanical stimuli influenced DC migration. Moreover, DCs with shear stress showed increased expression of the DC activation markers MHC class I and CD86 compared with DCs under static conditions. Taken together, these data suggest that the biomechanical forces are important to regulate the migration and activity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Yun
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Chaves LD, Abyad S, Honan AM, Bryniarski MA, McSkimming DI, Stahura CM, Wells SC, Ruszaj DM, Morris ME, Quigg RJ, Yacoub R. Unconjugated p-cresol activates macrophage macropinocytosis leading to increased LDL uptake. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144410. [PMID: 33914709 PMCID: PMC8262368 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease suffer from increased cardiovascular events and cardiac mortality. Prior studies have demonstrated that a portion of this enhanced risk can be attributed to the accumulation of microbiota-derived toxic metabolites, with most studies focusing on the sulfonated form of p-cresol (PCS). However, unconjugated p-cresol (uPC) itself was never assessed due to rapid and extensive first-pass metabolism that results in negligible serum concentrations of uPC. These reports thus failed to consider the host exposure to uPC prior to hepatic metabolism. In the current study, not only did we measure the effect of altering the intestinal microbiota on lipid accumulation in coronary arteries, but we also examined macrophage lipid uptake and handling pathways in response to uPC. We found that atherosclerosis-prone mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited significantly higher coronary artery lipid deposits upon receiving fecal material from CKD mice. Furthermore, treatment with uPC increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and hepatic and aortic fatty deposits in non-CKD mice. Studies employing an in vitro macrophage model demonstrated that uPC exposure increased apoptosis whereas PCS did not. Additionally, uPC exhibited higher potency than PCS to stimulate LDL uptake and only uPC induced endocytosis- and pinocytosis-related genes. Pharmacological inhibition of varying cholesterol influx and efflux systems indicated that uPC increased macrophage LDL uptake by activating macropinocytosis. Overall, these findings indicate that uPC itself had a distinct effect on macrophage biology that might have contributed to increased cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Chaves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sham Abyad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Amanda M Honan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Mark A Bryniarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Daniel I McSkimming
- Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Corrine M Stahura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Steven C Wells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Donna M Ruszaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Rabi Yacoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and
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Lee JY, Kim MK, Nguyen TL, Kim J. Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Extra-Large Mesopores for Enhanced Cancer Vaccine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34658-34666. [PMID: 32662625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the limitations of conventional cancer therapies, cancer immunotherapy has emerged for the prevention of cancer recurrence. To provoke adaptive immune responses that are antigen-specific, it is important to develop an efficient antigen delivery system that can enhance the activation and maturation of the dendritic cells (DCs) in the human body. In this study, we synthesize hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles with extra-large mesopores (H-XL-MSNs) based on a single-step synthesis from core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a core composed of an assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles. The hollow void inside the mesoporous silica nanoparticles with large mesopores allows a high loading efficiency of various model proteins of different sizes. The H-XL-MSNs are coated with a poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) solution to provide an immune adjuvant and change the surface charge of the particles for loading and slow release of a model antigen. An in vitro study using a cancer vaccine based on the PEI-coated H-XL-MSNs with the loading of the model antigen showed an enhanced activation of the DCs. An in vivo study demonstrated that the resulting cancer vaccine increased the antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, enhanced the suppression of tumor growth, and improved the survival rate after challenging cancer to mice. These findings suggest that these hollow MSNs with extra-large pores can be used as excellent antigen carriers for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Loc Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yewdell JW, Dersh D, Fåhraeus R. Peptide Channeling: The Key to MHC Class I Immunosurveillance? Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:929-939. [PMID: 31662235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I presentation of short peptides enables CD8+ T cell (TCD8+) immunosurveillance of tumors and intracellular pathogens. A key feature of the class I pathway is that the immunopeptidome is highly skewed from the cellular degradome, indicating high selectivity of the access of protease-generated peptides to class I molecules. Similarly, in professional antigen-presenting cells, peptides from minute amounts of proteins introduced into the cytosol outcompete an overwhelming supply of constitutively generated peptides. Here, we propose that antigen processing is based on substrate channeling and review recent studies from the antigen processing and cell biology fields that provide a starting point for testing this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Devin Dersh
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Inserm, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 750 10 Paris, France; International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdańsk, Science, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Puente-Marin S, Nombela I, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Perez LG, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Potential Role of Rainbow Trout Erythrocytes as Mediators in the Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine in Fish. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E60. [PMID: 31277329 PMCID: PMC6789471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) have been implicated in the response against viral infections. We have demonstrated that rainbow trout RBCs can express the antigen encoded by a DNA vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and mount an immune response to the antigen in vitro. In this manuscript, we show, for the first time, the role of RBCs in the immune response triggered by DNA immunization of rainbow trout with glycoprotein G of VHSV (GVHSV). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of RBCs revealed genes and proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, the Fc receptor signaling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and the activation of the innate immune response, among others. On the other hand, GVHSV-transfected RBCs induce specific antibodies against VHSV in the serum of rainbow trout which shows that RBCs expressing a DNA vaccine are able to elicit a humoral response. These results open a new direction in the research of vaccination strategies for fish since rainbow trout RBCs actively participate in the innate and adaptive immune response in DNA vaccination. Based on our findings, we suggest the use of RBCs as target cells or carriers for the future design of novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Garcia Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Biotecnología, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Shanmugasundaram R, Wick M, Lilburn MS. Effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 expression and immune system development in Pekin duck embryos. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4200-4210. [PMID: 30124990 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) transcription and immune cell characteristics' in Pekin duck embryos. In experiments I and II, fertile duck eggs were incubated at either a standard (S; 37°C) or high (H; 38.0°C) temperature from embryonic day (ED) 1 to 10. At ED11, half the eggs incubated at 37.5°C or 38.0°C were either kept at 37.5°C (SS) or 38.0°C (HH) respectively, or moved to the opposite incubator/temperature of either 38.0°C (SH) or 37.5°C (HS). Beginning on ED 21, all eggs (embryos) were incubated at 37.5°C. In experiments I and II, the mean egg shell temperature (EST) of eggs incubated at 38.0°C was higher than that from 37.5°C at ED10 (P < 0.01). In both experiments, the yolk free wet embryo body weight (YFWEBW) of embryos from the HS treatment was increased while that in the HH treatments was decreased compared with the SS treatment at ED25 (P < 0.01). In experiment II, embryos from the HH treatment had increased HSP70 mRNA compared with the SS treatment in the liver, thymus, and bursa (P < 0.05). The thymus and bursa from embryos in the SH treatment had increased MHCI mRNA when compared with the SS treatment (P < 0.05). The thymus from HH and SH treatments had increased MHCII mRNA while the bursa from the HH and SH treatments had decreased MHCII mRNA when compared with the SS treatment (P < 0.05). The spleen and bursa from the HH treatment had increased IL-6, IFNγ, and IL-10 mRNA when compared with the SS treatment (P < 0.05). The thymus and spleen from embryos in the HH treatment had increased CD8+/CD4+ ratios and CD4+CD25+ cell percentages compared with the SS treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, embryos incubated at 0.5°C higher than the standard incubation temperature from ED1 to 21 had increased HSP70 mRNA, MHCI, and inflammatory cytokines, and the immune response was skewed toward cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Macdonald Wick
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Michael S Lilburn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Bertran K, Lee DH, Criado MF, Balzli CL, Killmaster LF, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE. Maternal antibody inhibition of recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine in a primary or booster avian influenza vaccination program of broiler chickens. Vaccine 2018; 36:6361-6372. [PMID: 30241684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) provide early protection from disease, but may interfere with active immunity in young chicks. In highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)-enzootic countries, broiler chickens typically have MDA to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and H5 HPAIV, and their impact on active immunity from recombinant vectored vaccines is unclear. We assessed the effectiveness of a spray-applied recombinant NDV vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rNDV-H5) and a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rHVT-H5) in commercial broilers with MDA to NDV alone (MDA:AIV-NDV+) or to NDV plus AIV (MDA:AIV+NDV+) to provide protection against homologous HPAIV challenge. In Experiment 1, chicks were spray-vaccinated with rNDV-H5 at 3 weeks (3w) and challenged at 5 weeks (5w). All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rNDV-H5 vaccine groups, AIV and NDV MDA had completely declined to non-detectable levels by vaccination, enabling rNDV-H5 spray vaccine to elicit a protective AIV antibody response by 5w, with 70-78% survival and significant reduction of virus shedding compared to shams. In Experiment 2, progeny were vaccinated with rHVT-H5 and rNDV-H5 at 1 day (1d) or 3w and challenged at 5w. All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rHVT-H5(1d) vaccine groups, irrespective of rNDV-H5(3w) boost, AIV antibodies reached protective levels pre-challenge, as all progeny survived and virus shedding significantly decreased compared to shams. In contrast, rNDV-H5-vaccinated progeny had AIV and/or NDV MDA at the time of vaccination (1d and/or 3w) and failed to develop a protective immune response by 5w, resulting in 100% mortality after challenge. Our results demonstrate that MDA to AIV had minimal impact on the effectiveness of rHVT-H5, but MDA to AIV and/or NDV at the time of vaccination can prevent development of protective immunity from a primary or booster rNDV-H5 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Charles L Balzli
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Lindsay F Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
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14
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Sun L, Guo H, Jiang R, Lu L, Liu T, Zhang Z, He X. Artificial antigen-presenting cells expressing AFP(158-166) peptide and interleukin-15 activate AFP-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17579-90. [PMID: 27007051 PMCID: PMC4951234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are potent generators of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for adoptive immunotherapy; however, generation of APCs is cumbersome, expensive, and subject to the tumor microenvironment. Artificial APCs (aAPCs) have been developed as a cost-effective alternative to APCs. We developed a cellular aAPC that efficiently generated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-specific CTLs. We genetically modified the human B cell lymphoma cell line BJAB with a lentiviral vector to establish an aAPC called BA15. The expression of AFP158-166-HLA-A*02:01 complex, CD80, CD86, and interleukin (IL)-15 in BA15 cells was assessed. The efficiency of BA15 at generating AFP-specific CTLs and the specific cytotoxicity of CTLs against AFP+ cells were also determined. BA15 cells expressed high levels of AFP158-166 peptide, HLA-A2, CD80, CD86, and IL-15. BA15 cells also exhibited higher efficiency in generating AFP-specific CTLs than did dendritic cells. These CTLs had greater cytotoxicity against AFP+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells than did CTLs obtained from dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. Our novel aAPC system could provide a robust platform for the generation of functional AFP-specific CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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15
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16
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Norbury CC. Defining cross presentation for a wider audience. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Endogenous and tumour-derived microRNAs regulate cross-presentation in dendritic cells and consequently cytotoxic T cell function. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2223-2233. [PMID: 27193424 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells (APCs). They are also specialized in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated responses against extracellular antigens, including tumour-specific antigens, by presenting peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I complexes to naïve CD8+ T cells in lymphoid tissues, a process called cross-presentation. Emerging evidence suggests that the efficiency of cross-presentation can be influenced by a unique set of microRNAs (miRNAs). Some are differentially expressed in the course of morphological and functional development of DCs while tumorigenic miRNAs (onco-miRs) can be delivered to and inserted into DCs via exosomes. The latter reprogram the miRNA repertoire of DCs, transforming them from effective APCs to negative modulators of immunity, ultimately aiding cancers to evade host immunity. On the other hand, endogenous microRNAs can influence cross-presentation either positively or negatively. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which specific miRNAs influence cross-presentation as well as the viability of manipulating the expression of miRNAs that regulate DC cross-presentation as a potential cancer immunotherapy intervention.
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Abstract
The past several years can be considered a renaissance era in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Following a 30-year stretch in which oncologists barely put a dent in a very grim overall survival (OS) rate for these patients, things have rapidly changed course with the recent approval of three new melanoma drugs by the FDA. Both oncogene-targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade approaches have shown remarkable efficacy in a subset of melanoma patients and have clearly been game-changers in terms of clinical impact. However, most patients still succumb to their disease, and thus, there remains an urgent need to improve upon current therapies. Fortunately, innovations in molecular medicine have led to many silent gains that have greatly increased our understanding of the nature of cancer biology as well as the complex interactions between tumors and the immune system. They have also allowed for the first time a detailed understanding of an individual patient's cancer at the genomic and proteomic level. This information is now starting to be employed at all stages of cancer treatment, including diagnosis, choice of drug therapy, treatment monitoring, and analysis of resistance mechanisms upon recurrence. This new era of personalized medicine will foreseeably lead to paradigm shifts in immunotherapeutic treatment approaches such as individualized cancer vaccines and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells. Advances in xenograft technology will also allow for the testing of drug combinations using in vivo models, a truly necessary development as the number of new drugs needing to be tested is predicted to skyrocket in the coming years. This chapter will provide an overview of recent technological developments in cancer research, and how they are expected to impact future diagnosis, monitoring, and development of novel treatments for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory Lizée
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Kim Y, Clements DR, Sterea AM, Jang HW, Gujar SA, Lee PWK. Dendritic Cells in Oncolytic Virus-Based Anti-Cancer Therapy. Viruses 2015; 7:6506-25. [PMID: 26690204 PMCID: PMC4690876 DOI: 10.3390/v7122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. These tumor-associated DCs thus fail to initiate tumor-specific immunity, and indirectly support tumor progression. Hence, there is increasing interest in identifying interventions that can overturn DC impairment within the TME. Many reports thus far have studied oncolytic viruses (OVs), viruses that preferentially target and kill cancer cells, for their capacity to enhance DC-mediated anti-tumor effects. Herein, we describe the general characteristics of DCs, focusing on their role in innate and adaptive immunity in the context of the TME. We also examine how DC-OV interaction affects DC recruitment, OV delivery, and anti-tumor immunity activation. Understanding these roles of DCs in the TME and OV infection is critical in devising strategies to further harness the anti-tumor effects of both DCs and OVs, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of OV-based oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youra Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Derek R Clements
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Andra M Sterea
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Hyun Woo Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Patrick W K Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
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20
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Zappasodi R, de Braud F, Di Nicola M. Lymphoma Immunotherapy: Current Status. Front Immunol 2015; 6:448. [PMID: 26388871 PMCID: PMC4555084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale to treat lymphomas with immunotherapy comes from long-standing evidence on their distinctive immune responsiveness. Indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, in particular, establish key interactions with the immune microenvironment to ensure prosurvival signals and prevent antitumor immune activation. However, reports of spontaneous regressions indicate that, under certain circumstances, patients develop therapeutic antitumor immunity. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have been thus developed to boost these effects in all patients. To date, targeting CD20 on malignant B cells with the antibody rituximab has been the most clinically effective strategy. However, relapse and resistance prevent to cure approximately half of B-NHL patients, underscoring the need of more effective therapies. The recognition of B-cell receptor variable regions as B-NHL unique antigens promoted the development of specific vaccines to immunize patients against their own tumor. Despite initial promising results, this strategy has not yet demonstrated a sufficient clinical benefit to reach the regulatory approval. Several novel agents are now available to stimulate immune effector functions or counteract immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as engineered antitumor T cells, co-stimulatory receptor agonist, and immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies. Thus, multiple elements can now be exploited in more effective combinations to break the barriers for the induction of anti-lymphoma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimo Di Nicola
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy ; Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
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21
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DeBuysscher BL, Scott D, Marzi A, Prescott J, Feldmann H. Single-dose live-attenuated Nipah virus vaccines confer complete protection by eliciting antibodies directed against surface glycoproteins. Vaccine 2014; 32:2637-44. [PMID: 24631094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic pathogen causing severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans, emerged in Malaysia in 1998 with subsequent outbreaks on an almost annual basis since 2001 in parts of the Indian subcontinent. The high case fatality rate, human-to-human transmission, wide-ranging reservoir distribution and lack of licensed intervention options are making NiV a serious regional and potential global public health problem. The objective of this study was to develop a fast-acting, single-dose NiV vaccine that could be implemented in a ring vaccination approach during outbreaks. METHODS In this study we have designed new live-attenuated vaccine vectors based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSV) expressing NiV glycoproteins (G or F) or nucleoprotein (N) and evaluated their protective efficacy in Syrian hamsters, an established NiV animal disease model. We further characterized the humoral immune response to vaccination in hamsters using ELISA and neutralization assays and performed serum transfer studies. RESULTS Vaccination of Syrian hamsters with a single dose of the rVSV vaccine vectors resulted in strong humoral immune responses with neutralizing activities found only in those animals vaccinated with rVSV expressing NiV G or F proteins. Vaccinated animals with neutralizing antibody responses were completely protected from lethal NiV disease, whereas animals vaccinated with rVSV expressing NiV N showed only partial protection. Protection of NiV G or F vaccinated animals was conferred by antibodies, most likely the neutralizing fraction, as demonstrated by serum transfer studies. Protection of N-vaccinated hamsters was not antibody-dependent indicating a role of adaptive cellular responses for protection. CONCLUSIONS The rVSV vectors expressing Nipah virus G or F are prime candidates for new 'emergency vaccines' to be utilized for NiV outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair L DeBuysscher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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22
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Zhou YJ, Messmer MN, Binder RJ. Establishment of tumor-associated immunity requires interaction of heat shock proteins with CD91. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:217-28. [PMID: 24778318 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Host antitumor adaptive immune responses are generated as a result of the body's immunosurveillance mechanisms. How the antitumor immune response is initially primed remains unclear, given that soluble tumor antigens generally are quantitatively insufficient for cross-priming and tumors generally lack the classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns to activate costimulation and initiate cross-priming. We explored the interaction of the tumor-derived heat shock proteins (HSP) with their common receptor (CD91) on antigen-presenting cells (APC) as a mechanism for host-priming of T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Using targeted genetic disruption of the interaction between HSPs and CD91, we demonstrated that specific ablation of CD91 in APCs prevented the establishment of antitumor immunity. The antitumor immunity was also inhibited when the transfer of tumor-derived HSPs to APCs was prevented using an endogenous inhibitor of CD91. Inhibition was manifested in a reduction of cross-presentation of tumor-derived antigenic peptides in the lymph nodes, providing a molecular basis for the observed immunity associated with tumor development. Our findings demonstrate that early in tumor development, the HSP-CD91 pathway is critical for the establishment of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jerry Zhou
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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Clark ES, Wilkins LGE, Wedekind C. MHC class I expression dependent on bacterial infection and parental factors in whitefish embryos (Salmonidae). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5256-69. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Laetitia G. E. Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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24
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Liang TJ. Current progress in development of hepatitis C virus vaccines. Nat Med 2013; 19:869-78. [PMID: 23836237 PMCID: PMC6263146 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in the understanding and treatment of hepatitis C, a preventive vaccine remains elusive. The marked genetic diversity and multiple mechanisms of persistence of hepatitis C virus, combined with the relatively poor immune response of the infected host against the virus, are major barriers. The lack of robust and convenient model systems further hampers the effort to develop an effective vaccine. Advances in our understanding of virus-host interactions and protective immunity in hepatitis C virus infection provide an important roadmap to develop potent and broadly directed vaccine candidates targeting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Multiple approaches to generating and testing viral immunogens have met with variable success. Several candidates have advanced to clinical trials based on promising results in chimpanzees. The ultimate path to a successful preventive vaccine requires comprehensive evaluations of all aspects of protective immunity, innovative application of state-of-the-art vaccine technology and properly designed vaccine trials that can affirm definitive endpoints of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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25
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Topical vaccination with functionalized particles targeting dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1933-41. [PMID: 23426134 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Needle-free vaccination, for reasons of safety, economy, and convenience, is a central goal in vaccine development, but it also needs to meet the immunological requirements for efficient induction of prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses. Combining the principles of noninvasive delivery to dendritic cells (DCs) through skin and the immunological principles of cell-mediated immunity, we developed microparticle-based topical vaccines. We show here that the microparticles are efficient carriers for coordinated delivery of the essential vaccine constituents to DCs for cross-presentation of the antigens and stimulation of T-cell responses. When applied to the skin, the microparticles penetrate into hair follicles and target the resident DCs, the immunologically most potent cells and site for induction of efficient immune responses. The microparticle vaccine principle can be applied to different antigen formats such as peptides and proteins, or nucleic acids coding for the antigens.
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Faulkner OB, Estevez C, Yu Q, Suarez DL. Passive antibody transfer in chickens to model maternal antibody after avian influenza vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:341-7. [PMID: 23398721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds transfer maternal antibodies (MAb) to their offspring through the egg yolk where the antibody is absorbed and enters the circulatory system. Maternal antibodies provide early protection from disease, but may interfere with the vaccination efficacy in the chick. MAb are thought to interfere with vaccine antigen processing that reduces the subsequent immune response. Once MAb titers are depleted, the chick will respond to vaccination, but they are also susceptible to viral infection. This study examines the effect of MAb on seroconversion to different viral-vectored avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines. Chicks were given passively transferred antibodies (PTA) using AIV hyperimmunized serum, and subsequently vaccinated with a fowlpox-AIV recombinant vaccine (FPr) or a Newcastle disease virus-AIV recombinant vaccine (NDVr). Our results indicate that passively transferred antibodies led to significant reduction of seroconversion and clinical protection from virulent challenge in recombinant virus vaccinated chicks thus demonstrating maternal antibody interference to vaccination. The passive antibody transfer model system provides an important tool to evaluate maternal antibody interference to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B Faulkner
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Mahadevan NR, Anufreichik V, Rodvold JJ, Chiu KT, Sepulveda H, Zanetti M. Cell-extrinsic effects of tumor ER stress imprint myeloid dendritic cells and impair CD8⁺ T cell priming. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51845. [PMID: 23272178 PMCID: PMC3525659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (BMDC), are key regulators of tumor growth. However, the tumor-derived signals polarizing BMDC to a phenotype that subverts cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity have yet to be fully elucidated. Addressing this unresolved problem we show that the tumor unfolded protein response (UPR) can function in a cell-extrinsic manner via the transmission of ER stress (TERS) to BMDC. TERS-imprinted BMDC upregulate the production of pro-inflammatory, tumorigenic cytokines but also the immunosuppressive enzyme arginase. Importantly, they downregulate cross-presentation of high-affinity antigen and fail to effectively cross-prime CD8(+) T cells, causing T cell activation without proliferation and similarly dominantly suppress cross-priming by bystander BMDC. Lastly, TERS-imprinted BMDC facilitate tumor growth in vivo with fewer tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. In sum, we demonstrate that tumor-borne ER stress imprints ab initio BMDC to a phenotype that recapitulates several of the inflammatory/suppressive characteristics ascribed to tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, highlighting the tumor UPR as a critical controller of anti-tumor immunity and a new target for immune modulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin R. Mahadevan
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Veronika Anufreichik
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Rodvold
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Chiu
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A polymeric protein induces specific cytotoxicity in a TLR4 dependent manner in the absence of adjuvants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45705. [PMID: 23029192 PMCID: PMC3454435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumazine synthase from Brucella spp. (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. It is possible to insert foreign peptides or proteins at its ten-amino acid termini. These chimeras elicit systemic and oral immunity without adjuvants, which are commonly needed in the formulation of subunit-based vaccines. Here, we show that BLS induces the cross presentation of a covalently attached peptide OVA257–264 and a specific cytotoxic response to this peptide in the absence of adjuvants. Unlike other subunit-based vaccines, this chimera induces rapid activation of CTLs and a specific cytotoxic response, making this polymeric protein an ideal antigen carrier for vaccine development. Adoptive transfer of transgenic OT-I T cells revealed efficient cross presentation of BLS-OVA257–264in vivo. BLS-OVA257–264 immunization induced the proliferation of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ lymphocytes and also increased the percentage of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ cells expressing the early activation marker CD69; after 5 days, the percentage of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ cells expressing high levels of CD44 increased. This cell subpopulation showed decreased expression of IL-7Rα, indicating that BLS-OVA257–264 induced the generation of CD8+ effector cells. BLS-OVA257–264 was cross presented in vitro independently of the presence of a functional TLR4 in the DCs. Finally, we show that immunization of wild type mice with the chimera BLS-OVA257–264 without adjuvants induced a strong OVA257–264-specific effector cytotoxic response. This cytotoxicity is dependent on TLR4 as is not induced in mice lacking a functional receptor. These data show that TLR4 signaling is necesary for the induction of a cytotoxic response but not for antigen cross presentation.
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Forbes EK, de Cassan SC, Llewellyn D, Biswas S, Goodman AL, Cottingham MG, Long CA, Pleass RJ, Hill AVS, Hill F, Draper SJ. T cell responses induced by adenoviral vectored vaccines can be adjuvanted by fusion of antigen to the oligomerization domain of C4b-binding protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44943. [PMID: 22984589 PMCID: PMC3440343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectored vaccines have been shown to induce both T cell and antibody responses in animals and humans. However, the induction of even higher level T cell responses may be crucial in achieving vaccine efficacy against difficult disease targets, especially in humans. Here we investigate the oligomerization domain of the α-chain of C4b-binding protein (C4 bp) as a candidate T cell "molecular adjuvant" when fused to malaria antigens expressed by human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) vectored vaccines in BALB/c mice. We demonstrate that i) C-terminal fusion of an oligomerization domain can enhance the quantity of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses induced in mice after only a single immunization of recombinant AdHu5, and that the T cells maintain similar functional cytokine profiles; ii) an adjuvant effect is observed for AdHu5 vectors expressing either the 42 kDa C-terminal domain of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 (PyMSP1(42)) or the 83 kDa ectodomain of P. falciparum strain 3D7 apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1), but not a candidate 128kDa P. falciparum MSP1 biallelic fusion antigen; iii) following two homologous immunizations of AdHu5 vaccines, antigen-specific T cell responses are further enhanced, however, in both BALB/c mice and New Zealand White rabbits no enhancement of functional antibody responses is observed; and iv) that the T cell adjuvant activity of C4 bp is not dependent on a functional Fc-receptor γ-chain in the host, but is associated with the oligomerization of small (<80 kDa) antigens expressed by recombinant AdHu5. The oligomerization domain of C4 bp can thus adjuvant T cell responses induced by AdHu5 vectors against selected antigens and its clinical utility as well as mechanism of action warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Forbes
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Llewellyn
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Goodman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Federico M. From virus-like particles to engineered exosomes for a new generation of vaccines. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, virus-like particles (VLPs) have been the focus of countless investigations on innovative vaccines. The number of monotypic, multipartite and chimeric VLP-based vaccines proposed have increased even further in the last few years as part of the continuous effort to improve the safety, efficacy and cost–effectiveness of immunogens. As compared with monomer- or subunit-based vaccines, VLPs show several advantages in terms of potency of the elicited immune responses. Chimeric VLPs are quite flexible tools to accommodate foreign peptides, cell proteins and nonself-assembling viral products. However, their use often meets with still unresolved hurdles such as induction of undesired immune responses, neutralization by pre-existing immunity and complex methods of production. Among strategies aimed at developing new nanoparticle-based vaccines, exosomes hold much promise. They are nanovesicles constitutively released by eukaryotic cells that originate from intraluminal vesicles accumulating in multivesicular bodies. Exosomes have immunogenic properties, the strength of which correlates with the amounts of associated antigens. Engineering antigens of interest to target them in exosomes represents the last frontier in terms of nanoparticle-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Independence of measles-specific humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:474-9. [PMID: 22406060 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
With a larger, independent cohort and more sophisticated measures, we sought to confirm our work that indicated independence of humoral and cellular immunity following measles vaccination. We recruited an age-stratified random cohort of 764 healthy subjects from all socioeconomic strata, all with medical-record documentation of 2 age-appropriate doses of measles-containing vaccine. We quantified measles-specific neutralizing antibody levels and assayed the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) response to measles virus. We also measured secreted cytokines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to measles virus by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as secondary measures of cellular immune status. The median antibody level and median IFN-γ ELISPOT response were 844 mIU/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 418-1,752) and 36 (IQR: 13.00-69.00) spot-forming cells (per 2 × 10(5) PBMCs), respectively. We observed only a very weak and negative correlation (Spearman's r(s) or ρ of -0.090 [95% confidence interval: -0.162--0.018]). We observed a similar lack of quantitatively important correlations between the neutralizing antibody level and any of the secondary measures. Our data confirm the independence of humoral and cellular immune responses after the second dose of measles vaccination. As researchers pursue novel measles vaccine and measles vaccine delivery systems, they must not infer that humoral responses predict cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jacobson
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA.
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Aloj G, Giardino G, Valentino L, Maio F, Gallo V, Esposito T, Naddei R, Cirillo E, Pignata C. Severe Combined Immunodeficiences: New and Old Scenarios. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:43-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.644607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Foged C, Hansen J, Agger EM. License to kill: Formulation requirements for optimal priming of CD8(+) CTL responses with particulate vaccine delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:482-91. [PMID: 21888971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses is critical for the immunological control of a variety of diseases upon vaccination. Modern subunit vaccines are based on highly purified recombinant proteins. The high purity represents a major advancement in terms of vaccine safety compared to previous vaccination strategies with live attenuated or whole killed pathogens, but typically renders vaccine antigens poorly immunogenic and insufficient in mobilizing protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. However, a weakness of many adjuvants is the lack of induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses against protein antigens, which are required for protection against challenging and difficult infectious diseases such as AIDS and for therapeutic cancer vaccination. Within the last decade, adjuvant systems that can induce CD8(+) T-cell responses have been developed and the first clinical trials demonstrating the clinical relevance of such formulations have been performed. This paper reviews the current status of lipid- and polymer-based particulate antigen delivery systems capable of stimulating CD8(+) T-cell immunity with special focus on mechanisms of priming and pharmaceutical requirements for optimal activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that can kill virus-infected or abnormal (cancer) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Foged
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Rodrigues CM, Matias BF, Murta EFC, Michelin MA. The role of T lymphocytes in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2011; 5:107-15. [PMID: 21603246 PMCID: PMC3095027 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stems from mutations in specific genes that induce uncontrolled cell proliferation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important immunologic cells and play a crucial role in the induction of an antitumour response. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the immune response mediated by T lymphocytes, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells, as well as the cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10], produced by these cell populations, in cancer patients (N = 7) undergoing immunotheraphy with autologous DCs. RESULTS We observed an initial increase in T helper cells (CD4+) expressing IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-10 after initiation of treatment, with statistically significant for the cytokines IL-2, TNF-α and IL-10. A similar significant effect was observed for IL-2-expressing cytotoxic T cells (CD8+). The percentage of total T cells (CD3+) remained elevated throughout immunotherapy. Regulatory T cells (CD25+/FOXP3+) only showed high percentage of their maximum value when analyzed the pretreatment levels, with statistically significant. CONCLUSION Immunotherapy with DCs stimulated the immune response, as evidenced by an increase in percent fluorescence of most cell populations investigated during the specified treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Oncology-IPON, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro-UFTM, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Tani F, Nishikawa S, Yokoyama I, Hashimoto K, Nakamoto M, Nomura M, Tao Y, Kitabatake N. Lymphoid neoplastic P388D1 cells express membrane protein candidates that discriminate among the C-terminal phylogenetic diversity in heat shock protein 70 sequences. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:191-202. [PMID: 20880591 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that mouse inducible Hsp72 bound more extensively to lymphoblast-like lymphoid neoplastic P388D1 cells than to RAW264.7 monocyte-macrophages. In the present study, we analyzed the characteristics of the binding to P388D1 cells of recombinant HSP70 derived from different species. Recombinant mouse inducible-type Hsp72 bound extensively to P388D1 cells in a saturable manner, but not to P815 mastocytoma or EL4 thymoma. Spinach Hsc70-1, highly homologous with mouse Hsp72 in the C-terminal region, also bound to P388D1 cells. In contrast, significant binding was not observed for bacterial DnaK derived from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Escherichia coli which have relatively little homology in this region. Analyses of surface antigens showed that B220, and CD19, but not CD91, LOX-1, and CD40, the HSP70 receptors reported so far, were present on P388D1 cells, suggesting a B-cell lineage for this cell line. A similar discrimination of the diversity between mouse Hsp72 and bacterial DnaK occurred for CD19(+) B cells derived from mouse spleen, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. The binding of HSP70 to P388D1 cells was partially, but significantly, antagonized by fucoidan and maleylated BSA, implying a few types of scavenger receptors to be responsible for the binding of HSP70 to this cell line. Furthermore, photo-affinity labeling revealed several membrane protein candidates larger than 110kDa to be involved in the recognition of HSP70 molecules. Using a NF-κB-luciferase reporter assay, we found that exogenous HSP70 did not stimulate NF-κB-dependent signal transduction in P388D1 cells. It thus follows that lymphoid neoplastic P388D1 cells express membrane protein candidates that discriminate among the C-terminal sequences of the HSP70 family. The present results indicate that several types of cells in the innate immune system may distinguish among the phylogenetically specific signals in protein molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Tani
- Laboratory of Global Food Science, Division of Global Environmental Resources, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Eubel J, Enk AH. Dendritic cell vaccination as a treatment modality for melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 9:1631-42. [PMID: 19895246 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As melanoma is an immunogenic tumor, immunotherapy has been investigated as a possible treatment modality for melanoma patients at high risk of relapse and those with metastatic disease. In the past decade progress has been made, ranging from rather nonspecific stimulations of the immune system with IL-2 and IFN-alpha to more specific approaches based on vaccination with tumor antigens. Owing to their unique features, dendritic cells (DCs) represent an important tool for tumor antigen-specific immunotherapy. However, clinical vaccination trials with DCs showed sobering results with respect to objective responses and improvement of overall survival. In this review, principles and methods of DC-based vaccination are presented. Mechanisms impairing clinically successful vaccination strategies are described. Finally, we will discuss perspectives for future developments of DC-based vaccines that might lead melanoma treatment to a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Eubel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
The explosion of new discoveries in the field of immunology has provided new insights into mechanisms that promote an immune response directed against a transplanted organ. Central to the allograft response are T lymphocytes. This review summarizes the current literature on allorecognition, costimulation, memory T cells, T cell migration, and their role in both acute and chronic graft destruction. An in depth understanding of the cellular mechanisms that result in both acute and chronic allograft rejection will provide new strategies and targeted therapeutics capable of inducing long-lasting, allograft-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ingulli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Tewalt EF, Grant JM, Granger EL, Palmer DC, Heuss ND, Gregerson DS, Restifo NP, Norbury CC. Viral sequestration of antigen subverts cross presentation to CD8(+) T cells. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000457. [PMID: 19478869 PMCID: PMC2680035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells (TCD8+) are initially triggered by peptide-MHC Class I complexes on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPC). Peptide-MHC complexes are produced by two spatially distinct pathways during virus infection. Endogenous antigens synthesized within virus-infected pAPC are presented via the direct-presentation pathway. Many viruses have developed strategies to subvert direct presentation. When direct presentation is blocked, the cross-presentation pathway, in which antigen is transferred from virus-infected cells to uninfected pAPC, is thought to compensate and allow the generation of effector TCD8+. Direct presentation of vaccinia virus (VACV) antigens driven by late promoters does not occur, as an abortive infection of pAPC prevents production of these late antigens. This lack of direct presentation results in a greatly diminished or ablated TCD8+ response to late antigens. We demonstrate that late poxvirus antigens do not enter the cross-presentation pathway, even when identical antigens driven by early promoters access this pathway efficiently. The mechanism mediating this novel means of viral modulation of antigen presentation involves the sequestration of late antigens within virus factories. Early antigens and cellular antigens are cross-presented from virus-infected cells, as are late antigens that are targeted to compartments outside of the virus factories. This virus-mediated blockade specifically targets the cross-presentation pathway, since late antigen that is not cross-presented efficiently enters the MHC Class II presentation pathway. These data are the first to describe an evasion mechanism employed by pathogens to prevent entry into the cross-presentation pathway. In the absence of direct presentation, this evasion mechanism leads to a complete ablation of the TCD8+ response and a potential replicative advantage for the virus. Such mechanisms of viral modulation of antigen presentation must also be taken into account during the rational design of antiviral vaccines. Understanding the pathways by which protective immunity is mediated against viral pathogens is essential to allow the design of effective vaccines. No effective vaccine has been designed to activate killer cells of the immune system expressing CD8, although CD8+ T cells are the most effective cells at modulating anti-viral immunity. We have studied the process that activates the CD8+ T cell to better understand how the cells are triggered so future vaccines might readily activate these cells. CD8+ T cells are activated following recognition of small peptides derived from a virus that binds to a cell surface MHC molecule. Many viruses have evolved to prevent the presentation of these peptide-MHC complexes to CD8+ T cells. However, the immune system avoids these viral “evasion” mechanisms by allowing virus-derived peptides to be generated from viral proteins that are taken up by uninfected cells, a process termed “cross presentation”. We have shown that a poxvirus can specifically prevent the presentation of its proteins by uninfected cells, the first demonstration of evasion of cross presentation. This knowledge is vital in the use of certain viral vectors during vaccine design and adds to the numerous ways in which viruses can evade the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. Tewalt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erica L. Granger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stoiber H, Soederholm A, Wilflingseder D, Gusenbauer S, Hildgartner A, Dierich MP. Complement and antibodies: a dangerous liaison in HIV infection? Vaccine 2009; 26 Suppl 8:I79-85. [PMID: 19388170 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to ongoing recombination and mutations, HIV permanently escapes from neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses of the host. By the masking of epitopes or shedding of gp120, HIV-1 further impedes an efficient neutralization by Abs. Therefore, nAbs responses of the host are chasing behind a rapidly evolving virus and mainly non-neutralizing antibodies (non-nAbs) are present in the host. At the same time, complement deposition on immune-complexed HIV may counteract the immune response by enhancing the infection. On the other hand, complement-mediated lysis is a putative effector mechanism to control viral replication. Here we review the complex interplay between complement, neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs during HIV infection and discuss the contribution of Abs and complement in blocking versus enhancing the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Stoiber
- Department Hygiene and Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ma X, Serna A, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. The amino acid sequences flanking an antigenic determinant can strongly affect MHC class I cross-presentation without altering direct presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4601-7. [PMID: 19342634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct presentation (DP) and cross presentation (CP) on MHC I by professional APCs are defined by the internal or external source of the Ag, respectively. Although some Ags are substrates for both DP and CP, others are only substrates for DP. The reasons for this difference remain largely unknown. In this study, we studied in tissue culture and also in vivo, the effects of altering the length and sequence of the amino acid chains flanking an MHC class I restricted determinant (the chicken OVA OVA(258-265), SIINFEKL) that is normally a good substrate for both DP and CP. We demonstrate that CP but not DP strictly requires flanking N and C-terminal extensions of minimal length. Furthermore, we show that removal but not replacement of just one amino acid 22 residues downstream from the determinant is sufficient to strongly affect CP without affecting either protein stability or DP. Thus, our work shows that the flanking residues of an antigenic determinant can differentially affect CP and DP, and that features of the Ag other than half-life can have a major impact in CP. Our studies may have implications for understanding CP in viral infections and possibly for the design of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ma
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Basic Sciences Division, Viral Pathogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Lay MDH, Zhang L, Ribeiro RM, Mueller SN, Belz GT, Davenport MP. Kinetics of major histocompatibility class I antigen presentation in acute infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:902-11. [PMID: 19124733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag presentation within the regional lymph node is crucial for the initiation of CD8+ T cell responses following viral infection. The magnitude and quality of the CD8+ T cell response are regulated by the interplay between the size of the APC population and duration of Ag presentation. To understand how these parameters are finely regulated during an immune response, we have investigated the dynamics of Ag presentation in influenza A virus and HSV-1 infection. In both infections, APC production was calculated to occur over the first few days of infection, after which there was slow exponential decay over a period of up to 2 wk. This production rate is most likely determined by the Ag availability and recruitment and/or maturation rate of dendritic cells. APC production was found to closely parallel lymph node cell recruitment in both infections. This was greatest in the first 6 h of infection for HSV and over the second and third day for influenza. In HSV infection, the peak production also coincides with peak viral levels. By contrast, in influenza infection, APC production ceased between the third and fourth day despite the presence of high levels of virus until 5 days after infection. These analyses demonstrate that two quite different self-limiting infections generate the APC necessary to drive T cell responses early in infection at different rates. Understanding how such contrasting kinetics of Ag presentation impacts on the growth and size of developing protective T cell populations has important implications for the design of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D H Lay
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Tani F, Ohno M, Furukawa Y, Sakamoto M, Masuda S, Kitabatake N. Surface expression of a C-terminal alpha-helix region in heat shock protein 72 on murine LL/2 lung carcinoma can be recognized by innate immune sentinels. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1326-39. [PMID: 19157555 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface expression of Hsp70 members has been previously reported on human tumor cell lines. Here we examined how the inducible mouse Hsp72 can be expressed on the surface of two types of murine tumor cell lines in response to non-lethal heat shock. Exposure to 42 degrees C for 2h led to the intracellular production of Hsp72 for both murine LL/2 lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma cells. Flow cytometric analyses showed that living LL/2 carcinoma, but not B16 melanoma, transported a fraction of inducible Hsp72 to the cell-surface membrane. Induction of the surface expression of Hsp72 occurred upon non-lethal heat shock only when Hsp72 expression was forced to be elevated in B16 transfectants. Hsp72 expressed on the LL/2 cell surface was detected by the monoclonal antibody that recognized the epitope of 504-617 amino acid residues, but not by another antibody with the epitope of 122-264 residues. When we analyzed the binding of recombinant full-length Hsp72 to mouse splenocytes, significant binding was observed for innate immune cells such as CD11b(+)-, CD11c(+)-, or NK1.1(+)-cells. The recombinant variants obtained by truncation of the C-terminal helical region of Hsp72 exhibited more robust binding to these innate immune cells in a similar fashion, however, further deletion offered less binding to those immunocytes. Two fragment variants lacking the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain were found to extensively bind to peritoneal macrophages. Taken together with these results, it thus follows that the sentinels in an innate immune system, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells, can be involved in the surveillance of functionally aberrant cells through the recognition of a specific C-terminal structure of Hsp70 as a danger signal in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Tani
- Laboratory of Global Food Science, Department of Natural Resources, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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44
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45
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Destito G, Schneemann A, Manchester M. Biomedical Nanotechnology Using Virus-Based Nanoparticles. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 327:95-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Seo SH, Han HD, Noh KH, Kim TW, Son SW. Chitosan hydrogel containing GMCSF and a cancer drug exerts synergistic anti-tumor effects via the induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:179-87. [PMID: 19082918 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatments consisting of a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been vigorously exploited to further improve the efficacy of cancer therapies. In this study, we utilized a chitosan hydrogel (CH) system loaded with GMCSF and a cancer drug as a chemo-immunotherapeutic agent in an effort to assess the effects on tumor growth in mice using TC-1 cervical tumor cells, which express the tumor-specific antigen, HPV-16 E7. The growth of TC-1 tumors was significantly reduced in mice treated with a CH harboring a cancer drug (doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (CDDP), or cyclophosphamide (CTX)) and GMCSF (CH-a cancer drug + GMCSF), as compared to other groups that were treated with CH containing only a cancer drug(CH-a cancer drug) or GMCSF(CH-GMCSF). Among the cancer drugs, CTX exerted the most potent anti-tumor effects. Interestingly, the intra-tumoral injection of CH-a cancer drug + GMCSF induced a significant E7-specific CD8(+) T cell immune response as compared to CH-GMCSF or CH-a cancer drug. This enhancement of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity was associated principally with the anti-tumor effects induced by CH-CTX + GMCSF, as demonstrated by antibody depletion. Collectively, the aforementioned results indicate that co-treatment of tumors with a combination of GMCSF and a cancer drug incorporated into a CH system results in synergistic anti-tumor effects, which occur via the induction of a tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. This study demonstrates the use of a biodegradable hydrogel system for the co-delivery of an immunoadjuvant and an anti-cancer drug for successful chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hong Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gojan 1-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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47
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Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are recognized as key initiators of adaptive immunity, particularly to pathogens, by eliciting a rapid and potent immune attack on infected cells. Amongst APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) are specially equipped to initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from microbes and their cellular environment. To achieve this, they are equipped with highly efficient mechanisms that allow them to detect pathogens, to capture, process and present antigens, and to activate and guide the differentiation of T cells into effector and memory cells. DCs can no longer be considered as a homogeneous cell type performing a single function, but are heterogeneous both in phenotype, function and dependence on inflammatory stimuli for their formation and responsiveness. Recent studies of DC subtypes have highlighted the contrasting roles of different professional APCs in activating divergent arms of the immune response towards pathogens. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made in dissecting the attributes of different DC subsets that migrate into, or reside permanently, within lymphoid tissues and their putative roles in the induction of the anti-viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Belz
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
For many years, various cancer vaccines have been widely evaluated, however clinical responses remain rare. In this review, we attempt to address the question of which delivery strategies and platforms are feasible to produce clinical response and define the characteristics of the strategy that will induce long-lasting antitumor response. We limit our analysis and discussion to microparticles/nanoparticles, liposomes, heat-shock proteins, viral vectors and different types of adjuvants. This review aims to provide an overview of the specific characteristics, strengths and limitations of these delivery systems, focusing on their impacts on the development of melanoma vaccine. To date, only adoptive T-cell transfer has shown promising clinical outcomes compared to other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hwa Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Basha G, Lizée G, Reinicke AT, Seipp RP, Omilusik KD, Jefferies WA. MHC class I endosomal and lysosomal trafficking coincides with exogenous antigen loading in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3247. [PMID: 18802471 PMCID: PMC2532750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is a crucial prerequisite for effective priming of cytotoxic T-cell responses against bacterial, viral and tumor antigens; however, this antigen presentation pathway remains poorly defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of this process, we tested the hypothesis that the internalization of MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) from the cell surface is directly involved in cross-presentation pathway and the loading of antigenic peptides. Here we provide the first examination of the internalization of MHC-I in DCs and we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic domain of MHC-I appears to act as an addressin domain to route MHC-I to both endosomal and lysosomal compartments of DCs, where it is demonstrated that loading of peptides derived from exogenously-derived proteins occurs. Furthermore, by chasing MHC-I from the cell surface of normal and transgenic DCs expressing mutant forms of MHC-I, we observe that a tyrosine-based endocytic trafficking motif is required for the constitutive internalization of MHC-I molecules from the cell surface into early endosomes and subsequently deep into lysosomal peptide-loading compartments. Finally, our data support the concept that multiple pathways of peptide loading of cross-presented antigens may exist depending on the chemical nature and size of the antigen requiring processing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that DCs have 'hijacked' and adapted a common vacuolar/endocytic intracellular trafficking pathway to facilitate MHC I access to the endosomal and lysosomal compartments where antigen processing and loading and antigen cross-presentation takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genc Basha
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory Lizée
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna T. Reinicke
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robyn P. Seipp
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyla D. Omilusik
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Schaefer MR, Williams M, Kulpa DA, Blakely PK, Yaffee AQ, Collins KL. A novel trafficking signal within the HLA-C cytoplasmic tail allows regulated expression upon differentiation of macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7804-17. [PMID: 18523244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) present peptides to CTLs. In addition, HLA-C allotypes are recognized by killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) found on NK cells and effector CTLs. Compared with other classical MHC-I allotypes, HLA-C has low cell surface expression and an altered intracellular trafficking pattern. We present evidence that this results from effects of both the extracellular domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Notably, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic tail contains a dihydrophobic (LI) internalization and lysosomal targeting signal that is partially attenuated by an aspartic acid residue (DXSLI). In addition, we provide evidence that this signal is specifically inhibited by hypophosphorylation of the adjacent serine residue upon macrophage differentiation and that this allows high HLA-C expression in this cell type. We propose that tightly regulated HLA-C surface expression facilitates immune surveillance and allows HLA-C to serve a specialized role in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda R Schaefer
- Graduate Program Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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