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The genes for sensory perception of sound should be considered in gene diagnosis of congenital sensorineural hearing loss and microtia. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:327-337. [PMID: 35000142 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSHL) and microtia are development-related diseases, sharing some factors and affecting children's hearing. However, genetic tests only focus on CSHL. We try to identify the common molecular mechanism of CSHL and microtia as candidates combining gene diagnosis biomarkers. Whole-exon sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing, qPCR, and bioinformatics analyses were performed in microtia family (F1), family two, whose proband suffered from microtia and CSHL (F2), five microtia, and four CSHL individuals, respectively. We found that 40% microtia and 40% CSHL relevant genes were detected in F1 and a sharing pathway: the sensory perception of sound was identified. Moreover, the copy number variation in proband F2 was identified in one gene of the sharing pathway: EYA1. Meanwhile, two variants of BUB3 were identified in F1 data. BUB3 is related to development, dog ear type, direct and indirect interaction with microtia, and CSHL relevant genes. Notably, although the allele frequency of two variants of BUB3 showed significant differences between microtia and CSHL, the special microtia-relevant genotype also could be detected in one CSHL sample. These results suggest that the sensory perception of sound and the development of relevant pathways may be the common pathways of microtia and CSHL. Genes of these pathways can be used as candidates combining gene diagnosis biomarkers.
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Heterogeneity of Accompanying Phenotypes and Genomic Variants Involved in Microtia. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:432-435. [PMID: 34310428 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The symptoms associated with microtia are ever-changing and not to stick to 1 pattern. The symptoms associated with microtia are constantly changing and are not set in stone. The aim of this article was to describe the various phenotypes from multiple systems found in microtitis patients included in the DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources database, and to analyze possible pathogenic mutations. METHODS DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources is an interactive web-based database, which incorporates a suite of tools designed to aid the interpretation of genomic variants. The term "microtia" was used as the search term, and the data extracted from the DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources for this study was updated until October 2020. Pearson chi-squared test was used to test associations between types of genomic variants and the pathogenicity of variants. RESULTS Of the 386 cases enrolled in the study, 99% (n = 382) had 1 or more associated abnormalities. The most frequently detected abnormalities were those of the face and neck (n = 362 [93.8% of all cases]); musculoskeletal system (n = 337 [87.3%]); and nervous system (n = 334 [86.5%]), followed by abnormalities of limbs (n = 252 [65.3%]); the eye (n = 212 [54.9%]); and the integument (n = 200 [51.8%]). Besides, a total of 479 genomic variants were determined, including sequence variants and copy number variants (loss and gain). The pathogenicity of loss-type variants was significantly higher among other types (P < 0.001). Twelve sharing variants had more than 5 repeats, and the repeated fragments were concentrated on chromosome 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, and 22. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the relation between phenotypes and genotypes will facilitate the uncovering of the mechanism of microtia and the study of potential therapeutic targets.
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Nuñez-Castruita A, López-Serna N. Prenatal development of the human tympanic ring: a morphometric study with clinical correlations. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:1187-1194. [PMID: 33398517 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish normal reference values for the human Tympanic Ring (TR) during prenatal development, and to describe and interpret its growth dynamics. METHODS Fifty spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 12-37 weeks with normal external characteristics were evaluated. The parameters measured in the TR were the cephalocaudal and dorsoventral axes, total area, thickness, height, and length and angle of the notch of Rivinus (NR). Data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS The following values were obtained at the end of fetal development: cephalocaudal and dorsoventral axes, 10.03 and 8.3 mm, respectively; ratio between the two axes, 120%; total area, 65.63 mm2; height and thickness, 0.88 mm and 1.10 mm, respectively; and length and angle of the NR, 4.66 mm and 26.2 degrees, respectively. There were variations in the length of the dorsoventral axis throughout fetal development that affected all other parameters, except for the cephalocaudal axis. There were no sex-based differences in TR size. CONCLUSION The prenatal development of the TR is dynamic as evidenced by the size variations noted throughout fetal development. Notwithstanding, this structure is a reliable and sensitive marker of developmental abnormalities of the external and middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Nuñez-Castruita
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Col. Mitras Centro., C.P. 64460, Monterrey, NL, México.
| | - Norberto López-Serna
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Col. Mitras Centro., C.P. 64460, Monterrey, NL, México
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MacDonald B, Bommakanti K, Mallo M, Carvalho D. Isolated Incudostapedial Cholesteatomas: Unique Radiologic and Surgical Features. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:243S-248S. [PMID: 33237827 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320973785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital cholesteatomas originate from epithelial tissue present within the middle ear in patients with an intact tympanic membrane, no history of otologic surgery, otorrhea, or tympanic membrane perforation. They are diagnosed by a pearl-like lesion on otoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan showing an expansile soft-tissue mass. We describe a series of patients with no prior otologic history presenting with progressive unilateral conductive hearing loss and normal otoscopy. The CT scans showed ossicular erosion without obvious soft-tissue mass. Surgery confirmed incudostapedial erosion found to be cholesteatoma. In this study, we characterize the clinical course of patients diagnosed with isolated incudostapedial cholesteatoma (IIC) and review possible pathologic mechanisms. METHODS Retrospective review of IIC cases treated by the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, 2014 to 2020. Data included patient demographics, clinical features, imaging, surgical findings, and audiologic data. RESULTS Five patients were diagnosed with IIC (3 [60%] female; mean age at presentation 10.7 years [range 5.5-16.0]). All patients presented with postlingual unilateral conductive hearing loss and normal otoscopy without any past otologic history; delay in diagnosis ranged from 4 months to several years. The CT scans showed ossicular chain erosion with an absent long process of the incus and/or stapes superstructure. All patients underwent middle ear exploration, revealing a thin layer of cholesteatoma in the incudostapedial region, confirmed by histopathology. Mean preoperative speech reception threshold was 55 dB and improved to a mean of 31 dB in the 4 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction. CONCLUSION Isolated incudostapedial cholesteatoma should be included as a possible etiology in pediatric patients with insidious onset of unilateral conductive hearing loss with normal otoscopy, unremarkable otologic history, and a CT scan showing ossicular abnormality/disruption without notable middle ear mass. These patients should be counseled preoperatively regarding the possibility of cholesteatoma and should undergo middle ear exploration with possible ossiculoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget MacDonald
- School of Medicine, 8784University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Bommakanti
- School of Medicine, 8784University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Moises Mallo
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniela Carvalho
- School of Medicine, 8784University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,14444Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Jutras B, Lagacé J, Koravand A. The development of auditory functions. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:143-155. [PMID: 32958169 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Typical development and maturation of the auditory system, at both the peripheral and central levels, is essential for the acquisition of speech, language, and auditory skills. The peripheral system generally encodes three basic parameters associated with auditory stimuli-time, frequency, and intensity. These acoustic cues are subsequently processed by the central auditory structures to reach and be perceived by the cerebral cortex. Observations of the human fetal and neonatal ear indicate that the peripheral auditory system is structurally and functionally adult-like at birth. In contrast, the central auditory system exhibits progressive anatomical and physiologic changes until early adulthood. Enriched experience with sound is fundamental and critical to auditory development. The absence of early and prolonged acoustic stimulation delays neuronal maturation, affecting the central auditory nervous system, in particular, and leading to atypical development. The present chapter reviews the various stages of development of the auditory system structures, especially the embryology of the human ear, before briefly presenting the trajectories of typical development of auditory abilities from infants to school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Jutras
- School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Université de Montréal, Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Josée Lagacé
- Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amineh Koravand
- Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Mozaffari M, Jiang D, Tucker AS. Developmental aspects of the tympanic membrane: Shedding light on function and disease. Genesis 2019; 58:e23348. [PMID: 31763764 PMCID: PMC7154630 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ear drum, or tympanic membrane (TM), is a key component in the intricate relay that transmits air-borne sound to our fluid-filled inner ear. Despite early belief that the mammalian ear drum evolved as a transformation of a reptilian drum, newer fossil data suggests a parallel and independent evolution of this structure in mammals. The term "drum" belies what is in fact a complex three-dimensional structure formed from multiple embryonic cell lineages. Intriguingly, disease affects the ear drum differently in its different parts, with the superior and posterior parts being much more frequently affected. This suggests a key role for the developmental details of TM formation in its final form and function, both in homeostasis and regeneration. Here we review recent studies in rodent models and humans that are beginning to address large knowledge gaps in TM cell dynamics from a developmental biologist's point of view. We outline the biological and clinical uncertainties that remain, with a view to guiding the indispensable contribution that developmental biology will be able to make to better understanding the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mozaffari
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dan Jiang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,ENT Department, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Wang P, Wang Y, Fan X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Liu T, Chen C, Zhang S, Chen X. Identification of sequence variants associated with severe microtia-astresia by targeted sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:28. [PMID: 30691450 PMCID: PMC6348636 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtia-atresia is characterized by abnormalities of the auricle (microtia) and aplasia or hypoplasia of the external auditory canal, often associated with middle ear abnormalities. To date, no causal genetic mutations or genes have been identified in microtia-atresia patients. Methods We designed a panel of 131 genes associated with external/middle or inner ear deformity. Targeted genomic capturing combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) was utilized to screen for mutations in 40 severe microtia-atresia patients. Mutations detected by NGS were filtered and validated. And then mutations were divided into three categories—rare or novel variants, low-frequency variants and common variants—based on their frequency in the public database. The rare or novel mutations were prioritized by pathogenicity analysis. For the low-frequency variants and common variants, we used association studies to explore risk factors of severe microtia-atresia. Results Sixty-five rare heterozygous mutations of 42 genes were identified in 27 (67.5%) severe microtia-atresia patients. Association studies to determine genes that were potentially pathogenic found that PLEC, USH2A, FREM2, DCHS1, GLI3, POMT1 and GBA genes were significantly associated with severe microtia-atresia. Of these, DCHS1 was strongly suggested to cause severe microtia-atresia as it was identified by both low-frequency and common variants association studies. A rare mutation (c.481C > T, p.R161C) in DCHS1 identified in one individual may be deleterious and may cause severe microtia-atresia. Conclusion We identified several genes that were significantly associated with severe microtia-atresia. The findings provide new insights into genetic background of external ear deformities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0475-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yibei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chongjian Chen
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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8
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Ritter KE, Martin DM. Neural crest contributions to the ear: Implications for congenital hearing disorders. Hear Res 2018; 376:22-32. [PMID: 30455064 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elaine Ritter
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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The adhesion molecule cadherin 11 is essential for acquisition of normal hearing ability through middle ear development in the mouse. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1364-1374. [PMID: 29967341 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin 11 (Cdh11), a member of the cadherin adhesion molecule family, is expressed in various regions of the brain as well as the head and ear. To gain further insights into the roles of Cdh11 in the development of the ear, we performed behavioral tests using Cdh11 knockout (KO) mice. KO mice showed reduced acoustic startle responses and increased thresholds for auditory brainstem responses, indicating moderate hearing loss. The auditory bulla volume and ratio of air-filled to non-air-filled space in the middle ear cavity were reduced in KO mice, potentially causing conductive hearing loss. Furthermore, residual mesenchymal and inflammatory cells were observed in the middle ear cavity of KO mice. Cdh11 was expressed in developing mesenchymal cells just before the start of cavitation, indicating that Cdh11 may be directly involved in middle ear cavitation. Since the auditory bulla is derived from the neural crest, the regulation of neural crest-derived cells by Cdh11 may be responsible for structural development. This mutant mouse may be a promising animal model for elucidating the causes of conductive hearing loss and otitis media.
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Kim H, Langohr IM, Faisal M, McNulty M, Thorn C, Kim J. Ablation of Ezh2 in neural crest cells leads to aberrant enteric nervous system development in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203391. [PMID: 30169530 PMCID: PMC6118393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the role of Ezh2 as an epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through H3K27me3. Ezh2 conditional null mice were viable up to birth, but died within the first hour of life. In addition to craniofacial defects, Ezh2 conditional null mice displayed reduced number of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system. RT-PCR and ChIP assays indicated aberrant up-regulation of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10 and loss of H3K27me3 marks in the promoter regions of these genes in the myenteric plexus. Overall, these results suggest that Ezh2 is an important epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through repression of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Margaret McNulty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Thorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joomyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Furutera T, Takechi M, Kitazawa T, Takei J, Yamada T, Vu Hoang T, Rijli FM, Kurihara H, Kuratani S, Iseki S. Differing contributions of the first and second pharyngeal arches to tympanic membrane formation in the mouse and chick. Development 2017; 144:3315-3324. [PMID: 28807901 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed that independent origins of the tympanic membrane (TM), consisting of the external auditory meatus (EAM) and first pharyngeal pouch, are linked with distinctive middle ear structures in terms of dorsal-ventral patterning of the pharyngeal arches during amniote evolution. However, previous studies have suggested that the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) is crucial for TM formation in both mouse and chick. In this study, we compare TM formation along the anterior-posterior axis in these animals using Hoxa2 expression as a marker of the second pharyngeal arch (PA2). In chick, the EAM begins to invaginate at the surface ectoderm of PA2, not at the first pharyngeal cleft, and the entire TM forms in PA2. Chick-quail chimera that have lost PA2 and duplicated PA1 suggest that TM formation is achieved by developmental interaction between a portion of the EAM and the columella auris in PA2, and that PA1 also contributes to formation of the remaining part of the EAM. By contrast, in mouse, TM formation is highly associated with an interdependent relationship between the EAM and tympanic ring in PA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Furutera
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Junko Takei
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamada
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tri Vu Hoang
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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12
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Takano K, Takahashi N, Ogasawara N, Yotsuyanagi T, Himi T. Chorda tympani nerve dysfunction associated with congenital microtia. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:686-689. [PMID: 28125324 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1278306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION This is the first report to investigate the correlation between ear anomalies related to the development of specific ear structures and chorda tympani dysfunction (CTD) in congenital microtia. CTD is not always consistent with the severity of the ear anomaly or the presence of facial nerve paralysis (FNP). OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the severity of ear anomalies and CTD as well as FNP in congenital microtia. METHODS A retrospective assessment was performed for all patients with microtia over the period 2010-2016. All ears were graded based on the severity of ear deformity using the Jahrsdoerfer system, based on findings on computed tomography of the temporal bone. Electrogustometry (EGM) was performed to evaluate CTD. RESULTS The group included 110 male and 62 female patients. The right ear was the most commonly affected (right 106, left 47). Eighteen patients (10.5%) had abnormal EGM thresholds. The mean (± SD) Jahrsdoerfer scores in the without CTD and positive for CTD groups were 6.53 ± 0.32 and 7.06 ± 0.37, respectively. In terms of sub-total points, there was no significant correlation between anatomic structure and CTD. There was no significant correlation between CTD and the presence of FNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Carpinelli MR, Kruse EA, Arhatari BD, Debrincat MA, Ogier JM, Bories JC, Kile BT, Burt RA. Mice Haploinsufficient for Ets1 and Fli1 Display Middle Ear Abnormalities and Model Aspects of Jacobsen Syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:1867-76. [PMID: 26093983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific 1 (ETS1) and friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI1) are members of the ETS family of transcription factors, of which there are 28 in humans. Both genes are hemizygous in Jacobsen syndrome, an 11q contiguous gene deletion disorder involving thrombocytopenia, facial dysmorphism, growth and mental retardation, malformation of the heart and other organs, and hearing impairment associated with recurrent ear infections. To determine whether any of these defects are because of hemizygosity for ETS1 and FLI1, we characterized the phenotype of mice heterozygous for mutant alleles of Ets1 and Fli1. Fli1(+/-) mice displayed mild thrombocytopenia, as did Ets1(+/-)Fli1(+/-) animals. Fli1(+/-) and Ets1(+/-)Fli1(+/-) mice also displayed craniofacial abnormalities, including a small middle ear cavity, short nasal bone, and malformed interface between the nasal bone process and cartilaginous nasal septum. They exhibited hearing impairment, otitis media, fusions of ossicles to the middle ear wall, and deformed stapes. Hearing impairment was more penetrant and stapes malformations were more severe in Ets1(+/-)Fli1(+/-) mice than in Fli1(+/-) mice, indicating partial functional redundancy of these transcription factors during auditory development. Our findings indicate that the short nose, otitis media, and hearing impairment in Jacobsen syndrome are likely because of hemizygosity for ETS1 and FLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Carpinelli
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Kruse
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benedicta D Arhatari
- Department of Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marlyse A Debrincat
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Ogier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin T Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burt
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; HEARing Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Meng J, Bi S, Zheng X, Wang X. Ear ossicle morphology of the Jurassic euharamiyidanArboroharamiyaand evolution of mammalian middle ear. J Morphol 2016; 279:441-457. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Meng
- Division of Paleontology; American Museum of Natural History; New York City New York
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Shundong Bi
- Department of Biology; Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Indiana Pennsylvania
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature; Pingyi Shandong China
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University; Linyi Shandong China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature; Pingyi Shandong China
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University; Linyi Shandong China
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Takano K, Takahashi N, Ogasawara N, Himi T. The Association of External and Middle Ear Anomaly and Mandibular Morphology in Congenital Microtia. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:889-94. [PMID: 27093034 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the severity of ear anomaly and mandibular dysplasia in congenital microtia. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Sapporo Medical University Hospital. PATIENTS Congenital microtia: 44 patients over a period of 4 years. INTERVENTIONS The height of the condylar process of the mandible was assessed by three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), and the patients were divided into three groups based on the ratio of the condylar process height on the affected side to that on the unaffected side: Group A, ≥1.00; Group B, 0.99 to 0.85; Group C, <0.85. Developmental abnormalities of the ear were evaluated using Jahrsdoerfer's scoring system on high-resolution CT scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nonparametric statistical tests were used to determine correlations between the height of the condylar process of the mandible and Jahrsdoerfer's score. RESULTS The total Jahrsdoerfer's score for each group was 7.36 ± 2.23, 7.28 ± 0.10, and 4.52 ± 0.30, respectively; this value was significantly lower in Group C than in the other groups. In terms of subtotal points, oval window open, middle ear aeration, and mastoid pneumatization correlated significantly with mandibular dysplasia. Patients in Group C tended to have grade III microtia, by Marx's classification. Facial nerve weakness was not significantly correlated with mandibular dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS In congenital microtia, mandibular development correlated significantly with aeration of the middle ear space, pneumatization of the mastoid, and formation of the oval window, but not with the presence of a bony part of the external auditory canal or with ossicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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The prevalence of preauricular sinus and associated factors in a nationwide population-based survey of South Korea. Otol Neurotol 2015; 35:1835-8. [PMID: 25251303 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of preauricular sinus (PAS) using data from a government-centered survey in South Korea and to reveal the relationship between the occurrence of PAS and associated factors. PATIENTS Data obtained during July 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed. Annually, 10,000 to 12,000 individuals are selected from a panel to represent the population using a multistage clustered and stratified random sampling method based on the National Census Data. A total of 56,592 individuals participated in the survey (25,586 male and 31,006 female). INTERVENTION After completion of the otolaryngologic questionnaires, the auricle was examined to check for malformation and PAS in those older than 1 year. Next, an otolaryngologist conducted a physical examination of the head and neck using videoassisted endoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Physical examination. RESULTS One thousand one hundred thirty-two individuals had PAS representing the overall prevalence of 1.91% in South Korea, with 79.08% of cases occurring unilaterally. Female participants had a significantly higher prevalence than male (p < 0.001), and a significant decrease with age was observed in both male and female populations (p < 0.001). A higher proportion of PAS was found in individuals with external ear anomaly (p < 0.001) and not associated with abnormal otoendoscopic findings such as tympanic membrane perforation, cholesteatomatous condition including retraction pocket, and middle ear effusion. CONCLUSION A large-scale government-centered survey demonstrates a high prevalence, female dominance, and age-related decrease of PAS in South Korea.
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Aguinaga-Ríos M, Frías S, Arenas-Aranda DJ, Morán-Barroso VF. [Microtia-atresia: clinical, genetic and genomic aspects]. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2015; 71:387-395. [PMID: 29421636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico has a prevalence of microtia of 7.37/10,000 (newborns), 3 times higher than the prevalence reported in other populations (USA 2-3/10,000). Microtia is defined as a congenital malformation of the external ear characterized by a small auricular lobe with an abnormal shape. It is more often unilateral and on the right side. Males are more frequently affected than females. It can occur as an isolated defect or can be associated with other abnormalities such as stenosis of the external auditory canal. In three of the main pediatric hospitals in Mexico, microtia is among the most important causes of attendance in the Genetics Department. Microtia-atresia must be considered as a major malformation with important repercussions in hearing function requiring multidisciplinary medical care in order to limit the disability associated and to provide genetic counseling. Its etiology is complex. Only in a minor number of cases it has been possible to identify a main genetic component (as in monogenic presentations) or a main environmental cause (as in fetal alcohol syndrome or pregestational diabetes). In most cases this malformation is multifactorial. Due to the relevance that the frequency of microtia atresia has in different health services in Mexico, it is important that all medical professionals are aware of its clinical, molecular and inherited characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Aguinaga-Ríos
- Departamento de Genética y Genómica Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México, D.F., México
| | - Sara Frías
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Diego J Arenas-Aranda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, D.F., México
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Quam RM, Coleman MN, Martínez I. Evolution of the auditory ossicles in extant hominids: metric variation in African apes and humans. J Anat 2014; 225:167-96. [PMID: 24845949 PMCID: PMC4111926 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory ossicles in primates have proven to be a reliable source of phylogenetic information. Nevertheless, to date, very little data have been published on the metric dimensions of the ear ossicles in African apes and humans. The present study relies on the largest samples of African ape ear ossicles studied to date to address questions of taxonomic differences and the evolutionary transformation of the ossicles in gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. Both African ape taxa show a malleus that is characterized by a long and slender manubrium and relatively short corpus, whereas humans show the opposite constellation of a short and thick manubrium and relatively long corpus. These changes in the manubrium are plausibly linked with changes in the size of the tympanic membrane. The main difference between the incus in African apes and humans seems to be related to changes in the functional length. Compared with chimpanzees, human incudes are larger in nearly all dimensions, except articular facet height, and show a more open angle between the axes. The gorilla incus resembles humans more closely in its metric dimensions, including functional length, perhaps as a result of the dramatically larger body size compared with chimpanzees. The differences between the stapedes of humans and African apes are primarily size-related, with humans being larger in nearly all dimensions. Nevertheless, some distinctions between the African apes were found in the obturator foramen and head height. Although correlations between metric variables in different ossicles were generally lower than those between variables in the same bone, variables of the malleus/incus complex appear to be more strongly correlated than those of the incus/stapes complex, perhaps reflecting the different embryological and evolutionary origins of the ossicles. The middle ear lever ratio for the African apes is similar to other haplorhines, but humans show the lowest lever ratio within primates. Very low levels of sexual dimorphism were found in the ossicles within each taxon, but some relationship with body size and several dimensions of the ear bones was found. Several of the metric distinctions in the incus and stapes imply a slightly different articulation of the ossicular chain within the tympanic cavity in African apes compared with humans. The limited auditory implications of these metric differences in the ossicles are also discussed. Finally, the results of this study suggest that several plesiomorphic features for apes may be retained in the ear bones of the early hominin taxa Australopithecus and Paranthropus as well as in the Neandertals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf M Quam
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
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Cox TC, Camci ED, Vora S, Luquetti DV, Turner EE. The genetics of auricular development and malformation: new findings in model systems driving future directions for microtia research. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:394-401. [PMID: 24880027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtia is a term used to describe a wide array of phenotypic presentations of the outer ear. Although the majority of the cases are isolated in nature, much of our understanding of the causes of microtia has been driven by the identification of genes underlying syndromic forms where the anomaly co-presents with various other craniofacial and extra-craniofacial structural defects. In this review we discuss recent findings in mice deficient in Hoxa2, a key regulator of branchial arch patterning, which has necessitated a revision to the canonical model of pinna morphogenesis. The revised model will likely impact current classification schemes for microtia and, as we argue in this review, the interpretation of the developmental basis for various auricular malformations. In addition, we highlight recent studies in other mammalian species that are providing the first clues as to possible causes of at least some isolated anomalies and thus should now accelerate the search for the more elusive genetic contributions to the many isolated and non-syndromic cases of microtia. These findings, together with the application of new genome-level sequencing technologies and more thorough quantitative assessment of available mutant mouse resources, promise an exciting future for genetic studies in microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Esra D Camci
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Siddharth Vora
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniela V Luquetti
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric E Turner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Developmental origin and fate of middle ear structures. Hear Res 2013; 301:19-26. [PMID: 23396272 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results from developmental and phylogenetic studies have converged to facilitate insight into two important steps in vertebrate evolution: (1) the ontogenetic origin of articulating elements of the buccal skeleton, i.e., jaws, and (2) the later origins of middle ear impedance-matching systems that convey air-borne sound to the inner ear fluids. Middle ear ossicles and other skeletal elements of the viscerocranium (i.e., gill suspensory arches and jaw bones) share a common origin both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The intention of this brief overview of middle-ear development is to emphasize the intimate connection between evolution and embryogenesis. Examples of developmental situations are discussed in which cells of different provenance, such as neural crest, mesoderm or endoderm, gather together and reciprocal interactions finally determine cell fate. Effects of targeted mutagenesis on middle ear development are described to illustrate how the alteration of molecularly-controlled morphogenetic programs led to phylogenetic modifications of skeletal development. Ontogenetic plasticity has enabled the diversification of jaw elements as well as middle ear structures during evolution. This article is part of a special issue entitled "MEMRO 2012".
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Abstract
In this paper we describe novel and specific roles for the apoptotic regulators Bcl2 and Bim in hearing and stapes development. Bcl2 is anti-apoptotic while Bim is pro-apoptotic. Characterization of the auditory systems of mice deficient for these molecules revealed that Bcl2−/− mice suffered severe hearing loss. This was conductive in nature and did not affect sensory cells of the inner ear, with cochlear hair cells and neurons present and functional. Bcl2−/− mice were found to have a malformed, often monocrural, porous stapes (the small stirrup-shaped bone of the middle ear), but a normally shaped malleus and incus. The deformed stapes was discontinuous with the incus and sometimes fused to the temporal bones. The defect was completely rescued in Bcl2−/−Bim−/− mice and partially rescued in Bcl2−/−Bim+/− mice, which displayed high-frequency hearing loss and thickening of the stapes anterior crus. The Bcl2−/− defect arose in utero before or during the cartilage stage of stapes development. These results implicate Bcl2 and Bim in regulating survival of second pharyngeal arch or neural crest cells that give rise to the stapes during embryonic development.
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22
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Cordas EA, Ng L, Hernandez A, Kaneshige M, Cheng SY, Forrest D. Thyroid hormone receptors control developmental maturation of the middle ear and the size of the ossicular bones. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1548-60. [PMID: 22253431 PMCID: PMC3281545 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is critical for auditory development and has well-known actions in the inner ear. However, less is known of thyroid hormone functions in the middle ear, which contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that relay mechanical sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. During the later stages of middle ear development, prior to the onset of hearing, middle ear cavitation occurs, involving clearance of mesenchyme from the middle ear cavity while the immature cartilaginous ossicles attain appropriate size and ossify. Using in situ hybridization, we detected expression of Thra and Thrb genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors α1 and β (TRα1 and TRβ, respectively) in the immature ossicles, surrounding mesenchyme and tympanic membrane in the mouse. Thra(+/PV) mice that express a dominant-negative TRα1 protein exhibited deafness with elevated auditory thresholds and a range of middle ear abnormalities including chronic persistence of mesenchyme in the middle ear into adulthood, markedly enlarged ossicles, and delayed ossification of the ossicles. Congenitally hypothyroid Tshr(-/-) mice and TR-deficient Thra1(-/-);Thrb(-/-) mice displayed similar abnormalities. These findings demonstrate that middle ear maturation is TR dependent and suggest that the middle ear is a sensitive target for thyroid hormone in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Cordas
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1772, USA
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Luquetti DV, Heike CL, Hing AV, Cunningham ML, Cox TC. Microtia: epidemiology and genetics. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:124-39. [PMID: 22106030 PMCID: PMC3482263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the ear that ranges in severity from mild structural abnormalities to complete absence of the ear, and can occur as an isolated birth defect or as part of a spectrum of anomalies or a syndrome. Microtia is often associated with hearing loss and patients typically require treatment for hearing impairment and surgical ear reconstruction. The reported prevalence varies among regions, from 0.83 to 17.4 per 10,000 births, and the prevalence is considered to be higher in Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and Andeans. The etiology of microtia and the cause of this wide variability in prevalence are poorly understood. Strong evidence supports the role of environmental and genetic causes for microtia. Although some studies have identified candidate genetic variants for microtia, no causal genetic mutation has been confirmed. The application of novel strategies in developmental biology and genetics has facilitated elucidation of mechanisms controlling craniofacial development. In this paper we review current knowledge of the epidemiology and genetics of microtia, including potential candidate genes supported by evidence from human syndromes and animal models. We also discuss the possible etiopathogenesis in light of the hypotheses formulated to date: Neural crest cells disturbance, vascular disruption, and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Luquetti
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Wang L, Bresee CS, Jiang H, He W, Ren T, Schweitzer R, Brigande JV. Scleraxis is required for differentiation of the stapedius and tensor tympani tendons of the middle ear. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2011; 12:407-21. [PMID: 21399989 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-011-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleraxis (Scx) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in tendon and ligament progenitor cells and the differentiated cells within these connective tissues in the axial and appendicular skeleton. Unexpectedly, we found expression of the Scx transgenic reporter mouse, Scx-GFP, in interdental cells, sensory hair cells, and cochlear supporting cells at embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5). We evaluated Scx-null mice to gain insight into the function of Scx in the inner ear. Paradoxical hearing loss was detected in Scx-nulls, with ~50% of the mutants presenting elevated auditory thresholds. However, Scx-null mice have no obvious, gross alterations in cochlear morphology or cellular patterning. Moreover, we show that the elevated auditory thresholds correlate with middle ear infection. Laser interferometric measurement of sound-induced malleal movements in the infected Scx-nulls demonstrates increased impedance of the middle ear that accounts for the hearing loss observed. The vertebrate middle ear transmits vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles insert into the malleus and stapes via distinct tendons and mediate the middle ear muscle reflex that in part protects the inner ear from noise-induced damage. Nothing, however, is known about the development and function of these tendons. Scx is expressed in tendon progenitors at E14.5 and differentiated tenocytes of the stapedius and tensor tympani tendons at E16.5-18.5. Scx-nulls have dramatically shorter stapedius and tensor tympani tendons with altered extracellular matrix consistent with abnormal differentiation in which condensed tendon progenitors are inefficiently incorporated into the elongating tendons. Scx-GFP is the first transgenic reporter that identifies middle ear tendon lineages from the time of their formation through complete tendon maturation. Scx-null is the first genetically defined mouse model for abnormal middle ear tendon differentiation. Scx mouse models will facilitate studies of tendon and muscle formation and function in the middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
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Pan B, Qie S, Zhao Y, Tang X, Lin L, Yang Q, Zhuang H, Jiang H. Surgical management of polyotia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:1283-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takechi M, Kuratani S. History of studies on mammalian middle ear evolution: A comparative morphological and developmental biology perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:417-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Richter CA, Amin S, Linden J, Dixon J, Dixon MJ, Tucker AS. Defects in middle ear cavitation cause conductive hearing loss in the Tcof1 mutant mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Munroe RJ, Prabhu V, Acland GM, Johnson KR, Harris BS, O'Brien TP, Welsh IC, Noden DM, Schimenti JC. Mouse H6 Homeobox 1 (Hmx1) mutations cause cranial abnormalities and reduced body mass. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:27. [PMID: 19379485 PMCID: PMC2676275 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H6 homeobox genes Hmx1, Hmx2, and Hmx3 (also known as Nkx5-3; Nkx5-2 and Nkx5-1, respectively), compose a family within the NKL subclass of the ANTP class of homeobox genes. Hmx gene family expression is mostly limited to sensory organs, branchial (pharyngeal) arches, and the rostral part of the central nervous system. Targeted mutation of either Hmx2 or Hmx3 in mice disrupts the vestibular system. These tandemly duplicated genes have functional overlap as indicated by the loss of the entire vestibular system in double mutants. Mutants have not been described for Hmx1, the most divergent of the family. RESULTS Dumbo (dmbo) is a semi-lethal mouse mutation that was recovered in a forward genetic mutagenesis screen. Mutants exhibit enlarged ear pinnae with a distinctive ventrolateral shift. Here, we report on the basis of this phenotype and other abnormalities in the mutant, and identify the causative mutation as being an allele of Hmx1. Examination of dumbo skulls revealed only subtle changes in cranial bone morphology, namely hyperplasia of the gonial bone and irregularities along the caudal border of the squamous temporal bone. Other nearby otic structures were unaffected. The semilethality of dmbo/dmbo mice was found to be ~40%, occured perinatally, and was associated with exencephaly. Surviving mutants of both sexes exhibited reduced body mass from ~3 days postpartum onwards. Most dumbo adults were microphthalmic. Recombinant animals and specific deletion-bearing mice were used to map the dumbo mutation to a 1.8 Mb region on Chromosome 5. DNA sequencing of genes in this region revealed a nonsense mutation in the first exon of H6 Homeobox 1 (Hmx1; also Nkx5-3). An independent spontaneous allele called misplaced ears (mpe) was also identified, confirming Hmx1 as the responsible mutant gene. CONCLUSION The divergence of Hmx1 from its paralogs is reflected by different and diverse developmental roles exclusive of vestibular involvement. Additionally, these mutant Hmx1 alleles represent the first mouse models of a recently-discovered Oculo-Auricular syndrome caused by mutation of the orthologous human gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Munroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Vinay Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Greg M Acland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Tim P O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ian C Welsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Drew M Noden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - John C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Urness LD, Li C, Wang X, Mansour SL. Expression of ERK signaling inhibitors Dusp6, Dusp7, and Dusp9 during mouse ear development. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:163-9. [PMID: 18058922 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling play important roles in coordinating development of the mouse inner, middle, and outer ears. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are among the effectors that transduce the FGF signal to the nucleus and other cellular compartments. Attenuation of ERK activity by dephosphorylation is necessary to modulate the magnitude and duration of the FGF signal. Recently, we showed that inactivation of the ERK phosphatase, dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), causes partially penetrant postnatal lethality, hearing loss and skeletal malformations. To determine whether other Dusps may function redundantly with Dusp6 during otic development, we surveyed the expression domains of the three ERK-specific DUSP transcripts, Dusp6, Dusp7, and Dusp9, in the embryonic mouse ear. We show that each is expressed in partially overlapping patterns that correspond to regions of active FGF signaling, suggesting combinatorial roles in negative regulation of this pathway during ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Urness
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5330, USA
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Depreux FFS, Darrow K, Conner DA, Eavey RD, Liberman MC, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Eya4-deficient mice are a model for heritable otitis media. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:651-8. [PMID: 18219393 DOI: 10.1172/jci32899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is an extremely common pediatric inflammation of the middle ear that often causes pain and diminishes hearing. Vulnerability to otitis media is due to eustachian tube dysfunction as well as other poorly understood factors, including genetic susceptibility. As EYA4 mutations cause sensorineural hearing loss in humans, we produced and characterized Eya4-deficient (Eya4(-/-)) mice, which had severe hearing deficits. In addition, all Eya4(-/-) mice developed otitis media with effusion. Anatomic studies revealed abnormal middle ear cavity and eustachian tube dysmorphology; thus, Eya4 regulation is critical for the development and function of these structures. We suggest that some human otitis media susceptibility reflects underlying genetic predisposition in genes like EYA4 that regulate middle ear and eustachian tube anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic F S Depreux
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Coré N, Caubit X, Metchat A, Boned A, Djabali M, Fasano L. Tshz1 is required for axial skeleton, soft palate and middle ear development in mice. Dev Biol 2007; 308:407-20. [PMID: 17586487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Tshz gene family encode putative zinc fingers transcription factors that are broadly expressed during mouse embryogenesis. Tshz1 is detected from E9.5 in the somites, the spinal cord, the limb buds and the branchial arches. In order to assess the function of Tshz1 during mouse development, we generated Tshz1-deficient mice. Tshz1 inactivation leads to neonatal lethality and causes multiple developmental defects. In the craniofacial region, loss of Tshz1 function leads to specific malformations of middle ear components, including the malleus and the tympanic ring. Tshz1(-/-) mice exhibited Hox-like vertebral malformations and homeotic transformations in the cervical and thoracic regions, suggesting that Tshz1 and Hox genes are involved in common pathways to control skeletal morphogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate that Tshz1 is required for the development of the soft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Coré
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, F-13288 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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