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Halvorson CS, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Molecular Mechanisms of Reelin in the Enteric Nervous System and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Depression and Antidepressant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:814. [PMID: 38255890 PMCID: PMC10815176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments for depression fail to produce adequate remission in a significant proportion of patients. Increasingly, other systems, such as the microbiome-gut-brain axis, are being looked at as putative novel avenues for depression treatment. Dysbiosis and dysregulation along this axis are highly comorbid with the severity of depression symptoms. The endogenous extracellular matrix protein reelin is present in all intestinal layers as well as in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, and its receptors are also present in the gut. Reelin secretion from subepithelial myofibroblasts regulates cellular migration along the crypt-villus axis in the small intestine and colon. Reelin brain expression is downregulated in mood and psychotic disorders, and reelin injections have fast antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. This review seeks to discuss the roles of reelin in the gastrointestinal system and propose a putative role for reelin actions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, primarily reflecting on alterations in gut epithelial cell renewal and in the clustering of serotonin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara S. Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Carla Liria Sánchez-Lafuente
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Jenessa N. Johnston
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lisa E. Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Hector J. Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
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2
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Pærregaard SI, Wulff L, Schussek S, Niss K, Mörbe U, Jendholm J, Wendland K, Andrusaite AT, Brulois KF, Nibbs RJB, Sitnik K, Mowat AM, Butcher EC, Brunak S, Agace WW. The small and large intestine contain related mesenchymal subsets that derive from embryonic Gli1 + precursors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2307. [PMID: 37085516 PMCID: PMC10121680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria contains a diverse network of fibroblasts that provide key support functions to cells within their local environment. Despite this, our understanding of the diversity, location and ontogeny of fibroblasts within and along the length of the intestine remains incomplete. Here we show that the small and large intestinal lamina propria contain similar fibroblast subsets that locate in specific anatomical niches. Nevertheless, we find that the transcriptional profile of similar fibroblast subsets differs markedly between the small intestine and colon suggesting region specific functions. We perform in vivo transplantation and lineage-tracing experiments to demonstrate that adult intestinal fibroblast subsets, smooth muscle cells and pericytes derive from Gli1-expressing precursors present in embryonic day 12.5 intestine. Trajectory analysis of single cell RNA-seq datasets of E12.5 and adult mesenchymal cells suggest that adult smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts derive from distinct embryonic intermediates and that adult fibroblast subsets develop in a linear trajectory from CD81+ fibroblasts. Finally, we provide evidence that colonic subepithelial PDGFRαhi fibroblasts comprise several functionally distinct populations that originate from an Fgfr2-expressing fibroblast intermediate. Our results provide insights into intestinal stromal cell diversity, location, function, and ontogeny, with implications for intestinal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Isling Pærregaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Wulff
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie Schussek
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johan Jendholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anna T Andrusaite
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and the Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (PAVIR), Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - William W Agace
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden.
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3
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McCarthy N, Tie G, Madha S, He R, Kraiczy J, Maglieri A, Shivdasani RA. Smooth muscle contributes to the development and function of a layered intestinal stem cell niche. Dev Cell 2023; 58:550-564.e6. [PMID: 36924771 PMCID: PMC10089980 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Wnt and Rspondin (RSPO) signaling drives proliferation, and bone morphogenetic protein inhibitors (BMPi) impede differentiation, of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here, we identify the mouse ISC niche as a complex, multi-layered structure that encompasses distinct mesenchymal and smooth muscle populations. In young and adult mice, diverse sub-cryptal cells provide redundant ISC-supportive factors; few of these are restricted to single cell types. Niche functions refine during postnatal crypt morphogenesis, in part to oppose the dense aggregation of differentiation-promoting BMP+ sub-epithelial myofibroblasts at crypt-villus junctions. Muscularis mucosae, a specialized muscle layer, first appears during this period and supplements neighboring RSPO and BMPi sources. Components of this developing niche are conserved in human fetuses. The in vivo ablation of mouse postnatal smooth muscle increases BMP signaling activity, potently limiting a pre-weaning burst of crypt fission. Thus, distinct and progressively specialized mesenchymal cells together create the milieu that is required to propagate crypts during rapid organ growth and to sustain adult ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Guodong Tie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruiyang He
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrianna Maglieri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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4
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Ha SE, Jin B, Jorgensen BG, Zogg H, Wei L, Singh R, Park C, Kurahashi M, Kim S, Baek G, Poudrier SM, Lee MY, Sanders KM, Ro S. Transcriptome profiling of subepithelial PDGFRα cells in colonic mucosa reveals several cell-selective markers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261743. [PMID: 35560163 PMCID: PMC9106222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subepithelial platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα)+ cells found in the colonic mucosal tissue come in close contact with epithelial cells, immune cells, neurons, capillaries, and lymphatic networks. Mucosal subepithelial PDGFRα+ cells (MuPαC) are important regulators in various intestinal diseases including fibrosis and inflammation. However, the transcriptome of MuPαC has not yet been elucidated. Using Pdgfra-eGFP mice and flow cytometry, we isolated colonic MuPαC and obtained their transcriptome data. In analyzing the transcriptome, we identified three novel, and selectively expressed, markers (Adamdec1, Fin1, and Col6a4) found in MuPαC. In addition, we identified a unique set of MuPαC-enriched genetic signatures including groups of growth factors, transcription factors, gap junction proteins, extracellular proteins, receptors, cytokines, protein kinases, phosphatases, and peptidases. These selective groups of genetic signatures are linked to the unique cellular identity and function of MuPαC. Furthermore, we have added this MuPαC transcriptome data to our Smooth Muscle Genome Browser that contains the transcriptome data of jejunal and colonic smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and smooth muscle resident PDGFRα+ cells: (https://med.unr.edu/physio/transcriptome). This online resource provides a comprehensive reference of all currently known genetic transcripts expressed in primary MuPαC in the colon along with smooth muscle resident PDGFRα cells, SMC, and ICC in the murine colon and jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Hannah Zogg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Masaaki Kurahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Lowa, Lowa City, Lowa, United States of America
| | - Sei Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Gain Baek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sandra M. Poudrier
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Kellett MP, Jatko JT, Darling CL, Ventrello SW, Bain LJ. Arsenic Exposure Impairs Intestinal Stromal Cells. Toxicol Lett 2022; 361:54-63. [PMID: 35378173 PMCID: PMC9038714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxicant commonly found in drinking water. Even though its main route of exposure is oral, little is known of the impact of in vivo arsenic exposure on small intestine. In vitro studies have shown that arsenic decreases differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in several different tissues. Thus, small intestinal organoids were used to assess if arsenic exposure would also impair intestinal stem cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, no changes in markers of differentiated epithelial cells were seen. However, exposing mice to 100 ppb arsenic in drinking water for 5 weeks impaired distinct populations of intestinal stromal cells. Arsenic reduced the width of the pericryptal lamina propria by 1.6-fold, and reduced Pdgfra mRNA expression, which is expressed in intestinal telocytes and trophocytes, by 4.2-fold. The height or extension of Pdgfra+ telopodes into the villus tip was also significantly reduced. Transcript expression of several other stromal cell markers, such as Grem1, Gli, CD81, were reduced by 1.9-, 2.3-, and 1.4-fold, respectively. Further, significant correlations exist between levels of Pdgfra and Gli1, Grem1, and Bmp4. Our results suggest arsenic impairs intestinal trophocytes and telocytes, leading to alterations in the Bmp signaling pathway.
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6
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Zhang P, Cheng S, Sheng X, Dai H, He K, Du Y. The role of autophagy in regulating metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Genes Dis 2021; 10:447-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Hu S, Mahadevan A, Elysee IF, Choi J, Souchet NR, Bae GH, Taboada AK, Sanketi B, Duhamel GE, Sevier CS, Tao G, Kurpios NA. The asymmetric Pitx2 gene regulates gut muscular-lacteal development and protects against fatty liver disease. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110030. [PMID: 34818545 PMCID: PMC8650168 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lacteals are essential lymphatic channels for absorption and transport of dietary lipids and drive the pathogenesis of debilitating metabolic diseases. However, organ-specific mechanisms linking lymphatic dysfunction to disease etiology remain largely unknown. In this study, we uncover an intestinal lymphatic program that is linked to the left-right (LR) asymmetric transcription factor Pitx2. We show that deletion of the asymmetric Pitx2 enhancer ASE alters normal lacteal development through the lacteal-associated contractile smooth muscle lineage. ASE deletion leads to abnormal muscle morphogenesis induced by oxidative stress, resulting in impaired lacteal extension and defective lymphatic system-dependent lipid transport. Surprisingly, activation of lymphatic system-independent trafficking directs dietary lipids from the gut directly to the liver, causing diet-induced fatty liver disease. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism linking gut lymphatic function to the earliest symmetry-breaking Pitx2 and highlights the important relationship between intestinal lymphangiogenesis and the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aparna Mahadevan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Isaac F Elysee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathan R Souchet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gloria H Bae
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alessandra K Taboada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bhargav Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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8
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McCarthy N, Kraiczy J, Shivdasani RA. Cellular and molecular architecture of the intestinal stem cell niche. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1033-1041. [PMID: 32884148 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem and progenitor cells replicate and differentiate in distinct compartments, influenced by Wnt, BMP, and other subepithelial cues. The cellular sources of these signals were long obscure because intestinal mesenchyme was insufficiently characterised. In this Review, we discuss how recent mRNA profiles of mouse and human intestinal submucosa, coupled with fine-resolution microscopy and gene and cell disruptions, reveal a coherent picture of an organised tissue carrying cells with distinct molecular properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Nakanishi S, Mantani Y, Haruta T, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N. Three-dimensional analysis of neural connectivity with cells in rat ileal mucosa by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:990-999. [PMID: 32493889 PMCID: PMC7399320 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive targets of innervation in the intestinal mucosa are unknown, partly because of the diversity of cell types and the complexity of the neural circuits. Herein, we
investigated the comprehensive targets of neural connectivity and analyzed the precise characteristics of their contact structures in the mucosa of rat ileum. We examined target
cells of neural connections and the characteristics of their contact structures by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy at four portions of the rat ileal mucosa: the
apical and basal portions in the villi, and the lateral and basal portions around/in the crypts. Nerve fibers were in contact with several types of fibroblast-like cells (FBLCs),
macrophage-like cells, eosinophils, lymphocyte-like cells, and other types of cells. The nerve fibers almost always ran more inside of lamina propria than subepithelial FBLC, and
thus contacts with epithelial cells were very scarce. The contact structures of the nerve fibers were usually contained synaptic vesicle-like structures, and we classified them
into patterns based on the number of nerve fiber contacting the target cells at one site, the maximum diameter of the contact structures, and the relationship between nerve fibers
and nerve bundles. The contact structures for each type of cells occasionally dug into the cellular bodies of the target cells. We revealed the comprehensive targets of neural
connectivity based on the characteristics of contact structures, and identified FBLCs, immunocompetent cells, and eosinophils as the candidate targets for innervation in the rat
ileal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Youhei Mantani
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Haruta
- Bio 3D Promotion Group, Application Management Department, JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2, Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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10
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Salimifard S, Masjedi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghalamfarsa G, Irandoust M, Azizi G, Mohammadi H, Keramati MR, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Cancer associated fibroblasts as novel promising therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152915. [PMID: 32146002 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most important women-related malignancies, which is incurable (particularly in advanced stages) and tumor microenvironment is a number one accused part in the inefficiency of current anti-breast cancer therapeutic strategies. The tumor microenvironment is composed of various cellular and acellular components, which provide an optimum condition for freely expanding cancer cells in various cancer types, particularly breast cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the main cell types in the breast tumor region, which can promote various tumor-promoting processes such as expansion, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. CAFs directly (by cell-to-cell communication) and indirectly (through secreting soluble factors) can exert their tumorigenic functions. We try to elucidate the immunobiology of CAFs, their origin, function, and heterogeneity in association with their role in various cancer-promoting processes in breast cancer. Based on current knowledge, we believe that the origin of CAFs, their subsets, and their specific expressed biomarkers determine their pro- or anti-tumor functions. Therefore, targeting CAF without considering their specific functions may lead to a deleterious outcome. We propose to find and characterize each subtype of CAFs in association with its specific function in different stages of breast cancer to develop novel promising therapeutic approaches against the right CAF subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Salimifard
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Masjedi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Bioclinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahzad Irandoust
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Wu N, Xu X, Wang B, Li XM, Cheng YY, Li M, Xia XQ, Zhang YA. Anti-foodborne enteritis effect of galantamine potentially via acetylcholine anti-inflammatory pathway in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:204-215. [PMID: 31843701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne enteritis has become a limiting factor in aquaculture. Plant protein sources have already caused enteritic inflammation and inhibition in growth performance. Attempts have been made to find an effective solution to foodborne enteritis. Based on the previously suggested fish cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, galantamine, a typical cholinesterase inhibitor, was tested for the repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines for soybean meal induced enteritis by injection into grass carp. Both the phylogenetic analysis of cholinesterase, AchR and bioinformatic prediction, indicated galantamine's potential use as an enteritis drug. The result highlighted galantamine's potential effect for anti-enteritis in fish, especially in carps. Subsequently, a 4-week feeding trail using galantamine as an additive, in a zebrafish soybean meal induced enteritis model, demonstrated the prevention of enteritis. The results demonstrated that galantamine could prevent intestinal pathology, both histologically and molecularly, and also maintain growth performance. Reflected by gene expressional analysis, all mechanical, chemical and immune functions of the intestinal barrier could be protected by galantamine supplementation, which aided molecularly in the control of fish foodborne enteritis, through down-regulating Th17 type proinflammatory factors, meanwhile resuming the level of Treg type anti-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the current results shed light on fish intestinal acetylcholine anti-inflammation, by the dietary addition of galantamine, which could give rise to protection from foodborne enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Mei Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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12
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Kaunitz JD, Akiba Y. Control of Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation: The Microbiome, Enteroendocrine L Cells, Telocytes, Enteric Nerves, and GLP, Too. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2709-2716. [PMID: 31435858 PMCID: PMC7211432 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Research Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Abstract
The tumour microenvironment, also termed the tumour stroma or tumour mesenchyme, includes fibroblasts, immune cells, blood vessels and the extracellular matrix and substantially influences the initiation, growth and dissemination of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the critical components of the tumour mesenchyme and not only provide physical support for epithelial cells but also are key functional regulators in cancer, promoting and retarding tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. In this Review, we outline the emerging understanding of gastrointestinal CAFs with a particular emphasis on their origin and heterogeneity, as well as their function in cancer cell proliferation, tumour immunity, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling and drug resistance. Moreover, we discuss the clinical implications of CAFs as biomarkers and potential targets for prevention and treatment of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
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14
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Parker A, Vaux L, Patterson AM, Modasia A, Muraro D, Fletcher AG, Byrne HM, Maini PK, Watson AJM, Pin C. Elevated apoptosis impairs epithelial cell turnover and shortens villi in TNF-driven intestinal inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:108. [PMID: 30728350 PMCID: PMC6365534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial monolayer, at the boundary between microbes and the host immune system, plays an important role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly as a target and producer of pro-inflammatory TNF. Chronic overexpression of TNF leads to IBD-like pathology over time, but the mechanisms driving early pathogenesis events are not clear. We studied the epithelial response to inflammation by combining mathematical models with in vivo experimental models resembling acute and chronic TNF-mediated injury. We found significant villus atrophy with increased epithelial cell death along the crypt-villus axis, most dramatically at the villus tips, in both acute and chronic inflammation. In the acute model, we observed overexpression of TNF receptor I in the villus tip rapidly after TNF injection and concurrent with elevated levels of intracellular TNF and rapid shedding at the tip. In the chronic model, sustained villus atrophy was accompanied by a reduction in absolute epithelial cell turnover. Mathematical modelling demonstrated that increased cell apoptosis on the villus body explains the reduction in epithelial cell turnover along the crypt-villus axis observed in chronic inflammation. Cell destruction in the villus was not accompanied by changes in proliferative cell number or division rate within the crypt. Epithelial morphology and immunological changes in the chronic setting suggest a repair response to cell damage although the villus length is not recovered. A better understanding of how this state is further destabilised and results in clinical pathology resembling IBD will help identify suitable pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Vaux
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M Patterson
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amisha Modasia
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Pin
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom. .,Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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15
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Pinchuk IV, Powell DW. Immunosuppression by Intestinal Stromal Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:115-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Roulis M, Flavell RA. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the intestinal lamina propria in physiology and disease. Differentiation 2016; 92:116-131. [PMID: 27165847 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Review we summarize our current understanding of the biology of mesenchymal cells of the intestinal lamina propria focusing mainly on fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The topics covered include 1) the embryonic origin of mesenchymal cells of the intestinal lamina propria and their heterogeneity in adults, 2) the role of the mesenchyme in intestinal development, 3) the physiological function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in adults as part of the intestinal stem cell niche and the mucosal immune system and 4) the involvement of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in epithelial homeostasis upon injury and in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, fibrosis and cancer. We emphasize studies addressing the function of intestinal mesenchymal cells in vivo, and also discuss major open questions and current challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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17
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Pereira C, Araújo F, Barrias CC, Granja PL, Sarmento B. Dissecting stromal-epithelial interactions in a 3D in vitro cellularized intestinal model for permeability studies. Biomaterials 2015; 56:36-45. [PMID: 25934277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Absorption evaluation plays an increasingly important role at the early stage of drug discovery due to its potential to scan the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) properties of new drug candidates. Therefore, a new three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model replicating the intestinal functioning is herein proposed aiming to dissect the stromal-epithelial interactions and evaluate the permeation of a model drug, insulin. Inspired on the intestinal mucosal architecture, the present model comprises intestinal myofibroblasts (CCD18-Co cells) embedded in Matrigel, onto which epithelial enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) and mucus-producing cells (HT29-MTX cells) were seeded. CCD18-Co myofibroblasts showed to have a central role in the remodeling of the surrounding matrix confirmed by the production of fibronectin. Subsequently, this matrix revealed to be essential to the maintenance of the model architecture by supporting the overlying epithelial cells. In terms of functionality, this model allowed the efficient prediction of insulin permeability in which the presence of mucus, the less tight character between Caco-2 and HT29-MTX epithelial cells and the 3D assembly were critical factors. Concluding, this model constitutes a robust tool in the drug development field with potential to bridge the traditional 2D cell culture models and in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Araújo
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Granja
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Rua Central de Grandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal.
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18
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Tamada H, Hashitani H. Calcium responses in subserosal interstitial cells of the guinea-pig proximal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:115-23. [PMID: 24329947 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the subserosal layer between the longitudinal muscle layer and mesothelium, heterogeneous populations of interstitial cells are distributed. As the distribution of nerve elements in this layer is sparse as compared with the nerve plexus layer or tunica muscularis, there may be unique communication among subserosal interstitial cells (SSICs). This study aimed to explore functional properties of SSICs. METHODS In subserosal preparations of the guinea-pig proximal colon, changes in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+) ]i ) were visualized using Fluo-4 Ca(2+) imaging. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to identify the SSICs exhibiting Ca(2+) transients. KEY RESULTS A majority of SSICs responded to adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 10 μM) by increasing [Ca(2+) ]i , but remained quiescent during the application of acetylcholine (10 μM). ATP-induced Ca(2+) responses were mimicked by adenosine 5'-diphosphate (10 μM), MRS2365 (10 nM) but not α, β-methylene ATP (10 μM) or uridine triphosphate (10 μM), and could be reproduced in Ca(2+) -free solution, suggesting that ATP acts via P2Y receptors, most likely P2Y1 subtype, but not P2X receptors. Live staining of the same preparations after Ca(2+) imaging indicated the ATP-sensitive SSICs were not positive for c-Kit antibody, a specific marker for gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Immunohistochemistry identified vimentin (mesenchymal cell marker)+/Kit- and SK3 (fibroblast-like cell (FLC) marker)+/Kit- cells that had a similar morphology to the ATP-sensitive SSICs in Ca(2+) imaging. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES A majority of the SSICs in the guinea-pig proximal colon, presumably FLC, are capable of responding to ATP and thus may contribute to smooth muscle relaxation upon stimulation with ATP released from non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamada
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Furuya K, Sokabe M, Grygorczyk R. Real-time luminescence imaging of cellular ATP release. Methods 2013; 66:330-44. [PMID: 23973809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and other purines are ubiquitous mediators of local intercellular signaling within the body. While the last two decades have witnessed enormous progress in uncovering and characterizing purinergic receptors and extracellular enzymes controlling purinergic signals, our understanding of the initiating step in this cascade, i.e., ATP release, is still obscure. Imaging of extracellular ATP by luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence offers the advantage of studying ATP release and distribution dynamics in real time. However, low-light signal generated by bioluminescence reactions remains the major obstacle to imaging such rapid processes, imposing substantial constraints on its spatial and temporal resolution. We have developed an improved microscopy system for real-time ATP imaging, which detects ATP-dependent luciferin-luciferase luminescence at ∼10 frames/s, sufficient to follow rapid ATP release with sensitivity of ∼10 nM and dynamic range up to 100 μM. In addition, simultaneous differential interference contrast cell images are acquired with infra-red optics. Our imaging method: (1) identifies ATP-releasing cells or sites, (2) determines absolute ATP concentration and its spreading manner at release sites, and (3) permits analysis of ATP release kinetics from single cells. We provide instrumental details of our approach and give several examples of ATP-release imaging at cellular and tissue levels, to illustrate its potential utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishio Furuya
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; FIRST Research Center for Innovative Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Ryszard Grygorczyk
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Hôtel-Dieu, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Shaker A, Binkley J, Darwech I, Swietlicki E, McDonald K, Newberry R, Rubin DC. Stromal cells participate in the murine esophageal mucosal injury response. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G662-72. [PMID: 23370675 PMCID: PMC3625876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00225.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We identified α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)- and vimentin-expressing spindle-shaped esophageal mesenchymal cells in the adult and neonate murine esophageal lamina propria. We hypothesized that these esophageal mesenchymal cells express and secrete signaling and inflammatory mediators in response to injury. We established primary cultures of esophageal mesenchymal cells using mechanical and enzymatic digestion. We demonstrate that these primary cultures are nonhematopoietic, nonendothelial, stromal cells with myofibroblast-like features. These cells increase secretion of IL-6 in response to treatment with acidified media and IL-1β. They also increase bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-4 secretion in response to sonic hedgehog. The location of these cells and their biological functions demonstrate their potential role in regulating esophageal epithelial responses to injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jana Binkley
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Isra Darwech
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Elzbieta Swietlicki
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Keely McDonald
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Rodney Newberry
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ,3Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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21
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Chen Y, Chitapanarux T, Wu J, Soon RK, Melton AC, Yee HF. Inducible NOS mediates CNP-induced relaxation of intestinal myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G673-9. [PMID: 23348803 PMCID: PMC3625877 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00214.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Contraction of intestinal myofibroblasts (IMF) contributes to the development of strictures and fistulas seen in inflammatory bowel disease, but the mechanisms that regulate tension within these cells are poorly understood. In this study we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) signaling in C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-induced relaxation of IMF. We found that treatment with ODQ, a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) or N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), inhibitors of NO production, all impaired the relaxation of human and mouse IMF in response to CNP. ODQ, L-NNA, and L-NMMA also prevented CNP-induced elevations in cGMP concentrations, and L-NNA or L-NMMA blocked CNP-induced decreases in myosin light phosphorylation. IMF isolated from transgenic mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) had reduced relaxation responses to CNP compared with IMF from control mice and were insensitive to the effects of ODQ, L-NNA, and L-NMMA on CNP treatment. Together these data indicate that stimulation of sGC though NO produced by iNOS activation is required for maximal CNP-induced relaxation in IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Chen
- 1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; ,2AllCells, Emeryville, California; and
| | - Taned Chitapanarux
- 3Division of Gastrohepatology, Department of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- 1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Russell K. Soon
- 1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Andrew C. Melton
- 1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Hal F. Yee
- 1Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
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22
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Iwanaga K, Murata T, Hori M, Ozaki H. Purinergic P2Y1 receptor signaling mediates wound stimuli-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:158-64. [PMID: 23376159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISMFs) are crucial for barrier formation against inflammatory stimuli. Physical injury induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, which accelerates wound healing by ISMFs. However, the mechanism of COX-2 induction remains unclear. Physically damaged cells release ATP. Here, we investigate the role of ATP-purinergic signaling in wound-induced COX-2 induction in ISMFs. By 24h post-injury, bovine ISMFs had migrated to and closed the wounded area. A COX inhibitor, indomethacin or a purinergic P2 receptor antagonist, suramin, inhibited wound healing. However, additional treatment with indomethacin did not influence wound healing in suramin-treated ISMFs. RT-PCR showed an increase in COX-2 mRNA expression 2h post-injury, which was inhibited by suramin. These results suggest that ATP mediates wound-induced COX-2 elevation. We next assessed the contribution of various purinergic receptors in COX-2 induction. An ATP analog, ATPγS and a purinergic P2Y1, 11-13 receptors agonist, ADP, were among the agents tested which increased COX-2 expression. ATPγS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression was suppressed by suramin or a purinergic P2Xs, P2Y1, 4, 6, and 13 receptors antagonist, PPADS. These data suggest the involvement of Gq-coupled purinergic P2Y1 receptor or Gi-coupled purinergic P2Y13 receptor in COX-2 induction. U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, which is a downstream signal of Gq protein, showed suppression of COX-2 mRNA expression. However, pertussis toxin, a Gi inhibitor, did not show suppression. We also revealed that inhibitors of p38 MAPK and PKC inhibited ATPγS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression. Collectively, purinergic P2Y1 receptor signaling mediates wound-induced COX-2 expression through p38 MAPK and PKC pathways in ISMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Iwanaga
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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23
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Furuya S, Furuya K. Roles of substance P and ATP in the subepithelial fibroblasts of rat intestinal villi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:133-89. [PMID: 23809436 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of food and water induces chemical and mechanical signals that trigger peristaltic reflexes and also villous movement in the gut. In the intestinal villi, subepithelial fibroblasts under the epithelium form contractile cellular networks and closely contact to the varicosities of substance P and nonsubstance P afferent neurons. Subepithelial fibroblasts of the duodenal villi possess purinergic receptor P2Y1 and tachykinin receptor NK1. ATP and substance P induce increase in intracellular Ca(2+) and cell contraction in subepithelial fibroblasts. They are highly mechanosensitive and release ATP by mechanical stimuli. Released ATP spreads to form an ATP "cloud" with nearly 1μM concentration and activates the surroundings via P2Y1 and afferent neurons via P2X receptors. These findings suggest that villous subepithelial fibroblasts and afferent neurons interact via ATP and substance P. This mutual interaction may play important roles in the signal transduction of mechano reflex pathways including a coordinate villous movement and also in the maturation of the structure and function of the intestinal villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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24
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Endothelin system in intestinal villi: A possible role of endothelin-2/vasoactive intestinal contractor in the maintenance of intestinal architecture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Targeting the visceral purinergic system for pain control. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 12:80-6. [PMID: 22036885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that purinergic mechanosensory transduction can initiate visceral pain in urinary bladder, ureter, gut and uterus. In general, physiological reflexes are mediated via P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors on low threshold sensory fibres, while these receptors on high threshold sensory fibres mediate pain. Potential therapeutic strategies are considered for the treatment of visceral pain in such conditions as renal colic, interstitial cystitis and inflammatory bowel disease by purinergic agents, including P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonists that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and agents that modulate ATP release and breakdown.
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26
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Novak I. Purinergic signalling in epithelial ion transport: regulation of secretion and absorption. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:501-22. [PMID: 21073662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular ATP, the energy source for many reactions, is crucial for the activity of plasma membrane pumps and, thus, for the maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients. Nevertheless, ATP and other nucleotides/nucleosides are also extracellular molecules that regulate diverse cellular functions, including ion transport. In this review, I will first introduce the main components of the extracellular ATP signalling, which have become known as the purinergic signalling system. With more than 50 components or processes, just at cell membranes, it ranks as one of the most versatile signalling systems. This multitude of system components may enable differentiated regulation of diverse epithelial functions. As epithelia probably face the widest variety of potential ATP-releasing stimuli, a special attention will be given to stimuli and mechanisms of ATP release with a focus on exocytosis. Subsequently, I will consider membrane transport of major ions (Cl(-) , HCO(3)(-) , K(+) and Na(+) ) and integrate possible regulatory functions of P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2X4, P2X7 and adenosine receptors in some selected epithelia at the cellular level. Some purinergic receptors have noteworthy roles. For example, many studies to date indicate that the P2Y2 receptor is one common denominator in regulating ion channels on both the luminal and basolateral membranes of both secretory and absorptive epithelia. In exocrine glands though, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors act as cation channels and, possibly, as co-regulators of secretion. On an organ level, both receptor types can exert physiological functions and together with other partners in the purinergic signalling, integrated models for epithelial secretion and absorption are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Novak
- Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Mifflin RC, Pinchuk IV, Saada JI, Powell DW. Intestinal myofibroblasts: targets for stem cell therapy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G684-96. [PMID: 21252048 PMCID: PMC3094146 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00474.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The subepithelial intestinal myofibroblast is an important cell orchestrating many diverse functions in the intestine and is involved in growth and repair, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The myofibroblast is but one of several α-smooth muscle actin-positive (α-SMA(+)) mesenchymal cells present within the intestinal lamina propria, including vascular pericytes, bone marrow-derived stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells or hematopoietic stem cells), muscularis mucosae, and the lymphatic pericytes (colon) and organized smooth muscle (small intestine) associated with the lymphatic lacteals. These other mesenchymal cells perform many of the functions previously attributed to subepithelial myofibroblasts. This review discusses the definition of a myofibroblast and reconsiders whether the α-SMA(+) subepithelial cells in the intestine are myofibroblasts or other types of mesenchymal cells, i.e., pericytes. Current information about specific, or not so specific, molecular markers of lamina propria mesenchymal cells is reviewed, as well as the origins of intestinal myofibroblasts and pericytes in the intestinal lamina propria and their replenishment after injury. Current concepts and research on stem cell therapy for intestinal inflammation are summarized. Information about the stem cell origin of intestinal stromal cells may inform future stem cell therapies to treat human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. W. Powell
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and ,2Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ATP induces contraction mediated by the P2Y(2) receptor in rat intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:152-8. [PMID: 21296070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (IMFs) exist just under the epithelial membrane directly facing the mucosal microvascular capillary surface distributed in the lamina propria. In the gastrointestinal tract, ATP is released from epithelial and endothelial cells in response to mechanical stimuli. Although it has been reported that mechanical stimuli evoke synchronized Ca(2+) waves in cultured IMFs, the contractile responses by ATP stimulation have not been examined. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the contraction of IMFs in response to ATP. ATP (1-30μM) induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. These contractions were inhibited by LaCl(3) (100-300μM) and by Ca(2+)-free solution (0.5mM EGTA). Fura-2/Ca(2+) signals indicated that ATP (1-10μM) elicited transient increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). In addition, αβ-methylene-ATP (10, 30 and 300μM), a broad spectrum P2X agonist at a concentration higher than 100μM, induced neither contraction nor [Ca(2+)](i) rise. UTP (1-30μM), a selective P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) agonist in rodent, induced concentration-dependent contractions and [Ca(2+)](i) increases, whereas ADP and UDP (10μM) did not induce contractions. Pretreatment with suramin (30-100μM), a relatively selective P2Y(2) antagonist, strongly inhibited ATP- and UTP-induced contractions and [Ca(2+)](i) increases. However, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (PPADS: 10-30μM), a receptor antagonist for several P2X and P2Y but less effective to P2Y(2) receptor, failed to inhibit ATP- and UTP-induced contractions and [Ca(2+)](i) increases. By RT-PCR, mRNA expressions of the P2Y(1) and P2Y(2) receptors, but not P2Y(4) or P2Y(6), were detected in IMFs. These results suggest that ATP induces [Ca(2+)](i)-dependent contraction in IMFs, which is mediated through the P2Y(2) receptor.
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Abstract
The non-white blood cell mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, pericytes, stromal stem cells, muscularis mucosae, and the smooth muscle of the villus core associated with the lymphatic lacteal. We review the functional anatomy of these mesenchymal cells, what is known about their origin in the embryo and their replacement in adults, their putative role in intestinal mucosal morphogenesis, and the intestinal stem cell niche, and we consider new information about myofibroblasts as nonprofessional immune cells. Although our knowledge of the function of mesenchymal cells in intestinal disease is rudimentary, we briefly consider here their roles in cancer and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria reviewed here are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, mural cells (pericytes) of the vasculature, bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells, smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae, and smooth muscle surrounding the lymphatic lacteals. These cells share similar marker molecules, origins, and coordinated biological functions previously ascribed solely to subepithelial myofibroblasts. We review the functional anatomy of intestinal mesenchymal cells and describe what is known about their origin in the embryo and their replacement in adults. As part of their putative role in intestinal mucosal morphogenesis, we consider the intestinal stem cell niche. Lastly, we review emerging information about myofibroblasts as nonprofessional immune cells that may be important as an alarm system for the gut and as a participant in peripheral immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.W. Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - I.V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - J.I. Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - R.C. Mifflin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
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31
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Immunohistochemical analysis of substance P-containing neurons in rat small intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:331-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Furuya S, Furuya K, Shigemoto R, Sokabe M. Localization of NK1 receptors and roles of substance-P in subepithelial fibroblasts of rat intestinal villi. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:243-59. [PMID: 20967467 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Subepithelial fibroblasts of the intestinal villi, which form a contractile cellular network beneath the epithelium, are in close contact with epithelial cells, nerve varicosities, capillaries, smooth muscles and immune cells, and secrete extracellular matrix molecules, growth factors and cytokines, etc. Cultured subepithelial fibroblasts of the rat duodenal villi display various receptors such as endothelins, ATP, substance-P and bradykinin, and release ATP in response to mechanical stimulation. In this study, the presence of functional NK1 receptors (NK1R) was pharmacologically confirmed in primary culture by Ca(2+) measurement, and the effects of substance-P were measured in an acute preparation of epithelium-free duodenal villi from 2- to 3-week-old rats using a two-photon laser microscope. Substance-P elicited an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and contraction of the subepithelial fibroblasts in culture and the isolated villi. The localization of NK1R and substance-P in the villi was examined by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. NK1R-like immunoreactivity was intensely localized on the plasma membrane of villous subepithelial fibroblasts in 10-day- to 4-week-old rats and mice and was decreased or absent in adulthood. The pericryptal fibroblasts of the small and large intestine were NK1R immuno-negative. These villous subepithelial fibroblasts form synapse-like structures with both substance-P-immunopositive and -immunonegative nerve varicosities. Here, we propose that the mutual interaction between villous subepithelial fibroblasts and afferent neurons via substance-P and ATP plays important roles in the maturation of the structure and function of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure, Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Iwanaga K, Murata T, Hori M, Ozaki H. Isolation and Characterization of Bovine Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:98-104. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09258fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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34
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Burnstock G. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction and visceral pain. Mol Pain 2009; 5:69. [PMID: 19948030 PMCID: PMC2789721 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that mechanosensory transduction occurs in tubes and sacs and can initiate visceral pain. Experimental evidence for this mechanism in urinary bladder, ureter, gut, lung, uterus, tooth-pulp and tongue is reviewed. Potential therapeutic strategies are considered for the treatment of visceral pain in such conditions as renal colic, interstitial cystitis and inflammatory bowel disease by agents that interfere with mechanosensory transduction in the organs considered, including P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonists that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and agents that inhibit or enhance ATP release and breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Garcia-Lopez P, Garcia-Marin V, Martínez-Murillo R, Freire M. Updating old ideas and recent advances regarding the Interstitial Cells of Cajal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:154-69. [PMID: 19520112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery by Cajal in 1889, the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) have generated much controversy in the scientific community. Indeed, the nervous, muscle or fibroblastic nature of the ICC has remained under debate for more than a century, as has their possible physiological function. Cajal and his colleagues considered them to be neurons, while contemporary histologists like Kölliker and Dogiel categorized these cells as fibroblasts. More recently, the role of ICC in the origin of slow-wave peristaltism has been elucidated, and several studies have shown that they participate in neurotransmission (intercalation theory). The fact that ICC assemble in the circular muscular layer and that they originate from cells which emerge from the ventral neural tube (VENT cells), a source of neurons, glia and ICC precursors other than the neural crest, suggests a neural origin for this particular subset of ICC. The discovery that ICC express the Kit protein, a type III tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the proto-oncogene c-kit, has helped better understand their physiological role and implication in pathological conditions. Gleevec, a novel molecule designed to inhibit the mutant activated version of c-Kit receptors, is the drug of choice to treat the so-called gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST), the most common non-epithelial neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review Cajal's original contributions with the aid of unique images taken from Cajal's histological slides (preserved at the Cajal Museum, Cajal Institute, CSIC). In addition, we present a historical review of the concepts associated with this particular cell type, emphasizing current data that has advanced our understanding of the role these intriguing cells fulfil.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garcia-Lopez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Avda Doctor Arce 37, 28002 - Madrid, Spain
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Dong X, Smoll EJ, Ko KH, Lee J, Chow JY, Kim HD, Insel PA, Dong H. P2Y receptors mediate Ca2+ signaling in duodenocytes and contribute to duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G424-32. [PMID: 19074643 PMCID: PMC2643905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90314.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since little is known about the role of P2Y receptors (purinoceptors) in duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DMBS), we sought to investigate the expression and function of these receptors in duodenal epithelium. Expression of P2Y(2) receptors was detected by RT-PCR in mouse duodenal epithelium and SCBN cells, a duodenal epithelial cell line. UTP, a P2Y(2)-receptor agonist, but not ADP (10 microM), significantly induced murine duodenal short-circuit current and DMBS in vitro; these responses were abolished by suramin (300 microM), a P2Y-receptor antagonist, or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB; 100 microM), a store-operated channel blocker. Mucosal or serosal addition of UTP induced a comparable DMBS in wild-type mice, but markedly impaired response occurred in P2Y(2) knockout mice. Acid-stimulated DMBS in vivo was significantly inhibited by suramin (1 mM) or PPADS (30 microM). Both ATP and UTP, but not ADP (1 microM), raised cytoplasmic-free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) with similar potencies in SCBN cells. ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) was attenuated by U-73122 (10 microM), La(3+) (30 microM), or 2-APB (10 microM), but was not significantly affected by nifedipine (10 microM). UTP (1 microM) induced a [Ca(2+)](cyt) transient in Ca(2+)-free solutions, and restoration of external Ca(2+) (2 mM) raised [Ca(2+)](cyt) due to capacitative Ca(2+) entry. La(3+) (30 microM), SK&F96365 (30 microM), and 2-APB (10 microM) inhibited UTP-induced Ca(2+) entry by 92, 87, and 94%, respectively. Taken together, our results imply that activation of P2Y(2) receptors enhances DMBS via elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt) that likely results from an initial increase in intracellular Ca(2+) release followed by extracellular Ca(2+) entry via store-operated channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric James Smoll
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kwang Hyun Ko
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jimmy Yip Chow
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ho Dong Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hui Dong
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Iwanaga K, Murata T, Okada M, Hori M, Ozaki H. Carbachol Induces Ca2+-Dependent Contraction via Muscarinic M2 and M3 Receptors in Rat Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:306-14. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09118fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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38
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Aranishi H, Kunisawa Y, Komuro T. Characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in the subserosal layer of the guinea-pig colon. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:323-9. [PMID: 19048293 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal in the subserosa (ICC-SS) of the guinea-pig proximal colon were studied by immunohistochemistry for c-Kit receptors and by transmission electron microscopy. These cells were distributed within a thin layer of connective tissue space immediately beneath the mesothelium and were multipolar with about five primary cytoplasmic processes that divided further into secondary and tertiary processes to form a two-dimensional network. Ultrastructural observations revealed that ICC-SS were connected to each other via gap junctions. They also formed close contacts and peg-and-socket junctions with smooth muscle cells. Three-dimensional analysis of confocal micrographs revealed that the cytoplasmic processes of ICC-SS had contacts with interstitial cells in the longitudinal muscle layer. Taking account of the location and peculiar arrangement of the ICC-SS and the main functions of the proximal colon, i.e. the absorption and transport of fluids, we suggest that the superficial network of ICC-SS acts as a stretch receptor to detect circumferential expansion and swelling of the colon wall and triggers the contraction of the longitudinal muscle to accelerate the drainage of fluids from the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Aranishi
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
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