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Qi Y, Yu L, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhai Q. In vitro models to study human gut-microbiota interactions: Applications, advances, and limitations. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127336. [PMID: 36871313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human gut help compensate for the limitations of animal models in studying the human gut-microbiota interaction and are indispensable in the clarification the mechanism of microbial action or in the high-throughput screening and functional evaluation of probiotics. The development of these models constitutes a rapidly developing field of research. From 2D1 to 3D2 and from simple to complex, several in vitro cell and tissue models have been developed and continuously improved. In this review, we categorized and summarized these models and described their development, applications, advances, and limitations by using specific examples. We also highlighted the best ways to select an appropriate in vitro model, and we also discussed which variables to consider when imitating microbial and human gut epithelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Caianiello S, Bertolaso M, Militello G. Thinking in 3 dimensions: philosophies of the microenvironment in organoids and organs-on-chip. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 45:14. [PMID: 36949354 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in vitro culture systems, aimed at reconstituting miniaturized models of physiological and pathological states of human organs. Both share the tenets of the so-called "three-dimensional thinking", a Systems Physiology approach focused on recapitulating the dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. We first review the arguments underlying the "paradigm shift" toward three-dimensional thinking in the in vitro culture community. Then, through a historically informed account of the technical affordances and the epistemic commitments of these two approaches, we highlight how they embody two distinct experimental cultures. We finally argue that the current systematic effort for their integration requires not only innovative "synergistic" engineering solutions, but also conceptual integration between different perspectives on biological causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caianiello
- Institute for the History of Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age (ISPF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
- Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Naples, Italy.
| | - Marta Bertolaso
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Militello
- Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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3
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Koh B, Sulaiman N, Fauzi MB, Law JX, Ng MH, Yuan TL, Azurah AGN, Mohd Yunus MH, Idrus RBH, Yazid MD. A Three-Dimensional Xeno-Free Culture Condition for Wharton's Jelly-Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Pros and Cons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043745. [PMID: 36835154 PMCID: PMC9960744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeno-free three-dimensional cultures are gaining attention for mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) expansion in clinical applications. We investigated the potential of xeno-free serum alternatives, human serum and human platelet lysate, to replace the current conventional use of foetal bovine serum for subsequent MSCs microcarrier cultures. In this study, Wharton's Jelly MSCs were cultured in nine different media combinations to identify the best xeno-free culture media for MSCs culture. Cell proliferation and viability were identified, and the cultured MSCs were characterised in accordance with the minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). The selected culture media was then used in the microcarrier culture of MSCs to determine the potential of a three-dimensional culture system in the expansion of MSCs for future clinical applications, and to identify the immunomodulatory potential of cultured MSCs. Low Glucose DMEM (LG) + Human Platelet (HPL) lysate media appeared to be good candidates for replacing conventional MSCs culture media in our monolayer culture system. MSCs cultured in LG-HPL achieved high cell yield, with characteristics that remained as described by ISCT, although the overall mitochondrial activity of the cells was lower than the control and the subsequent effects remained unknown. MSC microcarrier culture, on the other hand, showed comparable cell characteristics with monolayer culture, yet had stagnated cell proliferation, which is potentially due to the inactivation of FAK. Nonetheless, both the MSCs monolayer culture and the microcarrier culture showed high suppressive activity on TNF-α, and only the MSC microcarrier culture has a better suppression of IL-1 secretion. In conclusion, LG-HPL was identified as a good xeno-free media for WJMSCs culture, and although further mechanistic research is needed, the results show that the xeno-free three-dimensional culture maintained MSC characteristics and improved immunomodulatory activities, suggesting the potential of translating the monolayer culture into this culture system in MSC expansion for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Koh
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Ming Medical Sdn Bhd, D3-3 (2nd Floor), Block D3 Dana 1 Commercial Centre, Jalan PJU 1a/46, Petaling Jaya 47301, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Sulaiman
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Too Lih Yuan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Ghani Nur Azurah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-6995
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4
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Kobayashi S, Ogasawara N, Watanabe S, Yoneyama Y, Kirino S, Hiraguri Y, Inoue M, Nagata S, Okamoto-Uchida Y, Kofuji S, Shimizu H, Ito G, Mizutani T, Yamauchi S, Kinugasa Y, Kano Y, Nemoto Y, Watanabe M, Tsuchiya K, Nishina H, Okamoto R, Yui S. Collagen type I-mediated mechanotransduction controls epithelial cell fate conversion during intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:49. [PMID: 36443773 PMCID: PMC9703763 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging concepts of fetal-like reprogramming following tissue injury have been well recognized as an important cue for resolving regenerative mechanisms of intestinal epithelium during inflammation. We previously revealed that the remodeling of mesenchyme with collagen fibril induces YAP/TAZ-dependent fate conversion of intestinal/colonic epithelial cells covering the wound bed towards fetal-like progenitors. To fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying the link between extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of mesenchyme and fetal-like reprogramming of epithelial cells, it is critical to understand how collagen type I influence the phenotype of epithelial cells. In this study, we utilize collagen sphere, which is the epithelial organoids cultured in purified collagen type I, to understand the mechanisms of the inflammatory associated reprogramming. Resolving the entire landscape of regulatory networks of the collagen sphere is useful to dissect the reprogrammed signature of the intestinal epithelium. METHODS We performed microarray, RNA-seq, and ATAC-seq analyses of the murine collagen sphere in comparison with Matrigel organoid and fetal enterosphere (FEnS). We subsequently cultured human colon epithelium in collagen type I and performed RNA-seq analysis. The enriched genes were validated by gene expression comparison between published gene sets and immunofluorescence in pathological specimens of ulcerative colitis (UC). RESULTS The murine collagen sphere was confirmed to have inflammatory and regenerative signatures from RNA-seq analysis. ATAC-seq analysis confirmed that the YAP/TAZ-TEAD axis plays a central role in the induction of the distinctive signature. Among them, TAZ has implied its relevant role in the process of reprogramming and the ATAC-based motif analysis demonstrated not only Tead proteins, but also Fra1 and Runx2, which are highly enriched in the collagen sphere. Additionally, the human collagen sphere also showed a highly significant enrichment of both inflammatory and fetal-like signatures. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the representative genes in the human collagen sphere were highly expressed in the inflammatory region of ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS Collagen type I showed a significant influence in the acquisition of the reprogrammed inflammatory signature in both mice and humans. Dissection of the cell fate conversion and its mechanisms shown in this study can enhance our understanding of how the epithelial signature of inflammation is influenced by the ECM niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Kobayashi
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ogasawara
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Sakura Kirino
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Masami Inoue
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Go Ito
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamauchi
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kano
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nemoto
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
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Ohira S, Yokoi Y, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. Efficient and simple genetic engineering of enteroids using mouse isolated crypts for investigating intestinal functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Zhang MM, Yang KL, Cui YC, Zhou YS, Zhang HR, Wang Q, Ye YJ, Wang S, Jiang KW. Current Trends and Research Topics Regarding Intestinal Organoids: An Overview Based on Bibliometrics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609452. [PMID: 34414174 PMCID: PMC8369504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, research on intestinal diseases is mainly based on animal models and cell lines in monolayers. However, these models have drawbacks that limit scientific advances in this field. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems named organoids are emerging as a reliable research tool for recapitulating the human intestinal epithelium and represent a unique platform for patient-specific drug testing. Intestinal organoids (IOs) are crypt–villus structures that can be derived from adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and have the potential to serve as a platform for individualized medicine and research. However, this emerging field has not been bibliometric summarized to date. Here, we performed a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database to evaluate 5,379 publications concerning the use of organoids; the studies were divided into four clusters associated with the current situation and future directions for the application of IOs. Based on the results of our bibliometric analysis of IO applications, we systematically summarized the latest advances and analyzed the limitations and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Lu Yang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Cui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Shi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Angius A, Scanu AM, Arru C, Muroni MR, Rallo V, Deiana G, Ninniri MC, Carru C, Porcu A, Pira G, Uva P, Cossu-Rocca P, De Miglio MR. Portrait of Cancer Stem Cells on Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Biomarkers, Signaling Pathways and miRNAome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1603. [PMID: 33562604 PMCID: PMC7915330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and about 20% is metastatic at diagnosis and untreatable. Increasing evidence suggests that the heterogeneous nature of CRC is related to colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), a small cells population with stemness behaviors and responsible for tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. Growing knowledge of stem cells (SCs) biology has rapidly improved uncovering the molecular mechanisms and possible crosstalk/feedback loops between signaling pathways that directly influence intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The generation of CCSCs is probably connected to genetic changes in members of signaling pathways, which control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then establish function and phenotype of CCSCs. Particularly, various deregulated CCSC-related miRNAs have been reported to modulate stemness features, controlling CCSCs functions such as regulation of cell cycle genes expression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasization, and drug-resistance mechanisms. Primarily, CCSC-related miRNAs work by regulating mainly signal pathways known to be involved in CCSCs biology. This review intends to summarize the epigenetic findings linked to miRNAome in the maintenance and regulation of CCSCs, including their relationships with different signaling pathways, which should help to identify specific diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for CRC, but also develop innovative CCSCs-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angius
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Antonio Mario Scanu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Caterina Arru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Muroni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Vincenzo Rallo
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Giulia Deiana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Chiara Ninniri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Giovanna Pira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.A.); (C.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Paolo Uva
- IRCCS G. Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cossu-Rocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Services, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, ASSL Olbia-ATS Sardegna, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Miglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.M.); (G.D.); (M.C.N.); (A.P.); (P.C.-R.)
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8
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Gao JG, Yu MS, Zhang MM, Gu XW, Ren Y, Zhou XX, Chen D, Yan TL, Li YM, Jin X. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in rats by influencing intestinal epithelial cell regeneration, Wnt signaling, and T cell immunity. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3750-3766. [PMID: 32774055 PMCID: PMC7383848 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i26.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional Crohn’s disease (CD) treatments are supportive rather than curative and have serious side effects. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been gradually applied to treat various diseases. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of ADSCs on CD are still not clear.
AIM To investigate the effect of ADSC administration on CD and explore the potential mechanisms.
METHODS Wistar rats were administered with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to establish a rat model of CD, followed by tail injections of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-modified ADSCs. Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were used to detect changes in the Wnt signaling pathway, T cell subtypes, and their related cytokines.
RESULTS The isolated cells showed the characteristics of ADSCs, including spindle-shaped morphology, high expression of CD29, CD44, and CD90, low expression of CD34 and CD45, and osteogenic/adipogenic ability. ADSC therapy markedly reduced disease activity index and ameliorated colitis severity in the TNBS-induced rat model of CD. Furthermore, serum anti-sacchromyces cerevisiae antibody and p-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody levels were significantly reduced in ADSC-treated rats. Mechanistically, the GFP-ADSCs were colocalized with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the CD rat model. GFP-ADSC delivery significantly antagonized TNBS-induced increased canonical Wnt pathway expression, decreased noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway expression, and increased apoptosis rates and protein level of cleaved caspase-3 in rats. In addition, ADSCs attenuated TNBS-induced abnormal inflammatory cytokine production, disturbed T cell subtypes, and their related markers in rats.
CONCLUSION Successfully isolated ADSCs show therapeutic effects in CD by regulating IEC proliferation, the Wnt signaling pathway, and T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mo-Sang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Wei Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian-Lian Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - You-Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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9
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von Erlach T, Saxton S, Shi Y, Minahan D, Reker D, Javid F, Lee YAL, Schoellhammer C, Esfandiary T, Cleveland C, Booth L, Lin J, Levy H, Blackburn S, Hayward A, Langer R, Traverso G. Robotically handled whole-tissue culture system for the screening of oral drug formulations. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:544-559. [PMID: 32341538 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of cancer-derived cell lines are widely used in the modelling of the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of drugs and in oral drug development. However, they do not generally predict drug absorption in vivo. Here, we report a robotically handled system that uses large porcine GI tissue explants that are functionally maintained for an extended period in culture for the high-throughput interrogation (several thousand samples per day) of whole segments of the GI tract. The automated culture system provided higher predictability of drug absorption in the human GI tract than a Caco-2 Transwell system (Spearman's correlation coefficients of 0.906 and 0.302, respectively). By using the culture system to analyse the intestinal absorption of 2,930 formulations of the peptide drug oxytocin, we discovered an absorption enhancer that resulted in a 11.3-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of oxytocin in pigs in the absence of cellular disruption of the intestinal tissue. The robotically handled whole-tissue culture system should help advance the development of oral drug formulations and might also be useful for drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas von Erlach
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Saxton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunhua Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Minahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Reker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farhad Javid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Young-Ah Lucy Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carl Schoellhammer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tina Esfandiary
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cody Cleveland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucas Booth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Levy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Blackburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Dosh RH, Jordan-Mahy N, Sammon C, Le Maitre CL. Use of l-pNIPAM hydrogel as a 3D-scaffold for intestinal crypts and stem cell tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:4310-4324. [PMID: 31410428 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells hold great potential in tissue regeneration of the intestine, however, there are key limitations in their culture in vitro. We previously reported a novel synthetic non-biodegradable hydrogel as a 3D culture model for intestinal epithelium using Caco2 and HT29-MTX cells. Here, we investigated the potential of this system as a 3D scaffold for crypts and single intestinal stem cells to support long-term culture and differentiation. Intestinal crypts were extracted from murine small intestines and Lgr5+ stem cells isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting. Crypts and stem cells were suspended within Matrigel or l-pNIPAM for 14 days or suspended within Matrigel for 7 days then released, dissociated, and suspended within, or on l-pNIPAM hydrogel for 28 days. Cellular behaviour and phenotype were determined by histology and immunohistochemistry for stem cell and differentiation markers: Lgr5, E-cadherin MUC2 chromograninA and lysozymes. Isolated crypts and Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells formed enteroids with a central lumen surrounded by multiple crypt-like buds when cultured in Matrigel. In contrast, when crypts and stem cells were directly suspended within, or layered on l-pNIPAM hydrogel under dynamic culture conditions they formed spherical balls of cells, with no central lumen. When enteroids were initially formed in Matrigel from crypts or single Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and dissociated into small fragments or single cells and transferred to l-pNIPAM hydrogel they formed new larger enteroids with numerous crypt-like buds. These crypt-like buds showed the presence of mucin-producing cells, which resembled goblet cells, scattered throughout their structures. Immunohistochemistry staining also showed the expression of Lgr5 and differentiation markers of all the main intestinal cell types including: enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. This demonstrated that l-pNIPAM hydrogel supported long-term culture of crypts and Lgr5+ stem cells and promoted intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Dosh
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB, UK.
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11
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12
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Almeqdadi M, Mana MD, Roper J, Yilmaz ÖH. Gut organoids: mini-tissues in culture to study intestinal physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C405-C419. [PMID: 31216420 PMCID: PMC6766612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, cell cultures are essential tools in the study of intestinal function and disease. For the past few decades, monolayer cellular cultures, such as cancer cell lines or immortalized cell lines, have been widely applied in gastrointestinal research. Recently, the development of three-dimensional cultures known as organoids has permitted the growth of normal crypt-villus units that recapitulate many aspects of intestinal physiology. Organoid culturing has also been applied to study gastrointestinal diseases, intestinal-microbe interactions, and colorectal cancer. These models are amenable to CRISPR gene editing and drug treatments, including high-throughput small-molecule testing. Three-dimensional intestinal cultures have been transplanted into mice to develop versatile in vivo models of intestinal disease, particularly cancer. Limitations of currently available organoid models include cost and challenges in modeling nonepithelial intestinal cells, such as immune cells and the microbiota. Here, we describe the development of organoid models of intestinal biology and the applications of organoids for study of the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the field of in vitro disease modelling, in particular the development of organoids. These self-organizing tissues derived from stem cells provide a unique system to examine mechanisms ranging from organ development to homeostasis and disease. Because organoids develop according to intrinsic developmental programmes, the resultant tissue morphology recapitulates organ architecture with remarkable fidelity. Furthermore, the fact that these tissues can be derived from human progenitors allows for the study of uniquely human processes and disorders. This article and accompanying poster highlight the currently available methods, particularly those aimed at modelling human biology, and provide an overview of their capabilities and limitations. We also speculate on possible future technological advances that have the potential for great strides in both disease modelling and future regenerative strategies. Summary: Human organoids are important tools for modelling disease. This At a Glance article summarises the current organoid models of several human diseases, and discusses future prospects for these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, UK.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Singh A, Pramanik A, Acharya P, Makharia GK. Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Celiac Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060885. [PMID: 31234270 PMCID: PMC6616864 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be uncommon, celiac disease has now become a common disease globally. While avoidance of the gluten-containing diet is the only effective treatment so far, many new targets are being explored for the development of new drugs for its treatment. The endpoints of therapy include not only reversal of symptoms, normalization of immunological abnormalities and healing of mucosa, but also maintenance of remission of the disease by strict adherence of the gluten-free diet (GFD). There is no single gold standard test for the diagnosis of celiac disease and the diagnosis is based on the presence of a combination of characteristics including the presence of a celiac-specific antibody (anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody, anti-endomysial antibody or anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibody) and demonstration of villous abnormalities. While the demonstration of enteropathy is an important criterion for a definite diagnosis of celiac disease, it requires endoscopic examination which is perceived as an invasive procedure. The capability of prediction of enteropathy by the presence of the high titer of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody led to an option of making a diagnosis even without obtaining mucosal biopsies. While present day diagnostic tests are great, they, however, have certain limitations. Therefore, there is a need for biomarkers for screening of patients, prediction of enteropathy, and monitoring of patients for adherence of the gluten-free diet. Efforts are now being made to explore various biomarkers which reflect different changes that occur in the intestinal mucosa using modern day tools including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In the present review, we have discussed comprehensively the pros and cons of available biomarkers and also summarized the current status of emerging biomarkers for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Govind K Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
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15
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Zhou JY, Huang DG, Qin YC, Li XG, Gao CQ, Yan HC, Wang XQ. mTORC1 signaling activation increases intestinal stem cell activity and promotes epithelial cell proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19028-19038. [PMID: 30937902 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The crypt-villus axis of the intestine undergoes a continuous renewal process that is driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, the homeostasis is disturbed under constant exposure to high ambient temperatures, and the precise mechanism is unclear. We found that both EdU+ and Ki67+ cell ratios were significantly reduced after exposure to 41°C, as well as the protein synthesis rate of IPEC-J2 cells, and the expression of ubiquitin and heat shock protein 60, 70, and 90 were significantly increased. Additionally, heat exposure decreased enteroid expansion and budding efficiency, as well as induced apoptosis after 48 hr; however, no significant difference was observed in the apoptosis ratio after 24 hr. In the process of heat exposure, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway was significantly inhibited in both IPEC-J2 cells and enteroids. Correspondingly, treatment of IPEC-J2 and enteroids with the mTORC1 agonist MHY1485 at 41°C significantly attenuated the inhibition of proliferation and protein synthesis, increased the ISC activity, and promoted expansion and budding of enteroid. In summary, we conclude that the mTORC1 signaling pathway regulates intestinal epithelial cell and stem cell activity during heat exposure-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Deng-Gui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying-Chao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Guang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis and regeneration are driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) lying in the crypt. In addition to the actively cycling ISCs that maintain daily homeostasis, accumulating evidence supports the existence of other pools of stem/progenitor cells with the capacity to repair damaged tissue and facilitate rapid restoration of intestinal integrity after injuries. Appropriate control of ISCs and other populations of intestinal epithelial cells with stem cell activity is essential for intestinal homeostasis and regeneration while their deregulation is implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings about ISC identity and cellular plasticity in intestine, discuss regulatory mechanisms that control ISCs for intestinal homeostasis and regeneration, and put a particular emphasis on extrinsic niche-derived signaling and intrinsic epigenetic regulation. Moreover, we highlight several fundamental questions about the precise mechanisms conferring robust capacity for intestine to maintain physiological homeostasis and repair injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi C He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, China
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17
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Plausible Links Between Metabolic Networks, Stem Cells, and Longevity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1201:355-388. [PMID: 31898793 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable consequence of life, and all multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ functions as they age. Several well-known risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and lack of physical activity that lead to the cardiovascular system, decline and impede the function of vital organs, ultimately limit overall life span. Over recent years, aging research has experienced an unparalleled growth, particularly with the discovery and recognition of genetic pathways and biochemical processes that control to some extent the rate of aging.In this chapter, we focus on several aspects of stem cell biology and aging, beginning with major cellular hallmarks of aging, endocrine regulation of aging and its impact on stem cell compartment, and mechanisms of increased longevity. We then discuss the role of epigenetic modifications associated with aging and provide an overview on a most recent search of antiaging modalities.
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18
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A fusion protein composed of the DSL domain of Dll1 and RGD motif protects cryptic stem cells in irradiation injury. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171255. [PMID: 29444821 PMCID: PMC5843746 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine is vulnerable to irradiation injury, which induces cell death and compromises regeneration of intestinal crypts. It is well accepted that cryptic stem cells, which are responsible for cryptic regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions, are controlled by multiple cell-intrinsic and environmental signals such as Notch signaling. Therefore, in the present study, we tested whether a soluble Notch ligand tethered to endothelial cells-mD1R-the Delta-Serrate-Lag2 (DSL) domain of mouse Notch ligand Delta-like1 fused with a RGD motif could protect cryptic cells from irradiation-induced intestinal injury. The result showed that administration of mD1R, which activated Notch signaling in intestinal cells, ameliorated loss of body weight and reduction of cryptic structures in intestine after total body irradiation (TBI) in mice. Histological staining showed that injection of mD1R after TBI promoted cryptic cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis in crypts. Immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR showed that mD1R increased the level of Lgr5, Bmi1, Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4), and IRIG1 in crypts, suggesting a protective effect on cryptic stem and progenitor cells after irradiation. Moreover, we found that administration of mD1R increased the number of Paneth cells and the mRNA level of Defa1, and the number Alcian Blue+ Goblet cells decreased first and then increased after irradiation, suggesting that mD1R promoted the maturation of the intestinal crypt after irradiation injury. Our data suggested that mD1R could serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of irradiation-induced intestinal injury.
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19
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Abstract
Studies on the intestinal epithelial response to viral infection have previously been limited by the absence of in vitro human intestinal models that recapitulate the multicellular complexity of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent technological advances have led to the development of “mini-intestine” models, which mimic the diverse cellular nature and physiological activity of the small intestine. Utilizing adult or embryonic intestinal tissue, enteroid and organoid systems, respectively, represent an opportunity to effectively model cellular differentiation, proliferation, and interactions that are specific to the specialized environment of the intestine. Enteroid and organoid systems represent a significant advantage over traditional in vitro methods because they model the structure and function of the small intestine while also maintaining the genetic identity of the host. These more physiologic models also allow for novel approaches to investigate the interaction of enteric viruses with the gastrointestinal tract, making them ideal to study the complexities of host-pathogen interactions in this unique cellular environment. This review aims to provide a summary on the use of human enteroid and organoid systems as models to study virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt E Lanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Madison A Mara
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Cheng ZF, Pai RK, Cartwright CA. Rack1 function in intestinal epithelia: regulating crypt cell proliferation and regeneration and promoting differentiation and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G1-G13. [PMID: 28935684 PMCID: PMC5866376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00240.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) regulates growth of colon cells in vitro, partly by suppressing Src kinase activity at key cell cycle checkpoints, in apoptotic and cell survival pathways and at cell-cell adhesions. Here, we generated mouse models of Rack1 deficiency to assess Rack1's function in intestinal epithelia in vivo. Intestinal Rack1 deficiency resulted in proliferation of crypt cells, diminished differentiation of crypt cells into enterocyte, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell lineages, and expansion of Paneth cell populations. Following radiation injury, the morphology of Rack1-deleted small bowel was strikingly abnormal with development of large polypoid structures that contained many partly formed villi, numerous back-to-back elongated and regenerating crypts, and high-grade dysplasia in surface epithelia. These abnormalities were not observed in Rack1-expressing areas of intestine or in control mice. Following irradiation, apoptosis of enterocytes was strikingly reduced in Rack1-deleted epithelia. These novel findings reveal key functions for Rack1 in regulating growth of intestinal epithelia: suppressing crypt cell proliferation and regeneration, promoting differentiation and apoptosis, and repressing development of neoplasia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings reveal novel functions for receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) in regulating growth of intestinal epithelia: suppressing crypt cell proliferation and regeneration, promoting differentiation and apoptosis, and repressing development of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan-Fen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Reetesh K Pai
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Holmberg FE, Seidelin JB, Yin X, Mead BE, Tong Z, Li Y, Karp JM, Nielsen OH. Culturing human intestinal stem cells for regenerative applications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:558-570. [PMID: 28283650 PMCID: PMC5412884 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally; in the industrialized world up to 0.5% of the population are affected and around 4.2 million individuals suffer from IBD in Europe and North America combined. Successful engraftment in experimental colitis models suggests that intestinal stem cell transplantation could constitute a novel treatment strategy to re-establish mucosal barrier function in patients with severe disease. Intestinal stem cells can be grown in vitro in organoid structures, though only a fraction of the cells contained are stem cells with regenerative capabilities. Hence, techniques to enrich stem cell populations are being pursued through the development of multiple two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture protocols, as well as co-culture techniques and multiple growth medium compositions. Moreover, research in support matrices allowing for efficient clinical application is in progress. In vitro culture is accomplished by modulating the signaling pathways fundamental for the stem cell niche with a suitable culture matrix to provide additional contact-dependent stimuli and structural support. The aim of this review was to discuss medium compositions and support matrices for optimal intestinal stem cell culture, as well as potential modifications to advance clinical use in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eo Holmberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Xiaolei Yin
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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22
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Gassler N. Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:150-160. [PMID: 29184701 PMCID: PMC5696613 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including α-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Braunschweig 38114, Germany
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De Francesco F, Romano M, Zarantonello L, Ruffolo C, Neri D, Bassi N, Giordano A, Zanus G, Ferraro GA, Cillo U. The role of adipose stem cells in inflammatory bowel disease: From biology to novel therapeutic strategies. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:889-98. [PMID: 27414952 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1210741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are an increasing phenomenon in western countries and in growing populations. The physiopathology of these conditions is linked to intestinal stem cells homeostasis and regenerative potential in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment. Patients with IBD present an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), or colitis associated cancer (CAC). Conventional treatment for IBD target the inflammatory process (and include anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs) with biological agents emerging as a therapeutic approach for non-responders to traditional therapy. Conventional treatment provides scarce results and present severe complications. The intestinal environment may host incoming stem cells, able to engraft in the epithelial damaged sites and differentiate. Therefore, stem cell therapies represent an emerging alternative in inflammatory bowel diseases, with current investigations on the use of haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, in particular adipose stem cells, apparently fundamental as regenerators and as immune-modulators. Here, we discuss stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Francesco
- a Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgery and Dental Specialties , School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples , Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- a Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgery and Dental Specialties , School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples , Italy
| | - Laura Zarantonello
- b Department of Surgery , Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy
| | - Cesare Ruffolo
- c Department of Surgery , Regional Center for hpb surgery, Regional Hospital of Treviso , TV , Italy
| | - Daniele Neri
- b Department of Surgery , Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy
| | - Nicolò Bassi
- c Department of Surgery , Regional Center for hpb surgery, Regional Hospital of Treviso , TV , Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- d Department of Medicine , Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Siena , Italy.,e Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- b Department of Surgery , Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ferraro
- a Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgery and Dental Specialties , School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples , Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- b Department of Surgery , Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy
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Préau L, Le Blay K, Saint Paul E, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA. Differential thyroid hormone sensitivity of fast cycling progenitors in the neurogenic niches of tadpoles and juvenile frogs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:138-51. [PMID: 26628040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in neural stem cell (NSC) niches where slow cycling stem cells give rise to faster cycling progenitors. In the adult mouse NSC niche thyroid hormone, T3, and its receptor TRα act as a neurogenic switch promoting progenitor cell cycle completion and neuronal differentiation. Little is known about whether and how T3 controls proliferation of differentially cycling cells during xenopus neurogenesis. To address this question, we first used Sox3 as a marker of stem cell and progenitor populations and then applied pulse-chase EdU/IdU incorporation experiments to identify Sox3-expressing slow cycling (NSC) and fast cycling progenitor cells. We focused on the lateral ventricle of Xenopus laevis and two distinct stages of development: late embryonic development (pre-metamorphic) and juvenile frogs (post-metamorphic). These stages were selected for their relatively stable thyroid hormone availability, either side of the major dynamic phase represented by metamorphosis. TRα expression was found in both pre and post-metamorphic neurogenic regions. However, exogenous T3 treatment only increased proliferation of the fast cycling Sox3+ cell population in post-metamorphic juveniles, having no detectable effect on proliferation in pre-metamorphic tadpoles. We hypothesised that the resistance of proliferative cells to exogenous T3 in pre-metamorphic tadpoles could be related to T3 inactivation by the inactivating Deiodinase 3 enzyme. Expression of dio3 was widespread in the tadpole neurogenic niche, but not in the juvenile neurogenic niche. Use of a T3-reporter transgenic line showed that in juveniles, T3 had a direct transcriptional effect on rapid cycling progenitors. Thus, the fast cycling progenitor cells in the neurogenic niche of tadpoles and juvenile frogs respond differentially to T3 as a function of developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Préau
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - K Le Blay
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - E Saint Paul
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - G Morvan-Dubois
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - B A Demeneix
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Date
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan;
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan;
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Luo L, Chen Y, Wu D, Shou J, Wang S, Ye J, Tang X, Wang XJ. Butylated hydroxyanisole induces distinct expression patterns of Nrf2 and detoxification enzymes in the liver and small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:339-48. [PMID: 26291391 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative in food, food packaging and medicines. Its chemopreventive properties are attributing to its ability to activate the transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which directs central genetic programs of detoxification and protection against oxidative stress. This study was to investigate the histological changes of Nrf2 and its regulated phase II enzymes Nqo1, AKR1B8, and Ho-1 in wild-type (WT) and Nrf2(-/-) mice induced by BHA. The mice were given a 200mg/kg oral dose of BHA daily for three days. Immunohistochemistry revealed that, in the liver from WT mice, BHA increased Nqo1 staining in hepatocytes, predominately in the pericentral region. In contrast, the induction of AKR1B8 appeared mostly in hepatocytes in the periportal region. The basal and inducible Ho-1 was located almost exclusively in Kupffer cells. In the small intestine from WT mice, the inducible expression patterns of Nqo1 and AKR1B8 were nearly identical to that of Nrf2, with more intense staining in the villus than that the crypt. Conversely, Keap1 was more highly expressed in the crypt, where the proliferative cells reside. Our study demonstrates that BHA elicited differential expression patterns of phase II-detoxifying enzymes in the liver and small intestine from WT but not Nrf2(-/-) mice, demonstrating a cell type specific response to BHA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Nantong, Nantong, PR China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Deqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiafeng Shou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shengcun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jie Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiu Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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27
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Zhong XY, Yu T, Zhong W, Li JY, Xia ZS, Yuan YH, Yu Z, Chen QK. Lgr5 positive stem cells sorted from small intestines of diabetic mice differentiate into higher proportion of absorptive cells and Paneth cells in vitro. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:453-465. [PMID: 26122164 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) can differentiate into all types of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a marker for IESC. Previous studies reported enhanced proliferation of IECs in diabetic mice. In this study, the in vitro differentiation of Lgr5 positive IESCs sorted from diabetic mice was further investigated. The diabetic mouse model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and crypt IECs were isolated from small intestines. Subsequently, Lgr5 positive IESCs were detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and sorted by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Differentiation of the sorted IESCs was investigated by detecting the IEC markers in the diabetic mice using immunostaining, quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analysis, which was compared with normal mice. We found that the proportion of Lgr5 positive cells in the crypt IECs of diabetic mice was higher than that of control mice (P < 0.05). Lgr5 positive IESCs could be significantly enriched in Lgr5 positive cell fraction sorted by MACS. Furthermore, the absorptive cell marker sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and the Paneth cell marker lysozyme 1 (Lyz1) were more highly expressed in the differentiated cells derived from Lgr5 positive IESCs of diabetic mice in vitro (P < 0.05). We demonstrate that the number of Lgr5 positive IESCs is significantly increased in the small intestines of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Lgr5 positive IESCs sorted from the diabetic mice can differentiate into a higher proportion of absorptive cells and Paneth cells in vitro. We characterized the expression of Lgr5 in the small intestine of diabetic mice, and sorted Lgr5 positive intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) for investigating their differentiation in vitro. We proved that the quantity of Lgr5 positive IESCs was significantly increased in the small intestines of diabetic mice. IESCs sorted from the diabetic mice can differentiate into a higher proportion of absorptive cells and Paneth cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yang Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Wa Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jie-Yao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yu-Hong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Qi-Kui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
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28
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Asfaha S, Hayakawa Y, Muley A, Stokes S, Graham TA, Ericksen RE, Westphalen CB, von Burstin J, Mastracci TL, Worthley DL, Guha C, Quante M, Rustgi AK, Wang TC. Krt19(+)/Lgr5(-) Cells Are Radioresistant Cancer-Initiating Stem Cells in the Colon and Intestine. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:627-38. [PMID: 26046762 PMCID: PMC4457942 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelium of the colon and intestine are renewed every 3 days. In the intestine there are at least two principal stem cell pools. The first contains rapid cycling crypt-based columnar (CBC) Lgr5(+) cells, and the second is composed of slower cycling Bmi1-expressing cells at the +4 position above the crypt base. In the colon, however, the identification of Lgr5(-) stem cell pools has proven more challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the intermediate filament keratin-19 (Krt19) marks long-lived, radiation-resistant cells above the crypt base that generate Lgr5(+) CBCs in the colon and intestine. In colorectal cancer models, Krt19(+) cancer-initiating cells are also radioresistant, while Lgr5(+) stem cells are radiosensitive. Moreover, Lgr5(+) stem cells are dispensable in both the normal and neoplastic colonic epithelium, as ablation of Lgr5(+) stem cells results in their regeneration from Krt19-expressing cells. Thus, Krt19(+) stem cells are a discrete target relevant for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ashlesha Muley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Stokes
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Russell E Ericksen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johannes von Burstin
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chandhan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10467, USA
| | - Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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29
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Sancho R, Cremona CA, Behrens A. Stem cell and progenitor fate in the mammalian intestine: Notch and lateral inhibition in homeostasis and disease. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:571-81. [PMID: 25855643 PMCID: PMC4428041 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of cell fate decisions is vital to build functional organs and maintain normal tissue homeostasis, and many pathways and processes cooperate to direct cells to an appropriate final identity. Because of its continuously renewing state and its carefully organised hierarchy, the mammalian intestine has become a powerful model to dissect these pathways in health and disease. One of the signalling pathways that is key to maintaining the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium is the Notch pathway, most famous for specifying distinct cell fates in adjacent cells via the evolutionarily conserved process of lateral inhibition. Here, we will review recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how cell fate in the mammalian intestine is decided by Notch and lateral inhibition, focusing on the molecular determinants that regulate protein turnover, transcriptional control and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Sancho
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Catherine A Cremona
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Nakamura T. Epithelial regeneration by transplantation of cultured intestinal stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Stange DE, Clevers H. Concise review: the yin and yang of intestinal (cancer) stem cells and their progenitors. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2287-95. [PMID: 23836510 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has developed over the last few years into a prime model system for adult stem cell research. Intestinal cells have an average lifetime of 5 days, moving within this time from the bottom of intestinal crypts to the top of villi. This rapid self-renewal capacity combined with an easy to follow (mostly) unidirectional movement of cells offers an ideal site to conduct adult stem cell research. The delineation of the active pathways in the intestinal epithelium together with the development of molecular techniques to prove stemness laid the grounds for the identification of the intestinal stem cell. In vitro systems and transgenic mouse models broaden our knowledge on the role of the stem cell niche and those cells that reestablish homeostasis after perturbation of the system. These insights expedited also research on the role of normal adult stem cells in cancer initiation and the factors influencing the maintenance of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Stange
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Abstract
As stem cells (SCs) in adult organs continue to be identified and characterized, it becomes clear that their survival, quiescence, and activation depend on specific signals in their microenvironment, or niche. Although adult SCs of diverse tissues differ by their developmental origin, cycling activity, and regenerative capacity, there appear to be conserved similarities regarding the cellular and molecular components of the SC niche. Interestingly, many organs house both slow-cycling and fast-cycling SC populations, which rely on the coexistence of quiescent and inductive niches for proper regulation. In this review we present a general definition of adult SC niches in the most studied mammalian systems. We further focus on dissecting their cellular organization and on highlighting recently identified key molecular regulators. Finally, we detail the potential involvement of the SC niche in tissue degeneration, with a particular emphasis on aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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33
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Schuijers J, van der Flier LG, van Es J, Clevers H. Robust cre-mediated recombination in small intestinal stem cells utilizing the olfm4 locus. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:234-41. [PMID: 25254337 PMCID: PMC4175542 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the small intestine is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in mammals. We previously demonstrated the existence of a long-lived pool of cycling stem cells defined by Lgr5 expression at the bottom of intestinal crypts. An Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreERT2 knockin allele has been instrumental in characterizing and profiling these cells, yet its low level expression and its silencing in patches of adjacent crypts have not allowed quantitative gene deletion. Olfactomedin-4 (Olfm4) has emerged from a gene signature of Lgr5 stem cells as a robust marker for murine small intestinal stem cells. We observe that Olfm4(null) animals show no phenotype and report the generation of an Olfm4-IRES-eGFPCreERT2 knockin mouse model that allows visualization and genetic manipulation of Lgr5+ stem cells in the epithelium of the small intestine. The eGFPCreERT2 fusion protein faithfully marks all stem cells in the small intestine and induces the activation of a conditional LacZ reporter with robust efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurian Schuijers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens G van der Flier
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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34
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De Mey JR, Freund JN. Understanding epithelial homeostasis in the intestine: An old battlefield of ideas, recent breakthroughs and remaining controversies. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24965. [PMID: 24665395 PMCID: PMC3879175 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes the barrier between the gut lumen and the rest of the body and a very actively renewing cell population. The crypt/villus and crypt/cuff units of the mouse small intestine and colon are its basic functional units. The field is confronted with competing concepts with regard to the nature of the cells that are responsible for all the day-to day cell replacement and those that act to regenerate the tissue upon injury and with two diametrically opposed models for lineage specification. The review revisits groundbreaking pioneering studies to provide non expert readers and crypt watchers with a factual analysis of the origins of the current models deduced from the latest spectacular advances. It also discusses recent progress made by addressing these issues in the crypts of the colon, which need to be better understood, since they are the preferred sites of major pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R De Mey
- CNRS, UMR 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Noël Freund
- Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France ; INSERM_U113; Strasbourg, France ; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle; Strasbourg, France
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Wang N, Zhang W, Cui J, Zhang H, Chen X, Li R, Wu N, Chen X, Wen S, Zhang J, Yin L, Deng F, Liao Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Yan Z, Liu W, Ye J, Deng Y, Wang Z, Qiao M, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Shi LL, Liang H, He TC. The piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T antigen efficiently immortalizes mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97316. [PMID: 24845466 PMCID: PMC4028212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like multipotent progenitor cells and can undergo self-renewal and differentiate into to multiple lineages, including bone, cartilage and adipose. Primary MEFs have limited life span in culture, which thus hampers MEFs’ basic research and translational applications. To overcome this challenge, we investigate if piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T antigen can effectively immortalize mouse MEFs and that the immortalized MEFs can maintain long-term cell proliferation without compromising their multipotency. Using the piggyBac vector MPH86 which expresses SV40 T antigen flanked with flippase (FLP) recognition target (FRT) sites, we demonstrate that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) can be efficiently immortalized. The immortalized MEFs (piMEFs) exhibit an enhanced proliferative activity and maintain long-term cell proliferation, which can be reversed by FLP recombinase. The piMEFs express most MEF markers and retain multipotency as they can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages upon BMP9 stimulation in vitro. Stem cell implantation studies indicate that piMEFs can form bone, cartilage and adipose tissues upon BMP9 stimulation, whereas FLP-mediated removal of SV40 T antigen diminishes the ability of piMEFs to differentiate into these lineages, possibly due to the reduced expansion of progenitor populations. Our results demonstrate that piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T can effectively immortalize MEFs and that the reversibly immortalized piMEFs not only maintain long-term cell proliferation but also retain their multipotency. Thus, the high transposition efficiency and the potential footprint-free natures may render piggyBac transposition an effective and safe strategy to immortalize progenitor cells isolated from limited tissue supplies, which is essential for basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ruidong Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhan Liao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (TCH)
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (TCH)
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Piscaglia AC. Intestinal stem cells and celiac disease. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:213-229. [PMID: 24772248 PMCID: PMC3999779 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are the key to tissue genesis and regeneration. Given their central role in homeostasis, dysfunctions of the SC compartment play a pivotal role in the development of cancers, degenerative disorders, chronic inflammatory pathologies and organ failure. The gastrointestinal tract is constantly exposed to harsh mechanical and chemical conditions and most of the epithelial cells are replaced every 3 to 5 d. According to the so-called Unitarian hypothesis, this renewal is driven by a common intestinal stem cell (ISC) residing within the crypt base at the origin of the crypt-to-villus hierarchical migratory pattern. Celiac disease (CD) can be defined as a chronic immune-mediated disease that is triggered and maintained by dietary proteins (gluten) in genetically predisposed individuals. Many advances have been achieved over the last years in understanding of the pathogenic interactions among genetic, immunological and environmental factors in CD, with a particular emphasis on intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Conversely, little is known about ISC modulation and deregulation in active celiac disease and upon a gluten-free diet. Nonetheless, bone marrow-derived SC transplantation has become an option for celiac patients with complicated or refractory disease. This manuscript summarizes the “state of the art” regarding CD and ISCs, their niche and potential role in the development and treatment of the disease.
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Makarev E, Gorivodsky M. Islet1 and its co-factor Ldb1 are expressed in quiescent cells of mouse intestinal epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95256. [PMID: 24755910 PMCID: PMC3995853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet1 belongs to Lim homeobox (Lhx) gene family which encodes transcription factors that have been conserved in evolution. They form complexes with other transcriptional regulators, among them obligatory co-factors encoded by Ldb genes. Isl1 (Islet1), Lhx and Ldb1 genes play a crucial role in organ patterning, cell fate determination and cell differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. In this study we analyzed expression pattern of Isl1 and its co-factor Ldb1 in small intestine. We also studied the biological role of Ldb1 in gut endoderm. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a relatively high level of expression of Lhx1, Isl1, Isl2, Lmx1a, Ldb1 and Ldb2 mRNAs in the gut tissue as compared to the level of less abundant detectable Lmx1b mRNA. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a unique pattern of Ldb1 and Islet1 proteins in the crypt compartment. Ldb1 is produced at a low level in majority of crypt cells; but, its abundant expression was demonstrated for some single cells. Islet1 is also expressed in single cells of the crypt. Double staining experiments with Ldb1 and Isl1 antibodies showed that both genes are co-expressed in certain cells of the crypt. Further analysis revealed the Ldb1-expressing cells in the gut are both of endodermal and mesodermal origin. Proliferation studies using antibodies to phospho-histone H3 and Ki-67 antigens, as well as long-term BrdU labeling, showed that cells prominently expressing Ldb1/Islet1 are quiescent but do not belong to any known terminally differentiated cell lineages. They may represent a group of stem-like cells in the crypt. Further experiments by cell lineage tracing should be performed to better characterize this cell population. Functional studies of mice with Ldb1 gene ablated in gut endoderm revealed no specific role of Ldb1 in that tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Makarev
- Section on Mammalian Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marat Gorivodsky
- Section on Mammalian Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim HJ, Ingber DE. Gut-on-a-Chip microenvironment induces human intestinal cells to undergo villus differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1130-40. [PMID: 23817533 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Existing in vitro models of human intestinal function commonly rely on use of established epithelial cell lines, such as Caco-2 cells, which form polarized epithelial monolayers but fail to mimic more complex intestinal functions that are required for drug development and disease research. We show here that a microfluidic 'Gut-on-a-Chip' technology that exposes cultured cells to physiological peristalsis-like motions and liquid flow can be used to induce human Caco-2 cells to spontaneously undergo robust morphogenesis of three-dimensional (3D) intestinal villi. The cells of that line these villus structures are linked by tight junctions, and covered by brush borders and mucus. They also reconstitute basal proliferative crypts that populate the villi along the crypt-villus axis, and form four different types of differentiated epithelial cells (absorptive, mucus-secretory, enteroendocrine, and Paneth) that take characteristic positions similar to those observed in living human small intestine. Formation of these intestinal villi also results in exposure of increased intestinal surface area that mimics the absorptive efficiency of human intestine, as well enhanced cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform-based drug metabolizing activity compared to conventional Caco-2 cell monolayers cultured in a static Transwell system. The ability of the human Gut-on-a-Chip to recapitulate the 3D structures, differentiated cell types, and multiple physiological functions of normal human intestinal villi may provide a powerful alternative in vitro model for studies on intestinal physiology and digestive diseases, as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, CLSB Bldg. 5th floor, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Carulli AJ, Samuelson LC, Schnell S. Unraveling intestinal stem cell behavior with models of crypt dynamics. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:243-57. [PMID: 24480852 PMCID: PMC4007491 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The definition, regulation and function of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) has been hotly debated. Recent discoveries have started to clarify the nature of ISCs, but many questions remain. This review discusses the current advances and controversies of ISC biology as well as theoretical compartmental models that have been coupled with in vivo experimentation to investigate the mechanisms of ISC dynamics during homeostasis, tumorigenesis, repair and development. We conclude our review by discussing the key lingering questions in the field and proposing how many of these questions can be addressed using both compartmental models and experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Carulli
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- Department for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES SRY (sex determining region Y) box 9 (SOX9) plays a key role in the embryologic development, differentiation, and maintenance of organs in the pancreas as well as progression of several kinds of tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and potential role of SOX9 in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. METHODS The authors selected 27 pathological tissues from 19 IPMN cases to assess the expression of SOX9 by means of immunohistochemistry and analyzed the expression pattern of SOX9 with 78 lesions obtained from these tissues stained by SOX9. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed in the normal pancreas, IPMN, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. SOX9-positive cells were confined to the lower portions of the papillary structures of IPMN. However, SOX9 was expressed in the entire epithelium once the neoplasms advanced to high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. The expression pattern of SOX9 was similar to that of CD44 in the normal pancreas and IPMN. Double staining of SOX9 and CD44 detected colocalization of SOX9 and CD44 in IPMN. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the SOX9 expression pattern may be involved in the mechanisms of the malignant progression of IPMN.
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Boman BM, Fields JZ. An APC:WNT Counter-Current-Like Mechanism Regulates Cell Division Along the Human Colonic Crypt Axis: A Mechanism That Explains How APC Mutations Induce Proliferative Abnormalities That Drive Colon Cancer Development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:244. [PMID: 24224156 PMCID: PMC3819610 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APC normally down-regulates WNT signaling in human colon, and APC mutations cause proliferative abnormalities in premalignant crypts leading to colon cancer, but the mechanisms are unclear at the level of spatial and functional organization of the crypt. Accordingly, we postulated a counter-current-like mechanism based on gradients of factors (APC;WNT) that regulate colonocyte proliferation along the crypt axis. During crypt renewal, stem cells (SCs) at the crypt bottom generate non-SC daughter cells that proliferate and differentiate while migrating upwards. The APC concentration is low at the crypt bottom and high at the top (where differentiated cells reside). WNT signaling, in contrast, is high at the bottom (where SCs reside) and low at the top. Given that WNT and APC gradients are counter to one another, we hypothesized that a counter-current-like mechanism exists. Since both APC and WNT signaling components (e.g., survivin) are required for mitosis, this mechanism establishes a zone in the lower crypt where conditions are optimal for maximal cell division and mitosis orientation (symmetric versus asymmetric). APC haploinsufficiency diminishes the APC gradient, shifts the proliferative zone upwards, and increases symmetric division, which causes SC overpopulation. In homozygote mutant crypts, these changes are exacerbated. Thus, APC-mutation-induced changes in the counter-current-like mechanism cause expansion of proliferative populations (SCs, rapidly proliferating cells) during tumorigenesis. We propose this mechanism also drives crypt fission, functions in the crypt cycle, and underlies adenoma development. Novel chemoprevention approaches designed to normalize the two gradients and readjust the proliferative zone downwards, might thwart progression of these premalignant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Boman
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The generation of chimeras, which is now a standard technology for producing gene modified mutant mice, was originally developed as a tool for developmental biology. However, the application of conventional single marker chimeric mice for developmental study was initially limited. This situation has been dramatically changed by development of multicolor chimeric mice using various kinds of fluorescent proteins. Now using our technology, up to ten different clones could be distinguished by their colors, which enable us to perform more accurate statistical analyses and lineage tracing experiments than by conventional methods. This method could be applied to visualize not only cell turnover of normal stem cells but also cancer development of live tissues in vivo. In the present review, we will discuss how these methods have been developed and what questions they are now answering by mainly focusing on intestinal stem cells and intestinal tumors.
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Yeretssian G. Effector functions of NLRs in the intestine: innate sensing, cell death, and disease. Immunol Res 2013; 54:25-36. [PMID: 22454103 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are central regulators of pathogen recognition, the induction of innate immune effectors and inflammation with utmost importance in human diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Most NLRs are key mediators of inflammasome complexes that activate caspase-1 and drive proteolytic processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, a few tightly regulate inflammasome-independent activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. NLR signaling has evolved in intestinal epithelial cells to avoid overactive inflammatory responses toward the resident microbiota and to preserve epithelial barrier integrity and functions by maintaining homeostasis. In the present review, I examine new insights into the role of the NLRs in antimicrobial defenses. I pay particular attention to the emerging role of these receptors in engaging a complex cross talk between cell death and innate immunity pathways. Furthermore, I discuss the physiological functions of the NLRs in shaping the innate immune response within the intestine, maintaining homeostasis, inducing tissue repair following injury and promoting tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garabet Yeretssian
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn Medical Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation in chromatin is dispensable for Wnt pathway-specific and other intestinal epithelial functions. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1735-45. [PMID: 23428873 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01463-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of H3K79 is associated with chromatin at expressed genes, though it is unclear if this histone modification is required for transcription of all genes. Recent studies suggest that Wnt-responsive genes depend particularly on H3K79 methylation, which is catalyzed by the methyltransferase DOT1L. Human leukemias carrying MLL gene rearrangements show DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and aberrant expression of leukemogenic genes. DOT1L inhibitors reverse these effects, but their clinical use is potentially limited by toxicity in Wnt-dependent tissues such as intestinal epithelium. Genome-wide positioning of the H3K79me2 mark in Lgr5(+) mouse intestinal stem cells and mature intestinal villus epithelium correlated with expression levels of all transcripts and not with Wnt-responsive genes per se. Selective Dot1l disruption in Lgr5(+) stem cells or in whole intestinal epithelium eliminated H3K79me2 from the respective compartments, allowing genetic evaluation of DOT1L requirements. The absence of methylated H3K79 did not impair health, intestinal homeostasis, or expression of Wnt target genes in crypt epithelium for up to 4 months, despite increased crypt cell apoptosis. Global transcript profiles in Dot1l-null cells were barely altered. Thus, H3K79 methylation is not essential for transcription of Wnt-responsive or other intestinal genes, and intestinal toxicity is not imperative when DOT1L is rendered inactive in vivo.
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Wilke M, Bot A, Jorna H, Scholte BJ, de Jonge HR. Rescue of murine F508del CFTR activity in native intestine by low temperature and proteasome inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52070. [PMID: 23284872 PMCID: PMC3528711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) carry at least one allele with the F508del mutation, resulting in a CFTR chloride channel protein with a processing, gating and stability defect, but with substantial residual activity when correctly sorted to the apical membranes of epithelial cells. New therapies are therefore aimed at improving the folding and trafficking of F508del CFTR, (CFTR correctors) or at enhancing the open probability of the CFTR chloride channel (CFTR potentiators). Preventing premature breakdown of F508del CFTR is an alternative or additional strategy, which is investigated in this study. We established an ex vivo assay for murine F508del CFTR rescue in native intestinal epithelium that can be used as a pre-clinical test for candidate therapeutics. Overnight incubation of muscle stripped ileum in modified William's E medium at low temperature (26°C), and 4 h or 6 h incubation at 37°C with different proteasome inhibitors (PI: ALLN, MG-132, epoxomicin, PS341/bortezomib) resulted in fifty to hundred percent respectively of the wild type CFTR mediated chloride secretion (forskolin induced short-circuit current). The functional rescue was accompanied by enhanced expression of the murine F508del CFTR protein at the apical surface of intestinal crypts and a gain in the amount of complex-glycosylated CFTR (band C) up to 20% of WT levels. Sustained rescue in the presence of brefeldin A shows the involvement of a post-Golgi compartment in murine F508del CFTR degradation, as was shown earlier for its human counterpart. Our data show that proteasome inhibitors are promising candidate compounds for improving rescue of human F508del CFTR function, in combination with available correctors and potentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Muniz LR, Knosp C, Yeretssian G. Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis, infection, and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:310. [PMID: 23087688 PMCID: PMC3466489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including defensins and cathelicidins, constitute an arsenal of innate regulators of paramount importance in the gut. The intestinal epithelium is exposed to myriad of enteric pathogens and these endogenous peptides are essential to fend off microbes and protect against infections. It is becoming increasingly evident that AMPs shape the composition of the commensal microbiota and help maintain intestinal homeostasis. They contribute to innate immunity, hence playing important functions in health and disease. AMP expression is tightly controlled by the engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their impairment is linked to abnormal host responses to infection and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review, we provide an overview of the mucosal immune barriers and the intricate crosstalk between the host and the microbiota during homeostasis. We focus on the AMPs and pay particular attention to how PRRs promote their secretion in the intestine. Furthermore, we discuss their production and main functions in three different scenarios, at steady state, throughout infection with enteric pathogens and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Muniz
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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de Lau W, Kujala P, Schneeberger K, Middendorp S, Li VSW, Barker N, Martens A, Hofhuis F, DeKoter RP, Peters PJ, Nieuwenhuis E, Clevers H. Peyer's patch M cells derived from Lgr5(+) stem cells require SpiB and are induced by RankL in cultured "miniguts". Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3639-47. [PMID: 22778137 PMCID: PMC3430189 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00434-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peyer's patches consist of domains of specialized intestinal epithelium overlying gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Luminal antigens reach the GALT by translocation through epithelial gatekeeper cells, the so-called M cells. We recently demonstrated that all epithelial cells required for the digestive functions of the intestine are generated from Lgr5-expressing stem cells. Here, we show that M cells also derive from these crypt-based Lgr5 stem cells. The Ets family transcription factor SpiB, known to control effector functions of bone marrow-derived immune cells, is specifically expressed in M cells. In SpiB(-/-) mice, M cells are entirely absent, which occurs in a cell-autonomous fashion. It has been shown that Tnfsf11 (RankL) can induce M cell development in vivo. We show that in intestinal organoid ("minigut") cultures, stimulation with RankL induces SpiB expression within 24 h and expression of other M cell markers subsequently. We conclude that RankL-induced expression of SpiB is essential for Lgr5 stem cell-derived epithelial precursors to develop into M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim de Lau
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian S. W. Li
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Martens
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Hofhuis
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodney P. DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Peters
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pastò A, Marchesi M, Diamantini A, Frasson C, Curtarello M, Lago C, Pilotto G, Parenti AR, Esposito G, Agostini M, Nitti D, Amadori A. PKH26 staining defines distinct subsets of normal human colon epithelial cells at different maturation stages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43379. [PMID: 22927961 PMCID: PMC3425557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colon crypts are characterized by a hierarchy of cells distributed along the crypt axis. Aim of this paper was to develop an in vitro system for separation of epithelial cell subsets in different maturation stages from normal human colon. METHODOLOGY AND MAJOR FINDINGS Dissociated colonic epithelial cells were stained with PKH26, which allows identification of distinct populations based on their proliferation rate, and cultured in vitro in the absence of serum. The cytofluorimetric expression of CK20, Msi-1 and Lgr5 was studied. The mRNA levels of several stemness-associated genes were also compared in cultured cell populations and in three colon crypt populations isolated by microdissection. A PKH(pos) population survived in culture and formed spheroids; this population included subsets with slow (PKH(high)) and rapid (PKH(low)) replicative rates. Molecular analysis revealed higher mRNA levels of both Msi-1 and Lgr-5 in PKH(high) cells; by cytofluorimetric analysis, Msi-1(+)/Lgr5(+) cells were only found within PKH(high) cells, whereas Msi-1(+)/Lgr5(-) cells were also observed in the PKH(low) population. As judged by qRT-PCR analysis, the expression of several stemness-associated markers (Bmi-1, EphB2, EpCAM, ALDH1) was highly enriched in Msi-1(+)/Lgr5(+) cells. While CK20 expression was mainly found in PKH(low) and PKH(neg) cells, a small PKH(high) subset co-expressed both CK20 and Msi-1, but not Lgr5; cells with these properties also expressed Mucin, and could be identified in vivo in colon crypts. These results mirrored those found in cells isolated from different crypt portions by microdissection, and based on proliferation rates and marker expression they allowed to define several subsets at different maturation stages: PKH(high)/Lgr5(+)/Msi-1(+)/CK20(-), PKH(high)/Lgr5(-)/Msi-1(+)/CK20(+), PKH(low)/Lgr5(-)/Msi-1(+)/Ck20(-), and PKH(low)/Lgr5(-)/Msi-1(-)/CK20(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data show the possibility of deriving in vitro, without any selection strategy, several distinct cell subsets of human colon epithelial cells, which recapitulate the phenotypic and molecular profile of cells in a discrete crypt location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastò
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marchesi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adamo Diamantini
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Lago
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pilotto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Rosita Parenti
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Agostini
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Oncologico Veneto, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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49
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Stelzner M, Helmrath M, Dunn JCY, Henning SJ, Houchen CW, Kuo C, Lynch J, Li L, Magness ST, Martin MG, Wong MH, Yu J. A nomenclature for intestinal in vitro cultures. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1359-63. [PMID: 22461030 PMCID: PMC3378093 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00493.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many advances have been reported in the long-term culture of intestinal mucosal cells in recent years. A significant number of publications have described new culture media, cell formations, and growth patterns. Furthermore, it is now possible to study, e.g., the capabilities of isolated stem cells or the interactions between stem cells and mesenchyme. However, at the moment there is significant variation in the way these structures are described and named. A standardized nomenclature would benefit the ability to communicate and compare findings from different laboratories using the different culture systems. To address this issue, members of the NIH Intestinal Stem Cell Consortium herein propose a systematic nomenclature for in vitro cultures of the small and large intestine. We begin by describing the structures that are generated by preparative steps. We then define and describe structures produced in vitro, specifically: enterosphere, enteroid, reconstituted intestinal organoid, induced intestinal organoid, colonosphere, colonoid, and colonic organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stelzner
- UCLA/VA Greater Los Angeles, 11301 Wilshire Blvd. (10H2) Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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50
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Muñoz J, Stange DE, Schepers AG, van de Wetering M, Koo BK, Itzkovitz S, Volckmann R, Kung KS, Koster J, Radulescu S, Myant K, Versteeg R, Sansom OJ, van Es JH, Barker N, van Oudenaarden A, Mohammed S, Heck AJR, Clevers H. The Lgr5 intestinal stem cell signature: robust expression of proposed quiescent '+4' cell markers. EMBO J 2012; 31:3079-91. [PMID: 22692129 PMCID: PMC3400017 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of stem cells are currently defined in small intestinal crypts: cycling crypt base columnar (CBC) cells and quiescent '+4' cells. Here, we combine transcriptomics with proteomics to define a definitive molecular signature for Lgr5(+) CBC cells. Transcriptional profiling of FACS-sorted Lgr5(+) stem cells and their daughters using two microarray platforms revealed an mRNA stem cell signature of 384 unique genes. Quantitative mass spectrometry on the same cell populations identified 278 proteins enriched in intestinal stem cells. The mRNA and protein data sets showed a high level of correlation and a combined signature of 510 stem cell-enriched genes was defined. Spatial expression patterns were further characterized by mRNA in-situ hybridization, revealing that approximately half of the genes were expressed in a gradient with highest levels at the crypt bottom, while the other half was expressed uniquely in Lgr5(+)stem cells. Lineage tracing using a newly established knock-in mouse for one of the signature genes, Smoc2, confirmed its stem cell specificity. Using this resource, we find-and confirm by independent approaches-that the proposed quiescent/'+4' stem cell markers Bmi1, Tert, Hopx and Lrig1 are robustly expressed in CBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Muñoz
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout G Schepers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin S Kung
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kevin Myant
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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