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Kollár L, Gobec M, Proj M, Smrdel L, Knez D, Imre T, Gömöry Á, Petri L, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Csányi D, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Sosič I, Keserű GM. Fragment-Sized and Bidentate (Immuno)Proteasome Inhibitors Derived from Cysteine and Threonine Targeting Warheads. Cells 2021; 10:3431. [PMID: 34943940 PMCID: PMC8700061 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive- and immunoproteasomes are part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is responsible for the protein homeostasis. Selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome offers opportunities for the treatment of numerous diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and hematologic malignancies. Although several inhibitors have been reported, selective nonpeptidic inhibitors are sparse. Here, we describe two series of compounds that target both proteasomes. First, benzoxazole-2-carbonitriles as fragment-sized covalent immunoproteasome inhibitors are reported. Systematic substituent scans around the fragment core of benzoxazole-2-carbonitrile led to compounds with single digit micromolar inhibition of the β5i subunit. Experimental and computational reactivity studies revealed that the substituents do not affect the covalent reactivity of the carbonitrile warhead, but mainly influence the non-covalent recognition. Considering the small size of the inhibitors, this finding emphasizes the importance of the non-covalent recognition step in the covalent mechanism of action. As a follow-up series, bidentate inhibitors are disclosed, in which electrophilic heterocyclic fragments, i.e., 2-vinylthiazole, benzoxazole-2-carbonitrile, and benzimidazole-2-carbonitrile were linked to threonine-targeting (R)-boroleucine moieties. These compounds were designed to bind both the Thr1 and β5i-subunit-specific residue Cys48. However, inhibitory activities against (immuno)proteasome subunits showed that bidentate compounds inhibit the β5, β5i, β1, and β1i subunits with submicromolar to low-micromolar IC50 values. Inhibitory assays against unrelated enzymes showed that compounds from both series are selective for proteasomes. The presented nonpeptidic and covalent derivatives are suitable hit compounds for the development of either β5i-selective immunoproteasome inhibitors or compounds targeting multiple subunits of both proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kollár
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Matic Proj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Lara Smrdel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Dorottya Csányi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
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Liu H, Zhou H, Du H, Xiao Q, Pistolozzi M. Kinetically-controlled mechanism-based isolation of metabolic serine hydrolases in active form from complex proteomes: butyrylcholinesterase as a case study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38505-38519. [PMID: 35540231 PMCID: PMC9075836 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07583f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work an activity-based probe containing a carbamate group was designed to isolate human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE), a metabolic serine hydrolase (mSH), from complex proteomes. The method took advantage of the native interaction mechanism of mSHs with carbamate pseudo-substrates for temporarily capturing the enzyme on a resin functionalized with the carbamate probe and releasing the enzyme in active form after removal of the contaminating proteins. The isolation relied on the possibility of manipulating the carbamylation and decarbamylation kinetics favoring the former during the capture and wash steps and the latter in the release step. The designed probe captured and released all the active hBChE isoenzymes present in plasma with high selectivity (up to ∼2000-fold purification) and reasonable yields (17% to 36%). The parameters affecting the performance were the incubation time used in the load and elution steps, the plasma to resin volumetric ratio, the elution temperature and the nature and concentration of the eluting agent. The carbamate resin could be prepared either by coupling a fully synthesized probe with an activated resin or by building the probe onto the resin by a step-by-step procedure, without major differences in performance between the two routes. The prepared resins allowed to process up to about 8.5 mL of plasma per g of resin with constant performance. Since the method was based on the general catalytic cycle of mSHs, we expect this approach to be applicable to other enzymes of the family, by selecting a suitable target-selective feature to link to the carbamate group. The modulation of the equilibrium between carbamylation and decarbamylation kinetics is used to isolate a model metabolic serine hydrolase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiao Du
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Xiao
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Marco Pistolozzi
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
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Dato FM, Sheikh M, Uhl RZ, Schüller AW, Steinkrüger M, Koch P, Neudörfl JM, Gütschow M, Goldfuss B, Pietsch M. ω-Phthalimidoalkyl Aryl Ureas as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cholesterol Esterase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1833-1847. [PMID: 30004170 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (CEase), a serine hydrolase thought to be involved in atherogenesis and thus coronary heart disease, is considered as a target for inhibitor development. We investigated recombinant human and murine CEases with a new fluorometric assay in a structure-activity relationship study of a small library of ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas. The urea motif with an attached 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group and the aromatic character of the ω-phthalimide residue were most important for inhibitory activity. In addition, an alkyl chain composed of three or four methylene groups, connecting the urea and phthalimide moieties, was found to be an optimal spacer for inhibitors. The so-optimized compounds 2 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)urea] and 21 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)urea] exhibited dissociation constants (Ki ) of 1-19 μm on the two CEases and showed either a competitive (2 on the human enzyme and 21 on the murine enzyme) or a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. Two related serine hydrolases-monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase-were inhibited by ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Dato
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Sheikh
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rocky Z Uhl
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra W Schüller
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Steinkrüger
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Quantitative estimation of cholinesterase-specific drug metabolism of carbamate inhibitors provided by the analysis of the area under the inhibition-time curve. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:167-174. [PMID: 28468728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several molecules containing carbamate groups are metabolized by cholinesterases. This metabolism includes a time-dependent catalytic step which temporary inhibits the enzymes. In this paper we demonstrate that the analysis of the area under the inhibition versus time curve (AUIC) can be used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the amount of carbamate metabolized by the enzyme. (R)-bambuterol monocarbamate and plasma butyrylcholinesterase were used as model carbamate-cholinesterase system. The inhibition of different concentrations of the enzyme was monitored for 5h upon incubation with different concentrations of carbamate and the resulting AUICs were analyzed. The amount of carbamate metabolized could be estimated with <15% accuracy (RE%) and ≤23% precision (RSD%). Since the knowledge of the inhibition kinetics is not required for the analysis, this approach could be used to determine the amount of drug metabolized by cholinesterases in a selected compartment in which the cholinesterase is confined (e.g. in vitro solutions, tissues or body fluids), either in vitro or in vivo.
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Xiao Q, Zhou H, Wei H, Du H, Tan W, Zhan Y, Pistolozzi M. A new method to characterize the kinetics of cholinesterases inhibited by carbamates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xie Q, Zheng Z, Shao B, Fu W, Xia Z, Li W, Sun J, Zheng W, Zhang W, Sheng W, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang H, Qiu Z. Pharmacophore-based design and discovery of (-)-meptazinol carbamates as dual modulators of cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:659-671. [PMID: 28274151 PMCID: PMC6009976 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional carbamate-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with anti-amyloidogenic properties like phenserine are potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We reported here the design of new carbamates using pharmacophore model strategy to modulate both cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. A five-feature pharmacophore model was generated based on 25 carbamate-type training set compounds. (-)-Meptazinol carbamates that superimposed well upon the model were designed and synthesized, which exhibited nanomolar AChE inhibitory potency and good anti-amyloidogenic properties in in vitro test. The phenylcarbamate 43 was highly potent (IC50 31.6 nM) and slightly selective for AChE, and showed low acute toxicity. In enzyme kinetics assay, 43 exhibited uncompetitive inhibition and reacted by pseudo-irreversible mechanism. 43 also showed amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering effects (51.9% decrease of Aβ42) superior to phenserine (31% decrease of total Aβ) in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells at 50 µM. The dual actions of 43 on cholinergic and amyloidogenic pathways indicated potential uses as symptomatic and disease-modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xie
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Biyun Shao
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xia
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,c NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhuibai Qiu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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7
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Benzoflavones as cholesterol esterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:850-854. [PMID: 28117203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A library of forty 7,8-benzoflavone derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory potential against cholesterol esterase (CEase). Among all the synthesized compounds seven benzoflavone derivatives (A-7, A-8, A-10, A-11, A-12, A-13, A-15) exhibited significant inhibition against CEase in in vitro enzymatic assay. Compound A-12 showed the most promising activity with IC50 value of 0.78nM against cholesterol esterase. Enzyme kinetic studies carried out for A-12, revealed its mixed-type inhibition approach. Molecular protein-ligand docking studies were also performed to figure out the key binding interactions of A-12 with the amino acid residues of the enzyme's active site. The A-12 fits well at the catalytic site and is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. It completely blocks the catalytic assembly of CEase and prevents it to participate in ester hydrolysis mechanism. The favorable binding conformation of A-12 suggests its prevailing role as CEase inhibitor.
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Shen YF, Chen GH, Lin SH, Lin G. S-endo-2-Norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamate as a PotentialPseudomonasLipase Inhibitor to Probe the Enantioselectivity of the Enzyme by Kinetic and Molecular Docking Evaluation. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Montanari S, Scalvini L, Bartolini M, Belluti F, Gobbi S, Andrisano V, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V, Rivara S, Mor M, Bisi A, Rampa A. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE): Networked Targets for the Development of Carbamates as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6387-406. [PMID: 27309570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of the endocannabinoid system is emerging as a viable avenue for the treatment of neurodegeneration, being involved in neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory processes. In particular, indirectly enhancing endocannabinoid signaling to therapeutic levels through FAAH inhibition might be beneficial for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, effectively preventing or slowing the progression of the disease. Hence, in the search for a more effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease, in this paper, the multitarget-directed ligand paradigm was applied to the design of carbamates able to simultaneously target the recently proposed endocannabinoid system and the classic cholinesterase system, and achieve effective dual FAAH/cholinesterase inhibitors. Among the two series of synthesized compounds, while some derivatives proved to be extremely potent on a single target, compounds 9 and 19 were identified as effective dual FAAH/ChE inhibitors, with well-balanced nanomolar activities. Thus, 9 and 19 might be considered as new promising candidates for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Montanari
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ross MK, Pluta K, Bittles V, Borazjani A, Allen Crow J. Interaction of the serine hydrolase KIAA1363 with organophosphorus agents: Evaluation of potency and kinetics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 590:72-81. [PMID: 26617293 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxons are bioactive metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) that covalently inactivate serine hydrolases. KIAA1363 is one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in mouse brain. Although the physiological consequences related to the inhibition of KIAA1363 due to environmental exposures to OPs are poorly understood, the enzyme was previously shown to have a role in the detoxification of oxons. Here, we overexpressed human KIAA1363 and CES1 in COS7 cells and compared the potency of inhibition (IC50s, 15 min) of KIAA1363 and CES1 by chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), paraoxon (PO), and methyl paraoxon (MPO). The order of potency was CPO > PO >> MPO for both enzymes. We also determined the bimolecular rate constants (kinact/Ki) for reactions of CPO and PO with KIAA1363 and CES1. KIAA1363 and CES1 were inactivated by CPO at comparable rates (4.4 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1) and 6.7 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1), respectively), whereas PO inactivated both enzymes at slower rates (0.4 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1) and 1.5 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1), respectively). Finally, the reactivation rate of KIAA1363 following inhibition by CPO was evaluated. Together, the results define the kinetics of inhibition of KIAA1363 by active metabolites of agrochemicals and indicate that KIAA1363 is highly sensitive to inhibition by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Kim Pluta
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Victoria Bittles
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - J Allen Crow
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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Pistolozzi M, Du H, Wei H, Tan W. Stereoselective Inhibition of Human Butyrylcholinesterase by the Enantiomers of Bambuterol and Their Intermediates. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:344-52. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Lin G, Kao BH. Epoxy Type Inhibitors of Cholesterol Esterase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Butyrylcholinesterase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Skrzypek A, Matysiak J, Niewiadomy A, Bajda M, Szymański P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,4-thiadiazole analogues as novel AChE and BuChE inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:311-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Wei Y, Peng AY, Wang B, Ma L, Peng G, Du Y, Tang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphorylated flavonoids as potent and selective inhibitors of cholesterol esterase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 74:751-8. [PMID: 23601990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphorylated flavonoids were synthesized and investigated in vitro as inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited nanomolar potency against CEase, much better than the parent flavonoids. Furthermore, these phosphorylated flavonoids demonstrated good to high selectivity for CEase over AChE, which only showed micromolar potency inhibition of AChE. The most selective and potent inhibitor of CEase (3e) had IC₅₀ value of 0.72 nM and 11800-fold selectivity for CEase over AChE. The structure-activity relationships revealed that the free hydroxyl group at position 5 and phosphate group at position 7 of the phosphorylated flavonoids are favorable to the inhibition of CEase. The inhibition mechanism and kinetic characterization studies indicated that they are irreversible competitive inhibitors of CEase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ai-Yun Peng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha 410428, China
| | - Yidan Du
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingming Tang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou 510275, China
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15
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John S, Thangapandian S, Lee KW. Potential human cholesterol esterase inhibitor design: benefits from the molecular dynamics simulations and pharmacophore modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 29:921-36. [PMID: 22292952 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.10507419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic cholesterol esterase (hCEase) is one of the lipases found to involve in the digestion of large and broad spectrum of substrates including triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, etc. The presence of bile salts is found to be very important for the activation of hCEase. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed for the apoform and bile salt complexed form of hCEase using the co-ordinates of two bile salts from bovine CEase. The stability of the systems throughout the simulation time was checked and two representative structures from the highly populated regions were selected using cluster analysis. These two representative structures were used in pharmacophore model generation. The generated pharmacophore models were validated and used in database screening. The screened hits were refined for their drug-like properties based on Lipinski's rule of five and ADMET properties. The drug-like compounds were further refined by molecular docking simulation using GOLD program based on the GOLD fitness score, mode of binding, and molecular interactions with the active site amino acids. Finally, three hits of novel scaffolds were selected as potential leads to be used in novel and potent hCEase inhibitor design. The stability of binding modes and molecular interactions of these final hits were re-assured by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science_(BK21 Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC) Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Gazha-dong, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lin MC, Lin GZ, Hwang CI, Jian SY, Lin J, Shen YF, Lin G. Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of tri-, di-, and mono-N-alkylcarbamylphloroglucinols as conformationally constrained inhibitors of cholesterol esterase. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1344-57. [PMID: 22811279 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Tri-N-alkylcarbamylphloroglucinols (1-4) are synthesized as conformationally constrained analogs of triacylglycerols (TGs) to probe Jenck's proximity effect in the cholesterol esterase inhibition. For the cholesterol esterase inhibition, inhibitors 1-4 are 220-760-fold more potent than 1,2,3-tri-N-alkylcarbamylglycerols (13-15) that are substrate analogs of TG. Comparison of tridentate inhibitors 1-4, bidentate inhibitors 3,5-di-N-n-alkylcarbamyloxyphenols (5-8) and monodentate inhibitors 5-N-n-alkylcarbamyloxyresorcinols (9-12) indicates that inhibitory potencies are as followed: tridentate inhibitor > bidentate inhibitor > monodentate inhibitor. The log k(i) and pK(i) values of tridentate inhibitors, bidentate inhibitors, and monodentate inhibitors are linearly correlated with the alkyl chain length indicating a common mechanism in each inhibition. Also, positive slopes of these correlations indicate that the longer chain inhibitors bind more tightly to the enzyme than the shorter ones. Molecular dockings of tridentate 1, bidentate 5, and monodentate 9 into the X-ray crystal structure of cholesterol esterase suggest that one carbamyl group in the cis form of the inhibitor binds to the acyl chain-binding site of the enzyme. The second carbamyl groups in the trans forms of inhibitors 1 and 5 bind to the second acyl chain-binding site of the enzyme. The third carbamyl group in the trans form of inhibitor 1 binds to the third acyl chain-binding site of the enzyme. Moreover, the configuration of the inhibitor in the enzyme-inhibitor complex is the (1,3,5)-(cis, trans, trans)-tricarbamate form that mimics the (+gauche, -gauche)-conformation of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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17
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Rampa A, Bartolini M, Bisi A, Belluti F, Gobbi S, Andrisano V, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V. The First Dual ChE/FAAH Inhibitors: New Perspectives for Alzheimer's Disease? ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:182-6. [PMID: 24900454 DOI: 10.1021/ml200313p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) still remains an area of significant unmet need, with drugs that only target the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, there is considerable need for disease-modifying therapies. The complex etiology of AD prompts scientists to develop multitarget strategies to combat causes and symptoms. To this aim, we designed, synthesized, and tested four new carbamates as dual cholinesterase-FAAH inhibitors. The dual activity of these compounds could lead to a potentially more effective treatment for the counteraction of AD progression, because they would allow regulation of both ACh and eCB signaling and improve neuronal transmission and/or counteract neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma
Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna,
Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34 Comprensorio
Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34 Comprensorio
Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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18
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Shen YF, Lin G. Kinetics and Protein-Inhibitor Docking Studies of Enantiomers of exo-2-Norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates as Pseudomonas Lipase Inhibitors to Probe the Enantioselectivity of the Enzyme. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Saito A, Tojo M, Yanai H, Wada F, Nakagawa M, Okada M, Sato A, Okatani R, Taguchi T. Preparation of (Z)-1-fluoro-1-alkenyl carboxylates, carbonates and carbamates through chromium mediated transformation of dibromofluoromethylcarbinyl esters and the reactivity as double acyl group donors. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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New cholesterol esterase inhibitors based on rhodanine and thiazolidinedione scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5885-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Lin MC, Yeh SJ, Chen IR, Lin G. Stereo-specific inhibition of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases by enantiomers of cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 25:330-9. [PMID: 21630390 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomers of cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate show stereo-specific inhibition for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. For both inhibition reaction, (2S,4aR,8aS)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n- butylcarbamate is more potent than (2R,4aS,8aR)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthyl-N-n-butylcarbamate. Optically pure (2S,4aR,8aS)-(-)- and (2R,4aS,8aR)-(+)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols are resolved by the porcine pancreatic lipase-catalyzed acetylation of decahydro-2-naphthols with vinyl acetate. Absolute configurations and the enantiomeric excess values of (2S,4aR,8aS)-(-)- and (2R,4aS,8aR)-(+)-cis,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols are determined from the (19)F NMR spectra of their Mosher's ester derivatives. We fail to resolve (2S,4aR,8aR)- and (2R,4aS,8aS)-trans,cis-decahydro-2-naphthols from the porcine pancreatic lipase-catalyzed acetylation of decahydro-2-naphthols with vinyl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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23
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Lin MC, Yeh SJ, Chen IR, Lin G. Stereoselective Inhibition of Cholesterol Esterase by Enantiomers of exo- and endo-2-Norbornyl-N–n-butylcarbamates. Protein J 2011; 30:220-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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John S, Thangapandian S, Sakkiah S, Lee KW. Discovery of potential pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitors using pharmacophore modelling, virtual screening, and optimization studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:535-45. [PMID: 21143043 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.535795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini John
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (EB-NCRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Carolan CG, Dillon GP, Khan D, Ryder SA, Gaynor JM, Reidy S, Marquez JF, Jones M, Holland V, Gilmer JF. Isosorbide-2-benzyl Carbamate-5-salicylate, A Peripheral Anionic Site Binding Subnanomolar Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1190-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran G. Carolan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Gerald P. Dillon
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Denise Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Sheila A. Ryder
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Joanne M. Gaynor
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Sean Reidy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Juan F. Marquez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Mike Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Valerie Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - John F. Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and School of Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Westmeath, Ireland
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26
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Chiou SY, Huang CF, Yeh SJ, Chen IR, Lin G. Stereoselective inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase by enantiomers of exo- and endo-2-norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 25:13-20. [PMID: 20030505 DOI: 10.3109/14756360902888200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiomers of exo- and endo-2-norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates were characterized as pseudo substrate inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase. These inhibitions discriminate enantiomers of the inhibitors and therefore show stereoselectivity for the enzyme. For inhibitions by (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-exo-2-norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates, R-enantiomer is a more potent inhibitor than S-enantiomer. But, for inhibitions by (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-endo-2-norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates, S-enantiomer is a more potent inhibitor than R-enantiomer. Optically pure (R)-(+)-exo-, (S)-(-)-exo-, (R)-(+)-endo-, and (S)-(-)-endo-2-norbornyl-N-n-butylcarbamates were synthesized from condensations of optically pure (R)-(+)-exo-, (S)-(-)-exo-, (R)-(+)-endo-, and (S)-(-)-endo-2-norborneols with n-butyl isocyanate, respectively. Optically pure norborneols were obtained from kinetic resolution of their racemic esters by lipase catalysis in organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ying Chiou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Chhabria MT, Mahajan BM. Update on patented cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1083-107. [PMID: 19552506 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903036826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is one of the most life-threatening diseases primarily associated with hypercholesterolemia and is characterized by increased serum cholesterol level. Cholesterol originates from both its de novo synthesis within the hepatic cells and its absorption into the intestine in the form of dietary or bile cholesterol. Interventions influencing both of these processes are promising therapeutic options to lower the cholesterol level. Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, effectively block the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Ezetimibe is the first new class of drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia by inhibition of cholesterol absorption through Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 membrane of enterocytes. Therefore, combination therapy of ezetimibe and statins offers an efficacious new approach for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. OBJECTIVES The present review focuses on updates on ezetimibe and patented profile of novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors followed by critical analysis of different targets such as cholesterol esterase inhibitors, bile acid transport inhibitors or phospholipase-A(2) inhibitors, etc.which play an important role in the lipid absorption. CONCLUSION The discovery of ezetimibe has opened a new door for the management of hyper-cholesterolemia in combination with statins. There are newer analogues that are under clinical trials, among which darapladib, FM-VP4 and A-002 are promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Chhabria
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380 009, Gujarat, India.
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28
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Synthesis of enantiomers of exo-2-norbornyl- N- n-butylcarbamate and endo-2-norbornyl- N- n-butylcarbamate for stereoselective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Chirality 2009; 22:267-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Graham JR, Wright BS, Rezk PE, Gordon RK, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Butyrylcholinesterase in Guinea Pig Lung Lavage: A Novel Biomarker to Assess Lung Injury Following Inhalation Exposure to Nerve Agent VX. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 18:493-500. [PMID: 16603480 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600602116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disturbances play a central role in chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) induced toxicity; they are the starting point of mass casualty and the major cause of death. We developed a microinstillation technique of inhalation exposure to nerve agent VX and assessed lung injury by biochemical analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Here we demonstrate that normal guinea pig BALF has a significant amount of cholinesterase activity. Treatment with Huperzine A, a specific inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), showed that a minor fraction of BALF cholinesterase is AChE. Furthermore, treatment with tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA), a specific inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), inhibited more than 90% of BChE activity, indicating the predominance of BChE in BALF. A predominance of BChE expression in the lung lavage was seen in both genders. Substrate specific inhibition indicated that nearly 30% of the cholinesterase in lung tissue homogenate is AChE. BALF and lung tissue AChE and BChE activities were strongly inhibited in guinea pigs exposed for 5 min to 70.4 and 90.4 microg/m3 VX and allowed to recover for 15 min. In contrast, BALF AChE activity was increased 63% and 128% and BChE activity was increased 77% and 88% after 24 h of recovery following 5 min inhalation exposure to 70.4 microg/m3 and 90.4 mg/m3 VX, respectively. The increase in BALF AChE and BChE activity was dose dependent. Since BChE is synthesized in the liver and present in the plasma, an increase in BALF indicates endothelial barrier injury and leakage of plasma into lung interstitium. Therefore, a measure of increased levels of AChE and BChE in the lung lavage can be used to determine the chronology of barrier damage as well as the extent of lung injury following exposure to chemical warfare nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Graham
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology/Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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30
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Bartolini M, Greig NH, Yu QS, Andrisano V. Immobilized butyrylcholinesterase in the characterization of new inhibitors that could ease Alzheimer's disease. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2730-8. [PMID: 18950780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focus of this work was the development and characterization of a new immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) containing human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (rBChE) for the on-line kinetic characterization of specific, pseudo-irreversible and brain-targeted BChE inhibitors as potential drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, a rBChE-IMER containing 0.99 U of covalently bound target enzyme was purposely developed and inserted into a HPLC system connected to a UV-vis detector. Selected reversible cholinesterase inhibitors, (-)-phenserine and (-)-cymserine analogues, were then kinetically characterized by rBChE-IMER, and by classical in solution assays and their carbamoylation and decarbamoylation constants were determined. The results support the elucidation of the potency, inhibition duration, mode of action and specific structure/activity relations of these agents and allow cross-validation of the two assay techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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31
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Benzene-di-N-Substituted Carbamates as Conformationally Constrained Substrate Analogs of Cholesterol Esterase. Protein J 2008; 27:276-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-008-9135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Streit TM, Borazjani A, Lentz SE, Wierdl M, Potter PM, Gwaltney SR, Ross MK. Evaluation of the ‘side door’ in carboxylesterase-mediated catalysis and inhibition. Biol Chem 2008; 389:149-62. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Structures of mammalian carboxylesterases (CEs) reveal the presence of a ‘side door’ that is proposed to act as an alternative pore for the trafficking of substrates and products. p-Nitrobenzyl esterase (pnb CE) from Bacillus subtilis exhibits close structural homology and a similar side-door domain as mammalian CEs. We investigated the role of a specific ‘gate’ residue at the side door (i.e., Leu 362) during pnb CE-catalyzed hydrolysis of model esters, pesticides, and lipids. Recombinant pnb CE proteins containing mutations at position 362 demonstrated markedly lower k
cat and k
cat/K
m values. The mutation with the most significant impact on catalysis was the L362R mutant (k
cat/K
m was 22-fold lower). Moreover, the ability of the L362R mutant to be inhibited by organophosphates (OP) was also lower. Investigation into the altered catalytic proficiency using pH-activity studies indicated that the catalytic triad of the mutant enzyme was preserved. Furthermore, viscosity variation and carbamate inhibition experiments indicated that rates of substrate association and acylation/deacylation were lower. Finally, recombinant CEs were found to possess lipolytic activity toward cholesteryl oleate and 2-arachidonylglycerol. In summary, the L362R mutant CE markedly slowed the rate of ester hydrolysis and was less sensitive to OP inhibition. The apparent causes of the diminished catalysis are discussed.
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33
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Chiou SY, Wu YG, Lin YF, Lin LY, Lin G. Substrate activation of butyrylcholinesterase and substrate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by 3,3-dimethylbutyl-N-n-butylcarbamate and 2-trimethylsilyl-ethyl-N-n-butylcarbamate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:24-31. [PMID: 17366539 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carbamates are used to treat Alzheimer's disease. These compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The goal of this work is to use the substrate analogs of butyrylcholinesterase, 3,3-dimethylbutyl-N-n-butylcarbamate (1) and 2-trimethylsilyl-ethyl-N-n-butylcarbamate (2) to probe the substrate activation mechanism of butyrylcholinesterase. Compounds 1 and 2 are characterized as the pseudo substrate inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase; however, compounds 1 and 2 are characterized as the essential activators of butyrylcholinesterase. Therefore, compounds 1 and 2 mimic the substrate in the acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed reactions, but the behavior of compounds 1 and 2 mimics the substrate activation in the butyrylcholinesterase-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ying Chiou
- Institute of Medicine and Division of Neurosurgery, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Lin MC, Hwang MT, Chang HG, Lin CS, Lin G. Benzene-di-N-substituted carbamates as conformationally constrained analogs ofPseudomonas lipase substrates. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lin MC, Lu CP, Cheng YR, Lin YF, Lin CS, Lin G. Inhibition or activation of Pseudomonas species lipase by 1,2-ethylene-di-N-alkylcarbamates in detergents. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 146:85-93. [PMID: 17274971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Ethylene-di-N-n-propylcarbamate (1) is characterized as an essential activator of Pseudomonas species lipase while 1,2-ethylene-di-N-n-butyl-, t-butyl-, n-heptyl-, and n-octyl-carbamates (2-5) are characterized as the pseudo substrate inhibitors of the enzyme in the presence of the detergent taurocholate or triton X-100. The inhibition and activation reactions are more sensitive in taurocholate than in triton X-100. From CD studies, the enzyme changes conformations in the presence of the detergent and further alters conformations by addition of the carbamate activator or inhibitor into the enzyme-detergent adduct. Therefore, this study suggests that the conformational change of lipase during interfacial activation is a continuous process to expose the active site of the enzyme to substrate. From 600 MHz (1)H NMR studies, the conformations of the alpha- and beta-methylene moieties of the activator 1,2-ethylene-di-N-n-propylcarbamate in the presence of substrate change after adding taurocholate into the mixture, and the conformations of the beta-methylene moieties of the inhibitor 1,2-ethylene-di-N-n-butylcarbamate in the presence of substrate alter after adding taurocholate into the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Bartolini M, Cavrini V, Andrisano V. Characterization of reversible and pseudo-irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by means of an immobilized enzyme reactor. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1144:102-10. [PMID: 17134713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the application of a human AChE-CIM-IMER (enzyme reactor containing acetylcholinesterase immobilized on a monolithic disk) for the rapid evaluation of the thermodynamic and kinetic constants, and the mechanism of action of new selected inhibitors. For this application, human recombinant AChE was covalently immobilized onto an ethylenediamine (EDA) monolithic Convective Interaction Media (CIM) disk and on-line studies were performed by inserting this IMER into a HPLC system. Short analysis time, absence of backpressure, low nonspecific matrix interactions and immediate recovery of enzyme activity were the best characteristics of this AChE-CIM-IMER. Mechanisms of action of selected reversible inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil, edrophonium, ambenonium) were evaluated by means of Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis. Analyses were performed on-line by injecting increasing concentrations of the tested inhibitor and substrate and by monitoring the product peak area. AChE-CIM-IMER kinetic parameters (Km(app) and vmax(app)) were derived as well as inhibitory constants (Ki(app)) of selected compounds. Moreover, noteworthy results were obtained in the application of the AChE-CIM-IMER to the characterization of the carbamoylation and decarbamoylation steps in pseudo-irreversible binding of carbamate derivatives (physostigmine and rivastigmine). AChE-CIM-IMER appeared to be a valid tool to determine simultaneously the kinetic constants in a reliable and fast mode. The obtained values were found in agreement with those obtained with the classical methods with the free enzyme. Furthermore, after inactivation by carbamates, activity could be fully recovered and the AChE-CIM-IMER could be reused for further studies. Results showed that the AChE-CIM-IMER is a valid tool not only for automated fast screening in the first phase of the drug discovery process but also for the finest characterization of the mode of action of new hit compounds with increased accuracy and reproducibility and with saving of time and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Chiou SY, Lai CY, Lin LY, Lin G. Probing stereoselective inhibition of the acyl binding site of cholesterol esterase with four diastereomers of 2'-N-alpha-methylbenzylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16176589 PMCID: PMC1262691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently there has been increased interest in pancreatic cholesterol esterase due to correlation between enzymatic activity in vivo and absorption of dietary cholesterol. Cholesterol esterase plays a role in digestive lipid absorption in the upper intestinal tract, though its role in cholesterol absorption in particular is controversial. Serine lipases, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and cholesterol esterase belong to a large family of proteins called the α/β-hydrolase fold, and they share the same catalytic machinery as serine proteases in that they have an active site serine residue which, with a histidine and an aspartic or glutamic acid, forms a catalytic triad. The aim of this work is to study the stereoselectivity of the acyl chain binding site of the enzyme for four diastereomers of an inhibitor. Results Four diastereomers of 2'-N-α-methylbenzylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol (1) are synthesized from the condensation of R-(+)- or S-(-)-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthanol with R-(+)- or S-(-)-α-methylbenzyl isocyanate in the presence of a catalytic amount of pyridine in CH2Cl2. The [α]25D values for (1R, αR)-1, (1R, αS)-1, (1S, αR)-1, and (1S, αS)-1 are +40, +21, -21, and -41°, respectively. All four diastereomers of inhibitors are characterized as pseudo substrate inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Values of the inhibition constant (Ki), the carbamylation constant (k2), and the bimolecular rate constant (ki) for these four diastereomeric inhibitors are investigated. The inhibitory potencies for these four diastereomers are in the descending order of (1R, αR)-1, (1R, αS)-1, (1S, αR)-1, and (1S, αS)-1. The k2 values for these four diastereomers are about the same. The enzyme stereoselectivity for the 1, 1'-bi-2-naphthyl moiety of the inhibitors (R > S, ca. 10 times) is the same as that for 2'-N-butylcarbamyl-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol (2). The enzyme stereoselectivity for the α-methylbenzylcarbamyl moiety of the inhibitors is also R > S (2–3 times) due to the constraints in the acyl binding site. Conclusion We are the first to report that the acyl chain binding site of cholesterol esterase shows stereoselectivity for the four diastereomers of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ying Chiou
- Institute of Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yue Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Long-Yau Lin
- Institute of Medicine and Department of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Gialih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Shen Q, Peng Q, Shao J, Liu X, Huang Z, Pu X, Ma L, Li YM, Chan ASC, Gu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of functionalized coumarins as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1307-15. [PMID: 16182411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three series of functionalized coumarin compounds were designed and prepared as cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) inhibitors. The biological profile against AChE and BuChE of the prepared compounds was determined. Compound 7b exhibited a mixed-type of AChE inhibitor with IC50 value for the AChE inhibition of 0.19+/-0.01 microM and a high selectivity for AChE/BuChE, and compound 6b acted as non-competitive AChE inhibitor with IC50 value of 0.43+/-0.02 microM. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of prepared compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Lin G, Liu YC, Lin YF, Wu YG. Ortho effects in quantitative structure-activity relationships for acetylcholinesterase inhibition by aryl carbamates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005; 19:395-401. [PMID: 15648653 DOI: 10.1080/14756360410001733694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ortho-substituted phenyl-N-butyl carbamates (1-9) are characterized as "pseudo-pseudo-substrate" inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Since the inhibitors protonate at pH 7.0 buffer solution, the virtual inhibition constants (K'is) of the protonated inhibitors are calculated from the equation, - logK'i = - logKi - logKb. The logarithms of the inhibition constant (Ki), the carbamylation constant (k(c)), and the bimolecular inhibition constant (k(i)) for the enzyme inhibitions by carbamates 1-9 are multiply linearly correlated with the Hammett para-substituent constant (sigma(p)), the Taft-Kutter-Hansch ortho steric constant (E(S)), and the Swan-Lupton ortho polar constant (F). Values of rho, delta, and f for the - logKi-, logk(c)-, and logk(i)-correlations are -0.6, -0.16, 0.7; 0.11, 0.03, -0.3; and - 0.5, - 0.12, 0.4, respectively. The Ki step further divides into two steps: 1) the pre-equilibrium protonation of the inhibitors, Kb step and 2) formation of a negatively charged enzyme-inhibitor Michaelis-Menten complex--virtual inhibition, K'i step. The Ki step has little ortho steric enhancement effect; moreover, the k(c)step is insensitive to the ortho steric effect. The f value of 0.7 for the Ki step indicates that ortho electron-withdrawing substituents of the inhibitors accelerate the inhibition reactions from the ortho polar effect; however, the f value of -0.3 for the k(c)step implies that ortho electron-withdrawing substituents of the inhibitors lessen the inhibition reactions from the ortho polar effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gialih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Bolognesi ML, Andrisano V, Bartolini M, Cavalli A, Minarini A, Recanatini M, Rosini M, Tumiatti V, Melchiorre C. Heterocyclic inhibitors of AChE acylation and peripheral sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:465-73. [PMID: 15878569 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the criticism to the so called " cholinergic hypothesis", the therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been mainly centered on the restoration of cholinergic functionality and, until the last year, the only drugs licensed for the management of AD were the acetycholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Target enzyme AChE consists of a narrow gorge with two separate ligand binding sites: an acylation site at the bottom of the gorge containing the catalytic triad and a peripheral site located at the gorge rim, which encompasses binding sites for allosteric ligands. The aim of this short review is to update the knowledge on heterocyclic AChE inhibitors able to interact with the two sites of enzymes, structurally related to the well known inhibitors physostigmine, rivastigmine and propidium. The therapeutic potential of the dual site inhibithors in inhibiting amyloid-beta aggregatrion and deposition is also briefly summarised.
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Heidrich JE, Contos LM, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase reduces cholesterol absorption in the hamster. BMC Pharmacol 2004; 4:5. [PMID: 15096274 PMCID: PMC406500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cholesterol esterase has three proposed functions in the intestine: 1) to control the bioavailability of cholesterol from dietary cholesterol esters; 2) to contribute to incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles; and 3) to aid in transport of free cholesterol to the enterocyte. Inhibitors of cholesterol esterase are anticipated to limit the absorption of dietary cholesterol. RESULTS The selective and potent cholesterol esterase inhibitor 6-chloro-3-(1-ethyl-2-cyclohexyl)-2-pyrone (figure 1, structure 1) was administered to hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet supplemented with radiolabeled cholesterol ester. Hamsters were gavage fed 3H-labeled cholesteryl oleate along with inhibitor 1, 0-200 micromoles. Twenty-four hours later, hepatic and serum radioactive cholesterol levels were determined. The ED50 of inhibitor 1 for prevention of the uptake of labeled cholesterol derived from hydrolysis of labeled cholesteryl oleate was 100 micromoles. The toxicity of inhibitor 1 was investigated in a 30 day feeding trial. Inhibitor 1, 100 micromoles or 200 micromoles per day, was added to chow supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid. Clinical chemistry urinalysis and tissue histopathology were obtained. No toxicity differences were noted between control and inhibitor supplemented groups. CONCLUSIONS Inhibitors of cholesterol esterase may be useful therapeutics for limiting cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Heidrich
- Albuquerque Avian, Exotic, and Small Animal Clinic, 8414 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87114, USA
| | - Linda M Contos
- Albuquerque Avian, Exotic, and Small Animal Clinic, 8414 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87114, USA
| | - Lucy A Hunsaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 78131, USA
| | - Lorraine M Deck
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David L Vander Jagt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 78131, USA
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Pietsch M, Gutschow M. Alternate substrate inhibition of cholesterol esterase by thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:24006-13. [PMID: 11959857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a kinetic study, the interaction of bovine pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase) with fused 1,3-oxazin-4-ones and 1,3-thiazin-4-ones was investigated, and the compounds were characterized as alternate substrate inhibitors. Inhibition assays were performed in the presence of sodium taurocholate with p-nitrophenyl butyrate as chromogenic substrate. Strong active site-directed inhibition was detected for 2-diethylaminothieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones with a cycloaliphatic chain at positions 5,6. The most potent inhibitors, compounds 3 and 4, exhibited K(i) values of 0.58 and 1.86 microm, respectively. An exchange of the ring oxygen by sulfur and the removal of the cycloaliphatic moiety as well as the replacement of the thiophene ring by benzene led to a loss of inhibitory potency. CEase has the capability to catalyze the hydrolysis of representatives of fused 1,3-oxazin-4-ones as well as the highly stable 1,3-thiazin-4-ones by using an acylation-deacylation mechanism. Hydrolyses were performed in the presence of a high enzyme concentration, and products were identified spectrophotometrically and by means of high performance liquid chromatography. The kinetic parameters V(max)I and V(max)I/K(m)(I) for the CEase-catalyzed turnover were determined. The compounds whose enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis followed first-order kinetics (K(m)(I) > 25 microm) failed to inhibit CEase. On the other hand, inhibitors 3 (initial concentration of 25 microm) and 4 (20 microm) were hydrolyzed by CEase under steady-state conditions in the first phase of the reaction. Rate-limiting deacylation was demonstrated in nucleophilic competition experiments with ethanol as acyl acceptor wherein the conversion of compound 3 was accelerated up to an ethanol concentration of 1.5 m. The characterization of these compounds (i.e. 3 and 4) as alternate substrate inhibitors is not only based on the verification of the CEase-catalyzed hydrolysis. It also rests upon the concurrence of corresponding K(i) values obtained in the inhibition assay compared with separately determined K(m)(I) values of their enzyme-catalyzed consumption, as could be predicted from the kinetic model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pietsch
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Poppelsdorf, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Stoddard Hatch M, Brown WM, Deck JA, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Inhibition of yeast lipase (CRL1) and cholesterol esterase (CRL3) by 6-chloro-2-pyrones: comparison with porcine cholesterol esterase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:381-91. [PMID: 12007617 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that pancreatic cholesterol esterase is selectively inhibited by 6-chloro-2-pyrones with cyclic aliphatic substituents in the 3-position. Inhibition is reversible and is competitive with substrate. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase is a potential target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In the present study, yeast cholesterol esterase from Candida cylindracea (also called C. rugosa CRL3) was compared to porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase for inhibition by a series of 3-alkyl- or 5-alkyl-6-chloro-2-pyrones. In addition, CRL3 was compared with the related yeast lipase CRL1. Inhibition of CRL3 by substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones was competitive with binding of the substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate. Inhibition constants ranged from 0.2 microM to >90 microM. Small changes in the alkyl group had profound effects on binding. The pattern of inhibition of CRL3 is quite distinct from that observed with porcine cholesterol esterase. Molecular modeling studies suggest that the orientation of binding of these inhibitors at the active site of CRL3 can vary but that the pyrone ring consistently occupies a position close to the active site serine. CRL1 is highly homologous to CRL3. Nevertheless, patterns of inhibition of CRL1 by substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones differ markedly from patterns observed with CRL3. The substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones are slowly hydrolyzed in the presence of CRL1 and are pseudosubstrates of CRL3, but are simple reversible inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Stoddard Hatch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Cavalier JF, Buono G, Verger R. Covalent inhibition of digestive lipases by chiral phosphonates. Acc Chem Res 2000; 33:579-89. [PMID: 10995195 DOI: 10.1021/ar990150i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing specific inhibitors is of fundamental value for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interfacial adsorption step as well as the catalytic activity of lipases. In this Account, we will review and discuss results obtained mostly at our laboratory concerning the covalent inhibition of human gastric and human pancreatic lipases by chiral phosphonates. Rather than presenting an exhaustive list of compounds tested so far with lipases of animal and microbial origin, we selected recent experimental data illustrating well the specific problems encountered during the covalent inhibition of these digestive lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cavalier
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025, IFR 1 du CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Lin G, Shieh CT, Tsai YC, Hwang CI, Lu CP, Chen GH. Structure-reactivity probes for active site shapes of cholesterol esterase by carbamate inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1431:500-11. [PMID: 10350625 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Biphenyl-di-N-butylcarbamate (1), (S)-1,1'-bi-2-naphthyl-2, 2'-di-N-butylcarbamate (S-2), (S)-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthyl-2-N-butylcarbamate-2'-butyrate (S-3), 2, 2'-biphenyl-di-N-butylcarbamate (4), 2, 2'-biphenyl-2-N-octadecylcarbamate-2'-N-octylcarbamate (5), 2, 2'-biphenyl-2-N-octadecylcarbamate-2'-N-phenylcarbamate (6), 2, 2'-biphenyl-2-N-butylcarbamate-2'-butyrate (7), 2, 2'-biphenyl-2-N-butylcarbamate-2'-ol (8), 2, 2'-biphenyl-2-N-octylcarbamate-2'-ol (9), (R)-1, 1'-bi-2-N-naphthyl-2-butylcarbamate-2'-ol (R-10), and glyceryl-1,2, 3-tri-N-butylcarbamate (11) are prepared and evaluated for their inhibition effects on porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase. All inhibitors are irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. Carbamates 1-3 and 7-10 are the first alkyl chain and esteratic binding site-directed irreversible inhibitors due to the fact that the reactivity of the enzyme is protected by the irreversible inhibitor, trifluoroacetophenone in the presence of these carbamates. Carbamate 1 is the least potent inhibitor for the enzyme probably due to the fact that the inhibitor molecule adopts a linear conformation and one of the carbamyl groups of the inhibitor molecule covalently interacts with the first alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme while the other carbamyl group of the inhibitor molecule exposes outside the active site. With near orthogonal conformations at the pivot bond of biaryl groups, one carbamyl group of carbamates S-2, S-3, and R-10 covalently binds to the first alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme while the other carbamyl, butyryl, or hydroxy group can not bind covalently to the second alkyl chain binding site probably due to the orthogonal conformations. Carbamates 4-9 and 11 are very potent inhibitors for the enzyme probably due to the fact that all these molecules freely rotate at the pivot bond of the biphenyl or glyceryl group and therefore can fit well into the bent-shaped first and second alkyl chains binding sites of the enzyme. Although, carbamates 4-6 and 11 are irreversible inhibitors of cholesterol esterase, the enzyme is not protected but further inhibited by trifluoroacetophenone in the presence of these carbamates. Therefore, carbamates 4-6 and 11 covalently bind to the first alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme by one of the carbamyl groups and may also bind to the second alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme by the second carbamyl group. Besides the bent-shaped conformation, the inhibition by carbamate 6 is probably assisted by a favorable pi-pi interaction between Phe 324 at the second alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme and the phenyl group of the inhibitor molecule. For cholesterol esterase, carbamates 8-10 are more potent than carbamates S-2, 4, and 5 probably due to the fact that the inhibitor molecules interact with the second alkyl chain binding site of the enzyme through a hydrogen bond between the phenol hydroxy group of the inhibitor molecules and the His 435 residue in that site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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