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Ménétré E, De Stefano P, Megevand P, Sarasin FP, Vargas MI, Kleinschmidt A, Vulliemoz S, Picard F, Seeck M. Antiseizure medication ≤48 hours portends better prognosis in new-onset epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16107. [PMID: 37889889 PMCID: PMC11236038 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies found that patients with new-onset epilepsy (NOE) have higher seizure recurrence rates if they presented already prior seizures. These observations suggest that timing of antiseizure medication (ASM) is crucial and should be offered immediately after the first seizure. Here, we wanted to assess whether immediate ASM is associated with improved outcome. METHODS Single-center study of 1010 patients (≥16 years) who presented with a possible first seizure in the emergency department between 1 March 2010 and 1 March 2017. A comprehensive workup was launched upon arrival, including routine electroencephalography (EEG), brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, long-term overnight EEG and specialized consultations. We followed patients for 5 years comparing the relapse rate in patients treated within 48 h to those with treatment >48 h. RESULTS A total of 487 patients were diagnosed with NOE. Of the 416 patients (162 female, age: 54.6 ± 21.1 years) for whom the treatment start could be retrieved, 80% (333/416) were treated within 48 h. The recurrence rate after immediate treatment (32%; 107/333) was significantly lower than in patients treated later (56.6%; 47/83; p < 0.001). For patients for whom a complete 5-year-follow-up was available (N = 297, 123 female), those treated ≤48 h (N = 228; 76.8%) had a significantly higher chance of remaining seizure-free compared with patients treated later (N = 69; 23.2%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective study, immediate ASM therapy (i.e., within 48 h) was associated with better prognosis up to 5 years after the index event. Prospective studies are required to determine the value of immediate workup and drug therapy in NOE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ménétré
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Pia De Stefano
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Neuro‐Critical Care Unit, Department of Intensive CareUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Pierre Megevand
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - François P. Sarasin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency MedicineUniversity of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Maria I. Vargas
- Neuroradiology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Kleinschmidt
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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2
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Che Has AT. The applications of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus: 40 years of progress (1983-2023). Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114551. [PMID: 37348654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder that can result in various neuropathological conditions and presentations. Various studies involving animal models have been accomplished to understand and replicating its prominent manifestations including characteristics of related clinical cases. Up to these days, there are variety of methods and techniques to be utilized in inducing this disorder that can be chemically or electrically applied which depending on the experimental designs and targets of the studies. In particular, the chemically induced pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a reliable choice which has evolved for 40 years from its initial discovery back in 1983. Although the development of the model can be considered as a remarkable breakthrough in understanding status epilepticus, several aspects of the model have been improved, throughout the years. Among the major issues in developing this model are the morbidity and mortality rates during induction process. Several modifications have been introduced in the process by different studies to tackle the related problems including application of dose fractionation, adaptation of pilocarpine to lithium-pilocarpine model and utilization of various drugs. Despite all challenges and drawbacks, this model has proven its pertinent and relevance with improvements that have been adapted since it was introduced 40 years ago. In this review, we emphasize on the evolution of this animal model from the beginning until now (1983 - 2023) and the related issues that have made this model still a popular choice in status epilepticus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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3
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Chong D, Jones NC, Schittenhelm RB, Anderson A, Casillas-Espinosa PM. Multi-omics Integration and Epilepsy: Towards a Better Understanding of Biological Mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102480. [PMID: 37286031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The epilepsies are a group of complex neurological disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients fail to respond to anti-seizure medications, despite the recent introduction of many new drugs. The molecular processes underlying epilepsy development are not well understood and this knowledge gap impedes efforts to identify effective targets and develop novel therapies against epilepsy. Omics studies allow a comprehensive characterisation of a class of molecules. Omics-based biomarkers have led to clinically validated diagnostic and prognostic tests for personalised oncology, and more recently for non-cancer diseases. We believe that, in epilepsy, the full potential of multi-omics research is yet to be realised and we envisage that this review will serve as a guide to researchers planning to undertake omics-based mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Chong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alison Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Jarvis R, Josephine Ng SF, Nathanson AJ, Cardarelli RA, Abiraman K, Wade F, Evans-Strong A, Fernandez-Campa MP, Deeb TZ, Smalley JL, Jamier T, Gurrell IK, McWilliams L, Kawatkar A, Conway LC, Wang Q, Burli RW, Brandon NJ, Chessell IP, Goldman AJ, Maguire JL, Moss SJ. Direct activation of KCC2 arrests benzodiazepine refractory status epilepticus and limits the subsequent neuronal injury in mice. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100957. [PMID: 36889319 PMCID: PMC10040380 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarizing GABAAR currents, the unitary events that underlie synaptic inhibition, are dependent upon efficient Cl- extrusion, a process that is facilitated by the neuronal specific K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2. Its activity is also a determinant of the anticonvulsant efficacy of the canonical GABAAR-positive allosteric: benzodiazepines (BDZs). Compromised KCC2 activity is implicated in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus (SE), a medical emergency that rapidly becomes refractory to BDZ (BDZ-RSE). Here, we have identified small molecules that directly bind to and activate KCC2, which leads to reduced neuronal Cl- accumulation and excitability. KCC2 activation does not induce any overt effects on behavior but prevents the development of and terminates ongoing BDZ-RSE. In addition, KCC2 activation reduces neuronal cell death following BDZ-RSE. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that KCC2 activation is a promising strategy to terminate BDZ-resistant seizures and limit the associated neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jarvis
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shu Fun Josephine Ng
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Anna J Nathanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ross A Cardarelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Krithika Abiraman
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Fergus Wade
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Aidan Evans-Strong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marina P Fernandez-Campa
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Joshua L Smalley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tanguy Jamier
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian K Gurrell
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa McWilliams
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aarti Kawatkar
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie C Conway
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland W Burli
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iain P Chessell
- Discovery, Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron J Goldman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie L Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK.
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Dahal A, Govindarajan K, Kar S. Administration of Kainic Acid Differentially Alters Astrocyte Markers and Transiently Enhanced Phospho-tau Level in Adult Rat Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2023; 516:27-41. [PMID: 36805001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA), an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, when administered systemically can trigger seizures and neuronal loss in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), which affects ∼50 million people globally. Evidence suggests that changes in astrocytes which precede neuronal damage play an important role in the degeneration of neurons and/or development of seizures in TLE pathogenesis. Additionally, a role for microtubule associated tau protein, involved in various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, has also been suggested in the development of seizure and/or neurodegeneration in TLE pathogenesis. At present, possible alterations of different subtypes of astrocytes and their association, if any, with tau protein in TLE remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated alterations of different subtypes of astrocytes and phospho-/cleaved-tau levels in KA-treated rat model of TLE. Our results reveal that levels/expression of various astrocyte markers such as GFAP, vimentin, S100B, Aldh1L1, but not GS, are increased in the hippocampus of KA-treated rats. The levels/expression of both A1(C3+) and A2(S100A10+)-like astrocytes are also increased in KA-treated rats. Concurrently, the total (Tau1 and Tau5) and phospho-tau (AT270 and PHF1) levels are transiently enhanced following KA administration. Furthermore, the level/expression of cleaved-tau, which is apparent in a subset of GFAP-, S100B- and A2-positive astrocytes, are increased in KA-treated rats. These results, taken together, suggest a differential role for various astrocytic subpopulations and tau protein in the development of seizure and/or loss of neurons in KA model of TLE and possibly in human mTLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dahal
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada; Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Karthivashan Govindarajan
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada; Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada.
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Moradi F, Eslami F, Rahimi N, Koohfar A, Shayan M, Maadani M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Modafinil exerts anticonvulsive effects against lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats: A role for tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide signaling. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 130:108649. [PMID: 35344809 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus (SE) is a continuous episode of seizures which leads to hippocampal neurodegeneration, severe systemic inflammation, and extreme damage to the brain. Modafinil, a psychostimulant and wake-promoting agent, has exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in previous preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to assess effects of modafinil on the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE rat model and to explore possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) pathways in this regard. METHODS Status epilepticus was provoked by injection of lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p]) and pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Animals received different modafinil doses (50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) and SE scores were documented over 3 hours of duration. Moreover, the role of the nitrergic pathway in the effects of modafinil was evaluated by injection of the non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.), and the selective inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before saline/vehicle or modafinil. The ELISA method was used to quantify TNF-α and NO metabolite levels in the isolated hippocampus. RESULTS Modafinil at 100 mg/kg significantly decreased SE scores (P < 0.01). Pre-treatment with L-NAME, 7-nitroindazole, and aminoguanidine significantly reversed the anticonvulsive effects of modafinil. Status epilepticus-induced animals showed significantly higher NO metabolite and TNF-α levels in their hippocampal tissues, an effect that was reversed by modafinil (100 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Administration of NOS inhibitors resulted in excessive NO level reduction but an escalation of TNF-α level in modafinil-treated SE-animals. CONCLUSION Our study revealed anticonvulsive effects of modafinil in the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE rat model via possible involvement of TNF-α and nitrergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Moradi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Eslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Koohfar
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshad Maadani
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The Polysaccharides from the Aerial Parts of Bupleurum chinense DC Attenuate Epilepsy-Like Behavior through Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7907814. [PMID: 35432728 PMCID: PMC9010214 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7907814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bupleurum chinense DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history and is often used as the main ingredient in prescription drugs for epilepsy. The aerial parts of B. chinense DC. have similar efficacy and composition to B. chinense DC. Therefore, we speculated that the aerial parts of B. chinense DC. could be used in the treatment of epilepsy. Polysaccharides from the aerial parts of B. chinense DC. were selected to explore their therapeutic effects on epilepsy and their potential mechanism of action. The study is aimed at clarifying the antiepileptic effects of the polysaccharides from the aerial parts of B. chinense DC. and their potential underlying mechanisms. The chemical profile of the aerial parts of B. chinense DC. polysaccharides (ABP) was characterized by FT-IR spectrum and HPLC chromatogram. To determine the therapeutic effects of ABPs on epilepsy, we established a kainic acid- (KA-) induced rat model of epilepsy, and through H&E staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, biochemical analysis, ELISA, and Western blot analysis, we explored the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of ABPs on epilepsy. The monosaccharide content of ABP included galacturonic acid (45.19%), galactose (36.63%), arabinose rhamnose (12.13%), and mannose (6.05%). Moreover, the average molecular weight of ABP was 1.38 × 103 kDa. ABP could improve hippocampal injuries and neuronal function in the KA-induced epilepsy rat model. ABP significantly inhibited oxidative stress in the hippocampus of KA-induced rats. More importantly, ABP could regulate TREM2 activation in the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway to inhibit neuronal apoptosis, including increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase and lactate dehydrogenase and decreasing the expression of malondialdehyde. The current study defined the potential role of ABP in inhibiting the development of epilepsy, indicating that ABP could upregulate TREM2 to alleviate neuronal apoptosis, by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and oxidative stress in epilepsy.
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Li G, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhang S, Guo W, Pei L. Baicalin suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis by regulating astrocyte polarization in pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic rats and PC12 cells. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147723. [PMID: 34780748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder worldwide, but its entire pathology remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the antiepileptic effect of baicalin (BAL), the main bioactive component of scutellaria. We isolated astrocytes from neonatal rats and astrocytes were identified by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining. The viability and phenotype of astrocytes were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. For investigating the effect of BAL on the autophagy in A1 astrocytes treated PC12 cells, expression of light chain 3B (LC3-B) and sequestosome 1 (P62) was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. For animal experiments, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic model was used to explore the antiepileptic effect of BAL. The results showed that BAL reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced complement C3 (C3, a marker of A1 astrocytes) + A1 cells and decreased autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Further findings showed seizure grade and latency were positively correlated with GFAP+/C3 + A1 cells' infiltration in interstitial astrocytes. After BAL treatment, epileptogenesis was ameliorated with decreased A1 astrocytes in the brain and improved behavioral performance. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reduced in the cerebral interstitial site in the BAL group compared to the PTZ group. Western blotting analysis showed that BAL treatment reduced expression of C3, inward rectifier potassium channel Kir4.1, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the frontal cortex and Caspase-3, BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BAL can prevents cognitive and emotional disorders and has antiepileptic effects in rats, which may be associated with suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis in the hippocampus via regulate astrocyte phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anyang Vocational and Technical College, Anyang, China
| | - Shiyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shaodan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxiang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Bazhanova E, Kozlov A. Mechanisms of apoptosis in drug-resistant epilepsy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:43-50. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Shmakova AA, Rysenkova KD, Ivashkina OI, Gruzdeva AM, Klimovich PS, Popov VS, Rubina KA, Anokhin KV, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Early Induction of Neurotrophin Receptor and miRNA Genes in Mouse Brain after Pentilenetetrazole-Induced Neuronal Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1326-1341. [PMID: 34903157 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptors regulate neuronal survival and network formation, as well as synaptic plasticity in the brain via interaction with their ligands. Here, we examined early changes in the expression of neurotrophin receptor genes Ntk1 (TrkA), Ntrk2 (TrkB), Ntrk3 (TrkC), Ngfr (p75NTR) and miRNAs that target theses gens in the mouse brain after induction of seizure activity by pentylenetetrazol. We found that expression of Ntrk3 and Ngfr was upregulated in the cortex and the hippocampus 1-3 hours after the seizures, while Ntrk2 expression increased after 3-6 hours in the anterior cortex and after 1 and 6 hours in the hippocampus. At the same time, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax signaling proteins increased in the anterior and posterior cortex, but not in the hippocampus, suggesting the activation of anti-apoptotic signaling. Expression of miRNA-9 and miRNA-29a, which were predicted to target Ntrk3, was upregulated in the hippocampus 3 hours after pentylenetetrazol injection. Therefore, early cellular response to seizures in the brain includes induction of the Ntrk2, Ntrk3, Ngfr, miRNA-9, and miRNA-29a expression, as well as activation of Bcl-2 and Bax signaling pathways, which may characterize them as important mediators of neuronal adaptation and survival upon induction of the generalized brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shmakova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Karina D Rysenkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation
- Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, 125315, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Anna M Gruzdeva
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation
| | - Polina S Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation.
- Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, 125315, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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11
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de Curtis M, Rossetti AO, Verde DV, van Vliet EA, Ekdahl CT. Brain pathology in focal status epilepticus: evidence from experimental models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:834-846. [PMID: 34517036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Status Epilepticus (SE) is often a neurological emergency characterized by abnormally sustained, longer than habitual seizures. The new ILAE classification reports that SE "…can have long-term consequences including neuronal death, neuronal injury…depending on the type and duration of seizures". While it is accepted that generalized convulsive SE exerts detrimental effects on the brain, it is not clear if other forms of SE, such as focal non-convulsive SE, leads to brain pathology and contributes to long-term deficits in patients. With the available clinical and experimental data, it is hard to discriminate the specific action of the underlying SE etiologies from that exerted by epileptiform activity. This information is highly relevant in the clinic for better treatment stratification, which may include both medical and surgical intervention for seizure control. Here we review experimental studies of focal SE, with an emphasis on focal non-convulsive SE. We present a repertoire of brain pathologies observed in the most commonly used animal models and attempt to establish a link between experimental findings and human condition(s). The extensive literature on focal SE animal models suggest that the current approaches have significant limitations in terms of translatability of the findings to the clinic. We highlight the need for a more stringent description of SE features and brain pathology in experimental studies in animal models, to improve the accuracy in predicting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94246, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Dept Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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12
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Kontou G, Josephine Ng SF, Cardarelli RA, Howden JH, Choi C, Ren Q, Rodriguez Santos MA, Bope CE, Dengler JS, Kelley MR, Davies PA, Kittler JT, Brandon NJ, Moss SJ, Smalley JL. KCC2 is required for the survival of mature neurons but not for their development. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100364. [PMID: 33539918 PMCID: PMC7949141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The K+/Cl- cotransporter KCC2 (SLC12A5) allows mature neurons in the CNS to maintain low intracellular Cl- levels that are critical in mediating fast hyperpolarizing synaptic inhibition via type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs). In accordance with this, compromised KCC2 activity results in seizures, but whether such deficits directly contribute to the subsequent changes in neuronal structure and viability that lead to epileptogenesis remains to be assessed. Canonical hyperpolarizing GABAAR currents develop postnatally, which reflect a progressive increase in KCC2 expression levels and activity. To investigate the role that KCC2 plays in regulating neuronal viability and architecture, we have conditionally ablated KCC2 expression in developing and mature neurons. Decreasing KCC2 expression in mature neurons resulted in the rapid activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Intriguingly, direct pharmacological inhibition of KCC2 in mature neurons was sufficient to rapidly induce apoptosis, an effect that was not abrogated via blockade of neuronal depolarization using tetrodotoxin (TTX). In contrast, ablating KCC2 expression in immature neurons had no discernable effects on their subsequent development, arborization, or dendritic structure. However, removing KCC2 in immature neurons was sufficient to ablate the subsequent postnatal development of hyperpolarizing GABAAR currents. Collectively, our results demonstrate that KCC2 plays a critical role in neuronal survival by limiting apoptosis, and mature neurons are highly sensitive to the loss of KCC2 function. In contrast, KCC2 appears to play a minimal role in mediating neuronal development or architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Kontou
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory of Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu Fun Josephine Ng
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory of Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ross A Cardarelli
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory of Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack H Howden
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiu Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Christopher E Bope
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jake S Dengler
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matt R Kelley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul A Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory of Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Moss
- AstraZeneca-Tufts Laboratory of Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Joshua L Smalley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Adipose-derived stem cell transplantation improves learning and memory via releasing neurotrophins in rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147121. [PMID: 32919982 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease and its most common type is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Novel therapeutics is needed as many TLE patients are resistant to treatments like anticonvulsants or temporal lobectomy. Stem cell therapy has great promise in regeneration medicine. In the current study, we tried to investigate the potential protective effects of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation in epileptic rats. Epilepsy model was established by intra-hippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) in rats. ADSCs were isolated, differentiated and transplanted into hippocampus of KA rats. There were three groups of rats: normal control group receiving saline injection and no transplantation, KA + sham group receiving KA injection and sham transplantation surgery and KA + transplantation group receiving KA injection and ADSC transplantation. We found that ADSCs were highly positive for CD44, CD90, CD29 and CD105, and neural differentiation induced the expression of neuronal markers like Tuj1, MAP2, NeuN and PSD-95. EEG recording showed that KA induced seizure activity while ADSC transplantation inhibited seizure activity. In training session of Morris water maze task, KA injection impaired the learning capacity of rats while ADSC transplantation restored the learning capacity at 2-week or 2-month post transplantation. In probe session of Morris water maze task, KA injection impaired the memory of rats while ADSC transplantation restored the memory at 2-week or 2-month post transplantation. Transplanted ADSCs released BDNF, NT3 and NT4. Pro-apoptotic BAX was reduced while anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and BCL-xL were increased in hippocampus post ADSC transplantation. Our study suggests that ADSC transplantation inhibits KA-induced seizures and improves the learning and memory function of epileptic rats.
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Fu J, Tao T, Li Z, Chen Y, Li J, Peng L. The roles of ER stress in epilepsy: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110658. [PMID: 32841895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies are a diverse group of neurological disorders, which are characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although a wide range of pathogenic mechanisms such as alterations in ion channels, inflammation and neuronal loss have been reported to be implicated in the epileptogenesis, the underlying pathogenesis of epilepsy remains unclear currently. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is regarded as a condition that unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen. Excessive or prolonged ER stress causes the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to buffer ER stress and restore ER homeostasis. Increasing evidence has indicated dysregulated ER stress during epileptogenesis, which may participate in various pathological processes associated with epilepsy. In this present review, we summarized recent advances in the involvement of ER stress in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Additionally, the antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects of interventions targeting ER stress were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zuoxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jinglun Li
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Lilei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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15
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Cao J, Tang C, Gao M, Rui Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang Y, Xu B, Yan BC. Hyperoside alleviates epilepsy-induced neuronal damage by enhancing antioxidant levels and reducing autophagy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112884. [PMID: 32311482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypericum perforatum L. (genus Hypericum, family Hypericaceae), a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, is believed to confer a wide range of benefits, including fever reduction, detoxification, calming, and pain relief via decoctions of its stems and leaves. Hyperoside (HYP), a natural compound extracted from Hypericum perforatum L., has been shown to demonstrate a wide array of bioactivities including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of HYP on epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in mice and the associated regulatory factors. AIM OF THE STUDY This study examined the potential therapeutic use of HYP for the treatment of neuronal damage in a mouse model of epilepsy and explored the relationships of the potential neuroprotective effects of HYP pretreatment with antioxidant levels and autophagy. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham group, sham-HYP group, KA group, KA-HYP group, KA-HYP-DDC group and KA-CQ group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess changes in NeuN, IBA-1, and GFAP expression in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the effects of HYP on the number of autophagosomes that accumulated in neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region. The levels of SOD1, SOD2, LC3I/II, Beclin1, and PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling-related proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg HYP protected against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA3 region. Additionally, HYP enhanced antioxidant levels and reduced the levels of autophagy-related proteins via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. CONCLUSION HYP protected the hippocampal CA3 region against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage via enhancing antioxidant levels and reducing autophagy. The mechanism of action may be related to the maintenance of antioxidant levels and the suppression of autophagy via the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Manman Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Yanggang Rui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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16
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Ruhnau J, Tennigkeit J, Ceesay S, Koppe C, Muszelewski M, Grothe S, Flöel A, Süße M, Dressel A, von Podewils F, Vogelgesang A. Immune Alterations Following Neurological Disorders: A Comparison of Stroke and Seizures. Front Neurol 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32581999 PMCID: PMC7280464 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Granulocytes and monocytes are the first cells to invade the brain post stroke and are also being discussed as important cells in early neuroinflammation after seizures. We aimed at understanding disease specific and common pathways of brain-immune-endocrine-interactions and compared immune alterations induced by stroke and seizures. Therefore, we compared granulocytic and monocytic subtypes between diseases and investigated inflammatory mediators. We additionally investigated if seizure type determines immunologic alterations. Material and Methods: We included 31 patients with acute seizures, 17 with acute stroke and two control cohorts. Immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry from blood samples obtained on admission to the hospital and the following morning. (i) Monocytes subpopulations were defined as classical (CD14++CD16−), (ii) intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and (iii) non-classical monocytes (CD14dimCD16+), while granulocyte subsets were characterized as (i) “classical granulocytes” (CD16++CD62L+), (ii) pro-inflammatory (CD16dimCD62L+), and (iii) anti-inflammatory granulocytes (CD16++CD62L−). Stroke patient's blood was additionally drawn on days 3 and 5. Cerebrospinal fluid mitochondrial DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Plasma High-Mobility-Group-Protein-B1, metanephrine, and normetanephrine were measured by ELISA. Results: HLA-DR expression on monocytes and their subpopulations (classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes) was reduced after stroke or seizures. Expression of CD32 was increased on monocytes and subtypes in epilepsy patients, partly similar to stroke. CD32 and CD11b regulation on granulocytes and subpopulations (classical, anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory granulocytes) was more pronounced after stroke compared to seizures. On admission, normetanephrine was upregulated in seizures, arguing for the sympathetic nervous system as inducer of immune alterations similar to stroke. Compared to partial seizures, immunologic changes were more pronounced in generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Conclusion: Seizures lead to immune alterations within the immediate postictal period similar but not identical to stroke. The type of seizures determines the extent of immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ruhnau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sonya Ceesay
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Charlotte Koppe
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Grothe
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie Süße
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Dressel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, Cottbus, Germany
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17
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Zhang H, Tao J, Zhang S, Lv X. LncRNA MEG3 Reduces Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2519-2528. [PMID: 33149593 PMCID: PMC7604460 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s270614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder, which is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Exploring the mechanisms of epileptogenesis has been considered as a priority. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of LncRNA MEG3 in spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) and rats with TLE. METHODS Rat model of TLE was produced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine. Rat hippocampal neuronal model of SREDs was established by Mg2+-free treatment. MEG3 was overexpressed by transfection of AAV-MEG3 in TLE and SREDs model. The expression of MEG3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected by corresponding kit. The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase transfer‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected by Western blot. RESULTS MEG3 expression was downregulated in SREDs and rats with TLE. Overexpression of MEG3 reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, MDA content, apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron, increased SOD activity, and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in rats with TLE. In addition, overexpression of MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs. CONCLUSION MEG3 reduced proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron and enhanced cell viability through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs and rats with TLE. Our findings may contribute to find a new therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyun Tao
- Department of Surgery 1, Chiping County People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252100, People's Republic of China
| | - ShuXia Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhangqiu People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong 250200, People's Republic of China
| | - XinXin Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272000, People's Republic of China
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18
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Gan J, Huang L, Qu Y, Luo R, Cai Q, Zhao F, Mu D. Expression and functional analysis of lncRNAs in the hippocampus of immature rats with status epilepticus. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:149-159. [PMID: 31738000 PMCID: PMC6933385 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression at various levels. However, to date, the expression profile of lncRNAs in status epilepticus (SE) was unclear. In our study, the expression profile of lncRNAs was investigated by high-throughput sequencing based on a lithium/pilocarpine-induced SE model in immature rats. Furthermore, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to construct co-expression networks and establish functions of the identified hub lncRNAs in SE. The functional role of a hub lncRNA (NONRATT010788.2) in SE was investigated in an in vitro model. Our results indicated that 7082 lncRNAs (3522 up-regulated and 3560 down-regulated), which are involved in cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis and autophagy, were dysregulated in the hippocampus of immature rats with SE. Additionally, WGCNA identified 667 up-regulated hub lncRNAs in turquoise module that were involved in apoptosis, inflammatory responses and angiogenesis via regulation of HIF-1, p53 and chemokine signalling pathways and via inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels. Knockdown of an identified hub lncRNA (NONRATT010788.2) inhibited neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Taken together, our study is the first to demonstrate the expression profile and potential function of lncRNAs in the hippocampus of immature rats with SE. The defined hub lncRNAs may participate in the pathogenesis of SE via lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Liu DH, Agbo E, Zhang SH, Zhu JL. Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Paeonol in Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2556-2565. [PMID: 31520267 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol is the main active compound in the root bark extract of the peony tree, and it has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have reported the neuroprotective effects of paeonol including its capacity in improving impaired memory. However, the effect of paeonol on epilepsy is yet to be demystified. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of paeonol in epilepsy and its relationship with oxidative stress damage and neuronal loss in the rat brain to reveal the underlying mechanisms of epileptic seizures. A rat model for chronic epilepsy was established, and the seizure scores of the rats in different groups were recorded. The seizure duration and the seizure onset latency were used to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of paeonol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling staining, Nissl staining and H/E staining were used to evaluate the effects of paeonol on neuronal loss and apoptosis in epileptic rats. The colorimetric assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity of paeonol were used in assessing paeonol's effect on oxidative stress in epileptic rats. Evaluation of Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined using western blot and quantitative real-time (RT-q)PCR. In this study, we found that paeonol reduced the seizure scores of epileptic rats and attenuated the duration and onset latency of seizures. Paeonol can also increase the activities of total antioxidant capacity, SOD and catalase activity and reduce MDA content as well. This suggests that paeonol can improve the level of oxidative stress in rats. More significantly, paeonol can improve neuronal loss and apoptosis in epileptic rats. These results indicate that paeonol has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in epileptic rats. This effect may be caused by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hai Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Elvis Agbo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hong Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Hydrogen Alleviates Necroptosis and Cognitive Deficits in Lithium–Pilocarpine Model of Status Epilepticus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:857-869. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Expression and Functional Relevance of Death-Associated Protein Kinase in Human Drug-Resistant Epileptic Brain: Focusing on the Neurovascular Interface. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4904-4915. [PMID: 30414085 PMCID: PMC6509023 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a key player in various cell death signaling pathways. Prolonged seizures induce neuronal stress; thus, we studied DAPK expression in resected brain tissues from patients with refractory epilepsy and the pathophysiological relevance of neurovascular DAPK. We used brain resections from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), tumor (BT), arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and autopsy, and isolated human endothelial cells (EPI-ECs) and glial cells (EPI-Astro) from epileptic brains compared to control brain endothelial cells (HBMECs) and astrocytes. DAPK and phosphorylated DAPK (p-DAPK) expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Subcellular localization of DAPK in epileptic brain was explored; DAPK mRNA/protein levels in EPI-ECs/EPI-Astro were evaluated. We assessed DAPK localization with hypoxic inducible factor (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in epilepsy, BT, and AVM. We found DAPK overexpression across neurons, microcapillaries, and astrocytes in TLE vs controls; DAPK and p-DAPK levels significantly increased only in microsomal fractions of epileptic brain. DAPK mRNA remained unchanged, although increased DAPK and p-DAPK protein expression was observed in EPI-ECs. DAPK inhibition reduced p-DAPK, HIF-1α, and VEGF expression, but increased cytotoxicity and decreased cell viability in EPI-ECs and EPI-astro vs. controls. DAPK staining in TLE resembled BT and AVM, with predominant DAPK/p-DAPK expression in neurons and vasculature. Taken together, these findings suggest DAPK could be a potential molecular target in neuronal death and vascular changes in epilepsy. Increased brain endothelial and astrocytic DAPK in epilepsy, identified for the first time, may have relevance to angiogenesis, hypoxia, and cell survival in pathological conditions.
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22
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Protective Role of UCP2 in Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis during the Silent Phase of an Experimental Model of Epilepsy Induced by Pilocarpine. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6736721. [PMID: 30159115 PMCID: PMC6109463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6736721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is a desirable process in many neurological disorders, yet complex mechanisms involved in this field are not completely understood. The pilocarpine epilepsy model causes potent, seizure-induced excitotoxicity cell death and mitochondria impairment. The present study is aimed at investigating the role of UCP2, a ROS negative regulator, in the neuroprotection after cholinergic insult. Our data demonstrated that UCP2 expression was augmented in the rat hippocampus 3 days after status epilepticus (SE), reaching a peak on the fifth day, then returning to basal levels. Concomitantly, phospho-AKT expression levels were higher in the hippocampus during the early silent phase (5 days after SE). Additionally, it was demonstrated that the blockade of UCP2 by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in SE rats successfully diminished both UCP2 mRNA and protein contents. SE ASO rats presented increased mitochondrial proapoptotic factor expression, caspase-3 activity, inflammatory cytokine expression, and ROS formation. Moreover, ASO treatment diminished p-AKT expression and antioxidant enzyme activities after pilocarpine insult. In conclusion, the present results highlight the neuroprotective actions of UCP2, acting in the inhibition of apoptotic factors and oxidative stress, to increase neuron survival after SE onset.
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Khodamoradi M, Ghazvini H, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Shahveisi K, Farnia V, Zhaleh H, Abdoli N, Akbarnejad Z, Saadati H, Sheibani V. Genistein attenuates seizure-induced hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in ovariectomized rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Castro OW, Upadhya D, Kodali M, Shetty AK. Resveratrol for Easing Status Epilepticus Induced Brain Injury, Inflammation, Epileptogenesis, and Cognitive and Memory Dysfunction-Are We There Yet? Front Neurol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 29180982 PMCID: PMC5694141 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency exemplified by self-sustaining, unceasing seizures or swiftly recurring seizure events with no recovery between seizures. The early phase after SE event is associated with neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus though the extent of these changes depends on the severity and duration of seizures. In many instances, over a period, the initial precipitating injury caused by SE leads to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive, memory and mood impairments associated with chronic inflammation, reduced neurogenesis, abnormal synaptic reorganization, and multiple molecular changes in the hippocampus. While antiepileptic drugs are efficacious for terminating or greatly reducing seizures in most cases of SE, they have proved ineffective for easing SE-induced epileptogenesis and TLE. Despite considerable advances in elucidating SE-induced multiple cellular, electrophysiological, and molecular changes in the brain, efficient strategies that prevent SE-induced TLE development are yet to be discovered. This review critically confers the efficacy and promise of resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in the skin of red grapes, for easing SE-induced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, aberrant neurogenesis, and for restraining the evolution of SE-induced brain injury into a chronic epileptic state typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, and learning, memory, and mood impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olagide W Castro
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States.,Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States
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25
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Lanser AJ, Rezende RM, Rubino S, Lorello PJ, Donnelly DJ, Xu H, Lau LA, Dulla CG, Caldarone BJ, Robson SC, Weiner HL. Disruption of the ATP/adenosine balance in CD39 -/- mice is associated with handling-induced seizures. Immunology 2017; 152:589-601. [PMID: 28742222 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are due to excessive, synchronous neuronal firing in the brain and are characteristic of epilepsy, the fourth most prevalent neurological disease. We report handling-induced and spontaneous seizures in mice deficient for CD39, a cell-surface ATPase highly expressed on microglial cells. CD39-/- mice with handling-induced seizures had normal input-output curves and paired-pulse ratio measured from hippocampal slices and lacked microgliosis, astrogliosis or overt cell loss in the hippocampus and cortex. As expected, however, the cerebrospinal fluid of CD39-/- mice contained increased levels of ATP and decreased levels of adenosine. To determine if immune activation was involved in seizure progression, we challenged mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and measured the effect on microglia activation and seizure severity. Systemic LPS challenge resulted in increased cortical staining of Iba1/CD68 and gene array data from purified microglia predicted increased expression of interleukin-8, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1, p38, pattern recognition receptors, death receptor, nuclear factor-κB , complement, acute phase, and interleukin-6 signalling pathways in CD39-/- versus CD39+/+ mice. However, LPS treatment did not affect handling-induced seizures. In addition, microglia-specific CD39 deletion in adult mice was not sufficient to cause seizures, suggesting instead that altered expression of CD39 during development or on non-microglial cells such as vascular endothelial cells may promote the seizure phenotype. In summary, we show a correlation between altered extracellular ATP/adenosine ratio and a previously unreported seizure phenotype in CD39-/- mice. This work provides groundwork for further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Rubino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Lorello
- NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dustin J Donnelly
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren A Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Skardoutsou A, Primikiris P, Tsentidis C, Marmarinos A, Gourgiotis D. Bcl-2 and caspase-9 serum levels in children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and active seizures. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2017. [PMID: 28643990 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.17.04787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study we investigated the levels of proapoptotic caspase-9 and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the sera of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and tried to relate the findings to the patients' clinical parameters. METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 118 children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy, categorized according to type and number of seizures, duration of the disease and the control of seizures and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. The relapse of seizures was taken into consideration. RESULTS Mean serum level between Bcl-2 and caspase-9 was significantly higher only in Bcl-2 patients, compared to controls (P≤0.0001) and (P=0.987) respectively. Significant difference in Bcl-2 level was found among the different types of focal seizures. Caspase-9 level was statistically different in patients with two or more seizures per month compared to those with one seizure per month (P=0.048). No correlation was found between Bcl-2 and caspase-9 levels and age, gender, seizure frequency, total number of seizures and the duration of epilepsy. No significant difference was found in patients with and without drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 displays an association with apoptosis and highlights the potential of being a surrogate biomarker for active seizures and epilepsy. There is a significant difference in Bcl-2 serum level among the different types of focal seizures. Proapoptotic caspase-9 cannot act as a marker of active seizures and epilepsy. Caspase-9 serum level is increased acutely in controlled cases after a single relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Skardoutsou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Primikiris
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Tsentidis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece -
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27
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Sheng F, Chen M, Tan Y, Xiang C, Zhang M, Li B, Su H, He C, Wan J, Li P. Protective Effects of Otophylloside N on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Neuronal Injury In vitro and In vivo. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 27504096 PMCID: PMC4959150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of epileptic patients worldwide are medically unable to control their seizures. In addition, repeated epileptic seizures generally lead to neural damage. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is a clinical circulatory and respiratory stimulant that is experimentally used to mimic epileptic convulsion in epilepsy research. Here, we systematically explore the neuroprotective effects of a pure compound isolated from Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid (Qingyangshen), Otophylloside N (OtoN), against PTZ-induced neuronal injury. We used three models: in vitro primary cortical neurons, in vivo mice, and in vivo zebrafish. Our results revealed that OtoN treatment may attenuate PTZ-induced morphology changes, cell death, LDH efflux in embryonic neuronal cells of C57BL/6J mice, and convulsive behavior in zebrafish. Additionally, our Western blot and RT-PCR results demonstrated that OtoN may attenuate PTZ-induced apoptosis and neuronal activation in neuronal cells, mice, and zebrafish. OtoN may reduce PTZ-induced cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase and upregulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decrease the expression level of c-Fos. This study is the first investigation of the neuroprotective effects of OtoN, which might be developed as a novel antiepileptic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Baocai Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Jianbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
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28
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Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the life versus death of mammalian neurons is important not only for our understanding of the normal biology of the nervous system but also for our efforts to devise approaches to maintain neuronal survival in the face of traumatic injury or neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the emerging evidence that a key survival/death checkpoint in both peripheral and central neurons involves the p53 tumor suppressor and its newly discovered family members, p73 and p63. The full-length isoforms of these proteins function as proapoptotic proteins, whereas naturally occurring N-terminal truncated variants of p73 and p63 act as prosurvival proteins, at least partially by antagonizing the full-length family members. The authors propose that together, these isoforms comprise an upstream rheostat that sums different environmental cues to ultimately determine neuronal survival during development, during neuronal maintenance in adult animals, and even following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bradley Jacobs
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, Apland JP, Prager EM, Pidoplichko VI, Miller SL, Braga MFM. Long-term neuropathological and behavioral impairments after exposure to nerve agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:17-28. [PMID: 27002925 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the deleterious effects of acute nerve agent exposure is the induction of status epilepticus (SE). If SE is not controlled effectively, it causes extensive brain damage. Here, we review the neuropathology observed after nerve agent-induced SE, as well as the ensuing pathophysiological, neurological, and behavioral alterations, with an emphasis on their time course and longevity. Limbic structures are particularly vulnerable to damage by nerve agent exposure. The basolateral amygdala (BLA), which appears to be a key site for seizure initiation upon exposure, suffers severe neuronal loss; however, GABAergic BLA interneurons display a delayed death, perhaps providing a window of opportunity for rescuing intervention. The end result is a long-term reduction of GABAergic activity in the BLA, with a concomitant increase in spontaneous excitatory activity; such pathophysiological alterations are not observed in the CA1 hippocampal area, despite the extensive neuronal loss. Hyperexcitability in the BLA may be at least in part responsible for the development of recurrent seizures and increased anxiety, while hippocampal damage may underlie the long-term memory impairments. Effective control of SE after nerve agent exposure, such that brain damage is also minimized, is paramount for preventing lasting neurological and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James P Apland
- Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Eric M Prager
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Volodymyr I Pidoplichko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven L Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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30
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Sutton TA, Sohrabi HR, Rainey-Smith SR, Bird SM, Weinborn M, Martins RN. The role of APOE-ɛ4 and beta amyloid in the differential rate of recovery from ECT: a review. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e539. [PMID: 25826114 PMCID: PMC4429172 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual biological differences may contribute to the variability of outcomes, including cognitive effects, observed following electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). A narrative review of the research literature on carriage of the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (APOE-ɛ4) and the protein biomarker beta amyloid (Aβ) with ECT cognitive outcome was undertaken. ECT induces repeated brain seizures and there is debate as to whether this causes brain injury and long-term cognitive disruption. The majority of ECT is administered to the elderly (over age 65 years) with drug-resistant depression. Depression in the elderly may be a symptom of the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Carriage of the APOE-ɛ4 allele and raised cerebral Aβ are consistently implicated in AD, but inconsistently implicated in brain injury (and related syndromes) recovery rates. A paucity of brain-related recovery, genetic and biomarker research in ECT responses in the elderly was found: three studies have examined the effect of APOE-ɛ4 allele carriage on cognition in the depressed elderly receiving ECT, and two have examined Aβ changes after ECT, with contradictory findings. Cognitive changes in all studies of ECT effects were measured by a variety of psychological tests, making comparisons of such changes between studies problematic. Further, psychological test data-validity measures were not routinely administered, counter to current testing recommendations. The methodological issues of the currently available literature as well as the need for well-designed, hypothesis driven, longitudinal studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sutton
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - H R Sohrabi
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - S R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - S M Bird
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - M Weinborn
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - R N Martins
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Suite 22, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. E-mail:
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31
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Increased levels and activity of cathepsins B and D in kainate-induced toxicity. Neuroscience 2014; 284:360-373. [PMID: 25307300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Administration of kainic acid induces acute seizures that result in the loss of neurons, gliosis and reorganization of mossy fiber pathways in the hippocampus resembling those observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Although these structural changes have been well characterized, the mechanisms underlying the degeneration of neurons following administration of kainic acid remain unclear. Since the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and D, are known to be involved in the loss of neurons and clearance of degenerative materials in a variety of experimental conditions, we evaluated their potential roles in kainic acid-treated rats. In parallel, we also measured the levels and expression of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptors, which mediate the intracellular trafficking of these enzymes, in kainic acid-treated rats. Our results showed that systemic administration of kainic acid evoked severe loss of neurons along with hypertrophy of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of the adult rat brain. The levels and activity of cathepsins B and D increased with time in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated rats compared to the saline-injected control animals. The expression of both cathepsins B and D, as evident by immunolabeling studies, was also markedly increased in activated astrocytes and microglia of the kainic acid-treated rats. Additionally, cytosolic levels of the cathepsins were enhanced along with cytochrome c and to some extent Bax in the hippocampus in kainic acid-treated rats. These changes were accompanied by appearance of cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated animals. The levels of IGF-II/M6P receptors, on the other hand, were not significantly altered, but these receptors were found to be present in a subset of reactive astrocytes following administration of kainic acid. These results, taken together, suggest that enhanced levels/expression and activity of lysosomal enzymes may have a role in the loss of neurons and/or clearance of degenerative materials observed in kainic acid-treated rats.
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32
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Jie L, Guohui J, Chen Y, Chen L, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang X. Altered expression of hypoxia-Inducible factor-1α participates in the epileptogenesis in animal models. Synapse 2014; 68:402-9. [PMID: 24889205 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jie
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Jiang Guohui
- Department of Neurology; Affiliated Hospital of Chuanbei Medical College; Nanchong 637000 Sichuan Province China
| | - Yalan Chen
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Zengyou Li
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing 400016 China
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Smith GR, Brenneman DE, Zhang Y, Du Y, Reitz AB. Small-molecule anticonvulsant agents with potent in vitro neuroprotection and favorable drug-like properties. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:446-58. [PMID: 24277343 PMCID: PMC3945118 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe seizure activity is associated with reoccurring cycles of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that result in progressive neuronal damage and death. Intervention with these pathological processes is a compelling disease-modifying strategy for the treatment of seizure disorders. We have optimized a series of small molecules for neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity as well as altered their physical properties to address potential metabolic liabilities, to improve CNS penetration, and to prolong the duration of action in vivo. Utilizing phenotypic screening of hippocampal cultures with nutrient medium depleted of antioxidants as a disease model, cell death and decreased neuronal viability produced by acute treatment with glutamate or hydrogen peroxide were prevented. Modifications to our previously reported proof of concept compounds have resulted in a lead which has full neuroprotective action at <1 nM and antiseizure activity across six animal models including the kindled rat and displays excellent pharmacokinetics including high exposure to the brain. These modifications have also eliminated the requirement for a chiral molecule, removing the possibility of racemization and making large-scale synthesis more easily accessible. These studies strengthen our earlier findings which indicate that potent, multifunctional neuroprotective anticonvulsants are feasible within a single molecular entity which also possesses favorable CNS-active drug properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA,
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The concentration of cell-free DNA in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2013; 105:292-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang X, Chen G, Lu Y, Liu J, Fang M, Luo J, Cao Q, Wang X. Association of Mitochondrial Letm1 with Epileptic Seizures. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:2533-40. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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A mechanism of rapidly reversible cerebral ventricular enlargement independent of tissue atrophy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1121-9. [PMID: 23306181 PMCID: PMC3629396 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular enlargement, a common in vivo marker of aging, disease, and insult, is presumed to reflect atrophy of surrounding brain regions. Pathological mechanisms underlying ventricular enlargement, however, are likely specific to the condition under investigation. Here, multimodal imaging, incorporating structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), was used in rats exposed to binge ethanol (EtOH) to provide insight into a mechanism of reversible ventricular enlargement. During intoxication, MRI revealed expansion of ventricles, but volume changes in dorsal or ventral hippocampi, caudate-putamen, or thalamus were not detectible. MRS of whole-brain parenchyma showed decreases in N-acetylasparate (NAA) and tissue water T2, and increases in choline-containing compounds (Cho). DWI showed decreased diffusivity selective to the thalamus. All MR parameters returned to baseline with 7 days of recovery. Rapid recovery of ventricular volume and the absence of detectable tissue volume reductions in brain regions adjacent to ventricles argue against atrophy as a mechanism of ventricular expansion. Decreased tissue water T2 and decreased thalamic diffusivity suggest lower tissue water content and a role for both NAA and Cho, as osmolytes is proposed. Together, these data support a model of fluid redistribution during acute EtOH intoxication and recovery to account for rapid ventricular volume changes.
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de Vries HE, Kooij G, Frenkel D, Georgopoulos S, Monsonego A, Janigro D. Inflammatory events at blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders: implications for clinical disease. Epilepsia 2013; 53 Suppl 6:45-52. [PMID: 23134495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proper function of the neurovasculature is required for optimal brain function and preventing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Within this review, we discuss alterations of the function of the blood-brain barrier in neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease and address potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga E de Vries
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chuang YC, Lin TK, Huang HY, Chang WN, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chang AYW, Chan SHH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ/mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 signaling protects against seizure-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following experimental status epilepticus. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:184. [PMID: 22849356 PMCID: PMC3444895 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Status epilepticus induces subcellular changes that may lead to neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. However, the mechanism of seizure-induced neuronal cell death remains unclear. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is expressed in selected regions of the brain and is emerged as an endogenous neuroprotective molecule in many neurological disorders. We evaluated the neuroprotective role of UCP2 against seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death under experimental status epilepticus. Methods In Sprague–Dawley rats, kainic acid (KA) was microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA3 subfield to induce prolonged bilateral seizure activity. Oxidized protein level, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c between cytosol and mitochondria, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) and UCP2 were examined in the hippocampal CA3 subfield following KA-induced status epilepticus. The effects of microinjection bilaterally into CA3 area of a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone or a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 on UCP2 expression, induced superoxide anion (O2· -) production, oxidized protein level, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation in bilateral CA3 subfields were examined. Results Increased oxidized proteins and mitochondrial or cytosol translocation of Bax or cytochrome c in the hippocampal CA3 subfield was observed 3–48 h after experimental status epilepticus. Expression of PPARγ and UCP2 increased 12–48 h after KA-induced status epilepticus. Pretreatment with rosiglitazone increased UCP2 expression, reduced protein oxidation, O2· - overproduction and dysfunction of mitochondrial Complex I, hindered the translocation of Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced DNA fragmentation in the CA3 subfield. Pretreatment with GW9662 produced opposite effects. Conclusions Activation of PPARγ upregulated mitochondrial UCP2 expression, which decreased overproduction of reactive oxygen species, improved mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction, inhibited mitochondrial translocation of Bax and prevented cytosolic release of cytochrome c by stabilizing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, leading to amelioration of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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SUN JIAHANG, XIE CHUNCHENG, LIU WEI, LU DUNYUE, QIAO WEIDONG, HUANG QI, HUO ZHIHUI, SHEN HONG, LIN ZHIGUO. The effects of simvastatin on hippocampal caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression following kainate-induced seizures in rats. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:739-46. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Status epilepticus is among the most dramatic of clinical presentations encountered by emergency room physicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons and intensivists. While progress in its management has been aided significantly with an increasing number of effective treatment options, improved diagnostic methods and more effective monitoring, poor outcomes and diagnostic failures are still frequently encountered. Refractory cases still carry significant morbidity and mortality rates, including poor cognitive outcomes. This review discusses basic pathophysiology and management of status epilepticus, neuroimaging findings, the role of continuous electroencephalogram monitoring and nonconvulsive status epilepticusas well as recent developments in treatment options for refractory cases.
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Brenneman DE, Smith GR, Zhang Y, Du Y, Kondaveeti SK, Zdilla MJ, Reitz AB. Small molecule anticonvulsant agents with potent in vitro neuroprotection. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:368-79. [PMID: 22535312 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe seizure activity is associated with recurring cycles of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that result in progressive neuronal damage and death. Intervention to halt these pathological processes is a compelling disease-modifying strategy for the treatment of seizure disorders. In the present study, a core small molecule with anticonvulsant activity has been structurally optimized for neuroprotection. Phenotypic screening of rat hippocampal cultures with nutrient medium depleted of antioxidants was utilized as a disease model. Increased cell death and decreased neuronal viability produced by acute treatment with glutamate or hydrogen peroxide were prevented by our novel molecules. The neuroprotection associated with this chemical series has marked structure activity relationships that focus on modification of the benzylic position of a 2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfamide core structure. Complete separation between anticonvulsant activity and neuroprotective action was dependent on substitution at the benzylic carbon. Chiral selectivity was evident in that the S-enantiomer of the benzylic hydroxy group had neither neuroprotective nor anticonvulsant activity, while the R-enantiomer of the lead compound had full neuroprotective action at <40 nM and antiseizure activity in three animal models. These studies indicate that potent, multifunctional neuroprotective anticonvulsants are feasible within a single molecular entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brenneman
- Advanced Neural Dynamics, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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Zhang X, Peng X, Fang M, Zhou C, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Luo J, Chen G, Wang X. Up-regulation of apelin in brain tissue of patients with epilepsy and an epileptic rat model. Peptides 2011; 32:1793-9. [PMID: 21864607 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged epileptic seizures or SE can cause neuronal cell death. However, the exact role of neuroprotectant against brain injury during epileptic seizure needs to be further elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the apelin, a novel neuroprotective peptide, in brain tissues of the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and experimental rats using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis and to discuss the possible role of apelin in TLE. Thirty temporal neocortical tissue samples from the patients with drug-refractory TLE underwent surgical therapy and nine histologically normal temporal lobes tissues as controls were used in our study. Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including one control group and six groups with epilepsy induced by lithium-pilocarpine. Hippocampus and adjacent cortex were taken from the controls and epileptic rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after onset of seizures. Apelin was mainly expressed in the neurons of TLE patients and controls, and was significantly increased in TLE patients compared with the controls. Apelin was also expressed in the neurons of experimental and control rats, it was gradually increased in the experimental rat post-seizure and reached a stable high level in chronic epileptic phase. Our results demonstrated that the increased expression of apelin in the brain may be involved in human TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
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Shetty AK. Promise of resveratrol for easing status epilepticus and epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:269-86. [PMID: 21554899 PMCID: PMC3133838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RESV; 3,5,4'-tri-hydroxy stilbene), a naturally occurring phytoalexin, is found at a high concentration in the skin of red grapes and red wine. RESV mediates a wide-range of biological activities, which comprise an increased life span, anti-ischemic, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies in several animal prototypes of brain injury suggest that RESV is an effective neuroprotective compound. Ability to enter the brain after a peripheral administration and no adverse effects on the brain or body are other features that are appealing for using this compound as a therapy for brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of this review is to discuss the promise of RESV for treating acute seizures, preventing the acute seizure or status epilepticus induced development of chronic epilepsy, and easing the chronic epilepsy typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures and cognitive dysfunction. First, the various beneficial effects of RESV on the normal brain are discussed to provide a rationale for considering RESV treatment in the management of acute seizures and epilepsy. Next, the detrimental effects of acute seizures or status epilepticus on the hippocampus and the implications of post-status epilepticus changes in the hippocampus towards the occurrence of chronic epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction are summarized. The final segment evaluates studies that have used RESV as a neuroprotective compound against seizures, and proposes studies that are critically needed prior to the clinical application of RESV as a prophylaxis against the development of chronic epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction after an episode of status epilepticus or head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Ni H, Yan JZ, Zhang LL, Feng X, Wu XR. Long-term effects of recurrent neonatal seizures on neurobehavioral function and related gene expression and its intervention by inhibitor of cathepsin B. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:31-9. [PMID: 21842268 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are families of proteases that have been reported to play the key roles in neuroexcitotoxicity. The present study was sought to determine the effect of CBI, a cathepsin B inhibitor, in the prevention of neurobehavioral deficits after inhalant flurothyl-induced recurrent neonatal seizures in rats. We examined the expression pattern of autophagy-related genes at acute phase after the last seizures using western blot method, and evaluated behavioral deficits during postnatal day 28 (P28) to P35. The results showed improved neurological scores and learning ability in CBI-treated rats compared with the nontreated control. Flurothyl-induced increases in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin-1 and Cathepsin-B were blocked by pre-treatment with CBI at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after the last seizures in hippocampus and cerebral cortex by western blot analysis. Meanwhile, CBI also reversed flurothyl-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein levels. Furthermore, in the long-term time point of 35 days (P35), PRG-1 mRNA and protein level in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of recurrent seizure group were up-regulated when compared to the control rats; meanwhile, the up-regulated expression of PRG-1 were robustly inhibited by CBI. These date demonstrated, for the first time, that lysosomal enzymes participate in neonatal seizure-induced brain damage and that modulation of cathepsin B may offer a new strategy for the development of therapeutic interventions for treatment of developmental seizure-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 303, Jingde Road, 215003 Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Baraka AM, Hassab El Nabi W, El Ghotni S. Investigating the role of zinc in a rat model of epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 18:327-33. [PMID: 22070383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of zinc (Zn) in pilocarpine-induced seizures and its interrelation with an antiepileptic drug, namely, valproic acid. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out on 110 male Wistar albino rats that were divided into the following groups: Group I, control rats that received intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline vehicle; Groups II-V received Zn in a medium dose, Zn in a high dose, valproic acid in a therapeutic dose, as well as a combination of valproic acid with medium dose Zn, respectively, for 3 weeks before saline injection, Group VI received i.p. pilocarpine to induce seizures; Groups VII-XI received Zn in a medium dose, Zn in a high dose, valproic acid in a therapeutic dose, a combination of therapeutic dose of valproic acid with medium dose Zn, as well as a combination of subeffective dose of valproic acid with medium dose of Zn, respectively, for 3 weeks before pilocarpine injection. The seizure's latency and severity for each rat was recorded. Blood and brain hippocampal samples were collected for determination of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), hippocampal Zn, interleukin-1 beta concentrations as well as hippocampal superoxide dismutase and caspase-3 activities. RESULTS The results of the current study demonstrated that pretreatment with high dose of Zn exacerbated pilocarpine-induced seizures. Whereas, a medium dose of Zn and valproic acid either alone or in combination reduced the severity of pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures and increased the latency to attain the forelimb clonus. Also both drugs, either alone or in combination, ameliorated all studied biochemical parameters with the exception of hippocampal Zn concentration, which was only significantly increased by pretreatment with Zn, either alone or in combination with valproic acid. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the antiepileptic role that could be played by Zn, when given in appropriate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Baraka
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Chen SD, Chang AYW, Chuang YC. The potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in seizure-associated cell death in the hippocampus and epileptogenesis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 42:461-5. [PMID: 21153870 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. The burst firing neurons associated with prolonged epileptic discharges could lead to a large number of changes with events of cascades at the cellular level. From its role as the cellular powerhouse, mitochondria also play a crucial role in the mechanisms of cell death. Emerging evidence has shown that prolonged seizures may result in mitochondrial dysfunction and increase of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the hippocampus that precede neuronal cell death and cause subsequent epileptogenesis. The selective dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I has been suggested to be a biochemical hallmark of seizure-induced neuronal cell death and epileptogenesis. Therefore, protection of mitochondria from bioenergetic failure and oxidative stress in the hippocampus may open a new vista to the development of effective neuroprotective strategies against seizure-induced brain damage and to the design of novel treatment perspectives against therapy-resistant forms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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47
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Lee KH, Park JH, Won R, Lee H, Nam TS, Lee BH. Inhibition of hexokinase leads to neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. J Neurosci Res 2010; 89:96-107. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Early hippocampal oxidative stress is a direct consequence of seizures in the rapid electrical amygdala kindling model. Epilepsy Res 2010; 90:285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zahr NM, Mayer D, Rohlfing T, Hasak MP, Hsu O, Vinco S, Orduna J, Luong R, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Brain injury and recovery following binge ethanol: evidence from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:846-54. [PMID: 20044076 PMCID: PMC2854208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binge-drinking model in rodents using intragastric injections of ethanol (EtOH) for 4 days results in argyrophilic corticolimbic tissue classically interpreted as indicating irreversible neuronal degeneration. However, recent findings suggest that acquired argyrophilia can also identify injured neurons that have the potential to recover. The current in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy study was conducted to test the hypothesis that binge EtOH exposure would injure but not cause the death of neurons as previously ascertained postmortem. METHODS After baseline MR scanning, 11 of 19 rats received a loading dose of 5 g/kg EtOH via oral gavage, then a maximum of 3 g/kg every 8 hours for 4 days, for a total average cumulative EtOH dose of 43 +/- 1.2 g/kg and average blood alcohol levels of 258 +/- 12 mg/dL. All animals were scanned after 4 days of gavage (post-gavage scan) with EtOH (EtOH group) or dextrose (control [Con] group) and again after 7 days of abstinence from EtOH (recovery scan). RESULTS Tissue shrinkage at the post-gavage scan was reflected by significantly increased lateral ventricular volume in the EtOH group compared with the Con group. At the post-gavage scan, the EtOH group had lower dorsal hippocampal N-acetylaspartate and total creatine and higher choline-containing compounds than the Con group. At the recovery scan, neither ventricular volume nor metabolite levels differentiated the groups. CONCLUSIONS Rapid recovery of ventricular volume and metabolite levels with removal of the causative agent argues for transient rather than permanent effects of a single EtOH binge episode in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA,Radiology Department, Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael P Hasak
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hsu
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Shara Vinco
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Juan Orduna
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,corresponding author, , Phone: 650-859-2880, Fax: 650-859-2743
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States,Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Leung YM. Voltage-gated K+ channel modulators as neuroprotective agents. Life Sci 2010; 86:775-80. [PMID: 20385147 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A manifestation in neurodegeneration is apoptosis of neurons. Neurons undergoing apoptosis may lose a substantial amount of cytosolic K+ through a number of pathways including K+ efflux via voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels. The consequent drop in cytosolic [K+] relieves inhibition of an array of pro-apoptotic enzymes such as caspases and nucleases. Blocking Kv channels has been known to prevent neuronal apoptosis by preventing K+ efflux. Some neural diseases such as epilepsy are caused by neuronal hyperexcitability, which eventually may lead to neuronal apoptosis. Reduction in activities of A-type Kv channels and Kv7 subfamily members is amongst the etiological causes of neuronal hyperexcitation; enhancing the opening of these channels may offer opportunities of remedy. This review discusses the potential uses of Kv channel modulators as neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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