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Nagarajan G, Matrov D, Pearson AC, Yen C, Bradley SP, Chudasama Y. Cingulate cortex shapes early postnatal development of social vocalizations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.17.580738. [PMID: 38529485 PMCID: PMC10962701 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.17.580738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The social dynamics of vocal behavior has major implications for social development in humans. We asked whether early life damage to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is closely associated with socioemotional regulation more broadly, impacts the normal development of vocal expression. The common marmoset provides a unique opportunity to study the developmental trajectory of vocal behavior, and to track the consequences of early brain damage on aspects of social vocalizations. We created ACC lesions in neonatal marmosets and compared their pattern of vocalization to that of age-matched controls throughout the first 6 weeks of life. We found that while early life ACC lesions had little influence on the production of vocal calls, developmental changes to the quality of social contact calls and their associated syntactical and acoustic characteristics were compromised. These animals made fewer social contact calls, and when they did, they were short, loud and monotonic. We further determined that damage to ACC in infancy results in a permanent alteration in downstream brain areas known to be involved in social vocalizations, such as the amygdala and periaqueductal gray. Namely, in the adult, these structures exhibited diminished GABA-immunoreactivity relative to control animals, likely reflecting disruption of the normal inhibitory balance following ACC deafferentation. Together, these data indicate that the normal development of social vocal behavior depends on the ACC and its interaction with other areas in the vocal network during early life.
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Grigorescu C, Chalah MA, Ayache SS, Palm U. [Alexithymia in Multiple Sclerosis - Narrative Review]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2023; 91:404-413. [PMID: 35948023 DOI: 10.1055/a-1882-6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alexithymia is a multidimensional construct of personality implicating difficulties in identifying and describing another's feelings, and externally oriented thinking. It is broadly reported in psychiatric patients but has gained little attention regarding its occurrence and pathophysiology in multiple sclerosis (MS). This narrative review aims to address prevalence, etiology, neurobiological, and clinical findings of alexithymia. The prevalence of alexithymia in MS ranges from 10 to 53%. There seems to be an association with anxiety, depression, fatigue, and some aspects of social cognition, while the relationship with clinical and classical cognitive variables was rarely evaluated. Only a few studies referred to its pathophysiology assuming an aberrant interhemispheric transfer or regional cerebral abnormalities. The prevalence of alexithymia in MS and the potential negative impact on quality of life and interpersonal communication could severely impact clinical MS management and a screnning for these factors should be mandatory. Thus, further evaluation is needed concerning its relationship with clinical, emotional, and cognitive confounders. Large-scale studies employing neuroimaging techniques are needed for a better understanding of the neural underpinnings of this MS feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Grigorescu
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, München
| | - Moussa A Chalah
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Samar S Ayache
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
- Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Palm
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, München
- Medical Park Chiemseeblick, Bernau a. Chiemsee
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Gu Z, Chen W, Lu Q, Dai J, Hu S, Xu K, Geng Y, Zhu Y, Xu B, Dai W, Shen Y. Anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation reduces heart rate and modulates heart-rate variability in healthy young people: A randomized cross-controlled trial. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1070157. [PMID: 36531710 PMCID: PMC9755739 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether anodal high-definition transcranial current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) could modulate the heart rate (HR) and heart-rate variability (HRV) in healthy young people. METHODS Forty healthy young people were enrolled in this randomized crossover trial. The participants were randomized to receive anodal HD-tDCS (n = 20) or sham HD-tDCS (n = 20) over the left DLPFC with a washout period of 1 week. Electrocardiogram (ECG) data were continuously recorded 20 min before the stimulation, during the session (20 min), and 20 min after the session. HR and the time- and frequency-domain indices of the HRV were measured to investigate the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. RESULTS Anodal HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC induced a significant decrease in HR and a significant increase in the average of normal-to-normal intervals (AVG NN), low-frequency (LF) power, total power (TP), and LF/high-frequency (HF) ratio in comparison with the sham stimulation and the baseline. However, sham HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC had no significant effect on HR or HRV. CONCLUSIONS Anodal HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC could reduce HR and modulate the HRV in healthy young people. HD-tDCS may show some potential for acutely modulating cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Gu
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Dai
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Shugang Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Geng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boqing Xu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Dai
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kokurina TN, Gubarevich EA, Rybakova GI, Tumanova TS, Aleksandrov VG. Microelectrostimulation of the Rat Lateral Orbital Cortex Causes Specific Reactions of the Circulation and Respiration. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Souza R, Bueno D, Lima LB, Muchon MJ, Gonçalves L, Donato J, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Metzger M. Top-down projections of the prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and median raphe nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2465-2487. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baroreflex sensitivity derived from the Valsalva manoeuvre: A physiological protective factor for anxiety induced by breathing CO 2-enriched air. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 179:101-109. [PMID: 35809687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the capacity of baroreflex sensitivity, derived from the Valsalva manoeuvre (BRS_v), to predict state anxiety induced by a biological stressor (CO2 inhalation). Healthy adults (n = 50) breathed 7.5 % CO2-enriched air for 8 min, preceded and followed by breathing medical air for 5 min. State anxiety was evaluated with a visual analogue scale. Anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3; ASI-3) and trait anxiety (Trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI_T) served as cognitive-affective predictors. BRS_v was adopted as a physiological predictor. Multiple regression analysis revealed that BRS_v predicted lower anxiety during CO2 exposure, and attenuated the effect of ASI-3 in increasing anxiety. No significant effects were found for STAI_T. This is the first study to identify baroreflex sensitivity as a strong protective physiological factor for anxiety beyond the effect of anxiety sensitivity.
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De Schoenmacker I, Leu C, Curt A, Hubli M. Pain‐autonomic interaction is a reliable measure of pain habituation in healthy subjects. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1679-1690. [PMID: 35671124 PMCID: PMC9544564 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Habituation is a response decrement resulting from repeated stimuli. Reduced habituation to noxious stimuli is considered to be a proxy for central sensitization in subjects with chronic pain. Despite numerous investigations of pain habituation in relation to central sensitization, there is no consensus on the most sensitive and reliable readout, as well as analysis approach. Therefore, this study compared the usability and reliability of different readouts and habituation analysis approaches to measure pain habituation in response to repetitive heat simulation. Methods Three blocks of 20 contact heat stimuli were applied on the volar forearm of 20 healthy subjects on two separate visits. Habituation was assessed by three different readouts: pain ratings, contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) and heat‐induced sympathetic skin responses (SSRs). In addition, two different habituation analysis approaches were used: between the three stimulation blocks (between‐block) and within the first stimulation block (within‐block). Results Significant between‐block habituation for SSRs (p < 0.001), but not for pain ratings (p = 1.000) and CHEPs (p = 0.078) was found. There was significant within‐block habituation for pain ratings (p = 0.012) and SSRs (p < 0.001), but not for CHEPs (p = 0.246). Only the between‐block habituation of heat‐induced SSR was reliable between the two visits (first to second block: intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.58, p = 0.030; first to third block: ICC = 0.64, p = 0.015). Conclusion Heat‐induced SSR as a measure of pain‐autonomic interaction revealed the strongest pain habituation and showed the highest test–retest reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara De Schoenmacker
- Spinal Cord Injury CenterBalgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chiara Leu
- Spinal Cord Injury CenterBalgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of NeuroscienceUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury CenterBalgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michèle Hubli
- Spinal Cord Injury CenterBalgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Puccetti NA, Villano WJ, Fadok JP, Heller AS. Temporal dynamics of affect in the brain: Evidence from human imaging and animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104491. [PMID: 34902442 PMCID: PMC8792368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are time-varying internal states that promote survival in the face of dynamic environments and shifting homeostatic needs. Research in non-human organisms has recently afforded specific insights into the neural mechanisms that support the emergence, persistence, and decay of affective states. Concurrently, a separate affective neuroscience literature has begun to dissect the neural bases of affective dynamics in humans. However, the circuit-level mechanisms identified in animals lack a clear mapping to the human neuroscience literature. As a result, critical questions pertaining to the neural bases of affective dynamics in humans remain unanswered. To address these shortcomings, the present review integrates findings from humans and non-human organisms to highlight the neural mechanisms that govern the temporal features of emotional states. Using the theory of affective chronometry as an organizing framework, we describe the specific neural mechanisms and modulatory factors that arbitrate the rise-time, intensity, and duration of emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Puccetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - William J Villano
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Jonathan P Fadok
- Department of Psychology and Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Aaron S Heller
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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Preuss TM, Wise SP. Evolution of prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:3-19. [PMID: 34363014 PMCID: PMC8617185 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) evolved at different times. Agranular parts of the PFC emerged in early mammals, and rodents, primates, and other modern mammals share them by inheritance. These are limbic areas and include the agranular orbital cortex and agranular medial frontal cortex (areas 24, 32, and 25). Rodent research provides valuable insights into the structure, functions, and development of these shared areas, but it contributes less to parts of the PFC that are specific to primates, namely, the granular, isocortical PFC that dominates the frontal lobe in humans. The first granular PFC areas evolved either in early primates or in the last common ancestor of primates and tree shrews. Additional granular PFC areas emerged in the primate stem lineage, as represented by modern strepsirrhines. Other granular PFC areas evolved in simians, the group that includes apes, humans, and monkeys. In general, PFC accreted new areas along a roughly posterior to anterior trajectory during primate evolution. A major expansion of the granular PFC occurred in humans in concert with other association areas, with modifications of corticocortical connectivity and gene expression, although current evidence does not support the addition of a large number of new, human-specific PFC areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Steven P Wise
- Olschefskie Institute for the Neurobiology of Knowledge, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Seamans JK, Floresco SB. Event-based control of autonomic and emotional states by the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104503. [PMID: 34922986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an intensive area of research, the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of a mystery. Human imaging studies implicate the ACC in various cognitive functions, yet surgical ACC lesions used to treat emotional disorders have minimal lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that ACC regulates autonomic states, consistent with its interconnectivity with autonomic control regions and that stimulation evokes changes in autonomic/emotional states. At the cellular level, ACC neurons are highly multi-modal and promiscuous, and can represent a staggering array of task events. These neurons nevertheless combine to produce highly event-specific ensemble patterns that likely alter activity in downstream regions controlling emotional and autonomic tone. Since neuromodulators regulate the strength of the ensemble activity patterns, they would regulate the impact these patterns have on downstream targets. Through these mechanisms, the ACC may determine how strongly to react to the very events its ensembles represent. Pathologies arise when specific event-related representations gain excessive control over autonomic/emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Depts. of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada.
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Depts. of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada
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Bithal PK, Jan R, Kumar B, Rahman IU. Left Frontal Lobe Tumor-Induced Intraoperative Premature Ventricular Beats. JOURNAL OF NEUROANAESTHESIOLOGY AND CRITICAL CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the absence of cardiac pathology, premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in neurosurgical patients frequently accompany subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or raised intracranial pressure. PVCs detected during preanesthesia assessment prompts detailed cardiac evaluation. Our 57-year-old patient, a case of left frontal meningioma, with controlled hypertension, diabetes and hypothyroidism, had normal preoperative ECG and potassium. However, immediately on anesthesia induction, she developed multiple refractory to treatment PVCs but with normal blood pressure. Anesthesia, which was maintained with sevoflurane and fentanyl, was deepened to exclude light anesthesia as the cause, without useful outcome. Two lignocaine boluses (100 mg each), followed by its infusion, also proved ineffective. Her blood gases and potassium, checked twice, were normal. Throughout, her hemodynamics remained stable. As soon as tumor was removed, the PVCs disappeared not to return. Her postoperative recovery was uneventful with normal ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmod K. Bithal
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, King Fahad Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravees Jan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, King Fahad Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bharani Kumar
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, King Fahad Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Insha ur Rahman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, King Fahad Medical City Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xiao X, Ding M, Zhang YQ. Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Translational Pain Research. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:405-422. [PMID: 33566301 PMCID: PMC7954910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common symptomatic reason to seek medical consultation, pain is a complex experience that has been classified into different categories and stages. In pain processing, noxious stimuli may activate the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). But the function of ACC in the different pain conditions is not well discussed. In this review, we elaborate the commonalities and differences from accumulated evidence by a variety of pain assays for physiological pain and pathological pain including inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and cancer pain in the ACC, and discuss the cellular receptors and signaling molecules from animal studies. We further summarize the ACC as a new central neuromodulation target for invasive and non-invasive stimulation techniques in clinical pain management. The comprehensive understanding of pain processing in the ACC may lead to bridging the gap in translational research between basic and clinical studies and to develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Brain Science; Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Levichkina EV, Busygina II, Pigareva ML, Pigarev IN. The Mysterious Island: Insula and Its Dual Function in Sleep and Wakefulness. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 14:592660. [PMID: 33643002 PMCID: PMC7904873 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.592660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent sleep studies, it was shown that afferentation of many cortical areas switches during sleep to the interoceptive one. However, it was unclear whether the insular cortex, which is often considered as the main cortical visceral representation, maintains the same effective connectivity in both states of vigilance, or processes interoceptive information predominantly in one state. We investigated neuronal responses of the cat insular cortex to electrical stimulations of the intestinal wall delivered during wakefulness and natural sleep. Marked increase was observed in the number of insular neurons responding to this stimulation in sleep comparing to wakefulness, and enlarged amplitudes of evoked local field potentials were found as well. Moreover, most of the cells responding to intestinal stimulation in wakefulness never responded to identical stimuli during sleep and vice versa. It was also shown that applied low intensity intestinal stimulations had never compromised sleep quality. In addition, experiments with microstimulation of the insular cortex and recording of intestinal myoelectric activity demonstrated that effective insula-to-gut propagation also happened only during sleep. On the other hand, the same insular stimulations in wakefulness led to contractions of orofacial muscles. The evoked face movements gradually disappeared in the course of sleep development. These findings demonstrate that pattern of efficient afferent and efferent connections of the insular cortex changes with transition from wakefulness to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Levichkina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Irina I. Busygina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pigareva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Pigarev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Seamans JK. The anterior cingulate cortex and event-based modulation of autonomic states. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 158:135-169. [PMID: 33785144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of being an intensive area of research focus, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of an enigma. Many theories have focused on its role in various aspects of cognition yet surgically precise lesions of the ACC, used to treat severe emotional disorders in human patients, typically have no lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that the ACC has a prominent role in regulating autonomic states. This view is consistent with anatomical data showing that a main target of the ACC are regions involved in autonomic control and with the observation that stimulation of the ACC evokes changes in autonomic states in both animals and humans. From an electrophysiological perspective, ACC neurons appear able to represent virtually any event or internal state, even though there is not always a strong link between these representations and behavior. Ensembles of neurons form robust contextual representations that strongly influence how specific events are encoded. The activity patterns associated with these contextually-based event representations presumably impact activity in downstream regions that control autonomic state. As a result, the ACC may regulate the autonomic and perhaps emotional reactions to events it is representing. This event-based control of autonomic tone by the ACC would likely arise during all types of cognitive and affective processes, without necessarily being critical for any of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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15
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Song SY, Zhai XM, Dai JH, Lu LL, Shan CJ, Hong J, Cao JL, Zhang LC. The CSF-Contacting Nucleus Receives Anatomical Inputs From the Cerebral Cortex: A Combination of Retrograde Tracing and 3D Reconstruction Study in Rat. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:600555. [PMID: 33328908 PMCID: PMC7714914 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.600555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the direct monosynaptic projections from cortical functional regions to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus for understanding the functions of the CSF-contacting nucleus. Methods The Sprague-Dawley rats received cholera toxin B subunit (CB) injections into the CSF-contacting nucleus. After 7-10 days of survival time, the rats were perfused, and the whole brain and spinal cord were sliced under a freezing microtome at 40 μm. All sections were treated with the CB immunofluorescence reaction. The retrogradely labeled neurons in different cortical areas were revealed under a confocal microscope. The distribution features were further illustrated under 3D reconstruction. Results The retrogradely labeled neurons were identified in the olfactory, orbital, cingulate, insula, retrosplenial, somatosensory, motor, visual, auditory, association, rhinal, and parietal cortical areas. A total of 12 functional areas and 34 functional subregions showed projections to the CSF-contacting nucleus in different cell intensities. Conclusion According to the connectivity patterns, we conclude that the CSF-contacting nucleus participates in cognition, emotion, pain, visceral activity, etc. The present study firstly reveals the cerebral cortex→CSF-contacting nucleus connections, which implies the multiple functions of this special nucleus in neural and body fluid regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Zhai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hao Dai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lei-Lei Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jing Shan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia Hong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Li Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li-Cai Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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de Vries L, Fouquaet I, Boets B, Naulaers G, Steyaert J. Autism spectrum disorder and pupillometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:479-508. [PMID: 33172600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pupillometry, measuring pupil size and reactivity, has been proposed as a measure of autonomic nervous system functioning, the latter which might be altered in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to evaluate if pupillary responses differ in individuals with and without ASD. After performing a systematic literature search, we conducted a meta-analysis and constructed a qualitative synthesis. The meta-analysis shows a longer latency of the pupil response in the ASD-group as a substantial group difference, with a Hedges' g of 1.03 (95% CI 0.49-1.56, p = 0.008). Evidence on baseline pupil size and amplitude change is conflicting. We used the framework method to perform a qualitative evaluation of these differences. Explanations for the group differences vary between studies and are inconclusive, but many authors point to involvement of the autonomous nervous system and more specifically the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Pupillometry reveals differences between people with and without ASD, but the exact meaning of these differences remains unknown. Future studies should align research designs and investigate a possible effect of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyssa de Vries
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Child Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Iris Fouquaet
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Boets
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Steyaert
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Child Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Luo Q, Zhang L, Huang CC, Zheng Y, Kanen JW, Zhao Q, Yao Y, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Sahakian BJ, Schumann G, Li F, Feng J, Desrivières S, Robbins TW. Association between childhood trauma and risk for obesity: a putative neurocognitive developmental pathway. BMC Med 2020; 18:278. [PMID: 33054810 PMCID: PMC7559717 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma increases the risk for adult obesity through multiple complex pathways, and the neural substrates are yet to be determined. METHODS Participants from three population-based neuroimaging cohorts, including the IMAGEN cohort, the UK Biobank (UKB), and the Human Connectome Project (HCP), were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of both childhood trauma and body mass index (BMI) was performed in the longitudinal IMAGEN cohort; validation of the findings was performed in the UKB. White-matter connectivity analysis was conducted to study the structural connectivity between the identified brain region and subdivisions of the hypothalamus in the HCP. RESULTS In IMAGEN, a smaller frontopolar cortex (FPC) was associated with both childhood abuse (CA) (β = - .568, 95%CI - .942 to - .194; p = .003) and higher BMI (β = - .086, 95%CI - .128 to - .043; p < .001) in male participants, and these findings were validated in UKB. Across seven data collection sites, a stronger negative CA-FPC association was correlated with a higher positive CA-BMI association (β = - 1.033, 95%CI - 1.762 to - .305; p = .015). Using 7-T diffusion tensor imaging data (n = 156), we found that FPC was the third most connected cortical area with the hypothalamus, especially the lateral hypothalamus. A smaller FPC at age 14 contributed to higher BMI at age 19 in those male participants with a history of CA, and the CA-FPC interaction enabled a model at age 14 to account for some future weight gain during a 5-year follow-up (variance explained 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight that a malfunctioning, top-down cognitive or behavioral control system, independent of genetic predisposition, putatively contributes to excessive weight gain in a particularly vulnerable population, and may inform treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jonathan W Kanen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Qi Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Erin B Quinlan
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department & Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Stuldreher IV, Thammasan N, van Erp JBF, Brouwer AM. Physiological synchrony in EEG, electrodermal activity and heart rate reflects shared selective auditory attention. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046028. [PMID: 32698177 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aba87d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concurrent changes in physiological signals across multiple listeners (physiological synchrony-PS), as caused by shared affective or cognitive processes, may be a suitable marker of selective attentional focus. We aimed to identify the selective attention of participants based on PS with individuals sharing attention with respect to different stimulus aspects. APPROACH We determined PS in electroencephalography (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA) and electrocardiographic inter-beat interval (IBI) of participants who all heard the exact same audio track, but were instructed to either attend to the audiobook or to interspersed auditory events such as affective sounds and beeps that attending participants needed to keep track of. MAIN RESULTS PS in all three measures reflected the selective attentional focus of participants. In EEG and EDA, PS was higher for participants when linked to participants with the same attentional instructions than when linked to participants instructed to focus on different stimulus aspects, but in IBI this effect did not reach significance. Comparing PS between a participant and members from the same or the different attentional group allowed for the correct identification of the participant's attentional instruction in 96%, 73% and 73% of the cases, for EEG, EDA and IBI, respectively, all well above chance level. PS with respect to the attentional groups also predicted performance on post-audio questions about the groups' stimulus content. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that selective attention of participants can be monitored using PS, not only in EEG, but also in EDA and IBI. These results are promising for real-world applications, where wearables measuring peripheral signals like EDA and IBI may be preferred over EEG sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo V Stuldreher
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, The Netherlands. Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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19
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Vorkapić M, Savić A, Janković M, Useinović N, Isaković M, Puškaš N, Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D. Alterations of medial prefrontal cortex bioelectrical activity in experimental model of isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232530. [PMID: 32384091 PMCID: PMC7209304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and animal studies have found that anxiety and depression are significantly more common after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) has a dual role: in higher brain functions and in cardiovascular control, making it a logical candidate for explaining the perceived bidirectional heart-brain connection. We used parallel Electrocardiography (ECG) and Electrocorticography (ECoG) registration to investigate AMI-induced changes in medial PFC bioelectrical activity in a rat model of AMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Gold-plated recording electrodes were implanted over the frontal cortex for ECoG recording. ECG was recorded via two holter electrodes attached on the skin of the back fixed in place by a jacket. Induction of AMI was performed by isoprenaline (150 mg/kg, i.p.). ECoG and ECG signals were registered at baseline, during 3 hours after isoprenaline administration and at 24 hours after isoprenaline administration. RESULTS Significant increases of theta, alpha, and beta electroencephalographic (EEG) band power were observed in different time intervals after isoprenaline administration. Significant increase of theta band peak frequency was also observed during the first hour after isoprenaline administration. No statistically significant differences in band-power activity were found between the pre-isoprenaline measurements and 24 hours after administration. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate significant increases in EEG band power of alpha beta and theta bands during isoprenaline-induced AMI model. These are the first findings to connect heart damage during isoprenaline- induced AMI to disturbances in the cortical bioelectrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vorkapić
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrej Savić
- University of Belgrade–School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Janković
- University of Belgrade–School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Useinović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Isaković
- University of Belgrade–School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
- TECNALIA, Health Division, Donostia-San, Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nela Puškaš
- Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ Kostić” Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Pigarev IN, Pigareva ML, Levichkina EV. Probable Mechanism of Antiepileptic Effect of the Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Context of the Recent Results in Sleep Research. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:160. [PMID: 32180701 PMCID: PMC7059639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Pigarev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L Pigareva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Levichkina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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The mind-body problem: Circuits that link the cerebral cortex to the adrenal medulla. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26321-26328. [PMID: 31871146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902297116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Which regions of the cerebral cortex are the origin of descending commands that influence internal organs? We used transneuronal transport of rabies virus in monkeys and rats to identify regions of cerebral cortex that have multisynaptic connections with a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal medulla. In rats, we also examined multisynaptic connections with the kidney. In monkeys, the cortical influence over the adrenal medulla originates from 3 distinct networks that are involved in movement, cognition, and affect. Each of these networks has a human equivalent. The largest influence originates from a motor network that includes all 7 motor areas in the frontal lobe. These motor areas are involved in all aspects of skeletomotor control, from response selection to motor preparation and movement execution. The motor areas provide a link between body movement and the modulation of stress. The cognitive and affective networks are located in regions of cingulate cortex. They provide a link between how we think and feel and the function of the adrenal medulla. Together, the 3 networks can mediate the effects of stress and depression on organ function and provide a concrete neural substrate for some psychosomatic illnesses. In rats, cortical influences over the adrenal medulla and the kidney originate mainly from 2 motor areas and adjacent somatosensory cortex. The cognitive and affective networks, present in monkeys, are largely absent in rats. Thus, nonhuman primate research is essential to understand the neural substrate that links cognition and affect to the function of internal organs.
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22
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Zhao DQ, Gong SN, Ma YJ, Zhu JP. Medial prefrontal cortex exacerbates gastric dysfunction of rats upon restraint water‑immersion stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2303-2315. [PMID: 31322177 PMCID: PMC6691265 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS) can induce a gastric mucosal lesions within a few hours. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in the RWIS process. The present study investigated the modulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of the mPFC on gastric function under an RWIS state. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; namely, the control, RWIS 4 h (RWIS for 4 h only), sham-operated and bilateral-lesioned (bilateral-lesioned mPFC) groups. The gastric erosion index (EI) and gastric motility (GM) were determined, and the proteomic profiles of the mPFC were assessed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, iTRAQ results were verified by western blot analysis. Compared with the RWIS 4 h group and the sham-control group, the bilateral-lesioned group exhibited a significantly lower EI (P<0.01). In the bilateral-lesioned group, RWIS led to a significant decrease in EI and GM. When comparing the control and RWIS 4 h groups, 129 dysregulated proteins were identified, of which 88 were upregulated and 41 were downregulated. Gene Ontology functional analysis demonstrated that 29 dysregulated proteins, including postsynaptic density protein 95, were directly associated with axon morphology, axon growth and synaptic plasticity. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that the dysregulated proteins were mainly involved in neurological disease signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. These data indicated that the presence of the mPFC exacerbates gastric mucosal injury in awake rats during RWIS. Although the quantitative proteomic analysis elucidated the nervous system molecular targets associated with the production of gastric mucosal lesions, such as the role of PSD95. The underlying molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Nan Gong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jie Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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23
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Datta D, Arnsten AFT. Loss of Prefrontal Cortical Higher Cognition with Uncontrollable Stress: Molecular Mechanisms, Changes with Age, and Relevance to Treatment. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050113. [PMID: 31108855 PMCID: PMC6562841 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly evolved prefrontal cortex (PFC) generates goals for "top-down" control of behavior, thought, and emotion. However, these circuits are especially vulnerable to uncontrollable stress, with powerful, intracellular mechanisms that rapidly take the PFC "off-line." High levels of norepinephrine and dopamine released during stress engage α1-AR and D1R, which activate feedforward calcium-cAMP signaling pathways that open nearby potassium channels to weaken connectivity and reduce PFC cell firing. Sustained weakening with chronic stress leads to atrophy of dendrites and spines. Understanding these signaling events helps to explain the increased susceptibility of the PFC to stress pathology during adolescence, when dopamine expression is increased in the PFC, and with advanced age, when the molecular "brakes" on stress signaling are diminished by loss of phosphodiesterases. These mechanisms have also led to pharmacological treatments for stress-related disorders, including guanfacine treatment of childhood trauma, and prazosin treatment of veterans and civilians with post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyadeep Datta
- Department Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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24
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Soft on crime: Patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage allocate reduced third-party punishment to violent criminals. Cortex 2019; 119:33-45. [PMID: 31071555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human impulse to punish those who have unjustly harmed others (i.e., third-party punishment) is critical for stable, cooperative societies. Punishment selection is influenced by both harm outcome and the intent of the moral agent (i.e., the offender's knowledge of wrongdoing and desire that the prohibited consequence occur). We allocate severe punishments to those who commit violent crimes and milder punishments to those who commit non-violent crimes; and we allocate severe punishments to criminals who have malicious intent and milder punishments to criminals who lack malicious intent. Prior research has indicated that aversive, emotional responses of third-party judges may influence punishment allocation, as increased negative emotion correlates with more punitive punishments. Here, we show that patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC; a region necessary for the normal generation of emotion), compared to other neurological patients and healthy adult participants, allocate more lenient third-party punishment to criminals who commit emotionally-evocative, violent crimes. By contrast, patients with vmPFC damage did not differ from comparison participants on punishment allocation for non-emotional, non-violent crimes. These results demonstrate the necessity of the vmPFC for the integration of emotion into third-party punishment decisions, and indicate that negative emotion influences third-party punishment allocation particularly for scenarios involving physical harm to another.
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25
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de Góes VB, Frizzo ACF, Oliveira FR, Garner DM, Raimundo RD, Valenti VE. Interaction Between Cortical Auditory Processing and Vagal Regulation of Heart Rate in Language Tasks: A Randomized, Prospective, Observational, Analytical and Cross-Sectional Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4277. [PMID: 30862817 PMCID: PMC6414501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) throughout a language task is beneficial during psychophysiological evaluation to advance identification of language disorders. So as to better comprehend human communication and to provide additional elements for neuropsychological examinations we aimed to (1) examine the influence of language tasks on cortical auditory processing and vagal control of heart rate and (2) to verify a possible association between the parasympathetic cardiac regulation and cortical auditory processing in language tasks. This study was completed with 49 women. The subjects were separated into two groups: (1) phonological language tasks (N = 21) and (2) semantic (N = 21) language tasks. Heart rate variability (HRV) and CAEP were evaluated before and after the tests. HRV reduced (small effect size) and P3 wave latency increased after the phonological task. Identical variables were significantly correlated after the phonological task and linear regression indicated significant interaction between pNN50 (percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration greater than 50 milliseconds) and P3 latency (16.9%). In conclusion, phonological language tasks slightly reduced parasympathetic control of HR and increased cognitive effort. The association between HRV and CAEP are anticipated to be involved in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane B de Góes
- Autonomic Nervous System Center (CESNA), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Therapy, UNESP, Marilia, Brazil
| | - Ana Claúdia F Frizzo
- Autonomic Nervous System Center (CESNA), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Therapy, UNESP, Marilia, Brazil
| | | | - David M Garner
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo D Raimundo
- Laboratory of Design and Scientific Writing, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor E Valenti
- Autonomic Nervous System Center (CESNA), Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Therapy, UNESP, Marilia, Brazil.
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Patron E, Mennella R, Messerotti Benvenuti S, Thayer JF. The frontal cortex is a heart-brake: Reduction in delta oscillations is associated with heart rate deceleration. Neuroimage 2019; 188:403-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
The midcingulate cortex (MCC) is viewed as a central node within a large-scale system devoted to adjusting behavior in the face of changing environments. Whereas the role of the MCC in interfacing action and cognition is well established, its role in regulating the autonomic nervous system is poorly understood. Yet, adaptive reactions to novel or threatening situations induce coordinated changes in the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems. The somatomotor maps in the MCC are organized dorsoventrally. A meta-analysis of the literature reveals that the dorsoventral organization might also concern connections with the autonomic nervous system. Activation of the dorsal and ventral parts of the MCC correlate with recruitments of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems, respectively. Data also suggest that, in the MCC, projections toward the sympathetic system are mapped along the sensory-motor system following the same cervico-sacral organization as projections on the spinal cord for skeletal motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Amiez
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
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Prefrontal-Bed Nucleus Circuit Modulation of a Passive Coping Response Set. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1405-1419. [PMID: 30573644 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1421-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges facing neuroscience entails localization of circuits and mechanisms accounting for how multiple features of stress responses are organized to promote survival during adverse experiences. The rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is generally regarded as a key site for cognitive and affective information processing, and the anteroventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (avBST) integrates homeostatic information from a variety of sources, including the mPFC. Thus, we proposed that the mPFC is capable of generating multiple features (endocrine, behavioral) of adaptive responses via its influence over the avBST. To address this possibility, we first optogenetically inhibited input to avBST from the rostral prelimbic cortical region of mPFC and observed concurrent increases in immobility and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) output in male rats during tail suspension, whereas photostimulation of this pathway decreased immobility during the same challenge. Anatomical tracing experiments confirmed projections from the rostral prelimbic subfield to separate populations of avBST neurons, and from these to HPA effector neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and to aspects of the midbrain periaqueductal gray that coordinate passive defensive behaviors. Finally, stimulation and inhibition of the prelimbic-avBST pathway, respectively, decreased and increased passive coping in the shock-probe defensive burying test, without having any direct effect on active coping (burying) behavior. These results define a new neural substrate in the coordination of a response set that involves the gating of passive, rather than active, coping behaviors while restraining neuroendocrine activation to optimize adaptation during threat exposure.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The circuits and mechanisms accounting for how multiple features of responses are organized to promote adaptation have yet to be elucidated. Our report identifies a prefrontal-bed nucleus pathway that organizes a response set capable of gating passive coping behaviors while concurrently restraining neuroendocrine activation during exposure to inescapable stressors. These data provide insight into the central organization of how multiple features of responses are integrated to promote adaptation during adverse experiences, and how disruption in one neural pathway may underlie a broad array of maladaptive responses in stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Chakravarthy S, Balasubramani PP, Mandali A, Jahanshahi M, Moustafa AA. The many facets of dopamine: Toward an integrative theory of the role of dopamine in managing the body's energy resources. Physiol Behav 2018; 195:128-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Anteroventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis neurocircuitry: Towards an integration of HPA axis modulation with coping behaviors - Curt Richter Award Paper 2017. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:239-249. [PMID: 29395488 PMCID: PMC5878723 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A network of interconnected cell groups in the limbic forebrain regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and behavioral responses to emotionally stressful experiences, and chronic disruption of these systems chronically is implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illnesses. A significant challenge has been to unravel the circuitry and mechanisms providing for regulation of HPA activity, as these limbic forebrain regions do not provide any direct innervation of HPA effector cell groups in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH). Moreover, information regarding how endocrine and behavioral responses are integrated has remained obscure. Here we summarize work from our laboratory showing that anteroventral (av) bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) acts as a point of convergence between the limbic forebrain and PVH, receiving and coordinating upstream influences, and restraining HPA axis output in response to inescapable stressors. Recent studies highlight a more expansive modulatory role for avBST as one that coordinates HPA-inhibitory influences while concurrently suppressing passive behavioral responses via divergent pathways. avBST is uniquely positioned to convey endocrine and behavioral alterations resulting from chronic stress exposure, such as HPA axis hyperactivity and increased passive coping strategies, that may result from synaptic reorganization in upstream limbic cortical regions. We discuss how these studies give new insights into understanding the systems-level organization of stress response circuitry, the neurobiology of coping styles, and BST circuit dysfunction in stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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31
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Wood KN, Badrov MB, Speechley MR, Shoemaker JK. Regional cerebral cortical thickness correlates with autonomic outflow. Auton Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Howell CJ, Sceniak MP, Lang M, Krakowiecki W, Abouelsoud FE, Lad SU, Yu H, Katz DM. Activation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reverses Cognitive and Respiratory Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0277-17.2017. [PMID: 29333487 PMCID: PMC5762598 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0277-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2; Amir et al., 1999), a transcriptional regulatory protein (Klose et al., 2005). Mouse models of RTT (Mecp2 mutants) exhibit excitatory hypoconnectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; Sceniak et al., 2015), a region critical for functions that are abnormal in RTT patients, ranging from learning and memory to regulation of visceral homeostasis (Riga et al., 2014). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that increasing the activity of mPFC pyramidal neurons in heterozygous female Mecp2 mutants (Hets) would ameliorate RTT-like symptoms, including deficits in respiratory control and long-term retrieval of auditory conditioned fear. Selective activation of mPFC pyramidal neurons in adult animals was achieved by bilateral infection with an AAV8 vector expressing excitatory hm3D(Gq) DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) (Armbruster et al., 2007) under the control of the CamKIIa promoter. DREADD activation in Mecp2 Hets completely restored long-term retrieval of auditory conditioned fear, eliminated respiratory apneas, and reduced respiratory frequency variability to wild-type (Wt) levels. Reversal of respiratory symptoms following mPFC activation was associated with normalization of Fos protein levels, a marker of neuronal activity, in a subset of brainstem respiratory neurons. Thus, despite reduced levels of MeCP2 and severe neurological deficits, mPFC circuits in Het mice are sufficiently intact to generate normal behavioral output when pyramidal cell activity is increased. These findings highlight the contribution of mPFC hypofunction to the pathophysiology of RTT and raise the possibility that selective activation of cortical regions such as the mPFC could provide therapeutic benefit to RTT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C James Howell
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Michael P Sceniak
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Min Lang
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Wenceslas Krakowiecki
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Fatimah E Abouelsoud
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Saloni U Lad
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Heping Yu
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - David M Katz
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Chalah MA, Ayache SS. Alexithymia in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of literature. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bedwell SA, Billett EE, Crofts JJ, Tinsley CJ. Differences in anatomical connections across distinct areas in the rodent prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:859-873. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Bedwell
- School of Science and Technology; Nottingham Trent University; Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - E. Ellen Billett
- School of Science and Technology; Nottingham Trent University; Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Jonathan J. Crofts
- School of Science and Technology; Nottingham Trent University; Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- School of Science and Technology; Nottingham Trent University; Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
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35
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Smith R, Thayer JF, Khalsa SS, Lane RD. The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:274-296. [PMID: 28188890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neurovisceral integration (NVI) model was originally proposed to account for observed relationships between peripheral physiology, cognitive performance, and emotional/physical health. This model has also garnered a considerable amount of empirical support, largely from studies examining cardiac vagal control. However, recent advances in functional neuroanatomy, and in computational neuroscience, have yet to be incorporated into the NVI model. Here we present an updated/expanded version of the NVI model that incorporates these advances. Based on a review of studies of structural/functional anatomy, we first describe an eight-level hierarchy of nervous system structures, and the contribution that each level plausibly makes to vagal control. Second, we review recent work on a class of computational models of brain function known as "predictive coding" models. We illustrate how the computational dynamics of these models, when implemented within our proposed vagal control hierarchy, can increase understanding of the relationship between vagal control and both cognitive performance and emotional/physical health. We conclude by discussing novel implications of this updated NVI model for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, United States.
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States; University of Tulsa, Oxley College of Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Richard D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, United States
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36
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Abstract
Objective: To report a case of palmar–plantar hyperhidrosis (PPH) In which paroxetine was found to be helpful. Case Summary: A 32-year-old man with a history of excessive sweating of the palms and soles since childhood was diagnosed with PPH and was prescribed paroxetine 10 mg/day, which was increased to 20 mg/day. After one month, he experienced a marked reduction in sweating and improvement in socio-occupational functioning, which were sustained during follow-up at 6 months without any emergent adverse effects. Discussion: Paroxetine's anticholinergic action may be responsible for its beneficial effect in PPH, as it may override the adrenergic mechanism, which has a minor effect on sweating from eccrine glands. Alternatively, paroxetine's beneficial effect in PPH may be secondary to its antianxiety effect, through central mechanisms. Conclusions: Paroxetine may be a useful option in the treatment of PPH.
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Okruszek Ł, Dolan K, Lawrence M, Cella M. The beat of social cognition: Exploring the role of heart rate variability as marker of mentalizing abilities. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:489-493. [PMID: 27696950 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1244113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-standing debate on the influence of physiological signals on social behavior. Recent studies suggested that heart rate variability (HRV) may be a marker of social cognitive processes. However, this evidence is preliminary and limited to laboratory studies. In this study, 25 participants were assessed with a social cognition battery and asked to wear a wearable device measuring HRV for 6 consecutive days. The results showed that reduced HRV correlated with higher hostility attribution bias. However, no relationship was found between HRV and other social cognitive measures including facial emotion recognition, theory of mind or emotional intelligence. These results suggest that HRV may be linked to specific social cognitive processes requiring online emotional processing, in particular those related to social threat. These findings are discussed in the context of the neurovisceral integration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Okruszek
- a Institute of Psychology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.,b Department of Psychology , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Kirsty Dolan
- b Department of Psychology , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Megan Lawrence
- b Department of Psychology , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- b Department of Psychology , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
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38
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Ameliorating treatment-refractory depression with intranasal ketamine: potential NMDA receptor actions in the pain circuitry representing mental anguish. CNS Spectr 2016; 21:12-22. [PMID: 25619798 PMCID: PMC4515405 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852914000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the antidepressant actions of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartame glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, and offers a potential neural mechanism for intranasal ketamine's ultra-rapid actions based on the key role of NMDAR in the nonhuman primate prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although intravenous ketamine infusions can lift mood within hours, the current review describes how intranasal ketamine administration can have ultra-rapid antidepressant effects, beginning within minutes (5-40 minutes) and lasting hours, but with repeated treatments needed for sustained antidepressant actions. Research in rodents suggests that increased synaptogenesis in PFC may contribute to the prolonged benefit of ketamine administration, beginning hours after administration. However, these data cannot explain the relief that occurs within minutes of intranasal ketamine delivery. We hypothesize that the ultra-rapid effects of intranasal administration in humans may be due to ketamine blocking the NMDAR circuits that generate the emotional representations of pain (eg, Brodmann Areas 24 and 25, insular cortex), cortical areas that can be overactive in depression and which sit above the nasal epithelium. In contrast, NMDAR blockade in the dorsolateral PFC following systemic administration of ketamine may contribute to cognitive deficits. This novel view may help to explain how intravenous ketamine can treat the symptoms of depression yet worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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40
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Radley J, Morilak D, Viau V, Campeau S. Chronic stress and brain plasticity: Mechanisms underlying adaptive and maladaptive changes and implications for stress-related CNS disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:79-91. [PMID: 26116544 PMCID: PMC4684432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress responses entail neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral changes to promote effective coping with real or perceived threats to one's safety. While these responses are critical for the survival of the individual, adverse effects of repeated exposure to stress are widely known to have deleterious effects on health. Thus, a considerable effort in the search for treatments to stress-related CNS disorders necessitates unraveling the brain mechanisms responsible for adaptation under acute conditions and their perturbations following chronic stress exposure. This paper is based upon a symposium from the 2014 International Behavioral Neuroscience Meeting, summarizing some recent advances in understanding the effects of stress on adaptive and maladaptive responses subserved by limbic forebrain networks. An important theme highlighted in this review is that the same networks mediating neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral processes during adaptive coping also comprise targets of the effects of repeated stress exposure in the development of maladaptive states. Where possible, reference is made to the similarity of neurobiological substrates and effects observed following repeated exposure to stress in laboratory animals and the clinical features of stress-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Radley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, IA, United States
| | - David Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Victor Viau
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Serge Campeau
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
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41
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Moving Toward Conscious Pain Processing Detection in Chronic Disorders of Consciousness: Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neuromodulation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dampney RAL. Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R429-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several brain regions and pathways have major roles in subserving the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to threatening stimuli, which may vary from relatively mild acute arousing stimuli to more prolonged life-threatening stimuli. One key region is the dorsomedial hypothalamus, which receives inputs from the cortex, amygdala, and other forebrain regions and which is critical for generating autonomic, respiratory, and neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors. Recent studies suggest that the dorsomedial hypothalamus also receives an input from the dorsolateral column in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, which is another key region involved in the integration of stress-evoked cardiorespiratory responses. In addition, it has recently been shown that neurons in the midbrain colliculi can generate highly synchronized autonomic, respiratory, and somatomotor responses to visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. These collicular neurons may be part of a subcortical defense system that also includes the basal ganglia and which is well adapted to responding to threats that require an immediate stereotyped response that does not involve the cortex. The basal ganglia/colliculi system is phylogenetically ancient. In contrast, the defense system that includes the dorsomedial hypothalamus and cortex evolved at a later time, and appears to be better adapted to generating appropriate responses to more sustained threatening stimuli that involve cognitive appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. L. Dampney
- School of Medical Sciences (Physiology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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43
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Bedwell SA, Billett EE, Crofts JJ, MacDonald DM, Tinsley CJ. The topology of connections between rat prefrontal and temporal cortices. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:80. [PMID: 26042005 PMCID: PMC4438597 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural organization of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an important step toward determining its functional organization. Here we investigated the organization of PFC using different neuronal tracers. We injected retrograde (Fluoro-Gold, 100 nl) and anterograde [Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or Fluoro-Ruby, 100 nl] tracers into sites within PFC subdivisions (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) along a coronal axis within PFC. At each injection site one injection was made of the anterograde tracer and one injection was made of the retrograde tracer. The projection locations of retrogradely labeled neurons and anterogradely labeled axon terminals were then analyzed in the temporal cortex: area Te, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. We found evidence for an ordering of both the anterograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) and retrograde (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes: p < 0.001) connections of PFC. We observed that anterograde and retrograde labeling in ipsilateral temporal cortex (i.e., PFC inputs and outputs) often occurred reciprocally (i.e., the same brain region, such as area 35d in perirhinal cortex, contained anterograde and retrograde labeling). However, often the same specific columnar temporal cortex regions contained only either labeling of retrograde or anterograde tracer, indicating that PFC inputs and outputs are frequently non-matched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Bedwell
- Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - E Ellen Billett
- Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan J Crofts
- Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Danielle M MacDonald
- Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris J Tinsley
- Division of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
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Motzkin JC, Philippi CL, Wolf RC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical for the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:276-284. [PMID: 24673881 PMCID: PMC4145052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. Leading neurocircuitry models of these disorders propose that hypoactivity in the vmPFC engenders disinhibited activity of the amygdala and, consequently, pathologically elevated levels of negative affect. This model predicts that a selective loss or diminution of function of the vmPFC would result in heightened activity of the amygdala. Although this prediction has been borne out in rodent lesion and electrophysiologic studies using fear conditioning and extinction paradigms, there has not yet been a definitive test of this prediction in humans. METHODS We tested this prediction through a novel use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in four neurosurgical patients with focal, bilateral vmPFC damage. RESULTS Relative to neurologically healthy comparison subjects, the patients with vmPFC lesions exhibited potentiated amygdala responses to aversive images and elevated resting-state amygdala functional connectivity. No comparable group differences were observed for activity in other brain regions. CONCLUSIONS These results provide unique evidence for the critical role of the vmPFC in regulating activity of the amygdala in humans and help elucidate the causal neural interactions that underlie mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Motzkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Carissa L. Philippi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
| | - Richard C. Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Mustafa K. Baskaya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, 53792, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Departments of Psychiatry (JCM, CLP, RCW, MK), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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The Effects of Stress Exposure on Prefrontal Cortex: Translating Basic Research into Successful Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:89-99. [PMID: 25436222 PMCID: PMC4244027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the neurobiology of the stress response in animals has led to successful new treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in humans. Basic research has found that high levels of catecholamine release during stress rapidly impair the top-down cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), while strengthening the emotional and habitual responses of the amygdala and basal ganglia. Chronic stress exposure leads to dendritic atrophy in PFC, dendritic extension in the amygdala, and strengthening of the noradrenergic (NE) system. High levels of NE release during stress engage low affinity alpha-1 adrenoceptors, (and likely beta-1 adrenoceptors), which rapidly reduce the firing of PFC neurons, but strengthen amygdala function. In contrast, moderate levels of NE release during nonstress conditions engage higher affinity alpha-2A receptors, which strengthen PFC, weaken amygdala, and regulate NE cell firing. Thus, either alpha-1 receptor blockade or alpha-2A receptor stimulation can protect PFC function during stress. Patients with PTSD have signs of PFC dysfunction. Clinical studies have found that blocking alpha-1 receptors with prazosin, or stimulating alpha-2A receptors with guanfacine or clonidine can be useful in reducing the symptoms of PTSD. Placebo-controlled trials have shown that prazosin is helpful in veterans, active duty soldiers and civilians with PTSD, including improvement of PFC symptoms such as impaired concentration and impulse control. Open label studies suggest that guanfacine may be especially helpful in treating children and adolescents who have experienced trauma. Thus, understanding the neurobiology of the stress response has begun to help patients with stress disorders. Research in animals has revealed how prefrontal cortex goes “off-line” during stress. Prefrontal cortical function is protected by α2A-, but impaired by α1-adrenoceptors. Based on this research, α1 blockers and α2A agonists are now in use to treat PTSD.
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Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG, Nicholas CL, Drummond KJ, Moffat BA, Phal P, Desmond P, Kessels RPC. Social cognition in patients following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:192-203. [PMID: 25284626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social cognition, including emotion recognition, may explain dysfunctional emotional and social behaviour in patients with lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). However, the VMPFC is a large, poorly defined area that can be sub-divided into orbital and medial sectors. We sought to investigate social cognition in patients with discrete, surgically circumscribed prefrontal lesions. Twenty-seven patients between 1 and 12 months post-neurosurgery were divided into groups based on Brodmann areas resected, determined by post-surgical magnetic resonance imaging. We hypothesised that patients with lesions to the VMPFC (n=5), anterior cingulate cortex (n=4), orbitofrontal cortex (n=7) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, n=11) would perform worse than a control group of 26 extra-cerebral neurosurgery patients on measures of dynamic facial emotion recognition, theory of mind (ToM) and empathy. Results indicated the VMPFC-lesioned group performed significantly worse than the control group on the facial emotion recognition task overall, and for fear specifically, and performed worse on the ToM measure. The DLPFC group also performed worse on the ToM and empathy measures, but DLPFC lesion location was not a predictor of performance in hierarchical multiple regressions that accounted for other variables, including the reduced estimated verbal IQ in this group. It was concluded that isolated orbital or medial prefrontal lesions are not sufficient to produce impairments in social cognition. This is the first study to demonstrate that it is the combination of lesions to both areas that affect social cognition, irrespective of lesion volume. While group sizes were similar to other comparable studies that included patients with discrete, surgically circumscribed lesions to the prefrontal cortex, future large, multi-site studies are needed to collect larger samples and confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Michelle Jenkins
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - David Gordon Andrewes
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Psychiatry Department, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Luke Nicholas
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Pramit Phal
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roy Peter Caspar Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions alter neural and physiological correlates of anticipation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10430-7. [PMID: 25080601 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1446-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty is a ubiquitous feature of our daily lives. Although previous studies have identified a number of neural and peripheral physiological changes associated with uncertainty, there are limited data on the causal mechanisms underlying these responses in humans. In this study, we address this empirical gap through a novel application of fMRI in neurosurgical patients with focal, bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) damage. The fMRI task involved cued anticipation of aversive and neutral picture stimuli; "certain" cues unambiguously indicated the upcoming picture valence, whereas "ambiguous" cues could precede either picture type. Healthy subjects exhibited robust bilateral insula responses to ambiguous cues, and this cue-related insula activity significantly correlated with heart rate variability during the task. By contrast, the vmPFC lesion patients exhibited altered cue-related insula activity and reduced heart rate variability. These findings suggest a role for vmPFC in coordinating neural and physiological responses during anticipation.
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Bedwell SA, Billett EE, Crofts JJ, Tinsley CJ. The topology of connections between rat prefrontal, motor and sensory cortices. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:177. [PMID: 25278850 PMCID: PMC4166227 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The connections of prefrontal cortex (PFC) were investigated in the rat brain to determine the order and location of input and output connections to motor and somatosensory cortex. Retrograde (100 nl Fluoro-Gold) and anterograde (100 nl Biotinylated Dextran Amines, BDA; Fluorescein and Texas Red) neuronanatomical tracers were injected into the subdivisions of the PFC (prelimbic, ventral orbital, ventrolateral orbital, dorsolateral orbital) and their projections studied. We found clear evidence for organized input projections from the motor and somatosensory cortices to the PFC, with distinct areas of motor and cingulate cortex projecting in an ordered arrangement to the subdivisions of PFC. As injection location of retrograde tracer was moved from medial to lateral in PFC, we observed an ordered arrangement of projections occurring in sensory-motor cortex. There was a significant effect of retrograde injection location on the position of labelled cells occurring in sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral, anterior-posterior and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). The arrangement of output projections from PFC also displayed a significant ordered projection to sensory-motor cortex (dorsoventral p < 0.001, anterior-posterior p = 0.002 and mediolateral axes p < 0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the locations of input and output labels vary with respect to one another (in the dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral axes, p < 0.001). Taken together, the findings show that regions of PFC display an ordered arrangement of connections with sensory-motor cortex, with clear laminar organization of input connections. These results also show that input and output connections to PFC are not located in exactly the same sites and reveal a circuit between sensory-motor and PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Bedwell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - E Ellen Billett
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan J Crofts
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris J Tinsley
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
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Greene JG. Causes and consequences of degeneration of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:649-67. [PMID: 24597973 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is no longer considered merely a movement disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the midbrain. It is now recognized as a widespread neuropathological syndrome accompanied by a variety of motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms. As such, any hypothesis concerning PD pathogenesis and pathophysiology must account for the entire spectrum of disease and not solely focus on the dopamine system. RECENT ADVANCES Based on its anatomy and the intrinsic properties of its neurons, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) is uniquely vulnerable to damage from PD. Fibers in the vagus nerve course throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to and from the brainstem forming a close link between the peripheral and central nervous systems and a point of proximal contact between the environment and areas where PD pathology is believed to start. In addition, DMV neurons are under high levels of oxidative stress due to their high level of α-synuclein expression, fragile axons, and specific neuronal physiology. Moreover, several consequences of DMV damage, namely, GI dysfunction and unrestrained inflammation, may propagate a vicious cycle of injury affecting vulnerable brain regions. CRITICAL ISSUES Current evidence to suggest the vagal system plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis is circumstantial, but given the current state of the field, the time is ripe to obtain direct experimental evidence to better delineate it. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Better understanding of the DMV and vagus nerve may provide insight into PD pathogenesis and a neural highway with direct brain access that could be harnessed for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Greene
- Department of Neurology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
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Fear processing in dental phobia during crossmodal symptom provocation: an fMRI study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196353. [PMID: 24738049 PMCID: PMC3967629 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While previous studies successfully identified the core neural substrates of the animal subtype of specific phobia, only few and inconsistent research is available for dental phobia. These findings might partly relate to the fact that, typically, visual stimuli were employed. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of stimulus modality on neural fear processing in dental phobia. Thirteen dental phobics (DP) and thirteen healthy controls (HC) attended a block-design functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) symptom provocation paradigm encompassing both visual and auditory stimuli. Drill sounds and matched neutral sinus tones served as auditory stimuli and dentist scenes and matched neutral videos as visual stimuli. Group comparisons showed increased activation in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus in DP compared to HC during auditory but not visual stimulation. On the contrary, no differential autonomic reactions were observed in DP. Present results are largely comparable to brain areas identified in animal phobia, but also point towards a potential downregulation of autonomic outflow by neural fear circuits in this disorder. Findings enlarge our knowledge about neural correlates of dental phobia and may help to understand the neural underpinnings of the clinical and physiological characteristics of the disorder.
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