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Hadjikypri X, Theofanous C, Christodoulidi A, Georgiades P. New findings on the orientation of the mouse anterior-posterior (A-P) axis before and during the initiation of gastrulation using a more refined embryo staging. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 40:101817. [PMID: 39286290 PMCID: PMC11402440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A clinically significant event of early mammalian embryogenesis is the generation and early development of the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis, the imaginary line along which the structures from head to tail will form. This axis not only appears before gastrulation but is also oriented in a specific way in relation to the long and short diameters of the bilaterally symmetric epiblast. In mice, the most widely used mammalian in vivo model of early embryogenesis, the A-P axis is normally aligned with the long epiblast diameter by the early streak (ES) stage, a time during early gastrulation around embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5). Incorrect orientation of the A-P axis by the ES stage, that is, being aligned with the short epiblast diameter, leads to failure in completing gastrulation and results in embryo death soon after. Knowing the orientation of this axis from when it forms before gastrulation (around E5.5) until just before the ES stage is crucial for: (a) understanding the ill-defined factors involved in its formation and early development since they must be spatially related to it, and (b) providing explanations for the underlying mechanism when it is incorrectly orientated. However, the orientation of the A-P axis in pre-ES embryos of the E5.5-E6.5 period remains unclear. Specifically, although it is thought that this axis initially aligns with the short epiblast diameter and subsequently changes its orientation to become aligned with the long diameter by an unidentified pre-gastrulation stage before the ES stage, this proposition remains unresolved. This is largely due to the lack of clearly defined morphological criteria for staging certain periods of pre-ES mouse embryos (especially when the A-P axis initiates and when gastrulation begins prior to the ES stage), which are a prerequisite for identifying A-P axis orientation at specific pre-ES stages. Furthermore, although the orientation of an extraembryonic trophoblast asymmetry, specifically the tilt of the ectoplacental cone (EPC), coincides with that of the A-P axis by the ES stage, it is unknown whether such an association also exists at pre-gastrulation stages during A-P axis formation. Knowing this would exclude or implicate this trophoblast asymmetry as an upstream factor in orientating the A-P axis when it forms. To address these issues, we established a more refined embryo staging for the E5.5-E6.5 period using a novel combination of live morphological criteria and used it to examine the orientation of the A-P axis and that of the EPC tilt at specific stages. First, contrary to current thinking, we show that when the A-P axis first appears at our newly described anterior visceral endoderm-1 (AVE-1) and AVE-2 stages, it aligns with the long epiblast diameter in all embryos. This orientation is maintained in most embryos at all subsequent pre-gastrulation stages, specifically at our AVE-3 and pre-streak stages (the remaining embryos of these stages had this axis aligned with the short epiblast diameter). Second, we identified for the first time the pre-ES stage when gastrulation initiates, which we named the nascent streak (NS) stage, and further subdivided it into NS-1 and NS-2. At variance with current belief, we provide evidence that the earliest stage just before the ES stage when all embryos align their A-P axis with the long epiblast diameter is not a pre-gastrulation stage, but the NS-2 stage (at NS-1, most but not all embryos had this A-P axis orientation). Third, we implicate the EPC tilt as a possible extraembryonic factor in promoting correct A-P axis orientation, as this tilt exists before the AVE-1 stage and its orientation coincided with that of the A-P axis in all embryos at AVE-1, AVE-2 and ES stages and almost all embryos at AVE-3, pre-streak and NS stages. Overall, our work: (a) identified the previously unresolved orientation of the mouse A-P axis within the epiblast before the ES stage during the E5.5-E6.5 period; (b) provides an alternative explanation for when this axis is incorrectly oriented by the ES stage, namely, its defective alignment with the short epiblast diameter by this stage could be due to its failure to align with the long epiblast diameter from the time of its formation; and (c) implicates the pre-existing orientation of the EPC tilt as a possible factor in orientating the newly formed A-P axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Hadjikypri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christina Theofanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonia Christodoulidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Georgiades
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, University Campus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Hongo I, Yamaguchi C, Okamoto H. Brain enlargement with rostral bias in larvae from a spontaneously occurring female variant line of Xenopus; role of aberrant embryonic Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cells Dev 2024; 179:203918. [PMID: 38574816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Increased brain size and its rostral bias are hallmarks of vertebrate evolution, but the underlying developmental and genetic basis remains poorly understood. To provide clues to understanding vertebrate brain evolution, we investigated the developmental mechanisms of brain enlargement observed in the offspring of a previously unrecognized, spontaneously occurring female variant line of Xenopus that appears to reflect a genetic variation. Brain enlargement in larvae from this line showed a pronounced rostral bias that could be traced back to the neural plate, the primordium of the brain. At the gastrula stage, the Spemann organizer, which is known to induce the neural plate from the adjacent dorsal ectoderm and give it the initial rostrocaudal patterning, was expanded from dorsal to ventral in a large proportion of the offspring of variant females. Consistently, siamois expression, which is required for Spemann organizer formation, was expanded laterally from dorsal to ventral at the blastula stage in variant offspring. This implies that the active region of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was similarly expanded in advance on the dorsal side, as siamois is a target gene of this pathway. Notably, the earliest detectable change in variant offspring was in fertilized eggs, in which maternal wnt11b mRNA, a candidate dorsalizing factor responsible for activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the dorsal embryonic region, had a wider distribution in the vegetal cortical cytoplasm. Since lateral spreading of wnt11b mRNA, and possibly that of other potential maternal dorsalizing factors in these eggs, is expected to facilitate lateral expansion of the active region of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during subsequent embryonic stages, we concluded that aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling could cause rostral-biased brain enlargement via expansion of siamois expression and consequent expansion of the Spemann organizer in Xenopus. Our studies of spontaneously occurring variations in brain development in Xenopus would provide hints for uncovering genetic mutations that drive analogous morphogenetic variations during vertebrate brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Hongo
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Harumasa Okamoto
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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Sekulovski N, Wettstein JC, Carleton AE, Juga LN, Taniguchi LE, Ma X, Rao S, Schmidt JK, Golos TG, Lin CW, Taniguchi K. Temporally resolved early bone morphogenetic protein-driven transcriptional cascade during human amnion specification. eLife 2024; 12:RP89367. [PMID: 39051990 PMCID: PMC11272160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amniogenesis, a process critical for continuation of healthy pregnancy, is triggered in a collection of pluripotent epiblast cells as the human embryo implants. Previous studies have established that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is a major driver of this lineage specifying process, but the downstream BMP-dependent transcriptional networks that lead to successful amniogenesis remain to be identified. This is, in part, due to the current lack of a robust and reproducible model system that enables mechanistic investigations exclusively into amniogenesis. Here, we developed an improved model of early amnion specification, using a human pluripotent stem cell-based platform in which the activation of BMP signaling is controlled and synchronous. Uniform amniogenesis is seen within 48 hr after BMP activation, and the resulting cells share transcriptomic characteristics with amnion cells of a gastrulating human embryo. Using detailed time-course transcriptomic analyses, we established a previously uncharacterized BMP-dependent amniotic transcriptional cascade, and identified markers that represent five distinct stages of amnion fate specification; the expression of selected markers was validated in early post-implantation macaque embryos. Moreover, a cohort of factors that could potentially control specific stages of amniogenesis was identified, including the transcription factor TFAP2A. Functionally, we determined that, once amniogenesis is triggered by the BMP pathway, TFAP2A controls the progression of amniogenesis. This work presents a temporally resolved transcriptomic resource for several previously uncharacterized amniogenesis states and demonstrates a critical intermediate role for TFAP2A during amnion fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Jenna C Wettstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Amber E Carleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Lauren N Juga
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Linnea E Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Versiti Blood Research InstituteMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Jenna K Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research CenterMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research CenterMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonUnited States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonUnited States
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
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Loseva PA, Gladyshev VN. The beginning of becoming a human. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8378-8395. [PMID: 38713165 PMCID: PMC11131989 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
According to birth certificates, the life of a child begins once their body comes out of the mother's womb. But when does their organismal life begin? Science holds a palette of answers-depending on how one defines a human life. In 1984, a commission on the regulatory framework for human embryo experimentation opted not to answer this question, instead setting a boundary, 14 days post-fertilization, beyond which any experiments were forbidden. Recently, as the reproductive technologies developed and the demand for experimentation grew stronger, this boundary may be set aside leaving the ultimate decision to local oversight committees. While science has not come closer to setting a zero point for human life, there has been significant progress in our understanding of early mammalian embryogenesis. It has become clear that the 14-day stage does in fact possess features, which make it a foundational time point for a developing human. Importantly, this stage defines the separation of soma from the germline and marks the boundary between rejuvenation and aging. We explore how different levels of life organization emerge during human development and suggest a new meaning for the 14-day stage in organismal life that is grounded in recent mechanistic advances and insights from aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A. Loseva
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Sekulovski N, Wettstein JC, Carleton AE, Juga LN, Taniguchi LE, Ma X, Rao S, Schmidt JK, Golos TG, Lin CW, Taniguchi K. Temporally resolved early BMP-driven transcriptional cascade during human amnion specification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.19.545574. [PMID: 38496419 PMCID: PMC10942271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.19.545574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Amniogenesis, a process critical for continuation of healthy pregnancy, is triggered in a collection of pluripotent epiblast cells as the human embryo implants. Previous studies have established that BMP signaling is a major driver of this lineage specifying process, but the downstream BMP-dependent transcriptional networks that lead to successful amniogenesis remain to be identified. This is, in part, due to the current lack of a robust and reproducible model system that enables mechanistic investigations exclusively into amniogenesis. Here, we developed an improved model of early amnion specification, using a human pluripotent stem cell-based platform in which the activation of BMP signaling is controlled and synchronous. Uniform amniogenesis is seen within 48 hours after BMP activation, and the resulting cells share transcriptomic characteristics with amnion cells of a gastrulating human embryo. Using detailed time-course transcriptomic analyses, we established a previously uncharacterized BMP-dependent amniotic transcriptional cascade, and identified markers that represent five distinct stages of amnion fate specification; the expression of selected markers was validated in early post-implantation macaque embryos. Moreover, a cohort of factors that could potentially control specific stages of amniogenesis was identified, including the transcription factor TFAP2A. Functionally, we determined that, once amniogenesis is triggered by the BMP pathway, TFAP2A controls the progression of amniogenesis. This work presents a temporally resolved transcriptomic resource for several previously uncharacterized amniogenesis states and demonstrates a critical intermediate role for TFAP2A during amnion fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jenna C. Wettstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amber E. Carleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lauren N. Juga
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Linnea E. Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jenna K. Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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6
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Buss JH, Begnini KR, Lenz G. The contribution of asymmetric cell division to phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261400. [PMID: 38334041 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved intricate mechanisms for dividing their contents in the most symmetric way during mitosis. However, a small proportion of cell divisions results in asymmetric segregation of cellular components, which leads to differences in the characteristics of daughter cells. Although the classical function of asymmetric cell division (ACD) in the regulation of pluripotency is the generation of one differentiated daughter cell and one self-renewing stem cell, recent evidence suggests that ACD plays a role in other physiological processes. In cancer, tumor heterogeneity can result from the asymmetric segregation of genetic material and other cellular components, resulting in cell-to-cell differences in fitness and response to therapy. Defining the contribution of ACD in generating differences in key features relevant to cancer biology is crucial to advancing our understanding of the causes of tumor heterogeneity and developing strategies to mitigate or counteract it. In this Review, we delve into the occurrence of asymmetric mitosis in cancer cells and consider how ACD contributes to the variability of several phenotypes. By synthesizing the current literature, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying ACD, the implications of phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer, and the complex interplay between these two phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieti Huch Buss
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
| | - Karine Rech Begnini
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica RS (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
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7
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Azbazdar Y, Pera EM, De Robertis EM. Head organizer: Cerberus and IGF cooperate in brain induction in Xenopus embryos. Cells Dev 2023:203897. [PMID: 38109998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural induction by cell-cell signaling was discovered a century ago by the organizer transplantations of Spemann and Mangold in amphibians. Spemann later found that early dorsal blastopore lips induced heads and late organizers trunk-tail structures. Identifying region-specific organizer signals has been a driving force in the progress of animal biology. Head induction in the absence of trunk is designated archencephalic differentiation. Two specific head inducers, Cerberus and Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), that induce archencephalic brain but not trunk-tail structures have been described previously. However, whether these two signals interact with each other had not been studied to date and was the purpose of the present investigation. It was found that Cerberus, a multivalent growth factor antagonist that inhibits Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals, strongly cooperated with IGF2, a growth factor that provides a positive signal through tyrosine kinase IGF receptors that activate MAPK and other pathways. The ectopic archencephalic structures induced by the combination of Cerberus and IGF2 are of higher frequency and larger than either one alone. They contain brain, a cyclopic eye and multiple olfactory placodes, without trace of trunk structures such as notochord or somites. A dominant-negative secreted IGF receptor 1 blocked Cerberus activity, indicating that endogenous IGF signals are required for ectopic brain formation. In a sensitized embryonic system, in which embryos were depleted of β-catenin, IGF2 did not by itself induce neural tissue while in combination with Cerberus it greatly enhanced formation of circular brain structures expressing the anterior markers Otx2 and Rx2a, but not spinal cord or notochord markers. The main conclusion of this work is that IGF provides a positive signal initially uniformly expressed throughout the embryo that potentiates the effect of an organizer-specific negative signal mediated by Cerberus. The results are discussed in the context of the history of neural induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edgar M Pera
- Vertebrate Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, University of Lund, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1662, USA.
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Zhang Y, Li X, Gao S, Liao Y, Luo Y, Liu M, Bian Y, Xiong H, Yue Y, He A. Genetic reporter for live tracing fluid flow forces during cell fate segregation in mouse blastocyst development. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1110-1123.e9. [PMID: 37541214 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are known to be important in mammalian blastocyst formation; however, due to limited tools, specific force inputs and how they relay to first cell fate control of inner cell mass (ICM) and/or trophectoderm (TE) remain elusive. Combining in toto live imaging and various perturbation experiments, we demonstrate and measure fluid flow forces existing in the mouse blastocyst cavity and identify Klf2(Krüppel-like factor 2) as a fluid force reporter with force-responsive enhancers. Long-term live imaging and lineage reconstructions reveal that blastomeres subject to higher fluid flow forces adopt ICM cell fates. These are reinforced by internal ferrofluid-induced flow force assays. We also utilize ex vivo fluid flow force mimicking and pharmacological perturbations to confirm mechanosensing specificity. Together, we report a genetically encoded reporter for continuously monitoring fluid flow forces and cell fate decisions and provide a live imaging framework to infer force information enriched lineage landscape during development. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhui Liao
- School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunkun Bian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiqing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanzhu Yue
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Cell Fate and Diseases, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Aibin He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Sampath Kumar A, Tian L, Bolondi A, Hernández AA, Stickels R, Kretzmer H, Murray E, Wittler L, Walther M, Barakat G, Haut L, Elkabetz Y, Macosko EZ, Guignard L, Chen F, Meissner A. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic maps of whole mouse embryos at the onset of organogenesis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1176-1185. [PMID: 37414952 PMCID: PMC10335937 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal orchestration of gene expression is required for proper embryonic development. The use of single-cell technologies has begun to provide improved resolution of early regulatory dynamics, including detailed molecular definitions of most cell states during mouse embryogenesis. Here we used Slide-seq to build spatial transcriptomic maps of complete embryonic day (E) 8.5 and E9.0, and partial E9.5 embryos. To support their utility, we developed sc3D, a tool for reconstructing and exploring three-dimensional 'virtual embryos', which enables the quantitative investigation of regionalized gene expression patterns. Our measurements along the main embryonic axes of the developing neural tube revealed several previously unannotated genes with distinct spatial patterns. We also characterized the conflicting transcriptional identity of 'ectopic' neural tubes that emerge in Tbx6 mutant embryos. Taken together, we present an experimental and computational framework for the spatiotemporal investigation of whole embryonic structures and mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sampath Kumar
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luyi Tian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adriano Bolondi
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amèlia Aragonés Hernández
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Stickels
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Walther
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Barakat
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Haut
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yechiel Elkabetz
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Léo Guignard
- Aix Marseille University, Toulon University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Informatique et Systèmes 7020, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Cockerell A, Wright L, Dattani A, Guo G, Smith A, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Richards DM. Biophysical models of early mammalian embryogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:26-46. [PMID: 36630902 PMCID: PMC9860129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo development is a critical and fascinating stage in the life cycle of many organisms. Despite decades of research, the earliest stages of mammalian embryogenesis are still poorly understood, caused by a scarcity of high-resolution spatial and temporal data, the use of only a few model organisms, and a paucity of truly multidisciplinary approaches that combine biological research with biophysical modeling and computational simulation. Here, we explain the theoretical frameworks and biophysical processes that are best suited to modeling the early mammalian embryo, review a comprehensive list of previous models, and discuss the most promising avenues for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Cockerell
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Liam Wright
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Anish Dattani
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ge Guo
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, UK; Department of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 105 Acad. G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David M Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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11
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Zhu Q, Ge J, Liu Y, Xu JW, Yan S, Zhou F. Decoding anterior-posterior axis emergence among mouse, monkey, and human embryos. Dev Cell 2023; 58:63-79.e4. [PMID: 36626872 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior axis formation regulated by the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) is essential for peri-implantation embryogenesis. However, the principles of the origin and specialization of DVE and AVE remain elusive. Here, with single-cell transcriptome analysis and pseudotime prediction, we show that DVE and AVE independently originate from the specialized primary endoderm in mouse blastocysts. Along distinct developmental paths, these two lineages, respectively, undergo four representative states with stage-specific transcriptional patterns around implantation. Further comparative analysis shows that AVE, but not DVE, is detected in human and non-human primate embryos, defining differences in polarity formation across species. Moreover, stem cell-assembled human blastoids lack DVE or AVE precursors, implying that additional induction of stem cells with DVE/AVE potential could promote the current embryo-like models and their post-implantation growth. Our work provides insight into understanding of embryonic polarity formation and early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zhu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jitao Ge
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xu
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengyi Yan
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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12
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Verhoeff K, Cuesta-Gomez N, Jasra I, Marfil-Garza B, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ. Optimizing Generation of Stem Cell-Derived Islet Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2683-2698. [PMID: 35639237 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a highly effective treatment for select patients with type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, current use is limited to those with brittle disease due to donor limitations and immunosuppression requirements. Discovery of factors for induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells into a malleable state has reinvigorated the possibility of autologous-based regenerative cell therapies. Similarly, recent progress in allogeneic human embryonic stem cell islet products is showing early success in clinical trials. Describing safe and standardized differentiation protocols with clear pathways to optimize yield and minimize off-target growth is needed to efficiently move the field forward. This review discusses current islet differentiation protocols with a detailed break-down of differentiation stages to guide step-wise controlled generation of functional islet products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Verhoeff
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nerea Cuesta-Gomez
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ila Jasra
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Braulio Marfil-Garza
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, and CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub - Excellence and Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Nidheesh Dadheech
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- 1-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, 112 St. NW & 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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13
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Spradling AC, Niu W, Yin Q, Pathak M, Maurya B. Conservation of oocyte development in germline cysts from Drosophila to mouse. eLife 2022; 11:83230. [PMID: 36445738 PMCID: PMC9708067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that pre-follicular mouse oogenesis takes place in germline cysts, highly conserved groups of oogonial cells connected by intercellular bridges that develop as nurse cells as well as an oocyte. Long studied in Drosophila and insect gametogenesis, female germline cysts acquire cytoskeletal polarity and traffic centrosomes and organelles between nurse cells and the oocyte to form the Balbiani body, a conserved marker of polarity. Mouse oocyte development and nurse cell dumping are supported by dynamic, cell-specific programs of germline gene expression. High levels of perinatal germ cell death in this species primarily result from programmed nurse cell turnover after transfer rather than defective oocyte production. The striking evolutionary conservation of early oogenesis mechanisms between distant animal groups strongly suggests that gametogenesis and early embryonic development in vertebrates and invertebrates share even more in common than currently believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C Spradling
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wanbao Niu
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Qi Yin
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Madhulika Pathak
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bhawana Maurya
- Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States
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14
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Identification of the central intermediate in the extra-embryonic to embryonic endoderm transition through single-cell transcriptomics. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:833-844. [PMID: 35681011 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution maps of embryonic development suggest that acquisition of cell identity is not limited to canonical germ layers but proceeds via alternative routes. Despite evidence that visceral organs are formed via embryonic and extra-embryonic trajectories, the production of organ-specific cell types in vitro focuses on the embryonic one. Here we resolve these differentiation routes using massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing to generate datasets from FOXA2Venus reporter mouse embryos and embryonic stem cell differentiation towards endoderm. To relate cell types in these datasets, we develop a single-parameter computational approach and identify an intermediate en route from extra-embryonic identity to embryonic endoderm, which we localize spatially in embryos at embryonic day 7.5. While there is little evidence for this cell type in embryonic stem cell differentiation, by following the extra-embryonic trajectory starting with naïve extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells we can generate embryonic gut spheroids. Exploiting developmental plasticity therefore offers alternatives to pluripotent cells and opens alternative avenues for in vitro differentiation.
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15
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Gordeeva O, Gordeev A, Erokhov P. Archetypal Architecture Construction, Patterning, and Scaling Invariance in a 3D Embryoid Body Differentiation Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852071. [PMID: 35573693 PMCID: PMC9091174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-organized patterning and architecture construction studying is a priority goal for fundamental developmental and stem cell biology. To study the spatiotemporal patterning of pluripotent stem cells of different origins, we developed a three-dimensional embryoid body (EB) differentiation model quantifying volumetric parameters and investigated how the EB architecture formation, patterning, and scaling depend on the proliferation, cavitation, and differentiation dynamics, external environmental factors, and cell numbers. We identified three similar spatiotemporal patterns in the EB architectures, regardless of cell origin, which constitute the EB archetype and mimick the pre-gastrulation embryonic patterns. We found that the EB patterning depends strongly on cellular positional information, culture media factor/morphogen content, and free diffusion from the external environment and between EB cell layers. However, the EB archetype formation is independent of the EB size and initial cell numbers forming EBs; therefore, it is capable of scaling invariance and patterning regulation. Our findings indicate that the underlying principles of reaction-diffusion and positional information concepts can serve as the basis for EB architecture construction, patterning, and scaling. Thus, the 3D EB differentiation model represents a highly reproducible and reliable platform for experimental and theoretical research on developmental and stem cell biology issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gordeeva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Gordeev
- National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pavel Erokhov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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16
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He P, Ruan D, Huang Z, Wang C, Xu Y, Cai H, Liu H, Fei Y, Heng BC, Chen W, Shen W. Comparison of Tendon Development Versus Tendon Healing and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821667. [PMID: 35141224 PMCID: PMC8819183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a vital connective tissue in human skeletal muscle system, and tendon injury is very common and intractable in clinic. Tendon development and repair are two closely related but still not fully understood processes. Tendon development involves multiple germ layer, as well as the regulation of diversity transcription factors (Scx et al.), proteins (Tnmd et al.) and signaling pathways (TGFβ et al.). The nature process of tendon repair is roughly divided in three stages, which are dominated by various cells and cell factors. This review will describe the whole process of tendon development and compare it with the process of tendon repair, focusing on the understanding and recent advances in the regulation of tendon development and repair. The study and comparison of tendon development and repair process can thus provide references and guidelines for treatment of tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School of Stomatology, Bejing, China
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weishan Chen, ; Weiliang Shen,
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17
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Filimonow K, de la Fuente R. Specification and role of extraembryonic endoderm lineages in the periimplantation mouse embryo. Theriogenology 2021; 180:189-206. [PMID: 34998083 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian embryo development, the correct formation of the first extraembryonic endoderm lineages is fundamental for successful development. In the periimplantation blastocyst, the primitive endoderm (PrE) is formed, which gives rise to the parietal endoderm (PE) and visceral endoderm (VE) during further developmental stages. These PrE-derived lineages show significant differences in both their formation and roles. Whereas differentiation of the PE as a migratory lineage has been suggested to represent the first epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in development, organisation of the epithelial VE is of utmost importance for the correct axis definition and patterning of the embryo. Despite sharing a common origin, the striking differences between the VE and PE are indicative of their distinct roles in early development. However, there is a significant disparity in the current knowledge of each lineage, which reflects the need for a deeper understanding of their respective specification processes. In this review, we will discuss the origin and maturation of the PrE, PE, and VE during the periimplantation period using the mouse model as an example. Additionally, we consider the latest findings regarding the role of the PrE-derived lineages and early embryo morphogenesis, as obtained from the most recent in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Filimonow
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Roberto de la Fuente
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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18
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Senft AD, Macfarlan TS. Transposable elements shape the evolution of mammalian development. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:691-711. [PMID: 34354263 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) promote genetic innovation but also threaten genome stability. Despite multiple layers of host defence, TEs actively shape mammalian-specific developmental processes, particularly during pre-implantation and extra-embryonic development and at the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we review how TEs influence mammalian genomes both directly by providing the raw material for genetic change and indirectly via co-evolving TE-binding Krüppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs). Throughout mammalian evolution, individual activities of ancient TEs were co-opted to enable invasive placentation that characterizes live-born mammals. By contrast, the widespread activity of evolutionarily young TEs may reflect an ongoing co-evolution that continues to impact mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Senft
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Umair Z, Kumar V, Goutam RS, Kumar S, Lee U, Kim J. Goosecoid Controls Neuroectoderm Specification via Dual Circuits of Direct Repression and Indirect Stimulation in Xenopus Embryos. Mol Cells 2021; 44:723-735. [PMID: 34711690 PMCID: PMC8560583 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spemann organizer is a center of dorsal mesoderm and itself retains the mesoderm character, but it has a stimulatory role for neighboring ectoderm cells in becoming neuroectoderm in gastrula embryos. Goosecoid (Gsc) overexpression in ventral region promotes secondary axis formation including neural tissues, but the role of gsc in neural specification could be indirect. We examined the neural inhibitory and stimulatory roles of gsc in the same cell and neighboring cells contexts. In the animal cap explant system, Gsc overexpression inhibited expression of neural specific genes including foxd4l1.1, zic3, ncam, and neurod. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and promoter analysis of early neural genes of foxd4l1.1 and zic3 were performed to show that the neural inhibitory mode of gsc was direct. Site-directed mutagenesis and serially deleted construct studies of foxd4l1.1 promoter revealed that Gsc directly binds within the foxd4l1.1 promoter to repress its expression. Conjugation assay of animal cap explants was also performed to demonstrate an indirect neural stimulatory role for gsc. The genes for secretory molecules, Chordin and Noggin, were up-regulated in gsc injected cells with the neural fate only achieved in gsc uninjected neighboring cells. These experiments suggested that gsc regulates neuroectoderm formation negatively when expressed in the same cell and positively in neighboring cells via soluble factors. One is a direct suppressive circuit of neural genes in gsc expressing mesoderm cells and the other is an indirect stimulatory circuit for neurogenesis in neighboring ectoderm cells via secreted BMP antagonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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20
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Mackinlay KML, Weatherbee BAT, Souza Rosa V, Handford CE, Hudson G, Coorens T, Pereira LV, Behjati S, Vallier L, Shahbazi MN, Zernicka-Goetz M. An in vitro stem cell model of human epiblast and yolk sac interaction. eLife 2021; 10:e63930. [PMID: 34403333 PMCID: PMC8370770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryogenesis entails complex signalling interactions between embryonic and extra-embryonic cells. However, how extra-embryonic cells direct morphogenesis within the human embryo remains largely unknown due to a lack of relevant stem cell models. Here, we have established conditions to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into yolk sac-like cells (YSLCs) that resemble the post-implantation human hypoblast molecularly and functionally. YSLCs induce the expression of pluripotency and anterior ectoderm markers in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at the expense of mesoderm and endoderm markers. This activity is mediated by the release of BMP and WNT signalling pathway inhibitors, and, therefore, resembles the functioning of the anterior visceral endoderm signalling centre of the mouse embryo, which establishes the anterior-posterior axis. Our results implicate the yolk sac in epiblast cell fate specification in the human embryo and propose YSLCs as a tool for studying post-implantation human embryo development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty ML Mackinlay
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Bailey AT Weatherbee
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Viviane Souza Rosa
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cells (LaNCE), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Handford
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - George Hudson
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Coorens
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lygia V Pereira
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cells (LaNCE), Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Marta N Shahbazi
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Synthetic Mouse and Human Embryology Group, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringPasadenaUnited States
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21
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Hajirnis N, Mishra RK. Homeotic Genes: Clustering, Modularity, and Diversity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718308. [PMID: 34458272 PMCID: PMC8386295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes code for transcription factors and are evolutionarily conserved. They regulate a plethora of downstream targets to define the anterior-posterior (AP) body axis of a developing bilaterian embryo. Early work suggested a possible role of clustering and ordering of Hox to regulate their expression in a spatially restricted manner along the AP axis. However, the recent availability of many genome assemblies for different organisms uncovered several examples that defy this constraint. With recent advancements in genomics, the current review discusses the arrangement of Hox in various organisms. Further, we revisit their discovery and regulation in Drosophila melanogaster. We also review their regulation in different arthropods and vertebrates, with a significant focus on Hox expression in the crustacean Parahyale hawaiensis. It is noteworthy that subtle changes in the levels of Hox gene expression can contribute to the development of novel features in an organism. We, therefore, delve into the distinct regulation of these genes during primary axis formation, segment identity, and extra-embryonic roles such as in the formation of hair follicles or misregulation leading to cancer. Toward the end of each section, we emphasize the possibilities of several experiments involving various organisms, owing to the advancements in the field of genomics and CRISPR-based genome engineering. Overall, we present a holistic view of the functioning of Hox in the animal world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hajirnis
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
- AcSIR – Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Bangalore, India
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22
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Scheibner K, Schirge S, Burtscher I, Büttner M, Sterr M, Yang D, Böttcher A, Ansarullah, Irmler M, Beckers J, Cernilogar FM, Schotta G, Theis FJ, Lickert H. Epithelial cell plasticity drives endoderm formation during gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:692-703. [PMID: 34168324 PMCID: PMC8277579 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that epiblast cells ingress into the primitive streak by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to give rise to the mesoderm; however, it is less clear how the endoderm acquires an epithelial fate. Here, we used embryonic stem cell and mouse embryo knock-in reporter systems to combine time-resolved lineage labelling with high-resolution single-cell transcriptomics. This allowed us to resolve the morphogenetic programs that segregate the mesoderm from the endoderm germ layer. Strikingly, while the mesoderm is formed by classical EMT, the endoderm is formed independent of the key EMT transcription factor Snail1 by mechanisms of epithelial cell plasticity. Importantly, forkhead box transcription factor A2 (Foxa2) acts as an epithelial gatekeeper and EMT suppressor to shield the endoderm from undergoing a mesenchymal transition. Altogether, these results not only establish the morphogenetic details of germ layer formation, but also have broader implications for stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Dapeng Yang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ansarullah
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Filippo M Cernilogar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Libby ARG, Joy DA, Elder NH, Bulger EA, Krakora MZ, Gaylord EA, Mendoza-Camacho F, Butts JC, McDevitt TC. Axial elongation of caudalized human organoids mimics aspects of neural tube development. Development 2021; 148:269182. [PMID: 34142711 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axial elongation of the neural tube is crucial during mammalian embryogenesis for anterior-posterior body axis establishment and subsequent spinal cord development, but these processes cannot be interrogated directly in humans as they occur post-implantation. Here, we report an organoid model of neural tube extension derived from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) aggregates that have been caudalized with Wnt agonism, enabling them to recapitulate aspects of the morphological and temporal gene expression patterns of neural tube development. Elongating organoids consist largely of neuroepithelial compartments and contain TBXT+SOX2+ neuro-mesodermal progenitors in addition to PAX6+NES+ neural progenitors. A critical threshold of Wnt agonism stimulated singular axial extensions while maintaining multiple cell lineages, such that organoids displayed regionalized anterior-to-posterior HOX gene expression with hindbrain (HOXB1) regions spatially distinct from brachial (HOXC6) and thoracic (HOXB9) regions. CRISPR interference-mediated silencing of TBXT, a Wnt pathway target, increased neuroepithelial compartmentalization, abrogated HOX expression and disrupted uniaxial elongation. Together, these results demonstrate the potent capacity of caudalized hPSC organoids to undergo axial elongation in a manner that can be used to dissect the cellular organization and patterning decisions that dictate early human nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R G Libby
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David A Joy
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas H Elder
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily A Bulger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Frederico Mendoza-Camacho
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Todd C McDevitt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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24
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Ueda Y, Kimura-Yoshida C, Mochida K, Tsume M, Kameo Y, Adachi T, Lefebvre O, Hiramatsu R, Matsuo I. Intrauterine Pressures Adjusted by Reichert's Membrane Are Crucial for Early Mouse Morphogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107637. [PMID: 32433954 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryogenesis proceeds in utero with the support of nutrients and gases from maternal tissues. However, the contribution of the mechanical environment provided by the uterus to embryogenesis remains unaddressed. Notably, how intrauterine pressures are produced, accurately adjusted, and exerted on embryos are completely unknown. Here, we find that Reichert's membrane, a specialized basement membrane that wraps around the implanted mouse embryo, plays a crucial role as a shock absorber to protect embryos from intrauterine pressures. Notably, intrauterine pressures are produced by uterine smooth muscle contractions, showing the highest and most frequent periodic peaks just after implantation. Mechanistically, such pressures are adjusted within the sealed space between the embryo and uterus created by Reichert's membrane and are involved in egg-cylinder morphogenesis as an important biomechanical environment in utero. Thus, we propose the buffer space sealed by Reichert's membrane cushions and disperses intrauterine pressures exerted on embryos for egg-cylinder morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ueda
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Kyoko Mochida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Mami Tsume
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kameo
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Ryuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Isao Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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25
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Shankar V, van Blitterswijk C, Vrij E, Giselbrecht S. From Snapshots to Development: Identifying the Gaps in the Development of Stem Cell-based Embryo Models along the Embryonic Timeline. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004250. [PMID: 33898195 PMCID: PMC8061376 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based models that reconstruct mouse and human embryogenesis have gained significant traction due to their near-physiological similarity to natural embryos. Embryo models can be generated in large numbers, provide accessibility to a variety of experimental tools such as genetic and chemical manipulation, and confer compatibility with automated readouts, which permits exciting experimental avenues for exploring the genetic and molecular principles of self-organization, development, and disease. However, the current embryo models recapitulate only snapshots within the continuum of embryonic development, allowing the progression of the embryonic tissues along a specific direction. Hence, to fully exploit the potential of stem cell-based embryo models, multiple important gaps in the developmental landscape need to be covered. These include recapitulating the lesser-explored interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues such as the yolk sac, placenta, and the umbilical cord; spatial and temporal organization of tissues; and the anterior patterning of embryonic development. Here, it is detailed how combinations of stem cells and versatile bioengineering technologies can help in addressing these gaps and thereby extend the implications of embryo models in the fields of cell biology, development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinidhra Shankar
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Vrij
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
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26
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A gain-of-function mutation in CITED2 is associated with congenital heart disease. Mutat Res 2021; 822:111741. [PMID: 33706167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CITED2 is a transcription co-activator that interacts with TFAP2 and CBP/ P300 transcription factors to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cardiac progenitor cells. It acts upstream to NODAL-PITX2 pathways and regulates the left-right asymmetry. Both human genetic and model organism studies have shown that altered expression of CITED2 causes various forms of congenital heart disease. Therefore, we sought to screen the coding region of CITED2 to identify rare genetic variants and assess their impact on the structure and function of the protein. Here, we have screened 271 non-syndromic, sporadic CHD cases by Sanger's sequencing method and detected a non-synonymous variant (c.301C>T, p.P101S) and two synonymous variants (c.21C>A, p.A7A; c.627C>G, p.P209P). The non-synonymous variant c.301C>T (rs201639244) is a rare variant with a minor allele frequency of 0.00011 in the gnomAD browser and 0.0018 in the present study. in vitro analysis has demonstrated that p.P101S mutation upregulates the expression of downstream target genes Gata4, Mef2c, Nfatc1&2, Nodal, Pitx2, and Tbx5 in P19 cells. Luciferase reporter assay also demonstrates enhanced activation of downstream target promoters. Further, in silico analyses implicate that increased activity of mutant CITED2 is possibly due to phosphorylation of Serine residue by proline-directed kinases. Homology modeling and alignment analysis have also depicted differences in hydrogen bonding and tertiary structures of wild-type versus mutant protein. The impact of synonymous variations on the mRNA structure of CITED2has been analyzed by Mfold and relative codon bias calculations. Mfold results have revealed that both the synonymous variants can alter the mRNA structure and stability. Relative codon usage analysis has suggested that the rate of translation is attenuated due to these variations. Altogether, our results from genetic screening as well as in vitro and in silico studies support a possible role of nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations in CITED2contributing to pathogenesis of CHD.
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27
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Castro Colabianchi AM, Tavella MB, Boyadjián López LE, Rubinstein M, Franchini LF, López SL. Segregation of brain and organizer precursors is differentially regulated by Nodal signaling at blastula stage. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.051797. [PMID: 33563608 PMCID: PMC7928228 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The blastula Chordin- and Noggin-expressing (BCNE) center comprises animal-dorsal and marginal-dorsal cells of the amphibian blastula and contains the precursors of the brain and the gastrula organizer. Previous findings suggested that the BCNE behaves as a homogeneous cell population that only depends on nuclear β-catenin activity but does not require Nodal and later segregates into its descendants during gastrulation. In contrast to previous findings, in this work, we show that the BCNE does not behave as a homogeneous cell population in response to Nodal antagonists. In fact, we found that chordin.1 expression in a marginal subpopulation of notochordal precursors indeed requires Nodal input. We also establish that an animal BCNE subpopulation of cells that express both, chordin.1 and sox2 (a marker of pluripotent neuroectodermal cells), and gives rise to most of the brain, persisted at blastula stage after blocking Nodal. Therefore, Nodal signaling is required to define a population of chordin.1+ cells and to restrict the recruitment of brain precursors within the BCNE as early as at blastula stage. We discuss our findings in Xenopus in comparison to other vertebrate models, uncovering similitudes in early brain induction and delimitation through Nodal signaling. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Nodal signaling is involved in the delimitation of the blastula cell populations that give rise to the brain and axial mesoderm in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana M Castro Colabianchi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología / 1° U.A. Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - María B Tavella
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI) "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Laura E Boyadjián López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología / 1° U.A. Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI) "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Lucía F Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI) "Dr. Héctor N. Torres", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Silvia L López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología / 1° U.A. Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina .,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
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28
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Flippe L, Gaignerie A, Sérazin C, Baron O, Saulquin X, Themeli M, Guillonneau C, David L. Rapid and Reproducible Differentiation of Hematopoietic and T Cell Progenitors From Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577464. [PMID: 33195214 PMCID: PMC7606846 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy using T cells has revolutionized medical care in recent years but limitations are associated with the difficulty of genome editing of the cells, the production of a sufficient number of cells and standardization of the product. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into T cells to provide a standardized homogenous product of defined origin in indefinite quantity, therefore they are of great potential to alleviate limitations of therapeutic T cell production. The differentiation of hPSCs takes place in two steps: first the induction of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), then the induction of lymphopoiesis by Notch signaling. However, the differentiation of T cells from hPSCs can be difficult and lack reproducibility. One parameter that needs to be better assessed is the potential of DLL1 vs. DLL4 ligands of the Notch pathway to induce T cells. In addition, culture of hPSCs is labor-intensive and not compatible with GMP production, especially when they are cultured on feeder cells. Thus, the definition of a robust GMP-compatible differentiation protocol from hPSCs cultured in feeder-free conditions would increase the accessibility to off-the-shelf hematopoietic and T cell progenitors derived from hPSCs. In this article, we describe an efficient, rapid and reproducible protocol for the generation of hematopoietic and T cell progenitors in two steps: (1) generation of HSPCs from embryoid bodies (EB) in serum free medium and GMP-compatible feeder-free systems, (2) directed differentiation of hPSC-derived HSPCs into T-cell progenitors in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells expressing Notch-ligands OP9-DLL1 vs. OP9-DLL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Flippe
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Anne Gaignerie
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, FED 4203, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Sérazin
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Baron
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Laurent David
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, FED 4203, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
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29
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Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3760. [PMID: 32724077 PMCID: PMC7387521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryogenesis is hallmarked by two phases of yolk sac development. The primate hypoblast gives rise to a transient primary yolk sac, which is rapidly superseded by a secondary yolk sac during gastrulation. Moreover, primate embryos form extraembryonic mesoderm prior to gastrulation, in contrast to mouse. The function of the primary yolk sac and the origin of extraembryonic mesoderm remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that the hypoblast-derived primary yolk sac serves as a source for early extraembryonic mesoderm, which is supplemented with mesoderm from the gastrulating embryo. We discuss the intricate relationship between the yolk sac and the primate embryo and highlight the pivotal role of the yolk sac as a multifunctional hub for haematopoiesis, germ cell development and nutritional supply.
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30
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Ashokkumar D, Zhang Q, Much C, Bledau AS, Naumann R, Alexopoulou D, Dahl A, Goveas N, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Kranz A. MLL4 is required after implantation, whereas MLL3 becomes essential during late gestation. Development 2020; 147:dev186999. [PMID: 32439762 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) is a major epigenetic system associated with gene expression. In mammals there are six H3K4 methyltransferases related to yeast Set1 and fly Trithorax, including two orthologs of fly Trithorax-related: MLL3 and MLL4. Exome sequencing has documented high frequencies of MLL3 and MLL4 mutations in many types of human cancer. Despite this emerging importance, the requirements of these paralogs in mammalian development have only been incompletely reported. Here, we examined the null phenotypes to establish that MLL3 is first required for lung maturation, whereas MLL4 is first required for migration of the anterior visceral endoderm that initiates gastrulation in the mouse. This collective cell migration is preceded by a columnar-to-squamous transition in visceral endoderm cells that depends on MLL4. Furthermore, Mll4 mutants display incompletely penetrant, sex-distorted, embryonic haploinsufficiency and adult heterozygous mutants show aspects of Kabuki syndrome, indicating that MLL4 action, unlike MLL3, is dosage dependent. The highly specific and discordant functions of these paralogs in mouse development argues against their action as general enhancer factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ashokkumar
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qinyu Zhang
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Much
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anita S Bledau
- Stem Cell Engineering, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Neha Goveas
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Anastassiadis
- Stem Cell Engineering, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Kranz
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Wang X, Cai L, Xie JX, Cui X, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen Y, Larre I, Shapiro JI, Pierre SV, Wu D, Zhu GZ, Xie Z. A caveolin binding motif in Na/K-ATPase is required for stem cell differentiation and organogenesis in mammals and C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw5851. [PMID: 32537485 PMCID: PMC7253156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Several signaling events have been recognized as essential for regulating cell lineage specification and organogenesis in animals. We find that the gain of an amino-terminal caveolin binding motif (CBM) in the α subunit of the Na/K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (NKA) is required for the early stages of organogenesis in both mice and Caenorhabditis elegans. The evolutionary gain of the CBM occurred at the same time as the acquisition of the binding sites for Na+/K+. Loss of this CBM does not affect cell lineage specification or the initiation of organogenesis, but arrests further organ development. Mechanistically, this CBM is essential for the dynamic operation of Wnt and the timely up-regulation of transcriptional factors during organogenesis. These results indicate that the NKA was evolved as a dual functional protein that works in concert with Wnt as a hitherto unrecognized common mechanism to enable stem cell differentiation and organogenesis in multicellular organisms within the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Liquan Cai
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey X. Xie
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Isabel Larre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guo-Zhang Zhu
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR) at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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On the Necessary Conditions for Non-Equivalent Solutions of the Rotlet-Induced Stokes Flow in a Sphere: Towards a Minimal Model for Fluid Flow in the Kupffer’s Vesicle. MATHEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/math8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of left–right (LR) asymmetry in vertebrates is a prime example of a highly conserved fundamental process in developmental biology. Details of how symmetry breaking is established in different organisms are, however, still not fully understood. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), it is known that a cilia-mediated vortical flow exists within its LR organizer, the so-called Kupffer’s vesicle (KV), and that it is directly involved in early LR determination. However, the flow exhibits spatio-temporal complexity; moreover, its conversion to asymmetric development has proved difficult to resolve despite a number of recent experimental advances and numerical efforts. In this paper, we provide further theoretical insight into the essence of flow generation by putting together a minimal biophysical model which reduces to a set of singular solutions satisfying the imposed boundary conditions; one that is informed by our current understanding of the fluid flow in the KV, that satisfies the requirements for left–right symmetry breaking, but which is also amenable to extensive parametric analysis. Our work is a step forward in this direction. By finding the general conditions for the solution to the fluid mechanics of a singular rotlet within a rigid sphere, we have enlarged the set of available solutions in a way that can be easily extended to more complex configurations. These general conditions define a suitable set for which to apply the superposition principle to the linear Stokes problem and, hence, by which to construct a continuous set of solutions that correspond to spherically constrained vortical flows generated by arbitrarily displaced infinitesimal rotations around any three-dimensional axis.
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Eomes and Brachyury control pluripotency exit and germ-layer segregation by changing the chromatin state. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1518-1531. [PMID: 31792383 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first lineage specification of pluripotent mouse epiblast segregates neuroectoderm (NE) from mesoderm and definitive endoderm (ME) by mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the induction of ME gene programs critically relies on the T-box transcription factors Eomesodermin (also known as Eomes) and Brachyury, which concomitantly repress pluripotency and NE gene programs. Cells deficient in these T-box transcription factors retain pluripotency and differentiate to NE lineages despite the presence of ME-inducing signals transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Nodal and Wnt. Pluripotency and NE gene networks are additionally repressed by ME factors downstream of T-box factor induction, demonstrating a redundancy in program regulation to safeguard mutually exclusive lineage specification. Analyses of chromatin revealed that accessibility of ME enhancers depends on T-box factor binding, whereas NE enhancers are accessible and already activation primed at pluripotency. This asymmetry of the chromatin landscape thus explains the default differentiation of pluripotent cells to NE in the absence of ME induction that depends on activating and repressive functions of Eomes and Brachyury.
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34
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Raffaelli A, Stern CD. Signaling events regulating embryonic polarity and formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 136:85-111. [PMID: 31959299 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The avian embryo is a key experimental model system for early development of amniotes. One key difference with invertebrates and "lower" vertebrates like fish and amphibians is that amniotes do not rely so heavily on maternal messages because the zygotic genome is activated very early. Early development also involves considerable growth in volume and mass of the embryo, with cell cycles that include G1 and G2 phases from very early cleavage. The very early maternal to zygotic transition also allows the embryo to establish its own polarity without relying heavily on maternal determinants. In many amniotes including avians and non-rodent mammals, this enables an ability of the embryo to "regulate": a single multicellular embryo can give rise to more than one individual-monozygotic twins. Here we discuss the embryological, cellular, molecular and evolutionary underpinnings of gastrulation in avian embryos as a model amniote embryo. Many of these properties are shared by human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raffaelli
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Downs KM, Rodriguez AM. The mouse fetal-placental arterial connection: A paradigm involving the primitive streak and visceral endoderm with implications for human development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e362. [PMID: 31622045 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Placentalia, the fetus depends upon an organized vascular connection with its mother for survival and development. Yet, this connection was, until recently, obscure. Here, we summarize how two unrelated tissues, the primitive streak, or body axis, and extraembryonic visceral endoderm collaborate to create and organize the fetal-placental arterial connection in the mouse gastrula. The primitive streak reaches into the extraembryonic space, where it marks the site of arterial union and creates a progenitor cell pool. Through contact with the streak, associated visceral endoderm undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing extraembryonic mesoderm to the placental arterial vasculature, and to the allantois, or pre-umbilical tissue. In addition, visceral endoderm bifurcates into the allantois where, with the primitive streak, it organizes the nascent umbilical artery and promotes allantoic elongation to the chorion, the site of fetal-maternal exchange. Brachyury mediates streak extension and vascular patterning, while Hedgehog is involved in visceral endoderm's conversion to mesoderm. A unique CASPASE-3-positive cell separates streak- and non-streak-associated domains in visceral endoderm. Based on these new insights at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface, we conclude by asking whether so-called primordial germ cells are truly antecedents to the germ line that segregate within the allantois, or whether they are placental progenitor cells. Incorporating these new working hypotheses into mutational analyses in which the placentae are affected will aid understanding a spectrum of disorders, including orphan diseases, which often include abnormalities of the umbilical cord, yolk sac, and hindgut, whose developmental relationship to each other has, until now, been poorly understood. This article is categorized under: Birth Defects > Associated with Preimplantation and Gastrulation Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Adriana M Rodriguez
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Li T, Tang H, Zhu J, Zhang JH. The finer scale of consciousness: quantum theory. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:585. [PMID: 31807566 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness is a multidisciplinary problem that has puzzled all human beings since the origin of human life. Being defined in various pointcuts by philosophers, biologists, physicists, and neuroscientists, the definitive explanation of consciousness is still suspending. The nature of consciousness has taken great evolution by centering on the behavioral and neuronal correlates of perception and cognition, for example, the theory of Neural Correlates of Consciousness, the Global Workspace Theory, the Integrated Information Theory. While tremendous progress has been achieved, they are not enough if we are to understand even basic facts-how and where does the consciousness emerge. The Quantum mechanics, a thriving branch of physics, has an inseparable relationship with consciousness (e.g., observer effect) since Planck created this subject and its derived quantum consciousness theory can perfectly fill this gap. In this review, we briefly introduce some consciousness hypotheses derived from quantum mechanics and focus on the framework of orchestrated objective reduction (Orch-OR), including its principal points and practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Soo JYC, Scurr M, Spijker HS, Starks LT, Neilson A, Cui X, Jain S, Little MH, Howden SE. A Toolbox to Characterize Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Cell Types and Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1811-1823. [PMID: 31492807 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of reporter lines for cell identity, lineage, and physiologic state has provided a powerful tool in advancing the dissection of mouse kidney morphogenesis at a molecular level. Although use of this approach is not an option for studying human development in vivo, its application in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is now feasible. METHODS We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate ten fluorescence reporter iPSC lines designed to identify nephron progenitors, podocytes, proximal and distal nephron, and ureteric epithelium. Directed differentiation to kidney organoids was performed according to published protocols. Using immunofluorescence and live confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and cell sorting techniques, we investigated organoid patterning and reporter expression characteristics. RESULTS Each iPSC reporter line formed well patterned kidney organoids. All reporter lines showed congruence of endogenous gene and protein expression, enabling isolation and characterization of kidney cell types of interest. We also demonstrated successful application of reporter lines for time-lapse imaging and mouse transplantation experiments. CONCLUSIONS We generated, validated, and applied a suite of fluorescence iPSC reporter lines for the study of morphogenesis within human kidney organoids. This fluorescent iPSC reporter toolbox enables the visualization and isolation of key populations in forming kidney organoids, facilitating a range of applications, including cellular isolation, time-lapse imaging, protocol optimization, and lineage-tracing approaches. These tools offer promise for enhancing our understanding of this model system and its correspondence with human kidney morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Y-C Soo
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Siebe Spijker
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lakshi T Starks
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber Neilson
- Department of Genetics, Genome Engineering and iPSC Center and
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Department of Genetics, Genome Engineering and iPSC Center and
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Translational Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Melissa Helen Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; .,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and
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Sergi C, Hager T, Hager J. Congenital Segmental Intestinal Dilatation: A 25-Year Review with Long-Term Follow-up at the Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria. AJP Rep 2019; 9:e218-e225. [PMID: 31304051 PMCID: PMC6624109 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Congenital segmental intestinal dilatation (CSID) is a neonatal condition with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Typically, the newborn with CSID presents with a limited (circumscribed) bowel dilatation, an abrupt transition between normal and dilated segments, neither intrinsic nor extrinsic perilesional obstruction, and no aganglionosis or neuronal intestinal dysplasia. We aimed to review this disease and the long-term follow-up at the Children's Hospital of the Medical University of Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria. Study Design Retrospective 25-year review of medical charts, electronic files, and histopathology of neonates with CSID. Results We identified four infants (three girls and one boy) with CSID. The affected areas included duodenum, ileum, ascending colon, and sigmoid colon. Noteworthy, all patients presented with a cardiovascular defect, of which two required multiple cardiac surgical interventions. Three out of the four patients recovered completely. To date, the three infants are alive. Conclusion This is the first report of patients with CSID and cardiovascular defects. The clinical and surgical intervention for CSID also requires a thorough cardiologic evaluation in these patients. CSID remains an enigmatic entity pointing to the need for joint forces in identifying common loci for genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolato Sergi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Hager
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zebrafish macroH2A variants have distinct embryo localization and function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8632. [PMID: 31201343 PMCID: PMC6570772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse and cell-based studies have shown that macroH2A histone variants predominantly associate with heterochromatin. Functional studies found that macroH2As are involved in gene repression, inhibiting the acquisition of pluripotency and preserving cell differentiation. However, only a few studies have analysed the role of macroH2A during early embryo development. We report the development of transgenic zebrafish lines expressing macroH2A isoforms (mH2A1 and mH2A2) fusion proteins (with GFP) under identified endogenous promoters. We found that mH2A1 and mH2A2 have different spatial and temporal expression patterns during embryonic development. mH2A1 is expressed mostly in the extraembryonic Yolk Syncytial Layer (YSL) starting before shield stage and decreasing once morphogenesis is completed. mH2A2 expression lags behind mH2A1, becoming evident at 24 hpf, within the whole body of the embryo proper. Our ChIP-seq analysis showed that mH2A1 and mH2A2 bind to different DNA regions, changing dramatically after gastrulation. We further analysed RNA-seq data and showed that there is not a general/unspecific repressing function of mH2A1 or mH2A2 associated with heterochromatin but a fine regulation depending on cell types and stage of development. mH2A1 downregulates DNA expression in specific cells and embryo stages and its effect is independent of heterochromatin formation but it is correlated with nucleus quiescence instead. Whereas mH2A2 DNA association correlates with upregulation of differentially expressed genes between 75% epiboly and 24 hpf stages. Our data provide information for underlying molecules that participate in crucial early developmental events, and open new venues to explore mH2A related mechanisms that involve cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and metabolism.
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40
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Nowotschin S, Hadjantonakis AK, Campbell K. The endoderm: a divergent cell lineage with many commonalities. Development 2019; 146:146/11/dev150920. [PMID: 31160415 PMCID: PMC6589075 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoderm is a progenitor tissue that, in humans, gives rise to the majority of internal organs. Over the past few decades, genetic studies have identified many of the upstream signals specifying endoderm identity in different model systems, revealing them to be divergent from invertebrates to vertebrates. However, more recent studies of the cell behaviours driving endodermal morphogenesis have revealed a surprising number of shared features, including cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), collective cell migration, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions (METs). In this Review, we highlight how cross-organismal studies of endoderm morphogenesis provide a useful perspective that can move our understanding of this fascinating tissue forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kyra Campbell
- Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK .,Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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41
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Sybirna A, Wong FCK, Surani MA. Genetic basis for primordial germ cells specification in mouse and human: Conserved and divergent roles of PRDM and SOX transcription factors. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:35-89. [PMID: 31155363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic precursors of sperm and egg that pass on genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. In mammals, they are induced from a subset of cells in peri-implantation epiblast by BMP signaling from the surrounding tissues. PGCs then initiate a unique developmental program that involves comprehensive epigenetic resetting and repression of somatic genes. This is orchestrated by a set of signaling molecules and transcription factors that promote germ cell identity. Here we review significant findings on mammalian PGC biology, in particular, the genetic basis for PGC specification in mice and human, which has revealed an evolutionary divergence between the two species. We discuss the importance and potential basis for these differences and focus on several examples to illustrate the conserved and divergent roles of critical transcription factors in mouse and human germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sybirna
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Frederick C K Wong
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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42
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Treffkorn S, Mayer G. Expression of NK genes that are not part of the NK cluster in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli (Peripatopsidae). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:7. [PMID: 30987579 PMCID: PMC6466738 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background NK genes are a group of homeobox transcription factors that are involved in various molecular pathways across bilaterians. They are typically divided into two subgroups, the NK cluster (NKC) and NK-linked genes (NKL). While the NKC genes have been studied in various bilaterians, corresponding data of many NKL genes are missing to date. To further investigate the ancestral roles of NK family genes, we analyzed the expression patterns of NKL genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Results The NKL gene complement of E. rowelli comprises eight genes, including BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex, Nedx, NK2.1, vax and NK2.2, of which only NK2.2 was studied previously. Our data for the remaining seven NKL genes revealed expression in different structures associated with the developing nervous system in embryos of E. rowelli. While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH, Bari, Emx, Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. Furthermore, BarH and Nedx are expressed in distinct mesodermal domains in the developing limbs. Conclusions Comparison of our expression data to those of other bilaterians revealed similar patterns of NK2.1, vax, BarH and Emx in various aspects of neural development, such as the formation of anterior neurosecretory cells mediated by a conserved molecular mechanism including NK2.1 and vax, and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system involving BarH and Emx. A conserved role in neural development has also been reported from NK2.2, suggesting that the NKL genes might have been primarily involved in neural development in the last common ancestor of bilaterians or at least nephrozoans (all bilaterians excluding xenacoelomorphs). The lack of comparative data for many of the remaining NKL genes, including Bari, Hhex and Nedx currently hampers further evolutionary conclusions. Hence, future studies should focus on the expression of these genes in other bilaterians, which would provide a basis for comparative studies and might help to better understand the role of NK genes in the diversification of bilaterians. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Li W, Gelsinger S, Edwards A, Riehle C, Koch D. Transcriptome analysis of rumen epithelium and meta-transcriptome analysis of rumen epimural microbial community in young calves with feed induced acidosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4744. [PMID: 30894588 PMCID: PMC6426933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many common management practices used to raise dairy calves while on milk and during weaning can cause rumen acidosis. Ruminal pH has long been used to identify ruminal acidosis. However, few attempts were undertaken to understand the role of prolonged ruminal acidosis on rumen microbial community or host health in young calves long after weaning. Thus, the molecular changes associated with prolonged rumen acidosis in post weaning young calves are largely unknown. In this study, we induced ruminal acidosis by feeding a highly processed, starch-rich diet to calves starting from one week of age through 16 weeks. Rumen epithelial tissues were collected at necropsy at 17 weeks of age. Transcriptome analyses on the rumen epithelium and meta-transcriptome analysis of rumen epimural microbial communities were carried out. Calves with induced ruminal acidosis showed significantly less weight gain over the course of the experiment, in addition to substantially lower ruminal pH in comparison to the control group. For rumen epithelial transcriptome, a total of 672 genes (fold-change, FC ≥ 1.5; adjusted-p ≤ 0.05) showed significant differential expression in comparison to control. Biological pathways impacted by these differentially expressed genes included cell signaling and morphogenesis, indicating the impact of ruminal acidosis on rumen epithelium development. rRNA read-based microbial classification indicated significant increase in abundance of several genera in calves with induced acidosis. Our study provides insight into host rumen transcriptome changes associated with prolonged acidosis in post weaning calves. Shifts in microbial species abundance are promising for microbial species-based biomarker development and artificial manipulation. Such knowledge provides a foundation for future more precise diagnosis and preventative management of rumen acidosis in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA ARS, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Sonia Gelsinger
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrea Edwards
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA ARS, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christina Riehle
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Koch
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Nasal fistula, epidermal cyst and hypernatremia in a girl presenting holoprosencephaly due to a rare ZIC2 point mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103641. [PMID: 30894326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the most common brain malformation in humans and it is a complex genetic disorder. We report on a patient with holoprosencephaly caused by a rare ZIC2 mutation presenting a bifid nose associated with a nasal fistula and an epidermal cyst, besides hypernatremia. The patient was a 1 year and 4 months old girl that developed an important neuropsychomotor delay. Currently, she uses a wheelchair to move around and only emits sounds. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a semilobar holoprosencephaly and a Dandy-Walker variant. Head magnetic resonance imaging also disclosed corpus callosum agenesis and prefrontal subarachnoid space enlargement. On physical examination at 1 year and 4 months of age, we verified growth retardation, microcephaly, bilateral epicantic fold, upslanting palpebral fissures, bifid nose, and limbs spasticity secondary to hypertonia. Later, she began to present hypernatremia; however, its precise cause was not identified. At 6 years and 10 months of age, a nasal fistula was suspected. Facial CT scan showed an epidermal cyst at cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum. High resolution GTG-Banding karyotype was normal. However, molecular analysis through direct sequencing technique showed a mutation at regulatory region of the ZIC2 gene: c.1599*954T > A, a genetic variation previously described only in a Brazilian patient. Our patient presented findings still not reported in literature among patients with holoprosencephaly, including those with ZIC2 mutations. Thus, the spectrum of abnormalities associated to ZIC2 mutations may be broader and include other defects as those observed in our patient.
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Frank D, Sela-Donenfeld D. Hindbrain induction and patterning during early vertebrate development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:941-960. [PMID: 30519881 PMCID: PMC11105337 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hindbrain is a key relay hub of the central nervous system (CNS), linking the bilaterally symmetric half-sides of lower and upper CNS centers via an extensive network of neural pathways. Dedicated neural assemblies within the hindbrain control many physiological processes, including respiration, blood pressure, motor coordination and different sensations. During early development, the hindbrain forms metameric segmented units known as rhombomeres along the antero-posterior (AP) axis of the nervous system. These compartmentalized units are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and act as the template for adult brainstem structure and function. TALE and HOX homeodomain family transcription factors play a key role in the initial induction of the hindbrain and its specification into rhombomeric cell fate identities along the AP axis. Signaling pathways, such as canonical-Wnt, FGF and retinoic acid, play multiple roles to initially induce the hindbrain and regulate Hox gene-family expression to control rhombomeric identity. Additional transcription factors including Krox20, Kreisler and others act both upstream and downstream to Hox genes, modulating their expression and protein activity. In this review, we will examine the earliest embryonic signaling pathways that induce the hindbrain and subsequent rhombomeric segmentation via Hox and other gene expression. We will examine how these signaling pathways and transcription factors interact to activate downstream targets that organize the segmented AP pattern of the embryonic vertebrate hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Cheng S, Pei Y, He L, Peng G, Reinius B, Tam PP, Jing N, Deng Q. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity of Pluripotency Transition and X Chromosome Dynamics during Early Mouse Development. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2593-2607.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Taniguchi K, Heemskerk I, Gumucio DL. Opening the black box: Stem cell-based modeling of human post-implantation development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:410-421. [PMID: 30552099 PMCID: PMC6363460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the human embryo following its implantation into the uterine wall is critical for the successful continuation of pregnancy. However, the complex cellular and molecular changes that occur during this post-implantation period of human development are not amenable to study in vivo. Recently, several new embryo-like human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based platforms have emerged, which are beginning to illuminate the current black box state of early human post-implantation biology. In this review, we will discuss how these experimental models are carving a way for understanding novel molecular and cellular mechanisms during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abe T, Kutsuna N, Kiyonari H, Furuta Y, Fujimori T. ROSA26 reporter mouse lines and image analyses reveal distinct region-specific cell behaviors in the visceral endoderm. Development 2018; 145:dev.165852. [PMID: 30327323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The early post-implantation mouse embryo changes dramatically in both size and shape. These morphological changes are based on characteristic cellular behaviors, including cell growth and allocation. To perform clonal analysis, we established a Cre/loxP-based reporter mouse line, R26R-ManGeKyou, that enables clonal labeling with multiple colors. We also developed a novel ImageJ plugin, LP-Clonal, for quantitative measurement of the tilt angle of clonal cluster shape, enabling identification of the direction of cluster expansion. We carried out long-term and short-term lineage tracking. We also performed time-lapse imaging to characterize cellular behaviors using R26-PHA7-EGFP and R26R-EGFP These images were subjected to quantitative image analyses. We found that the proximal visceral endoderm overlying the extra-embryonic ectoderm shows coherent cell growth in a proximal-anterior to distal-posterior direction. We also observed that directional cell migration is coupled with cell elongation in the anterior region. Our observations suggest that the behaviors of visceral endoderm cells vary between regions during peri-implantation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Abe
- Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan .,Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan.,Research & Development Department, LPixel Inc., TechLab 6F, Otemachi Building, 1-6-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Sokendai 444-8787, Japan
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Tan H, Tee WW. Committing the primordial germ cell: An updated molecular perspective. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1436. [PMID: 30225862 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The germ line is a crucial cell lineage that is distinct from somatic cells, and solely responsible for the trans-generational transmission of hereditary information in metazoan sexual reproduction. Primordial germ cells (PGCs)-the precursors to functional germ cells-are among the first cell types to be allocated in embryonic development, and this lineage commitment is a critical event in partitioning germ line and somatic tissues. Classically, mammalian PGC development has been largely informed by investigations on mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Recent findings from corresponding nonrodent systems, however, have indicated that murine PGC specification may not be fully archetypal. In this review, we outline the current understanding of molecular mechanisms in PGC specification, emphasizing key transcriptional events, and focus on salient differences between early human and mouse PGC commitment. Beyond these latest findings, we also contemplate the future outlook of inquiries in this field, highlighting the importance of comprehensively understanding early fate decisions that underlie the segregation of this unique lineage. This article is categorized under: Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Wei Tee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Kalhor R, Kalhor K, Mejia L, Leeper K, Graveline A, Mali P, Church GM. Developmental barcoding of whole mouse via homing CRISPR. Science 2018; 361:eaat9804. [PMID: 30093604 PMCID: PMC6139672 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo barcoding using nuclease-induced mutations is a powerful approach for recording biological information, including developmental lineages; however, its application in mammalian systems has been limited. We present in vivo barcoding in the mouse with multiple homing guide RNAs that each generate hundreds of mutant alleles and combine to produce an exponential diversity of barcodes. Activation upon conception and continued mutagenesis through gestation resulted in developmentally barcoded mice wherein information is recorded in lineage-specific mutations. We used these recordings for reliable post hoc reconstruction of the earliest lineages and investigation of axis development in the brain. Our results provide an enabling and versatile platform for in vivo barcoding and lineage tracing in a mammalian model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kian Kalhor
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leo Mejia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Leeper
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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