1
|
Halpin JC, Keating AE. PairK: Pairwise k-mer alignment for quantifying protein motif conservation in disordered regions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.23.604860. [PMID: 39091826 PMCID: PMC11291154 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.23.604860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are often mediated by a modular peptide recognition domain binding to a short linear motif (SLiM) in the disordered region of another protein. The ability to predict domain-SLiM interactions would allow researchers to map protein interaction networks, predict the effects of perturbations to those networks, and develop biologically meaningful hypotheses. Unfortunately, sequence database searches for SLiMs generally yield mostly biologically irrelevant motif matches or false positives. To improve the prediction of novel SLiM interactions, researchers employ filters to discriminate between biologically relevant and improbable motif matches. One promising criterion for identifying biologically relevant SLiMs is the sequence conservation of the motif, exploiting the fact that functional motifs are more likely to be conserved than spurious motif matches. However, the difficulty of aligning disordered regions has significantly hampered the utility of this approach. We present PairK (pairwise k-mer alignment), an MSA-free method to quantify motif conservation in disordered regions. PairK outperforms both standard MSA-based conservation scores and a modern LLM-based conservation score predictor on the task of identifying biologically important motif instances. PairK can quantify conservation over wider phylogenetic distances than MSAs, indicating that SLiMs may be more conserved than is implied by MSA-based metrics. PairK is available as open-source code at https://github.com/jacksonh1/pairk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson C. Halpin
- MIT Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Amy E. Keating
- MIT Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
- MIT Department of Biological Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agcaoili J, Evans TA. Drosophila Robo3 guides longitudinal axons partially independently of its cytodomain. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001228. [PMID: 38882930 PMCID: PMC11179118 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila Robo3 is an axon guidance receptor that regulates longitudinal axon tract formation in the embryonic ventral nerve cord. Robo3 is thought to guide longitudinal axons by signaling repulsion in response to Slit. To test this, we modified the robo3 locus to express a version of the receptor lacking its cytoplasmic domain (Robo3∆C). We find that longitudinal axon guidance is reduced, but not eliminated, in embryos expressing Robo3∆C. Our results show that Robo3's cytodomain is partially dispensable for its axon guidance activity and suggest that it may guide axons via a mechanism other than direct transduction of Slit-dependent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Agcaoili
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Timothy A. Evans
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer F, Ernst L, Frey A, Holstein K, Prasad D, Weichselberger V, Balaji R, Classen AK. A mismatch in the expression of cell surface molecules induces tissue-intrinsic defense against aberrant cells. Curr Biol 2024; 34:980-996.e6. [PMID: 38350446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-intrinsic error correction enables epithelial cells to detect abnormal neighboring cells and facilitate their removal from the tissue. One of these pathways, "interface surveillance," is triggered by cells with aberrant developmental and cell-fate-patterning pathways. It remains unknown which molecular mechanisms provide cells with the ability to compare fate between neighboring cells. We demonstrate that Drosophila imaginal discs express an array of cell surface molecules previously implicated in neuronal axon guidance processes. They include members of the Robo, Teneurin, Ephrin, Toll-like, or atypical cadherin families. Importantly, a mismatch in expression levels of these cell surface molecules between adjacent cells is sufficient to induce interface surveillance, indicating that differences in expression levels between neighboring cells, rather than their absolute expression levels, are crucial. Specifically, a mismatch in Robo2 and Robo3, but not Robo1, induces enrichment of actin, myosin II, and Ena/Vasp, as well as activation of JNK and apoptosis at clonal interfaces. Moreover, Robo2 can induce interface surveillance independently of its cytosolic domain and without the need for the Robo-ligand Slit. The expression of Robo2 and other cell surface molecules, such as Teneurins or the Ephrin receptor is regulated by fate-patterning pathways intrinsic and extrinsic to the wing disc, as well as by expression of oncogenic RasV12. Combined, we demonstrate that neighboring cells respond to a mismatch in surface code patterns mediated by specific transmembrane proteins and reveal a novel function for these cell surface proteins in cell fate recognition and removal of aberrant cells during development and homeostasis of epithelial tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedericke Fischer
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurin Ernst
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Holstein
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Deepti Prasad
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Weichselberger
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ramya Balaji
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zuñiga NR, Dumoulin A, Vaccaro G, Stoeckli ET. Cables1 links Slit/Robo and Wnt/Frizzled signaling in commissural axon guidance. Development 2023; 150:dev201671. [PMID: 37747104 PMCID: PMC10617602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During neural circuit formation, axons navigate from one intermediate target to the next, until they reach their final target. At intermediate targets, axons switch from being attracted to being repelled by changing the guidance receptors on the growth cone surface. For smooth navigation of the intermediate target and the continuation of their journey, the switch in receptor expression has to be orchestrated in a precisely timed manner. As an alternative to changes in expression, receptor function could be regulated by phosphorylation of receptors or components of signaling pathways. We identified Cables1 as a linker between floor-plate exit of commissural axons, regulated by Slit/Robo signaling, and the rostral turn of post-crossing axons, regulated by Wnt/Frizzled signaling. Cables1 localizes β-catenin, phosphorylated at tyrosine 489 by Abelson kinase, to the distal axon, which in turn is necessary for the correct navigation of post-crossing commissural axons in the developing chicken spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikole R. Zuñiga
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) ‘Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD)’, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Vaccaro
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther T. Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) ‘Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD)’, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Benz PM, Frömel T, Laban H, Zink J, Ulrich L, Groneberg D, Boon RA, Poley P, Renne T, de Wit C, Fleming I. Cardiovascular Functions of Ena/VASP Proteins: Past, Present and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:1740. [PMID: 37443774 PMCID: PMC10340426 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin binding proteins are of crucial importance for the spatiotemporal regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, thereby mediating a tremendous range of cellular processes. Since their initial discovery more than 30 years ago, the enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) family has evolved as one of the most fascinating and versatile family of actin regulating proteins. The proteins directly enhance actin filament assembly, but they also organize higher order actin networks and link kinase signaling pathways to actin filament assembly. Thereby, Ena/VASP proteins regulate dynamic cellular processes ranging from membrane protrusions and trafficking, and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, to the generation of mechanical tension and contractile force. Important insights have been gained into the physiological functions of Ena/VASP proteins in platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the unique and redundant functions of Ena/VASP proteins in cardiovascular cells and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Benz
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hebatullah Laban
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joana Zink
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lea Ulrich
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Groneberg
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinier A. Boon
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Poley
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Renne
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 VN51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cor de Wit
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dailey-Krempel B, Martin AL, Jo HN, Junge HJ, Chen Z. A tug of war between DCC and ROBO1 signaling during commissural axon guidance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112455. [PMID: 37149867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and coordinated axonal responses to changing environments are critical for establishing neural connections. As commissural axons migrate across the CNS midline, they are suggested to switch from being attracted to being repelled in order to approach and to subsequently leave the midline. A molecular mechanism that is hypothesized to underlie this switch in axonal responses is the silencing of Netrin1/Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC)-mediated attraction by the repulsive SLIT/ROBO1 signaling. Using in vivo approaches including CRISPR-Cas9-engineered mouse models of distinct Dcc splice isoforms, we show here that commissural axons maintain responsiveness to both Netrin and SLIT during midline crossing, although likely at quantitatively different levels. In addition, full-length DCC in collaboration with ROBO3 can antagonize ROBO1 repulsion in vivo. We propose that commissural axons integrate and balance the opposing DCC and Roundabout (ROBO) signaling to ensure proper guidance decisions during midline entry and exit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew L Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ha-Neul Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harald J Junge
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schneider F, Metz I, Rust MB. Regulation of actin filament assembly and disassembly in growth cone motility and axon guidance. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:21-35. [PMID: 36336143 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Directed outgrowth of axons is fundamental for the establishment of neuronal networks. Axon outgrowth is guided by growth cones, highly motile structures enriched in filamentous actin (F-actin) located at the axons' distal tips. Growth cones exploit F-actin-based protrusions to scan the environment for guidance cues, and they contain the sensory apparatus to translate guidance cue information into intracellular signaling cascades. These cascades act upstream of actin-binding proteins (ABP) and thereby control assembly and disassembly of F-actin. Spatiotemporally controlled F-actin dis-/assembly in growth cones steers the axon towards attractants and away from repellents, and it thereby navigates the axon through the developing nervous system. Hence, ABP that control F-actin dynamics emerged as critical regulators of neuronal network formation. In the present review article, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that control remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in growth cones, focusing on recent progress in the field. Further, we will introduce tools and techniques that allow to study actin regulatory mechanism in growth cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schneider
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabell Metz
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qin S, Sun L, Zhang S, Sun X, Li M. BmAbl1 Regulates Silk Protein Synthesis via Glutathione Metabolism in Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2022; 13:967. [PMID: 36354792 PMCID: PMC9696079 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori, domesticated from wild silkworms, is an economic insect that feeds on mulberry leaves and produces silk. In the current study, we demonstrated the contribution of BmAbl1 in silk protein synthesis. The inhibition and knockout of BmAbl1 can reduce the larva weight and CSW. The effect on CSW of BmAbl1 is not on the transcriptional level, but on the translational level. RNA-sequencing data suggested that amino acid synthesis and the metabolism process had a great difference between the BmAbl1- and Control strain, particularly glutathione metabolism. An abnormality in glutathione metabolism led to the reduction of free glycine and serine content, which are the main components of fibroin protein. Finally, fibroin protein synthesis has been reduced, including fibroin-heavy chain, fibroin-light chain, and p25 protein. This finding brought to light the role of BmAbl1 in the silk protein synthesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abubaker D, Baassiri A, Ghannam M, Al Outa A, Ghais A, Rahal E, Nasr R, Shirinian M. Expression of chronic myeloid leukemia oncogenes BCR-ABL P210 and BCR-ABL T315I affect cellular and humoral innate immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000551. [PMID: 35622506 PMCID: PMC9008464 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that results from a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22. The resulting fusion gene (
BCR-ABL
) encodes a constitutively active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Some mutations of this oncogene, especially the Threonine 315 to Isoleucine substitution of the ABL kinase is resistant to first and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) conventionally used in CML therapy. We have previously validated a CML fruit fly model for drug screening using the adult fly compound eye. Here we expressed wild-type
BCR-ABL
P210
and
mutated
BCR-ABL
T315I
in
Drosophila melanogaster
hematopoietic system to understand the phenotypic consequences of this expression and its impact on innate immune pathways. Flies expressing both wild-type
BCR-ABLP210
and mutant
BCR-ABLT315I
showed increased number of circulating hemocytes, disruption in sessile patterning of resident hemocytes, dysregulation in the humoral Toll, ImD, and JAK/STAT pathways at the mRNA level in both the 3
rd
instar larva and adult stages. Of note,
BCR-ABLT315I
flies presented more severe phenotypes and a higher deviation in humoral dysregulation than BCR
-ABLP210
flies pointing towards more complex oncogenic effect of this mutant which requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Abubaker
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
,
Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amro Baassiri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Ghannam
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
,
Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amani Al Outa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ghais
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
,
Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
,
Correspondence to: Rihab Nasr (
)
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
,
Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
,
Correspondence to: Margret Shirinian (
)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Torres-Jurado A, Manzanero-Ortiz S, Carmena A. Glial-secreted Netrins regulate Robo1/Rac1-Cdc42 signaling threshold levels during Drosophila asymmetric neural stem/progenitor cell division. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2174-2188.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
12
|
Faix J, Rottner K. Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274697. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The tightly coordinated, spatiotemporal control of actin filament remodeling provides the basis of fundamental cellular processes, such as cell migration and adhesion. Specific protein assemblies, composed of various actin-binding proteins, are thought to operate in these processes to nucleate and elongate new filaments, arrange them into complex three-dimensional (3D) arrays and recycle them to replenish the actin monomer pool. Actin filament assembly is not only necessary to generate pushing forces against the leading edge membrane or to propel pathogens through the cytoplasm, but also coincides with the generation of stress fibers (SFs) and focal adhesions (FAs) that generate, transmit and sense mechanical tension. The only protein families known to date that directly enhance the elongation of actin filaments are formins and the family of Ena/VASP proteins. Their mechanisms of action, however, in enhancing processive filament elongation are distinct. The aim of this Review is to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of Ena/VASP-mediated actin filament assembly, and to discuss recent insights into the cell biological functions of Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nishtala K, Panigrahi T, Shetty R, Kumar D, Khamar P, Mohan RR, Deshpande V, Ghosh A. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Molecular Network Driving Stromal Cell Differentiation: Implications for Corneal Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052572. [PMID: 35269714 PMCID: PMC8910342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of keratocytes to fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is an essential requisite during corneal wound closure. The aim of this study is to uncover factors involved in differentiation-dependent alteration in the protein profile of human corneal stromal cells using quantitative proteomics. Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured and differentiated into keratocytes in serum-free media and myofibroblasts through treatment with TGF-β. The protein cell lysates from the donors were tryptic and were digested and labeled using a 3-plex iTRAQ kit. The labeled peptides were subjected to LCMS analysis. Biological functional analysis revealed a set of crucial proteins involved in the differentiation of human corneal stromal cells which were found to be significantly enriched. The selected proteins were further validated by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative proteomics identified key differentially expressed proteins which are involved in cellular signaling pathways. Proteins involved in integrin signaling (Ras-RAP1b, TLN and FN) and SLIT-ROBO pathways (PFN1, CAPR1, PSMA5) as well as extracellular matrix proteins (SERPINH1, SPARC, ITGβ1, CRTAP) showed enhanced expression in corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts compared to keratocytes, indicating their possible role in wound healing. Corneal stromal cell differentiation is associated with the activation of diverse molecular pathways critical for the repair of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Identified proteins such as profilin 1 and talin could play a tentative role in corneal healing and serve as a potential target to treat corneal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnatej Nishtala
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (K.N.); (T.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Trailokyanath Panigrahi
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (K.N.); (T.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, India; (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Dhanananajay Kumar
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (K.N.); (T.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Pooja Khamar
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, India; (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Vrushali Deshpande
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (K.N.); (T.P.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (K.N.); (T.P.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grintsevich EE, Ahmed G, Ginosyan AA, Wu H, Rich SK, Reisler E, Terman JR. Profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote disassembly and remodeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5542. [PMID: 34545088 PMCID: PMC8452626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular events require the spatiotemporal interplay between actin assembly and actin disassembly. Yet, how different factors promote the integration of these two opposing processes is unclear. In particular, cellular monomeric (G)-actin is complexed with profilin, which inhibits spontaneous actin nucleation but fuels actin filament (F-actin) assembly by elongation-promoting factors (formins, Ena/VASP). In contrast, site-specific F-actin oxidation by Mical promotes F-actin disassembly and release of polymerization-impaired Mical-oxidized (Mox)-G-actin. Here we find that these two opposing processes connect with one another to orchestrate actin/cellular remodeling. Specifically, we find that profilin binds Mox-G-actin, yet these complexes do not fuel elongation factors’-mediated F-actin assembly, but instead inhibit polymerization and promote further Mox-F-actin disassembly. Using Drosophila as a model system, we show that similar profilin–Mical connections occur in vivo – where they underlie F-actin/cellular remodeling that accompanies Semaphorin–Plexin cellular/axon repulsion. Thus, profilin and Mical combine to impair F-actin assembly and promote F-actin disassembly, while concomitantly facilitating cellular remodeling and plasticity. Actin-based structures in cells and tissues are built and maintained through a poorly understood balance between assembly and disassembly. Here, our findings provide insights into how factors known to promote these opposing effects dynamically integrate to shape cells and tissue systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach (CSULB), Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anush A Ginosyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heng Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shannon K Rich
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shi R, Kramer DA, Chen B, Shen K. A two-step actin polymerization mechanism drives dendrite branching. Neural Dev 2021; 16:3. [PMID: 34281597 PMCID: PMC8290545 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendrite morphogenesis plays an essential role in establishing the connectivity and receptive fields of neurons during the development of the nervous system. To generate the diverse morphologies of branched dendrites, neurons use external cues and cell surface receptors to coordinate intracellular cytoskeletal organization; however, the molecular mechanisms of how this signaling forms branched dendrites are not fully understood. Methods We performed in vivo time-lapse imaging of the PVD neuron in C. elegans in several mutants of actin regulatory proteins, such as the WAVE Regulatory Complex (WRC) and UNC-34 (homolog of Enabled/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP)). We examined the direct interaction between the WRC and UNC-34 and analyzed the localization of UNC-34 in vivo using transgenic worms expressing UNC-34 fused to GFP. Results We identify a stereotyped sequence of morphological events during dendrite outgrowth in the PVD neuron in C. elegans. Specifically, local increases in width (“swellings”) give rise to filopodia to facilitate a “rapid growth and pause” mode of growth. In unc-34 mutants, filopodia fail to form but swellings are intact. In WRC mutants, dendrite growth is largely absent, resulting from a lack of both swelling and filopodia formation. We also found that UNC-34 can directly bind to the WRC. Disrupting this binding by deleting the UNC-34 EVH1 domain prevented UNC-34 from localizing to swellings and dendrite tips, resulting in a stunted dendritic arbor and reduced filopodia outgrowth. Conclusions We propose that regulators of branched and linear F-actin cooperate to establish dendritic branches. By combining our work with existing literature, we propose that the dendrite guidance receptor DMA-1 recruits the WRC, which polymerizes branched F-actin to generate “swellings” on a mother dendrite. Then, WRC recruits the actin elongation factor UNC-34/Ena/VASP to initiate growth of a new dendritic branch from the swelling, with the help of the actin-binding protein UNC-115/abLIM. Extension of existing dendrites also proceeds via swelling formation at the dendrite tip followed by UNC-34-mediated outgrowth. Following dendrite initiation and extension, the stabilization of branches by guidance receptors further recruits WRC, resulting in an iterative process to build a complex dendritic arbor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13064-021-00154-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Neurosciences IDP, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Augustin V, Kins S. Fe65: A Scaffolding Protein of Actin Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071599. [PMID: 34202290 PMCID: PMC8304848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein family Fe65, composed of Fe65, Fe65L1, and Fe65L2, was identified as an interaction partner of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a key function in Alzheimer’s disease. All three Fe65 family members possess three highly conserved interaction domains, forming complexes with diverse binding partners that can be assigned to different cellular functions, such as transactivation of genes in the nucleus, modulation of calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we rule out putative new intracellular signaling mechanisms of the APP-interacting protein Fe65 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the context of various neuronal functions, such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. AIMS To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. CONCLUSIONS This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chaudhari K, Gorla M, Chang C, Kania A, Bashaw GJ. Robo recruitment of the Wave regulatory complex plays an essential and conserved role in midline repulsion. eLife 2021; 10:e64474. [PMID: 33843588 PMCID: PMC8096436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Roundabout (Robo) guidance receptor family induces axon repulsion in response to its ligand Slit by inducing local cytoskeletal changes; however, the link to the cytoskeleton and the nature of these cytoskeletal changes are poorly understood. Here, we show that the heteropentameric Scar/Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC), which drives Arp2/3-induced branched actin polymerization, is a direct effector of Robo signaling. Biochemical evidence shows that Slit triggers WRC recruitment to the Robo receptor's WRC-interacting receptor sequence (WIRS) motif. In Drosophila embryos, mutants of the WRC enhance Robo1-dependent midline crossing defects. Additionally, mutating Robo1's WIRS motif significantly reduces receptor activity in rescue assays in vivo, and CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis shows that the WIRS motif is essential for endogenous Robo1 function. Finally, axon guidance assays in mouse dorsal spinal commissural axons and gain-of-function experiments in chick embryos demonstrate that the WIRS motif is also required for Robo1 repulsion in mammals. Together, our data support an essential conserved role for the WIRS-WRC interaction in Robo1-mediated axon repulsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Madhavi Gorla
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Chao Chang
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontréalCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)MontréalCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Daiber T, VanderZwan-Butler CJ, Bashaw GJ, Evans TA. Conserved and divergent aspects of Robo receptor signaling and regulation between Drosophila Robo1 and C. elegans SAX-3. Genetics 2021; 217:iyab018. [PMID: 33789352 PMCID: PMC8045725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Roundabout (Robo) family of axon guidance receptors control midline crossing of axons in response to the midline repellant ligand Slit in bilaterian animals including insects, nematodes, and vertebrates. Despite this strong evolutionary conservation, it is unclear whether the signaling mechanism(s) downstream of Robo receptors are similarly conserved. To directly compare midline repulsive signaling in Robo family members from different species, here we use a transgenic approach to express the Robo family receptor SAX-3 from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in neurons of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We examine SAX-3's ability to repel Drosophila axons from the Slit-expressing midline in gain of function assays, and test SAX-3's ability to substitute for Drosophila Robo1 during fly embryonic development in genetic rescue experiments. We show that C. elegans SAX-3 is properly translated and localized to neuronal axons when expressed in the Drosophila embryonic CNS, and that SAX-3 can signal midline repulsion in Drosophila embryonic neurons, although not as efficiently as Drosophila Robo1. Using a series of Robo1/SAX-3 chimeras, we show that the SAX-3 cytoplasmic domain can signal midline repulsion to the same extent as Robo1 when combined with the Robo1 ectodomain. We show that SAX-3 is not subject to endosomal sorting by the negative regulator Commissureless (Comm) in Drosophila neurons in vivo, and that peri-membrane and ectodomain sequences are both required for Comm sorting of Drosophila Robo1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent Daiber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
King TR, Kramer J, Cheng YS, Swope D, Kramer SG. Enabled/VASP is required to mediate proper sealing of opposing cardioblasts during Drosophila dorsal vessel formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1173-1190. [PMID: 33587326 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV) is comprised of two opposing rows of cardioblasts (CBs) that migrate toward the dorsal midline during development. While approaching the midline, CBs change shape, enabling dorsal and ventral attachments with their contralateral partners to create a linear tube with a central lumen. We previously demonstrated DV closure occurs via a "buttoning" mechanism where specific CBs advance ahead of their lateral neighbors, and attach creating transient holes, which eventually seal. RESULTS Here, we investigate the role of the actin-regulatory protein enabled (Ena) in DV closure. Loss of Ena results in DV cell shape and alignment defects. Live analysis of DV formation in ena mutants shows a reduction in CB leading edge protrusion length and gaps in the DV between contralateral CB pairs. These gaps occur primarily between a specific genetic subtype of CBs, which express the transcription factor seven-up (Svp) and form the ostia inflow tracts of the heart. In WT embryos these gaps between Svp+ CBs are observed transiently during the final stages of DV closure. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Ena modulates the actin cytoskeleton in order to facilitate the complete sealing of the DV during the final stages of cardiac tube formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R King
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi-Shan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Swope
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sunita G Kramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zink J, Frye M, Frömel T, Carlantoni C, John D, Schreier D, Weigert A, Laban H, Salinas G, Stingl H, Günther L, Popp R, Hu J, Vanhollebeke B, Schmidt H, Acker-Palmer A, Renné T, Fleming I, Benz PM. EVL regulates VEGF receptor-2 internalization and signaling in developmental angiogenesis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e48961. [PMID: 33512764 PMCID: PMC7857432 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial tip cells are essential for VEGF‐induced angiogenesis, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. The Ena/VASP protein family, consisting of EVL, VASP, and Mena, plays a pivotal role in axon guidance. Given that axonal growth cones and endothelial tip cells share many common features, from the morphological to the molecular level, we investigated the role of Ena/VASP proteins in angiogenesis. EVL and VASP, but not Mena, are expressed in endothelial cells of the postnatal mouse retina. Global deletion of EVL (but not VASP) compromises the radial sprouting of the vascular plexus in mice. Similarly, endothelial‐specific EVL deletion compromises the radial sprouting of the vascular plexus and reduces the endothelial tip cell density and filopodia formation. Gene sets involved in blood vessel development and angiogenesis are down‐regulated in EVL‐deficient P5‐retinal endothelial cells. Consistently, EVL deletion impairs VEGF‐induced endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting, and reduces the internalization and phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 and its downstream signaling via the MAPK/ERK pathway. Together, we show that endothelial EVL regulates sprouting angiogenesis via VEGF receptor‐2 internalization and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Zink
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Carlantoni
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David John
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Insitute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Danny Schreier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hebatullah Laban
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Stingl
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lea Günther
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiong Hu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, ULB Neuroscience Institute Department of Molecular Biology, University of Brussels, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter M Benz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zang Y, Chaudhari K, Bashaw GJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:147-196. [PMID: 33706917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, newly differentiated neurons need to extend their axons toward their synaptic targets to form functional neural circuits. During this highly dynamic process of axon pathfinding, guidance receptors expressed at the tips of motile axons interact with soluble guidance cues or membrane tethered molecules present in the environment to be either attracted toward or repelled away from the source of these cues. As competing cues are often present at the same location and during the same developmental period, guidance receptors need to be both spatially and temporally regulated in order for the navigating axons to make appropriate guidance decisions. This regulation is exerted by a diverse array of molecular mechanisms that have come into focus over the past several decades and these mechanisms ensure that the correct complement of surface receptors is present on the growth cone, a fan-shaped expansion at the tip of the axon. This dynamic, highly motile structure is defined by a lamellipodial network lining the periphery of the growth cone interspersed with finger-like filopodial projections that serve to explore the surrounding environment. Once axon guidance receptors are deployed at the right place and time at the growth cone surface, they respond to their respective ligands by initiating a complex set of signaling events that serve to rearrange the growth cone membrane and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to affect axon growth and guidance. In this review, we highlight recent advances that shed light on the rich complexity of mechanisms that regulate axon guidance receptor distribution, activation and downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
DeAngelis MW, Coolon JD, Johnson RI. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the Drosophila pupal eye. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:5995320. [PMID: 33561221 PMCID: PMC8043229 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tissue function is dependent on correct cellular organization and behavior. As a result, the identification and study of genes that contribute to tissue morphogenesis is of paramount importance to the fields of cell and developmental biology. Many of the genes required for tissue patterning and organization are highly conserved between phyla. This has led to the emergence of several model organisms and developmental systems that are used to study tissue morphogenesis. One such model is the Drosophila melanogaster pupal eye that has a highly stereotyped arrangement of cells. In addition, the pupal eye is postmitotic that allows for the study of tissue morphogenesis independent from any effects of proliferation. While the changes in cell morphology and organization that occur throughout pupal eye development are well documented, less is known about the corresponding transcriptional changes that choreograph these processes. To identify these transcriptional changes, we dissected wild-type Canton S pupal eyes and performed RNA-sequencing. Our analyses identified differential expression of many loci that are documented regulators of pupal eye morphogenesis and contribute to multiple biological processes including signaling, axon projection, adhesion, and cell survival. We also identified differential expression of genes not previously implicated in pupal eye morphogenesis such as components of the Toll pathway, several non-classical cadherins, and components of the muscle sarcomere, which could suggest these loci function as novel patterning factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles W DeAngelis
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Joseph D Coolon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Ruth I Johnson
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brown HE, Evans TA. Minimal structural elements required for midline repulsive signaling and regulation of Drosophila Robo1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241150. [PMID: 33091076 PMCID: PMC7580999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Roundabout (Robo) family of axon guidance receptors has a conserved ectodomain arrangement of five immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains plus three fibronectin type III (Fn) repeats. Based on the strong evolutionary conservation of this domain structure among Robo receptors, as well as in vitro structural and domain-domain interaction studies of Robo family members, this ectodomain arrangement is predicted to be important for Robo receptor signaling in response to Slit ligands. Here, we define the minimal ectodomain structure required for Slit binding and midline repulsive signaling in vivo by Drosophila Robo1. We find that the majority of the Robo1 ectodomain is dispensable for both Slit binding and repulsive signaling. We show that a significant level of midline repulsive signaling activity is retained when all Robo1 ectodomain elements apart from Ig1 are deleted, and that the combination of Ig1 plus one additional ectodomain element (Ig2, Ig5, or Fn3) is sufficient to restore midline repulsion to wild type levels. Further, we find that deleting four out of five Robo1 Ig domains (ΔIg2-5) does not affect negative regulation of Robo1 by Commissureless (Comm) or Robo2, while variants lacking all three fibronectin repeats (ΔFn1-3 and ΔIg2-Fn3) are insensitive to regulation by both Comm and Robo2, signifying a novel regulatory role for Robo1's Fn repeats. Our results provide an in vivo perspective on the importance of the conserved 5+3 ectodomain structure of Robo receptors, and suggest that specific biochemical properties and/or ectodomain structural conformations observed in vitro for domains other than Ig1 may have limited significance for in vivo signaling in the context of midline repulsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ning L, Suleiman HY, Miner JH. Synaptopodin Is Dispensable for Normal Podocyte Homeostasis but Is Protective in the Context of Acute Podocyte Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2815-2832. [PMID: 32938649 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptopodin (Synpo) is an actin-associated protein in podocytes and dendritic spines. Many functions in regulating the actin cytoskeleton via RhoA and other pathways have been ascribed to Synpo, yet no pathogenic mutations in the SYNPO gene have been discovered in patients. Naturally occurring Synpo isoforms are known (Synpo-short and -long), and a novel truncated version (Synpo-T) is upregulated in podocytes from Synpo mutant mice. Synpo-T maintains some Synpo functions, which may prevent a podocyte phenotype from emerging in unchallenged mutant mice. METHODS Novel mouse models were generated to further investigate the functions of Synpo. In one, CRISPR/Cas9 deleted most of the Synpo gene, preventing production of any detectable Synpo protein. Two other mutant strains made truncated versions of the protein. Adriamycin injections were used to challenge the mice, and Synpo functions were investigated in primary cultured podocytes. RESULTS Mice that could not make detectable Synpo (Synpo -/- ) did not develop any kidney abnormalities up to 12 months of age. However, Synpo -/- mice were more susceptible to Adriamycin nephropathy. In cultured primary podocytes from mutant mice, the absence of Synpo caused loss of stress fibers, increased the number and size of focal adhesions, and impaired cell migration. Furthermore, loss of Synpo led to decreased RhoA activity and increased Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous findings, podocytes can function normally in vivo in the absence of any Synpo isoform. Synpo plays a protective role in the context of podocyte injury through its involvement in actin reorganization and focal adhesion dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ning
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hani Y Suleiman
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Manhart A, Azevedo M, Baylies M, Mogilner A. Reverse-engineering forces responsible for dynamic clustering and spreading of multiple nuclei in developing muscle cells. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1802-1814. [PMID: 32129712 PMCID: PMC7521854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells position their organelles is a fundamental biological question. During Drosophila embryonic muscle development, multiple nuclei transition from being clustered together to splitting into two smaller clusters to spreading along the myotube’s length. Perturbations of microtubules and motor proteins disrupt this sequence of events. These perturbations do not allow intuiting which molecular forces govern the nuclear positioning; we therefore used computational screening to reverse-engineer and identify these forces. The screen reveals three models. Two suggest that the initial clustering is due to nuclear repulsion from the cell poles, while the third, most robust, model poses that this clustering is due to a short-ranged internuclear attraction. All three models suggest that the nuclear spreading is due to long-ranged internuclear repulsion. We test the robust model quantitatively by comparing it with data from perturbed muscle cells. We also test the model using agent-based simulations with elastic dynamic microtubules and molecular motors. The model predicts that, in longer mammalian myotubes with a large number of nuclei, the spreading stage would be preceded by segregation of the nuclei into a large number of clusters, proportional to the myotube length, with a small average number of nuclei per cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Manhart
- Mathematics Department, University College London, London WC1H 0AY, UK
| | - Mafalda Azevedo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4050 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mary Baylies
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heger P, Zheng W, Rottmann A, Panfilio KA, Wiehe T. The genetic factors of bilaterian evolution. eLife 2020; 9:e45530. [PMID: 32672535 PMCID: PMC7535936 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cambrian explosion was a unique animal radiation ~540 million years ago that produced the full range of body plans across bilaterians. The genetic mechanisms underlying these events are unknown, leaving a fundamental question in evolutionary biology unanswered. Using large-scale comparative genomics and advanced orthology evaluation techniques, we identified 157 bilaterian-specific genes. They include the entire Nodal pathway, a key regulator of mesoderm development and left-right axis specification; components for nervous system development, including a suite of G-protein-coupled receptors that control physiology and behaviour, the Robo-Slit midline repulsion system, and the neurotrophin signalling system; a high number of zinc finger transcription factors; and novel factors that previously escaped attention. Contradicting the current view, our study reveals that genes with bilaterian origin are robustly associated with key features in extant bilaterians, suggesting a causal relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Heger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wen Zheng
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Anna Rottmann
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill CampusCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wiehe
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Varderidou-Minasian S, Verheijen BM, Schätzle P, Hoogenraad CC, Pasterkamp RJ, Altelaar M. Deciphering the Proteome Dynamics during Development of Neurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2391-2403. [PMID: 32357013 PMCID: PMC7281779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Neuronal development is a complex
multistep process that shapes
neurons by progressing though several typical stages, including axon
outgrowth, dendrite formation, and synaptogenesis. Knowledge of the
mechanisms of neuronal development is mostly derived from the study
of animal models. Advances in stem cell technology now enable us to
generate neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Here we provide a mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic signature
of human iPSC-derived neurons, i.e., iPSC-derived induced glutamatergic
neurons and iPSC-derived motor neurons, throughout neuronal differentiation.
Tandem mass tag 10-plex labeling was carried out to perform proteomic
profiling of cells at different time points. Our analysis reveals
significant expression changes (FDR < 0.001) of several key proteins
during the differentiation process, e.g., proteins involved in the
Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Overall, our data provide a rich
resource of information on protein expression during human iPSC neuron
differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Varderidou-Minasian
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Verheijen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Schätzle
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cheong HSJ, Nona M, Guerra SB, VanBerkum MF. The first quarter of the C-terminal domain of Abelson regulates the WAVE regulatory complex and Enabled in axon guidance. Neural Dev 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32359359 PMCID: PMC7196227 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) plays a key role in axon guidance in linking guidance receptors to actin dynamics. The long C-terminal domain (CTD) of Drosophila Abl is important for this role, and previous work identified the ‘first quarter’ (1Q) of the CTD as essential. Here, we link the physical interactions of 1Q binding partners to Abl’s function in axon guidance. Methods Protein binding partners of 1Q were identified by GST pulldown and mass spectrometry, and validated using axon guidance assays in the embryonic nerve cord and motoneurons. The role of 1Q was assessed genetically, utilizing a battery of Abl transgenes in combination with mutation or overexpression of the genes of pulled down proteins, and their partners in actin dynamics. The set of Abl transgenes had the following regions deleted: all of 1Q, each half of 1Q (‘eighths’, 1E and 2E) or a PxxP motif in 2E, which may bind SH3 domains. Results GST pulldown identified Hem and Sra-1 as binding partners of 1Q, and our genetic analyses show that both proteins function with Abl in axon guidance, with Sra-1 likely interacting with 1Q. As Hem and Sra-1 are part of the actin-polymerizing WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), we extended our analyses to Abi and Trio, which interact with Abl and WRC members. Overall, the 1Q region (and especially 2E and its PxxP motif) are important for Abl’s ability to work with WRC in axon guidance. These areas are also important for Abl’s ability to function with the actin regulator Enabled. In comparison, 1E contributes to Abl function with the WRC at the midline, but less so with Enabled. Conclusions The 1Q region, and especially the 2E region with its PxxP motif, links Abl with the WRC, its regulators Trio and Abi, and the actin regulator Ena. Removing 1E has specific effects suggesting it may help modulate Abl’s interaction with the WRC or Ena. Thus, the 1Q region of Abl plays a key role in regulating actin dynamics during axon guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nona
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McNeill EM, Thompson C, Berke B, Chou VT, Rusch J, Duckworth A, DeProto J, Taylor A, Gates J, Gertler F, Keshishian H, Van Vactor D. Drosophila enabled promotes synapse morphogenesis and regulates active zone form and function. Neural Dev 2020; 15:4. [PMID: 32183907 PMCID: PMC7076993 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies of synapse form and function highlight the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating multiple aspects of morphogenesis, neurotransmission, and neural plasticity. The conserved actin-associated protein Enabled (Ena) is known to regulate development of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction through a postsynaptic mechanism. However, the functions and regulation of Ena within the presynaptic terminal has not been determined. Methods Here, we use a conditional genetic approach to address a presynaptic role for Ena on presynaptic morphology and ultrastructure, and also examine the pathway in which Ena functions through epistasis experiments. Results We find that Ena is required to promote the morphogenesis of presynaptic boutons and branches, in contrast to its inhibitory role in muscle. Moreover, while postsynaptic Ena is regulated by microRNA-mediated mechanisms, presynaptic Ena relays the output of the highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Dlar and associated proteins including the heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan, and the non-receptor Abelson tyrosine kinase to regulate addition of presynaptic varicosities. Interestingly, Ena also influences active zones, where it restricts active zone size, regulates the recruitment of synaptic vesicles, and controls the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous glutamate release. Conclusion We thus show that Ena, under control of the Dlar pathway, is required for presynaptic terminal morphogenesis and bouton addition and that Ena has active zone and neurotransmission phenotypes. Notably, in contrast to Dlar, Ena appears to integrate multiple pathways that regulate synapse form and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McNeill
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Cheryl Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Berke
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vivian T Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jannette Rusch
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - April Duckworth
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamin DeProto
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicia Taylor
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Gates
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Frank Gertler
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, England
| | | | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clarke A, McQueen PG, Fang HY, Kannan R, Wang V, McCreedy E, Buckley T, Johannessen E, Wincovitch S, Giniger E. Dynamic morphogenesis of a pioneer axon in Drosophila and its regulation by Abl tyrosine kinase. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:452-465. [PMID: 31967935 PMCID: PMC7185889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental problem in axon growth and guidance is to understand how cytoplasmic signaling modulates the cytoskeleton to produce directed growth cone motility. We here dissect this process using live imaging of the TSM1 axon of the developing Drosophila wing. We find that the growth cone is almost purely filopodial, and that it extends by a protrusive mode of growth. Quantitative analysis reveals two separate groups of growth cone properties that together account for growth cone structure and dynamics. The core morphological features of the growth cone are strongly correlated with one another and define two discrete morphs. Genetic manipulation of a critical mediator of axon guidance signaling, Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase, shows that while Abl weakly modulates the ratio of the two morphs it does not greatly change their properties. Rather, Abl primarily regulates the second group of properties, which report the organization and distribution of actin in the growth cone and are coupled to growth cone velocity. Other experiments dissect the nature of that regulation of actin organization and how it controls the spatial localization of filopodial dynamics and thus axon extension. Together, these observations suggest a novel, probabilistic mechanism by which Abl biases the stochastic fluctuations of growth cone actin to direct axon growth and guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanni Clarke
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine/NIH Graduate Partnership Program, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Philip G McQueen
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hsiao Yu Fang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ramakrishnan Kannan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Victor Wang
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Evan McCreedy
- Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tyler Buckley
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erika Johannessen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Wincovitch
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Koohini Z, Koohini Z, Teimourian S. Slit/Robo Signaling Pathway in Cancer; a New Stand Point for Cancer Treatment. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 25:1285-1293. [PMID: 30610466 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and metastasis are two critical steps for cancer cells survival and migration. The microenvironment of tumor sphere induces new blood vessels formation for enhancing tumor mass. Preexisting capillaries and postcapillary venules in tumors bring about new blood vessels. ROBO1-ROBO4 are transmembrane receptors family which act as guidance molecules of the nervous system. The SLITs family is secreted glycoproteins that bind to these receptors. SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway plays an important role in neurogenesis and immune response. Linkage between ROBOs and their ligands (SLITs) induce chemorepllent signal for regulation of axon guidance and leukocyte cell migration, recent finding shows that it is also involved in endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis in various type of cancers. In this article we review recent finding of SLIT-ROBO pathway in angiogenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Koohini
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Koohini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahram Teimourian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Spracklen AJ, Thornton-Kolbe EM, Bonner AN, Florea A, Compton PJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Peifer M. The Crk adapter protein is essential for Drosophila embryogenesis, where it regulates multiple actin-dependent morphogenic events. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2399-2421. [PMID: 31318326 PMCID: PMC6741062 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Src homology domain 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) adapter proteins regulate cell fate and behavior by mediating interactions between cell surface receptors and downstream signaling effectors in many signal transduction pathways. The CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) family has tissue-specific roles in phagocytosis, cell migration, and neuronal development and mediates oncogenic signaling in pathways like that of Abelson kinase. However, redundancy among the two mammalian family members and the position of the Drosophila gene on the fourth chromosome precluded assessment of Crk's full role in embryogenesis. We circumvented these limitations with short hairpin RNA and CRISPR technology to assess Crk's function in Drosophila morphogenesis. We found that Crk is essential beginning in the first few hours of development, where it ensures accurate mitosis by regulating orchestrated dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton to keep mitotic spindles in syncytial embryos from colliding. In this role, it positively regulates cortical localization of the actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3), its regulator suppressor of cAMP receptor (SCAR), and filamentous actin to actin caps and pseudocleavage furrows. Crk loss leads to the loss of nuclei and formation of multinucleate cells. We also found roles for Crk in embryonic wound healing and in axon patterning in the nervous system, where it localizes to the axons and midline glia. Thus, Crk regulates diverse events in embryogenesis that require orchestrated cytoskeletal dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Spracklen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Emma M Thornton-Kolbe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alison N Bonner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Peter J Compton
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yao Y, Zhou Z, Li L, Li J, Huang L, Li J, Qi C, Zheng L, Wang L, Zhang QQ. Activation of Slit2/Robo1 Signaling Promotes Tumor Metastasis in Colorectal Carcinoma through Activation of the TGF-β/Smads Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:E635. [PMID: 31242633 PMCID: PMC6628122 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Slit2 (slit guidance ligand 2), a ligand of the Roundabout1 (Robo1) transmembrane receptor, is often overexpressed in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). In this study, we performed data mining in the Metabolic gEne RApid Visualizer (MERAV) database and found that Slit2 and TGF-β1 (Transforming growth factor-β1) are highly expressed in carcinomas relative to those in tumor-free tissues from healthy volunteers or wild type mice. Furthermore, expression of Slit2 and TGF-β1 in CRCs increases with pathological stages. Serum levels of Slit2 in patients with CRC and in ApcMin/+ mice with spontaneous intestinal adenoma were significantly increased compared with those in healthy controls. Specific blockage of Slit2 binding to Robo1 inactivated TGF-β/Smads signaling and inhibited tumor cell migration and metastasis, which can be partially restored by treatment with TGF-β1. However, specific inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads signaling reduced CRC tumor cell migration and invasion without affecting cell proliferation. This study suggests that activation of Slit2/Robo1 signaling in CRC induces tumor metastasis partially through activation of the TGF-β/Smads pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yao
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liuyou Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Junchen Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lixun Huang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cuiling Qi
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sundararajan L, Smith CJ, Watson JD, Millis BA, Tyska MJ, Miller DM. Actin assembly and non-muscle myosin activity drive dendrite retraction in an UNC-6/Netrin dependent self-avoidance response. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008228. [PMID: 31220078 PMCID: PMC6605669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite growth is constrained by a self-avoidance response that induces retraction but the downstream pathways that balance these opposing mechanisms are unknown. We have proposed that the diffusible cue UNC-6(Netrin) is captured by UNC-40(DCC) for a short-range interaction with UNC-5 to trigger self-avoidance in the C. elegans PVD neuron. Here we report that the actin-polymerizing proteins UNC-34(Ena/VASP), WSP-1(WASP), UNC-73(Trio), MIG-10(Lamellipodin) and the Arp2/3 complex effect dendrite retraction in the self-avoidance response mediated by UNC-6(Netrin). The paradoxical idea that actin polymerization results in shorter rather than longer dendrites is explained by our finding that NMY-1 (non-muscle myosin II) is necessary for retraction and could therefore mediate this effect in a contractile mechanism. Our results also show that dendrite length is determined by the antagonistic effects on the actin cytoskeleton of separate sets of effectors for retraction mediated by UNC-6(Netrin) versus outgrowth promoted by the DMA-1 receptor. Thus, our findings suggest that the dendrite length depends on an intrinsic mechanism that balances distinct modes of actin assembly for growth versus retraction. Neurons may extend highly branched dendrites to detect input over a broad receptive field. The formation of actin filaments may drive dendrite elongation. The architecture of the dendritic arbor also depends on mechanisms that limit expansion. For example, sister dendrites from a single neuron usually do not overlap due to self-avoidance. Although cell surface proteins are known to mediate self-avoidance, the downstream pathways that drive dendrite retraction in this phenomenon are largely unknown. Studies of the highly branched PVD sensory neuron in C. elegans have suggested a model of self-avoidance in which the UNC-40/DCC receptor captures the diffusible cue UNC-6/Netrin at the tips of PVD dendrites where it interacts with the UNC-5 receptor on an opposing sister dendrite to induce retraction. Here we report genetic evidence that UNC-5-dependent retraction requires downstream actin polymerization. This finding evokes a paradox: How might actin polymerization drive both dendrite growth and retraction? We propose two answers: (1) Distinct sets of effectors are involved in actin assembly for growth vs retraction; (2) Non-muscle myosin interacts with a nascent actin assemblage to trigger retraction. Our results show that dendrite length depends on the balanced effects of specific molecular components that induce growth vs retraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Sundararajan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cody J. Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Watson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David M. Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jiang Z, Liang G, Xiao Y, Qin T, Chen X, Wu E, Ma Q, Wang Z. Targeting the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor progression: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919855238. [PMID: 31217826 PMCID: PMC6557020 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919855238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLITs (SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3) are a family of secreted proteins that mediate positional interactions between cells and their environment during development by signaling through ROBO receptors (ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, and ROBO4). The SLIT/ROBO signaling pathway has been shown to participate in axonal repulsion, axon guidance, and neuronal migration in the nervous system and the formation of the vascular system. However, the role of the SLIT/ROBO pathway has not been thoroughly clarified in tumor development. The SLIT/ROBO pathway can produce both beneficial and detrimental effects in the growth of malignant cells. It has been confirmed that SLIT/ROBO play contradictory roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the tumor promotion and tumor suppression roles of the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and the tumor microenvironment. Understanding these roles will help us develop more effective cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tong M, Jun T, Nie Y, Hao J, Fan D. The Role of the Slit/Robo Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2019; 10:2694-2705. [PMID: 31258778 PMCID: PMC6584916 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit family is a family of secreted proteins that play important roles in various physiologic and pathologic activities via interacting with Robo receptors. Slit/Robo signaling was first identified in the nervous system, where it functions in neuronal axon guidance; nevertheless, an increasing number of studies have shown that Slit/Robo signaling even regulates other activities, such as angiogenesis, inflammatory cell chemotaxis, tumor cell migration and metastasis. Although the precise role of the ligand-receptor in organisms has been obscure and the conclusions drawn are sometimes paradoxical, tremendous advances in understanding the Slit/Robo signaling pathway have been made. As such, our review summarizes the characteristics of the Slit/Robo signaling pathway and its role in various cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tie Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xia Y, Wang L, Xu Z, Kong R, Wang F, Yin K, Xu J, Li B, He Z, Wang L, Xu H, Zhang D, Yang L, Wu JY, Xu Z. Reduced USP33 expression in gastric cancer decreases inhibitory effects of Slit2-Robo1 signalling on cell migration and EMT. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12606. [PMID: 30896071 PMCID: PMC6536419 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, causing a large number of deaths every year. The Slit-Robo signalling pathway, initially discovered for its critical role in neuronal guidance, has recently been shown to modulate tumour invasion and metastasis in several human cancers. However, the role of Slit-Robo signalling and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit2, Robo1 and USP33 expressions were analysed in datasets obtained from the Oncomine database and measured in human gastric cancer specimens. The function of Slit2-Robo1-USP33 signalling on gastric cancer cells migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of the interaction between Robo1 and USP33 was explored by co-IP and ubiquitination protein analysis. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of Slit2 and Robo1 are lower in GC tissues relative to those in adjacent healthy tissues. Importantly, Slit2 inhibits GC cell migration and suppresses EMT process in a Robo-dependent manner. The inhibitory function of Slit2-Robo1 is mediated by ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) via deubiquitinating and stabilizing Robo1. USP33 expression is decreased in GC tissues, and reduced USP33 level is correlated with poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the inhibitory function of Slit-Robo signalling in GC and uncovers a role of USP33 in suppressing cancer cell migration and EMT by enhancing Slit2-Robo1 signalling. USP33 represents a feasible choice as a prognostic biomarker for GC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Down-Regulation
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
- Roundabout Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Jianghao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Genetic MedicineLurie Cancer CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineSchool of Publich HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sundararajan L, Stern J, Miller DM. Mechanisms that regulate morphogenesis of a highly branched neuron in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2019; 451:53-67. [PMID: 31004567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The shape of an individual neuron is linked to its function with axons sending signals to other cells and dendrites receiving them. Although much is known of the mechanisms for axonal outgrowth, the striking complexity of dendritic architecture has hindered efforts to uncover pathways that direct dendritic branching. Here we review the results of an experimental strategy that exploits the power of genetic analysis and live cell imaging of the PVD sensory neuron in C. elegans to reveal key molecular drivers of dendrite morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Sundararajan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jamie Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Melrose J. Keratan sulfate (KS)-proteoglycans and neuronal regulation in health and disease: the importance of KS-glycodynamics and interactive capability with neuroregulatory ligands. J Neurochem 2019; 149:170-194. [PMID: 30578672 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain of d-galactose-GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi-sulfated high-charge density, monosulfated and non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit-Robbo and Ephrin-Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS-PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up-regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti-oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK-1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS-PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS-PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The creation of complex neuronal networks relies on ligand-receptor interactions that mediate attraction or repulsion towards specific targets. Roundabouts comprise a family of single-pass transmembrane receptors facilitating this process upon interaction with the soluble extracellular ligand Slit protein family emanating from the midline. Due to the complexity and flexible nature of Robo receptors , their overall structure has remained elusive until now. Recent structural studies of the Robo 1 and Robo 2 ectodomains have provided the basis for a better understanding of their signalling mechanism. These structures reveal how Robo receptors adopt an auto-inhibited conformation on the cell surface that can be further stabilised by cis and/or trans oligmerisation arrays. Upon Slit -N binding Robo receptors must undergo a conformational change for Ig4 mediated dimerisation and signaling, probably via endocytosis. Furthermore, it's become clear that Robo receptors do not only act alone, but as large and more complex cell surface receptor assemblies to manifest directional and growth effects in a concerted fashion. These context dependent assemblies provide a mechanism to fine tune attractive and repulsive signals in a combinatorial manner required during neuronal development. While a mechanistic understanding of Slit mediated Robo signaling has advanced significantly further structural studies on larger assemblies are required for the design of new experiments to elucidate their role in cell surface receptor complexes. These will be necessary to understand the role of Slit -Robo signaling in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, organ development and cancer progression. In this chapter, we provide a review of the current knowledge in the field with a particular focus on the Roundabout receptor family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bisiak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bernardoni R, Giordani G, Signorino E, Monticelli S, Messa F, Pradotto M, Rosso V, Bracco E, Giangrande A, Perini G, Saglio G, Cilloni D. A new BCR-ABL1 Drosophila model as a powerful tool to elucidate the pathogenesis and progression of chronic myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:717-728. [PMID: 30409797 PMCID: PMC6442973 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.198267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein BCR-ABL1 triggers chronic myeloid leukemia. It is clear that the disease relies on constitutive BCR-ABL1 kinase activity, but not all the interactors and regulators of the oncoprotein are known. We describe and validate a Drosophila leukemia model based on inducible human BCR-ABL1 expression controlled by tissue-specific promoters. The model was conceived to be a versatile tool for performing genetic screens. BCR-ABL1 expression in the developing eye interferes with ommatidia differentiation and expression in the hematopoietic precursors increases the number of circulating blood cells. We show that BCR-ABL1 interferes with the pathway of endogenous dAbl with which it shares the target protein Ena. Loss of function of ena or Dab, an upstream regulator of dAbl, respectively suppresses or enhances both the BCR-ABL1-dependent phenotypes. Importantly, in patients with leukemia decreased human Dab1 and Dab2 expression correlates with more severe disease and Dab1 expression reduces the proliferation of leukemia cells. Globally, these observations validate our Drosophila model, which promises to be an excellent system for performing unbiased genetic screens aimed at identifying new BCR-ABL1 interactors and regulators in order to better elucidate the mechanism of leukemia onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bernardoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Italy .,Health Sciences and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.,Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, UK
| | | | - Sara Monticelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Messa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Pradotto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosso
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Angela Giangrande
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Perini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nguemgo Kouam P, Rezniczek GA, Kochanneck A, Priesch-Grzeszkowiak B, Hero T, Adamietz IA, Bühler H. Robo1 and vimentin regulate radiation-induced motility of human glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198508. [PMID: 29864155 PMCID: PMC5986140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis despite of many treatment regimens. Radiotherapy significantly prolongs patient survival and remains the most common treatment. Slit2 and Robo1 are evolutionarily conserved proteins involved in axon guidance, migration, and branching of neuronal cells. New studies have shown that Slit2 and Robo1 could play important roles in leukocyte chemotaxis and glioblastoma cell migration. Therefore, we investigated whether the Slit2/Robo1 complex has an impact on the motility of glioblastoma cells and whether irradiation with therapeutic doses modulates this effect. Our results indicate that photon irradiation increases the migration of glioblastoma cells in vitro. qPCR and immunoblotting experiments in two different glioblastoma cell lines (U-373 MG and U-87 MG) with different malignancy revealed that both Slit2 and Robo1 are significantly lower expressed in the cell populations with the highest motility and that the expression was reduced after irradiation. Overexpression of Robo1 significantly decreased the motility of glioblastoma cells and inhibited the accelerated migration of wild-type cells after irradiation. Immunoblotting analysis of migration-associated proteins (fascin and focal adhesion kinase) and of the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-related protein vimentin showed that irradiation affected the migration of glioblastoma cells by increasing vimentin expression, which can be reversed by the overexpression of Slit2 and Robo1. Our findings suggest that Robo1 expression might counteract migration and also radiation-induced migration of glioblastoma cells, a process that might be connected to mesenchymal-epithelial transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Nguemgo Kouam
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Günther A. Rezniczek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Anja Kochanneck
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Bettina Priesch-Grzeszkowiak
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Thomas Hero
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radio-Oncology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Irenäus A. Adamietz
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radio-Oncology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| | - Helmut Bühler
- Institute for Molecular Oncology, Radio-Biology and Experimental Radiotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Medical Research Center, Marien Hospital Herne, Herne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Banerjee A, Roy JK. Bantam regulates the axonal geometry of Drosophila larval brain by modulating actin regulator enabled. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-018-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
45
|
Caterson B, Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability. Glycobiology 2018; 28:182-206. [PMID: 29340594 PMCID: PMC5993099 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, College of Biological & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Brown HE, Reichert MC, Evans TA. In Vivo Functional Analysis of Drosophila Robo1 Fibronectin Type-III Repeats. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:621-630. [PMID: 29217730 PMCID: PMC5919748 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The repellant ligand Slit and its Roundabout (Robo) family receptors regulate midline crossing of axons during development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). Slit proteins are produced at the midline and signal through Robo receptors to repel axons from the midline. Disruption of Slit-Robo signaling causes ectopic midline-crossing phenotypes in the CNS of a broad range of animals, including insects and vertebrates. While previous studies have investigated the roles of Drosophila melanogaster Robo1's five Immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains, little is known about the importance of the three evolutionarily conserved Fibronectin (Fn) type-III repeats. We have individually deleted each of Drosophila Robo1's three Fn repeats, and then tested these Robo1 variants in vitro to determine their ability to bind Slit in cultured Drosophila cells and in vivo to investigate the requirement for each domain in regulating Robo1's embryonic expression pattern, axonal localization, midline repulsive function, and sensitivity to Commissureless (Comm) downregulation. We demonstrate that the Fn repeats are not required for Robo1 to bind Slit or for proper expression of Robo1 in Drosophila embryonic neurons. When expressed in a robo1 mutant background, these variants are able to restore midline repulsion to an extent equivalent to full-length Robo1. We identify a novel requirement for Fn3 in the exclusion of Robo1 from commissures and downregulation of Robo1 by Comm. Our results indicate that each of the Drosophila Robo1 Fn repeats are individually dispensable for the protein's role in midline repulsion, despite the evolutionarily conserved "5 + 3" protein structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Marie C Reichert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Timothy A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cheong HSJ, VanBerkum MFA. Long disordered regions of the C-terminal domain of Abelson tyrosine kinase have specific and additive functions in regulation and axon localization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189338. [PMID: 29232713 PMCID: PMC5726718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) is a key regulator of actin-related morphogenetic processes including axon guidance, where it functions downstream of several guidance receptors. While the long C-terminal domain (CTD) of Abl is required for function, its role is poorly understood. Here, a battery of mutants of Drosophila Abl was created that systematically deleted large segments of the CTD from Abl or added them back to the N-terminus alone. The functionality of these Abl transgenes was assessed through rescue of axon guidance defects and adult lethality in Abl loss-of-function, as well as through gain-of-function effects in sensitized slit or frazzled backgrounds that perturb midline guidance in the Drosophila embryonic nerve cord. Two regions of the CTD play important and distinct roles, but additive effects for other regions were also detected. The first quarter of the CTD, including a conserved PxxP motif and its surrounding sequence, regulates Abl function while the third quarter localizes Abl to axons. These regions feature long stretches of intrinsically disordered sequence typically found in hub proteins and are associated with diverse protein-protein interactions. Thus, the CTD of Abl appears to use these disordered regions to establish a variety of different signaling complexes required during formation of axon tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han S J Cheong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America
| | - Mark F A VanBerkum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Howard LJ, Brown HE, Wadsworth BC, Evans TA. Midline axon guidance in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:13-25. [PMID: 29174915 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have provided many fundamental insights into the genetic regulation of neural development, including the identification and characterization of evolutionarily conserved axon guidance pathways and their roles in important guidance decisions. Due to its highly organized and fast-developing embryonic nervous system, relatively small number of neurons, and molecular and genetic tools for identifying, labeling, and manipulating individual neurons or small neuronal subsets, studies of axon guidance in the Drosophila embryonic CNS have allowed researchers to dissect these genetic mechanisms with a high degree of precision. In this review, we discuss the major axon guidance pathways that regulate midline crossing of axons and the formation and guidance of longitudinal axon tracts, two processes that contribute to the development of the precise three-dimensional structure of the insect nerve cord. We focus particularly on recent insights into the roles and regulation of canonical midline axon guidance pathways, and on additional factors and pathways that have recently been shown to contribute to axon guidance decisions at and near the midline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaFreda J Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Haley E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Benjamin C Wadsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Timothy A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The Drosophila motor system starts to assemble during embryonic development. It is composed of 30 muscles per abdominal hemisegment and 36 motor neurons assembling into nerve branches to exit the CNS, navigate within the muscle field and finally establish specific connections with their target muscles. Several families of guidance molecules that play a role controlling this process as well as transcriptional regulators that program the behavior of specific motor neuron have been identified. In this review we summarize the role of both groups of molecules in the motor system as well as their relationship where known. It is apparent that partially redundant guidance protein families and membrane molecules with different functional output direct guidance decisions cooperatively. Some distinct transcriptional regulators seem to control guidance of specific nerve branches globally directing the expression of groups of pathfinding molecules in all motor neurons within the same motor branch.
Collapse
|
50
|
Yom-Tov G, Barak R, Matalon O, Barda-Saad M, Guez-Haddad J, Opatowsky Y. Robo Ig4 Is a Dimerization Domain. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3606-3616. [PMID: 29017837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Robo receptors play pivotal roles in axonal guidance as well as in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and cancer progression and invasiveness. They are considered to be attractive drug targets for the treatment of cancer, ocular neovascular disorders, chronic kidney diseases, and more. Despite their great importance, the mechanisms by which Robo receptors switch from their "off" to "on" states remain obscure. One possibility involves a monomer-to-dimer or dimer-to-monomer transition that facilitates the recruitment and activation of enzymatic effectors to instigate intracellular signaling. However, it is not known which domains mediate Robo dimerization, or the structural properties of the dimeric interactions. Here, we identify the extracellular Ig4 (D4) as a Robo dimerization domain. We have determined the crystal structure of the tandem Ig4-5 domains (D4-5) of human Robo2 and found that a hydrophobic surface on D4 mediates close homotypic contacts with a reciprocal D4. Analytical ultracentrifugation measurements of intact and mutated D4-5 shows that dimerization through the D4 interface is specific and has a dimerization dissociation constant of 16.9μM in solution. Direct fluorescence resonance energy transfer dimerization measurements in HEK293 cells corroborate the dimerization of transmembrane hRobo2 through D4, and a functional COS-7 cell collapse assay links D4-mediated dimerization with Robo intracellular signaling. The high level of conservation in the D4 dimerization interface throughout all Robo orthologs and paralogs implies that D4-mediated dimerization is a central hallmark in Robo activation and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galit Yom-Tov
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Reut Barak
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omri Matalon
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Julia Guez-Haddad
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yarden Opatowsky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|