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Ma P, Huang J, Chen B, Huang M, Xiong L, Chen J, Huang S, Liu Y. Lanosterol Synthase Prevents EMT During Lens Epithelial Fibrosis Via Regulating SREBP1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:12. [PMID: 38079167 PMCID: PMC10715316 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) is a predominant pathological process underlying fibrotic cataracts. Here we investigated the role and mechanism of lanosterol synthase (LSS), a key rate-limiting enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, in EMT of LECs. Methods Human lens epithelial explants, primary rabbit LECs, and whole rat lenses were treated with TGFβ2. RNA-sequencing was conducted to explore genetic changes during fibrosis of human lens epithelial explants. Loss- and gain-of-function studies were performed in primary LECs to investigate roles and mechanisms of LSS, lanosterol and sterol regulatory element binding transcription protein 1 (SREBP1) in EMT. Rat lenses were applied to evaluate the potential effect of lanosterol on lens fibrosis. Expression of LSS, SREBP1, EMT-related regulators, and markers were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, or immunofluorescent staining. Results LSS and steroid biosynthesis were downregulated in TGFβ2-induced lens fibrosis. LSS inhibition directly triggered EMT by inducing Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nucleus translocation, an overexpression of LSS protected LECs from EMT by inhibiting Smad2/3 activation. Moreover, LSS inhibition decreased the expression of SREBP1, which regulated EMT via intervening TGFβ2/Smad2/3 transduction. Furthermore, lanosterol protected LECs from EMT caused by both TGFβ2 treatment and LSS inhibition via suppressing Smad2/3 activation and maintained lens transparency by preventing fibrotic plaques formation. Conclusions We first identified that LSS protected LECs from EMT and played an antifibrotic role to maintain lens transparency. Additionally, lanosterol and sterol biosynthesis regulation might be promising strategies for preventing and treating fibrotic cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Yang S, Jiang K, Li L, Xiang J, Li Y, Kang L, Yang G, Liang Z. MircroRNA-92b as a negative regulator of the TGF-β signaling by targeting the type I receptor. iScience 2023; 26:108131. [PMID: 37867958 PMCID: PMC10587525 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been identified as a major pathogenic factor underlying the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study investigated the role of miR-92b-3p in the progression of renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (uIRI) mouse models, as well as explored its underlying mechanisms in human proximal tubular epithelial (HK2) cells. We found that renal fibrosis increased in UUO mice after miR-92b knockout, while it reduced in miR-92b overexpressing mice. MiR-92b knockout aggravated renal fibrosis in uIRI mice. RNA-sequencing analysis, the luciferase reporter assay, qPCR analysis, and western blotting confirmed that miR-92b-3p directly targeted TGF-β receptor 1, thereby ameliorating renal fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β suppressed miR-92b transcription through Snail family transcriptional repressors 1 and 2. Our results suggest that miR-92b-3p may serve as a novel therapeutic for mitigating fibrosis in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Kewei Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Lixing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
- The Biobank of National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000 China
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3
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Pohl L, Schiessl IM. Endothelial cell plasticity in kidney fibrosis and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14038. [PMID: 37661749 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal endothelial cells demonstrate an impressive remodeling potential during angiogenic sprouting, vessel repair or while transitioning into mesenchymal cells. These different processes may play important roles in both renal disease progression or regeneration while underlying signaling pathways of different endothelial cell plasticity routes partly overlap. Angiogenesis contributes to wound healing after kidney injury and pharmaceutical modulation of angiogenesis may home a great therapeutic potential. Yet, it is not clear whether any differentiated endothelial cell can proliferate or whether regenerative processes are largely controlled by resident or circulating endothelial progenitor cells. In the glomerular compartment for example, a distinct endothelial progenitor cell population may remodel the glomerular endothelium after injury. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the kidney is vastly documented and often associated with endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, and kidney disease progression. Especially the role of EndoMT in renal fibrosis is controversial. Studies on EndoMT in vivo determined possible conclusions on the pathophysiological role of EndoMT in the kidney, but whether endothelial cells really contribute to kidney fibrosis and if not what other cellular and functional outcomes derive from EndoMT in kidney disease is unclear. Sequencing data, however, suggest no participation of endothelial cells in extracellular matrix deposition. Thus, more in-depth classification of cellular markers and the fate of EndoMT cells in the kidney is needed. In this review, we describe different signaling pathways of endothelial plasticity, outline methodological approaches and evidence for functional and structural implications of angiogenesis and EndoMT in the kidney, and eventually discuss controversial aspects in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Pohl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Gultian KA, Gandhi R, DeCesari K, Romiyo V, Kleinbart EP, Martin K, Gentile PM, Kim TWB, Vega SL. Injectable hydrogel with immobilized BMP-2 mimetic peptide for local bone regeneration. FRONTIERS IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 1. [PMID: 37090104 PMCID: PMC10120851 DOI: 10.3389/fbiom.2022.948493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density, thereby increasing the risk of sustaining a fragility fracture. Most medical therapies are systemic and do not restore bone in areas of need, leading to undesirable side effects. Injectable hydrogels can locally deliver therapeutics with spatial precision, and this study reports the development of an injectable hydrogel containing a peptide mimic of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). To create injectable hydrogels, hyaluronic acid was modified with norbornene (HANor) or tetrazine (HATet) which upon mixing click into covalently crosslinked Nor-Tet hydrogels. By modifying HANor macromers with methacrylates (Me), thiolated BMP-2 mimetic peptides were immobilized to HANor via a Michael addition reaction, and coupling was confirmed with 1H NMR spectroscopy. BMP-2 peptides presented in soluble and immobilized form increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in MSCs cultured on 2D and encapsulated in 3D Nor-Tet hydrogels. Injection of bioactive Nor-Tet hydrogels into hollow intramedullary canals of Lewis rat femurs showed a local increase in trabecular bone density as determined by micro-CT imaging. The presented work shows that injectable hydrogels with immobilized BMP-2 peptides are a promising biomaterial for the local regeneration of bone tissue and for the potential local treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstene A. Gultian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Roshni Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Kayla DeCesari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Vineeth Romiyo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Emily P. Kleinbart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Kelsey Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pietro M. Gentile
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Tae Won B. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Sebastián L. Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
- CORRESPONDENCE Sebastián L. Vega,
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5
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SMAD proteins: Mediators of diverse outcomes during infection. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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6
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Ammous Z, Rawlins LE, Jones H, Leslie JS, Wenger O, Scott E, Deline J, Herr T, Evans R, Scheid A, Kennedy J, Chioza BA, Ames RM, Cross HE, Puffenberger EG, Harries L, Baple EL, Crosby AH. A biallelic SNIP1 Amish founder variant causes a recognizable neurodevelopmental disorder. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009803. [PMID: 34570759 PMCID: PMC8496849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SNIP1 (Smad nuclear interacting protein 1) is a widely expressed transcriptional suppressor of the TGF-β signal-transduction pathway which plays a key role in human spliceosome function. Here, we describe extensive genetic studies and clinical findings of a complex inherited neurodevelopmental disorder in 35 individuals associated with a SNIP1 NM_024700.4:c.1097A>G, p.(Glu366Gly) variant, present at high frequency in the Amish community. The cardinal clinical features of the condition include hypotonia, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, and a characteristic craniofacial appearance. Our gene transcript studies in affected individuals define altered gene expression profiles of a number of molecules with well-defined neurodevelopmental and neuropathological roles, potentially explaining clinical outcomes. Together these data confirm this SNIP1 gene variant as a cause of an autosomal recessive complex neurodevelopmental disorder and provide important insight into the molecular roles of SNIP1, which likely explain the cardinal clinical outcomes in affected individuals, defining potential therapeutic avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Ammous
- The Community Health Clinic, Topeka, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lettie E. Rawlins
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Jones
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S. Leslie
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Wenger
- New Leaf Center, Clinic for Special Children, Mount Eaton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ethan Scott
- New Leaf Center, Clinic for Special Children, Mount Eaton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jim Deline
- Center for Special Children, La Farge Medical Center, La Farge, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tom Herr
- Center for Special Children, La Farge Medical Center, La Farge, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Evans
- The Community Health Clinic, Topeka, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angela Scheid
- The Community Health Clinic, Topeka, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joanna Kennedy
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Barry A. Chioza
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M. Ames
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Harold E. Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Lorna Harries
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Baple
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Crosby
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
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7
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Zhang YL, Liu L, Peymanfar Y, Anderson P, Xian CJ. Roles of MicroRNAs in Osteogenesis or Adipogenesis Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137210. [PMID: 34281266 PMCID: PMC8269269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are multipotent cells which can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and fat cells. Under pathological stress, reduced bone formation in favour of fat formation in the bone marrow has been observed through a switch in the differentiation of BMSCs. The bone/fat switch causes bone growth defects and disordered bone metabolism in bone marrow, for which the mechanisms remain unclear, and treatments are lacking. Studies suggest that small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) could participate in regulating BMSC differentiation by disrupting the post-transcription of target genes, leading to bone/fat formation changes. This review presents an emerging concept of microRNA regulation in the bone/fat formation switch in bone marrow, the evidence for which is assembled mainly from in vivo and in vitro human or animal models. Characterization of changes to microRNAs reveals novel networks that mediate signalling and factors in regulating bone/fat switch and homeostasis. Recent advances in our understanding of microRNAs in their control in BMSC differentiation have provided valuable insights into underlying mechanisms and may have significant potential in development of new therapeutics.
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8
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de Oliveira Camargo R, Abual'anaz B, Rattan SG, Filomeno KL, Dixon IMC. Novel factors that activate and deactivate cardiac fibroblasts: A new perspective for treatment of cardiac fibrosis. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:667-677. [PMID: 34076932 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease with attendant cardiac fibrosis kills more patients in developed countries than any other disease, including cancer. We highlight the recent literature on factors that activate and also deactivate cardiac fibroblasts. Activation of cardiac fibroblasts results in myofibroblasts phenotype which incorporates aSMA to stress fibres, express ED-A fibronectin, elevated PDGFRα and are hypersecretory ECM components. These cells facilitate both acute wound healing (infarct site) and chronic cardiac fibrosis. Quiescent fibroblasts are associated with normal myocardial tissue and provide relatively slow turnover of the ECM. Deactivation of activated myofibroblasts is a much less studied phenomenon. In this context, SKI is a known negative regulator of TGFb1 /Smad signalling, and thus may share functional similarity to PPARγ activation. The discovery of SKI's potent anti-fibrotic role, and its ability to deactivate and/or myofibroblasts is featured and contrasted with PPARγ. While myofibroblasts are typically recruited from pools of potential precursor cells in a variety of organs, the importance of activation of resident cardiac fibroblasts has been recently emphasised. Myofibroblasts deposit ECM components at an elevated rate and contribute to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction with attendant cardiac fibrosis. A major knowledge gap exists as to specific proteins that may signal for fibroblast deactivation. As SKI may be a functionally pluripotent protein, we suggest that it serves as a scaffold to proteins other than R-Smads and associated Smad signal proteins, and thus its anti-fibrotic effects may extend beyond binding R-Smads. While cardiac fibrosis is causal to heart failure, the treatment of cardiac fibrosis is hampered by the lack of availability of effective pharmacological anti-fibrotic agents. The current review will provide an overview of work highlighting novel factors which cause fibroblast activation and deactivation to underscore putative therapeutic avenues for improving disease outcomes in cardiac patients with fibrosed hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca de Oliveira Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Besher Abual'anaz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sunil G Rattan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Krista L Filomeno
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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9
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Kim S, Shin DH, Nam BY, Kang HY, Park J, Wu M, Kim NH, Kim HS, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Yook JI, Yoo TH. Newly designed Protein Transduction Domain (PTD)-mediated BMP-7 is a potential therapeutic for peritoneal fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13507-13522. [PMID: 33079436 PMCID: PMC7701504 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) is a well‐known therapeutic growth factor reverting many fibrotic diseases, including peritoneal fibrosis by peritoneal dialysis (PD), soluble growth factors are largely limited in clinical applications owing to their short half‐life in clinical settings. Recently, we developed a novel drug delivery model using protein transduction domains (PTD) overcoming limitation of soluble recombinant proteins, including bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7). This study aims at evaluating the therapeutic effects of PTD‐BMP‐7 consisted of PTD and full‐length BMP‐7 on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related fibrosis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were then treated with TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β1 + PTD‐BMP‐7. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters were inserted into Sprague‐Dawley rats, and these rats were infused intra‐peritoneally with saline, peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) or PDF + PTD‐BMP‐7. In vitro, TGF‐β1 treatment significantly increased fibronectin, type I collagen, α‐SMA and Snail expression, while reducing E‐cadherin expression in HPMCs (P < .001). PTD‐BMP‐7 treatment ameliorated TGF‐β1‐induced fibronectin, type I collagen, α‐SMA and Snail expression, and restored E‐cadherin expression in HPMCs (P < .001). In vivo, the expressions of EMT‐related molecules and the thickness of the sub‐mesothelial layer were significantly increased in the peritoneum of rats treated with PDF, and these changes were significantly abrogated by the intra‐peritoneal administration of PTD‐BMP‐7. PTD‐BMP‐7 treatment significantly inhibited the progression of established PD fibrosis. These findings suggest that PTD‐BMP‐7, as a prodrug of BMP‐7, can be an effective therapeutic agent for peritoneal fibrosis in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,MET Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Liu L, Lu M, Gu X, Ma X, Feng J, Cao Y, Gong W, Zhao Q, Qiang F. SMADs binding site polymorphisms rs9911630 is associated with susceptibility but not prognosis of gastric cancer: a case control study. J Cancer 2020; 11:4746-4753. [PMID: 32626521 PMCID: PMC7330692 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) can change their binding strength, affecting the function of transcription factors (TFs). Small mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD) proteins are known as a family of TFs involved in tumorigenesis. We performed this study to investigate whether SNPs in SMADs binding sites affect the susceptibility or prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: Using bioinformatics tools, we focused on the association between rs9911630 polymorphism and GC. We performed this case-control study in 1275 GC patients and 1426 cancer-free subjects using TaqMan allelic discrimination method. Results: We found that rs9911630 A>G polymorphism was associate to an increased risk of gastric cancer (adjusted OR for additive model = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.03-1.30). Furthermore, we assess whether rs9911630 polymorphism affected the prognosis of GC. However, no significant association was discovered between rs9911630 A>G polymorphism and overall survival time of GC patients (HR for addictive model = 1.01; 95%CI = 0.88-1.15). Conclusions: Our results suggested that rs9911630 polymorphism in SMADs target site might influence susceptibility but not prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Gu
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weida Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Yixing Tumor Hospital, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fulin Qiang
- Department of Core Laboratory, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Maintenance of the Undifferentiated State in Myogenic Progenitor Cells by TGFβ Signaling is Smad Independent and Requires MEK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031057. [PMID: 32033454 PMCID: PMC7038076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pluripotent cytokine and regulates a myriad of biological processes. It has been established that TGFβ potently inhibits skeletal muscle differentiation; however, the molecular mechanism is not clearly defined. Previously, we reported that inhibition of the TGFβ canonical pathway by an inhibitory Smad, Smad7, does not reverse this effect on differentiation, suggesting that activation of receptor Smads (R-Smads) by TGFβ is not responsible for repression of myogenesis. In addition, pharmacological blockade of Smad3 activation by TGFβ did not reverse TGFβ's inhibitory effect on myogenesis. In considering other pathways, we observed that TGFβ potently activates MEK/ERK, and a pharmacological inhibitor of MEK reversed TGFβ's inhibitory effect on myogenesis, as indicated by a myogenin promoter-reporter gene, sarcomeric myosin heavy chain accumulation, and phenotypic myotube formation. Furthermore, we found that c-Jun, a known potent repressor of myogenesis, which is coincidently also a down-stream target of MEK/ERK signaling, was phosphorylated and accumulates in the nucleus in response to TGFβ activation. Taken together, these observations support a model in which TGFβ activates a MEK/ERK/c-Jun pathway to repress skeletal myogenesis, maintaining the pluripotent undifferentiated state in myogenic progenitors.
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12
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Huang S, Wang Y, Luo L, Li X, Jin X, Li S, Yu X, Yang M, Guo Z. BMP2 Is Related to Hirschsprung's Disease and Required for Enteric Nervous System Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:523. [PMID: 31849612 PMCID: PMC6901830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Defects in ENS NCCs colonizing in the intestines lead to an absence of enteric ganglia in the colon and results in Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play diverse roles in the proliferation, migration and survival of ENS NCCs; however, whether BMPs are involved in HSCR and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that BMP2 expression is significantly decreased in HSCR patients. Further experiments demonstrated that BMP2 is involved in the regulation of NCC proliferation, migration and differentiation. In a detailed analysis of the role of BMP2 in HSCR development in vivo, we demonstrated that BMP2b regulates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of vagal NCCs in zebrafish and that BMP2b is required for intestinal smooth muscle development. In addition, we showed that BMP2b is involved in regulating the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the intestine, which mediates the regulation of ENS development by BMP2b in zebrafish. These results highlight a central role of the BMP-GDNF cascade in intestinal patterning and ENS development. Our results further demonstrate the key role of BMP2 in the etiology of HSCR in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organism Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianqing Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Girolami I, Veronese N, Smith L, Caruso MG, Reddavide R, Leandro G, Demurtas J, Nottegar A. The Activation Status of the TGF-β Transducer Smad2 Is Associated with a Reduced Survival in Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153831. [PMID: 31387321 PMCID: PMC6695973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant function of Smad2, a crucial member of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, is associated with the development of malignancies, particularly in the gastrointestinal district. However, little is known about its possible prognostic role in such tumor types. With the first meta-analysis on this topic, we demonstrated that the lack of the activated form of Smad2 (phosphor-Smad2 or pSmad2), which was meant to be the C-terminally phosphorylated form, showed a statistically significant association with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with gastrointestinal cancers (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.05–2.37, p = 0.029, I2 = 84%), also after having adjusted for potential confounders (RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.24–2.18; p < 0.001; I2 = 4%). This finding highlights the importance of the TGF-β signaling in this type of cancer. In this line, further studies are needed to explore more in depth this important molecular pathway, focusing also on potential therapeutic strategies based on its effectors or molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Girolami
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Maria G Caruso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Reddavide
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Leandro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Demurtas
- Primary Care Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud Est, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics, Section of Pathology, San Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy.
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14
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Wei H, Zhang D, Liu L, Xia W, Li F. Rho signaling pathway enhances proliferation of PASMCs by suppressing nuclear translocation of Smad1 in PAH. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:71-78. [PMID: 30603049 PMCID: PMC6307528 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Rho kinase signaling pathways exert counter regulatory effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). To elucidate the mechanism of this interaction, the present study tested whether Rho kinase activated by platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) enhances PASMC proliferation by suppressing the nuclear translocation of Smad1 induced by BMP-2. BMP-2 was used to activate the Smad1 signaling pathway and PDGF-BB was used to activate the Rho kinase signaling pathway when cells were pretreated with or without Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 or dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1 and 2 inhibitor U0126. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of the components of the Rho signaling pathway, and the expression of various variants of phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (p-Smad)1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Immunofluorescent staining was used to observe subcellular distribution of p-Smad1. A cell counting kit was used to analyze cell proliferation. Active RhoA/Rho kinase signaling and decreased nuclear translocation of Smad1 were found in primary cultured PASMCs from the rat model of PAH compared with the control PASMCs. Treatment with BMP-2 significantly increased nuclear accumulation of Smad1 and inhibited the proliferation of PASMCs. However, pretreatment with PDGF-BB significantly decreased the nuclear accumulation of Smad1 induced by BMP-2 and enhanced the proliferation of PASMCs. Furthermore, pretreatment with Y-27632 or U0126 was found to restore the nuclear translocation of Smad1 suppressed by PDGF-BB and decrease the proliferation of PASMCs. In conclusion, the present study suggested that Rho kinase activated by PDGF-BB suppressed BMP-2-induced nuclear translocation of Smad1 via the MEK/mitogen-activated protein kinase and enhanced BMP-2-inhibited proliferation of PASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250132, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fuhai Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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15
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Ji F, Wang K, Zhang Y, Mao XL, Huang Q, Wang J, Ye L, Li Y. MiR-542-3p controls hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis via targeting BMP-7. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4573-4581. [PMID: 30368874 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing number of studies about microRNAs as key regulators in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate that miR-542-3p can promote hepatic fibrosis by downregulating the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), which is known to antagonize transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-mediated fibrogenesis effect. The expression of miR-542-3p is increased in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Downregulation of MiR-542-3p by antisense inhibitors can inhibit HSCs activation markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen as well as TGFβ signaling pathways. MiR-542-3p was significantly upregulated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, and downregulation of miR-542-3p by lentivirus could prevent the development of hepatic fibrosis. In addition, miR-542-3p can directly bind to the 3'-untranslated region of BMP-7 mRNA, indicating that its profibrotic effect appears to be caused by its inhibition of BMP-7. Our results suggest that downregulation of miR-542-3p prevents liver fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting its potential as a novel biomarker or therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Kuifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xin-Li Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Pini J, Giuliano S, Matonti J, Gannoun L, Simkin D, Rouleau M, Bendahhou S. Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Master Genes Expression Is Dependent on the Kir2.1 Potassium Channel Through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1826-1841. [PMID: 29813186 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Andersen's syndrome is a rare disorder affecting muscle, heart, and bone that is associated with mutations leading to a loss of function of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir2.1. Although the Kir2.1 function can be anticipated in excitable cells by controlling the electrical activity, its role in non-excitable cells remains to be investigated. Using Andersen's syndrome-induced pluripotent stem cells, we investigated the cellular and molecular events during the osteoblastic and chondrogenic differentiation that are affected by the loss of the Ik1 current. We show that loss of Kir2.1 channel function impairs both osteoblastic and chondrogenic processes through the downregulation of master gene expression. This downregulation is the result of an impairment of the bone morphogenetic proteins signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of the Smad proteins. Restoring Kir2.1 channel function in Andersen's syndrome cells rescued master genes expression and restored normal osteoblast and chondrocyte behavior. Our results show that Kir2.1-mediated activity controls endochondral and intramembranous ossification signaling pathways. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Serena Giuliano
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Labex ICST, University Nice Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Julia Matonti
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Labex ICST, University Nice Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Lila Gannoun
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Labex ICST, University Nice Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Dina Simkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Labex ICST, University Nice Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Saïd Bendahhou
- UMR7370 CNRS, LP2M, Labex ICST, University Nice Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
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17
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Pei D, Sun J, Zhu C, Tian F, Jiao K, Anderson MR, Yiu C, Huang C, Jin C, Bergeron BE, Chen J, Tay FR, Niu L. Contribution of Mitophagy to Cell-Mediated Mineralization: Revisiting a 50-Year-Old Conundrum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800873. [PMID: 30356983 PMCID: PMC6193168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. These precursors infiltrate the extracellular collagen matrix where they undergo phase transformation into intrafibrillar carbonated apatite. Although it is well established that ACP precursors are released from intracellular vesicles through exocytosis, an unsolved enigma in this cell-mediated mineralization process is how ACP precursors, initially produced in the mitochondria, are translocated to the intracellular vesicles. The present study proposes that mitophagy provides the mechanism for transfer of ACP precursors from the dysfunctioned mitochondria to autophagosomes, which, upon fusion with lysosomes, become autolysosomes where the mitochondrial ACP precursors coalesce to form larger intravesicular granules, prior to their release into the extracellular matrix. Apart from endowing the mitochondria with the function of ACP delivery through mitophagy, the present results indicate that mitophagy, triggered upon intramitochondrial ACP accumulation in osteogenic lineage-committed mesenchymal stem cells, participates in the biomineralization process through the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐dan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Jin‐long Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Chun‐hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Fu‐cong Tian
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Matthew R. Anderson
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit of the Faculty of DentistryPrince Philip Dental HospitalUniversity of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077P. R. China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Cui Huang
- Department of ProsthodonticsSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Chang‐xiong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research Department of ProsthodonticsCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710004P. R. China
| | - Brian E. Bergeron
- Department of EndodonticsThe Dental College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Ji‐hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
| | - Li‐na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an710032P. R. China
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18
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Yoshida K, Matsuzaki K, Murata M, Yamaguchi T, Suwa K, Okazaki K. Clinico-Pathological Importance of TGF-β/Phospho-Smad Signaling during Human Hepatic Fibrocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060183. [PMID: 29874844 PMCID: PMC6025395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis is a global public health problem, with approximately 570 million persons chronically infected. Hepatitis B and C viruses increase the risk of morbidity and mortality from liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and extrahepatic complications that develop. Hepatitis virus infection induces transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which influences microenvironments within the infected liver. TGF-β promotes liver fibrosis by up-regulating extracellular matrix production by hepatic stellate cells. TGF-β is also up-regulated in patients with HCC, in whom it contributes importantly to bringing about a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth. Thus, TGF-β is thought to be a major factor regulating liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Since TGF-β carries out regulatory signaling by influencing the phosphorylation of Smads, we have generated several kinds of phospho-specific antibodies to Smad2/3. Using these, we have identified three types of phospohorylated forms: COOH-terminally phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2C and pSmad3C), linker phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L and pSmad3L), and dually phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C). TGF-β-mediated pSmad2/3C signaling terminates cell proliferation; on the other hand, cytokine-induced pSmad3L signaling accelerates cell proliferation and promotes fibrogenesis. This review addresses TGF-β/Smad signal transduction in chronic liver injuries and carcinogenic processes. We also discuss the reversibility of Smad signaling after antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Kanehiko Suwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
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19
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Contribution of three-dimensional architecture and tumor-associated fibroblasts to hepcidin regulation in breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4013-4032. [PMID: 29695834 PMCID: PMC6054540 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron efflux and plays an important role in controlling the growth of breast tumors. In patients with breast cancer, the combined expression of hepcidin and its membrane target, ferroportin, predict disease outcome. However, mechanisms that control hepcidin expression in breast cancer cells remain largely unknown. Here we use three-dimensional breast cancer spheroids derived from cell lines and breast cancer patients to probe mechanisms of hepcidin regulation in breast cancer. We observe that the extent of hepcidin induction and pathways of its regulation are markedly changed in breast cancer cells grown in three dimensions. In monolayer culture, BMPs, particularly BMP6, regulate hepcidin transcription. When breast cancer cells are grown as spheroids, there is a >10 fold induction in hepcidin transcripts. Microarray analysis combined with knockdown experiments reveal that GDF-15 is the primary mediator of this change. The increase in hepcidin as breast cells develop a three-dimensional architecture increases intracellular iron, as indicated by an increase in the iron storage protein ferritin. Immunohistochemical staining of human breast tumors confirms that both GDF-15 and hepcidin are expressed in breast cancer specimens. Further, levels of GDF-15 are significantly correlated with levels of hepcidin at both the mRNA and protein level in patient samples, consistent with a role for GDF-15 in control of hepcidin in human breast tumors. Inclusion of tumor-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer spheroids further induces hepcidin. This induction is mediated by fibroblast-dependent secretion of IL-6. Breast cancer cells grown as spheroids are uniquely receptive to IL-6-dependent induction of hepcidin by tumor-associated fibroblasts, since IL-6 does not induce hepcidin in cells grown as monolayers. Collectively, our results suggest a new paradigm for tumor-mediated control of iron through the control of hepcidin by tumor architecture and the breast tumor microenvironment.
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20
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Rameshwar P, Moore CA, Shah NN, Smith CP. An Update on the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1842:3-27. [PMID: 30196398 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8697-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The seeming setbacks noted for stem cells underscore the need for experimental studies for safe and efficacious application to patients. Both clinical and experimental researchers have gained valuable knowledge on the characteristics of stem cells, and their behavior in different microenvironment. This introductory chapter focuses on adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based on the predominance in the clinic. MSCs can be influenced by inflammatory mediators to exert immune suppressive properties, commonly referred to as "licensing." Interestingly, while there are questions if other stem cells can be delivered across allogeneic barrier, there is no question on the ability of MSCs to provide this benefit. This property has been a great advantage since MSCs could be available for immediate application as "off-the-shelf" stem cells for several disorders, tissue repair and gene/drug delivery. Despite the benefit of MSCs, it is imperative that research continues with the various types of stem cells. The method needed to isolate these cells is outlined in this book. In parallel, safety studies are needed; particularly links to oncogenic event. In summary, this introductory chapter discusses several potential areas that need to be addressed for safe and efficient delivery of stem cells, and argue for the incorporation of microenvironmental factors in the studies. The method described in this chapter could be extrapolated to the field of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T). This will require application to stem cell hierarchy of memory T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Caitlyn A Moore
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Niloy N Shah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Caroline P Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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21
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Ma L, Li H, Zhang S, Xiong X, Chen K, Jiang P, Jiang K, Deng G. Emodin ameliorates renal fibrosis in rats via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and function study of Smurf 2. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 50:373-382. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Da Fonte DF, Martyniuk CJ, Xing L, Pelin A, Corradi N, Hu W, Trudeau VL. Secretoneurin A regulates neurogenic and inflammatory transcriptional networks in goldfish (Carassius auratus) radial glia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14930. [PMID: 29097753 PMCID: PMC5668316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the most abundant macroglia in the teleost brain and have established roles in neurogenesis and neurosteroidogenesis; however, their transcriptome remains uncharacterized, which limits functional understanding of this important cell type. Using cultured goldfish RGCs, RNA sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly were performed, generating the first reference transcriptome for fish RGCs with 17,620 unique genes identified. These data revealed that RGCs express a diverse repertoire of receptors and signaling molecules, suggesting that RGCs may respond to and synthesize an array of hormones, peptides, cytokines, and growth factors. Building upon neuroanatomical data and studies investigating direct neuronal regulation of RGC physiology, differential gene expression analysis was conducted to identify transcriptional networks that are responsive to the conserved secretogranin II-derived neuropeptide secretoneurin A (SNa). Pathway analysis of the transcriptome indicated that cellular processes related to the central nervous system (e.g., neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, glial cell development) and immune functions (e.g., immune system activation, leukocyte function, macrophage response) were preferentially modulated by SNa. These data reveal an array of new functions that are proposed to be critical to neuronal-glial interactions through the mediator SNa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon F Da Fonte
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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23
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Owusu BY, Zimmerman KA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin in mediating TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production in fibrotic disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:289-299. [PMID: 29080087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key factor contributing to fibrotic disease. Although ER stress is a short-term adaptive response, with chronic stimulation, it can activate pathways leading to fibrosis. ER stress can induce TGF-β signaling, a central driver of extracellular matrix production in fibrosis. This review will discuss the role of an ER protein, calreticulin (CRT), which has both chaperone and calcium regulatory functions, in fibrosis. CRT expression is upregulated in multiple different fibrotic diseases. The roles of CRT in regulation of fibronectin extracellular matrix assembly, extracellular matrix transcription, and collagen secretion and processing into the extracellular matrix will be discussed. Evidence for the importance of CRT in ER calcium release and NFAT activation downstream of TGF-β signaling will be presented. Finally, we will summarize evidence from animal models in which CRT expression is genetically reduced or experimentally downregulated in targeted tissues of adult animals and discuss how these models define a key role for CRT in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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24
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MicroRNA-195 Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells In Vitro by Targeting Smad7. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1945631. [PMID: 28929107 PMCID: PMC5591989 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1945631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Aberrant activation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway contributes to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). MicroRNA-195 has been shown to regulate the activation of HSCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miRNA-195 in HSCs activation. Methods A liver fibrotic rat model induced by diethylnitrosamine was established. Dual luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify that Smad7 was the target of miRNA-195. The expression levels of miR-195, Smad7, and α-SMA in HSC-T6 transfected, respectively, with miR-195 mimic, inhibitor, or control were measured by qRT-PCR. The protein expression of Smad7 was detected by Western blot analysis. Results Enhanced miR-195 and decreased Smad7 were observed in diethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrotic rats (P < 0.05). Dual luciferase reporter assays showed that the miR-195 mimic significantly suppressed the luciferase activity of a reporter plasmid carrying the binding site of miR-195 on the 3′UTR of Smad7 (P < 0.05). The miR-195 mimics activated HSCs, further elevated miR-195 and α-SMA (P < 0.01), and reduced the Smad7 level (P < 0.05). The miR-195 inhibitors blocked the activation of HSCs, reduced the expression of miR-195 and α-SMA (P < 0.01), and upregulated the expression of Smad7 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Collectively, we demonstrated that miRNA-195 activated HSCs by targeting Smad7.
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25
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Ma P, Ren B, Yang X, Sun B, Liu X, Kong Q, Li C, Mao B. ZC4H2 stabilizes Smads to enhance BMP signalling, which is involved in neural development in Xenopus. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170122. [PMID: 28814648 PMCID: PMC5577449 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play vital roles in regulating stem cell maintenance, differentiation and embryonic development. Intracellularly, BMP signalling is mediated by Smad proteins, which are regulated post-transcriptionally through reversible phosphorylation and ubiquitination. ZC4H2 is a small nuclear protein associated with intellectual disability and neural development in humans. Here, we report that ZC4H2 is highly expressed in the developing neural system and is involved in neural patterning and BMP signalling in Xenopus Knockdown of ZC4H2 led to expansion of the expression of the pan neural plate marker Sox2 in Xenopus embryos. In mammalian cells, ZC4H2 promotes BMP signalling and is involved in BMP regulated myogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblast cells. Mechanistically, ZC4H2 binds and stabilizes Smad1 and Smad5 proteins through reducing their association with the Smurf ubiquitin ligases and thus their ubiquitination. We also found that a group of ZC4H2 mutations, which have been isolated in patients with intellectual disorders, showed weaker Smad-stabilizing activity, suggesting that the ZC4H2-Smad interaction might contribute to proper neural development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangcai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Sun
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaocui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
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26
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Kuki K, Yamaguchi N, Iwasawa S, Takakura Y, Aoyama K, Yuki R, Nakayama Y, Kuga T, Hashimoto Y, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N. Enhancement of TGF-β-induced Smad3 activity by c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of its coactivator SKI-interacting protein (SKIP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1045-1051. [PMID: 28666867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
c-Abl is a non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Furthermore, although c-Abl is involved in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, its molecular functions in TGF-β signaling are not fully understood. Here, we found that c-Abl phosphorylates SKI-interacting protein (SKIP), a nuclear cofactor of the transcription factor Smad3. The c-Abl inhibitor imatinib suppressed TGF-β-induced expression of Smad3 targets as well as SKIP/Smad3 interaction. TGF-β-stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SKIP, and this phosphorylation was suppressed by imatinib. Tyr292, Tyr430, and Tyr433 residues in SKIP were shown to be involved in c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation. Phosphomimetic glutamic acid substitution at Tyr292 in SKIP enhanced, whereas its phospho-dead phenylalanine substitution attenuated TGF-β-induced SKIP/Smad3 interaction. Moreover, the phosphomimetic mutant of SKIP augmented transcriptional activity of Smad3. Taken together, these results suggest that c-Abl phosphorylates SKIP mainly at Tyr292 and promotes SKIP/Smad3 interaction for the full activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Kuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Shuto Iwasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuki Takakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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27
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Haider S, Kunihs V, Fiala C, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. Expression pattern and phosphorylation status of Smad2/3 in different subtypes of human first trimester trophoblast. Placenta 2017; 57:17-25. [PMID: 28864007 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TGF-β superfamily members are thought to play a pivotal role in placental development and differentiation. However, their downstream effectors, the Smad transcription factors, have been poorly investigated in human trophoblasts. METHODS Expression and localisation of the canonical TGF-β targets Smad2/3 and their regulators (Smad4 and Smad7) were investigated in first trimester placenta and purified cytotrophoblast (CTB) subtypes using immunofluorescence, western blotting and qPCR. Canonical and non-canonical activation was analysed in nuclear/cytoplasmic extracts of trophoblast subtypes as well as in tissue sections using antibodies against Smad2/3, phosphorylated either at the C-terminus (pSmad2C/3C) or in their linker regions (pSmad2L/3L). Smad phosphorylation was also examined in differentiating extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) in the absence or presence of decidual stromal cell (DSC)-conditioned medium. RESULTS Smad2, Smad4 and Smad7 protein were uniformly expressed between 6th and 12th week placentae and the different isolated CTB subtypes. Activated pSmad2L was mainly detected in nuclei and cytoplasm of villous CTBs, whereas pSmad2C was absent from these cells. In contrast, pSmad2C could be detected in the cytoplasm of cell column trophoblasts and in the cytoplasm/nuclei of EVTs. Smad3 and its phosphorylated forms pSmad3C and pSmad3L specifically localised to EVT nuclei. During EVT differentiation autocrine activation of pSmad2C/3C and pSmad3L was observed. DSC-conditioned medium further increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation in EVTs. DISCUSSION The lack of pSmad2C in villous CTBs suggests that other mitogens than TGF-β could promote Smad2 linker phosphorylation under homeostatic conditions. Whereas autocrine signalling activates Smad2/3 in differentiating EVTs, paracrine factors contribute to Smad phosphorylation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - V Kunihs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Fiala
- Gynmed Clinic, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hippocampal bone morphogenetic protein signaling mediates behavioral effects of antidepressant treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:910-919. [PMID: 27698430 PMCID: PMC5378681 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many antidepressants stimulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the mechanisms by which they increase neurogenesis and modulate behavior are incompletely understood. Here we show that hippocampal bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is modulated by antidepressant treatment, and that the changes in BMP signaling mediate effects of antidepressant treatment on neural progenitor cell proliferation and behavior. Treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine suppressed BMP signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus both by decreasing levels of BMP4 ligand and increasing production of the BMP inhibitor noggin. Increasing BMP signaling in the hippocampus via viral overexpression of BMP4 blocked the effects of fluoxetine on proliferation in the dentate gyrus and on depressive behavior. Conversely, inhibiting BMP signaling via viral overexpression of noggin in the hippocampus or infusion of noggin into the ventricles exerted antidepressant and anxiolytic activity along with an increase in hippocampal neurogenesis. Similarly, conditional genetic deletion of the type II BMP receptor in Ascl1-expressing cells promoted neurogenesis and reduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, suggesting that neural progenitor cells contribute to the effects of BMP signaling on affective behavior. These observations indicate that BMP signaling in the hippocampus regulates depressive behavior, and that decreasing BMP signaling may be required for the effects of some antidepressants. Thus BMP signaling is a new and powerful potential target for the treatment of depression.
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Liu G, Ma C, Yang H, Zhang PY. Transforming growth factor β and its role in heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2123-2128. [PMID: 28565818 PMCID: PMC5443237 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major form of heart disease that leads to immediate cardiomyocyte death due to ischemia and eventually fibrosis and scar formation and further dysfunction of myocardium and heart failure. Extracellular matrix (ECM) production and tissue repair is conducted by myofibroblasts, which are formed from the normal quiescent cardiac fibroblasts following transformational changes, through the active participation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and its signaling pathways. TGFβ appears to be a ‘Master of all trades’, with respect to cardiac fibrosis, as it can promote cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy. TGFβ signaling involves its binding to TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII), which recruits TGFβ receptor type I (TGFβRI), which are also known as activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) in five different isoforms. In canonical signaling pathways, ALK5 activates Smads 2 and 3, and ALK1 activates Smads 1 and 5. These pairs of Smads form a corresponding complex and then bind to Smad 4, to translocate into the nucleus, where transcriptional reprogramming is carried out to promote myofibroblast formation and ECM production, eventually leading to cardiac fibrosis. TGFβ levels are elevated in MI, thereby aggravating the myocardial injury further. Several microRNAs are involved in the regulation of TGFβ signaling at different steps, affecting different components. Therapeutic targeting of TGFβ signaling at ALK1-5 receptor activity level has met with limited success and extensive research is needed to develop therapies based on the components of TGFβ signaling pathway, for instance cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwang Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins, (BMP)s are regulatory peptides that have significant effects on the growth and differentiation of gastrointestinal tissues. In addition, the BMPs have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory actions in the gut and to negatively regulate the growth of gastric neoplasms. The role of BMP signaling in the regulation of gastric metaplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia has been poorly characterized. Transgenic expression in the mouse stomach of the BMP inhibitor noggin leads to decreased parietal cell number, increased epithelial cell proliferation, and to the emergence of SPEM. Moreover, expression of noggin increases Helicobacter-induced inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation, accelerates the development of dysplasia, and it increases the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). These findings provide new clues for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate gastric inflammation and the development of both dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the stomach.
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31
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Wan A, Miao Y, Peng L, Cai Y, Chen Y, He Y, Yang J, Jin J, Li H. Binding and biologic characterization of recombinant human serum albumin-eTGFBR2 fusion protein expressed in CHO cells. Bioengineered 2017; 8:600-612. [PMID: 28281868 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1292186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling is involved in cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, carcinoma invasion and fibrosis development, which suggests TGF-β1 can be treated as a therapeutic target extensively. Because TGF-β1 receptor type α(TGFBR2) is the directed and essential mediator for TGF-β1 signals, the extracellular domain of TGFBR2 (eTGFBR2), binding partner for TGF-β1, has been produced in a series of expression systems to inhibit TGF-β1 signaling. However, eTGFBR2 is unstable with a short half-life predominantly because of enzymatic degradation and kidney clearance. In this study, a fusion protein consisting of human eTGFBR2 fused at the C-terminal of human serum albumin (HSA) was stably and highly expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The high and stable expression sub-clones with Ig kappa signal peptide were selected by Western blot analysis and used for suspension culture. After fed-batch culture over 8 d, the expression level of HSA-eTGFBR2 reached 180 mg/L. The fusion protein was then purified from culture medium using a 2-step chromatographic procedure that resulted in 39% recovery rate. The TGF-β1 binding assay revealed that HSA-eTGFBR2 could bind to TGF-β1 with the affinity constant (KD of 1.42 × 10-8 M) as determined by the ForteBio Octet System. In addition, our data suggested that HSA-eTGFBR2 exhibited a TGF-β1 neutralizing activity and maintained a long-term activity more than eTGFBR2. It concluded that the overexpressing CHO cell line supplied sufficient recombinant human HSA-eTGFBR2 for further research and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Wan
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yana Miao
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Lin Peng
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yun Chen
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yang He
- c Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- d Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jian Jin
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Huazhong Li
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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Chen X, Xu J, Jiang B, Liu D. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Antagonizes Myocardial Fibrosis Induced by Atrial Fibrillation by Restraining Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)/Smads Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3457-3468. [PMID: 27677228 PMCID: PMC5045133 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This aim of this study was to investigate the expression of BMP-7 in atrial fibrillation and illuminate the role of BMP-7 and TGF-β/Smads signaling in myocardial fibrosis. Material/Methods Fibrosis of myocardial fibroblasts was induced by TGF-β1 and the optimal condition was determined by the MTT assay. Cells with TGF-β1 treatment were sub-divided into 4 groups: TGF-β1 group, TGF-β1 + Smad3 siRNA group, TGF-β1 + BMP-7 group, and TGF-β1 + BMP-7 + Smad1/5 siRNA group. Cells were then analyzed by detecting the expression of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), collagen I, alpha smooth muscle cell actin (α-SMA), and activated Smads using Western blot. Mice were injected daily with Ach-CaCl2 with or without the addition of BMP-7 and Smad1/5 siRNA over a period of 4 weeks. Cardiac functions were tested by echocardiogram assay and fibrosis was diagnosed by histopathological examination. Finally, molecule biomarkers were detected using standard procedures. Results TGF-β1 treatment significantly down-regulated E-cadherin expression and up-regulated expressions of Collagen I, α-SMA, and pSmad3 (P<0.05). The effects of TGF-β1 treatment can be significantly suppressed by Smad3 siRNA (P<0.05). Cells in the BMP-7 group exhibited significantly higher expression levels of E-cadherin and pSmad1/5 together with lower expression levels of pSmad3, collagen I, and α-SMA (P<0.05). Moreover, Smad1/5 siRNA can substantially repress the effects of BMP-7 (P<0.05) and results from the mice model coincided with those in myocardial fibroblasts. Conclusions BMP-7 can regulate TGF-β1/Smad3 by targeting Smad1/5 to antagonize fibrosis in myocardial fibroblasts resulting from atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Chen
- Emergency Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Baozhou Jiang
- Emergency Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Danping Liu
- Emergency Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Kotani M, Matsuda M, Murakami A, Takahashi I, Katagiri T, Hirata M. Involvement of PRIP (Phospholipase C-Related But Catalytically Inactive Protein) in BMP-Induced Smad Signaling in Osteoblast Differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2814-23. [PMID: 25981537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-related but catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) was first isolated as an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding protein. We generated PRIP gene-deficient mice which exhibited the increased bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume, indicating that PRIP is implicated in the regulation of bone properties. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanisms by which PRIP plays a role in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, by analyzing the culture of primary cells isolated from calvaria of two genotypes, the wild type and a mutant. In the mutant culture, enhanced osteoblast differentiation was observed by measuring alkaline phosphatase staining and activity. The promoter activity of Id1 gene, responding immediately to BMP, was also more increased. Smad1/5 phosphorylation in response to BMP showed an enhanced peak and was more persistent in mutant cells, but the dephosphorylation process was not different between the two genotypes. The luciferase assay using calvaria cells transfected with the Smad1 mutated as a constitutive active form showed increased transcriptional activity at similar levels between the genotypes. The expression of BMP receptors was not different between the genotypes. BMP-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 was robustly decreased in wild type cells, but not in mutant cells, by pretreatment with DB867, an inhibitor of methyltransferase of inhibitory Smad6. Furthermore, BMP-induced translocation of Smad6 from nucleus to cytosol was not much observed in PRIP-deficient cells. These results indicate that PRIP is implicated in BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation by the negative regulation of Smad phosphorylation, through the methylation of inhibitory Smad6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kotani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takenobu Katagiri
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Chen HA, Chiu CC, Huang CY, Chen LJ, Tsai CC, Hsu TC, Tzang BS. Lactoferrin Increases Antioxidant Activities and Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis in Lupus-Prone Mice Fed with a High-Cholesterol Diet. J Med Food 2016; 19:670-7. [PMID: 27332506 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) has beneficial effects against various diseases. However, the effects of LF on liver fibrosis in systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are unknown. In this study, NZB/W F1 mice were utilized to investigate the effects of LF on SLE. Experiments reveal that LF significantly increases glutathione and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl levels and significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver in NZB/W F1 mice. LF also lowered matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and liver inflammatory indices, such as aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Notably, significantly decreased expression of fibrotic related molecules, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and TGF-β1 receptor, were observed in the livers of NZB/W F1 mice that had been treated with LF. Significantly, suppressed Smad2/3 signaling, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen deposition were also detected. These findings reveal that LF has beneficial effects on SLE by increasing antioxidant activities and ameliorating liver inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting the therapeutic effectiveness of LF against SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-An Chen
- 1 Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center , Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Chiu
- 2 Department of Neurology, Chunghua Christian Hospital , Chunghua, Taiwan .,3 Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Chunghua Christian Hospital , Chunghua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- 4 Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,5 Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan .,6 Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jeng Chen
- 7 Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chou Tsai
- 7 Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- 7 Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan .,Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan .,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- 7 Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan .,Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan .,9 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan .,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mechanoregulation of Wound Healing and Skin Homeostasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3943481. [PMID: 27413744 PMCID: PMC4931093 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3943481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies on mechanobiology of cells and tissues point to the importance of mechanical forces in the process of skin regeneration and wound healing. These studies result in the development of new therapies that use mechanical force which supports effective healing. A better understanding of mechanobiology will make it possible to develop biomaterials with appropriate physical and chemical properties used to treat poorly healing wounds. In addition, it will make it possible to design devices precisely controlling wound mechanics and to individualize a therapy depending on the type, size, and anatomical location of the wound in specific patients, which will increase the clinical efficiency of the therapy. Linking mechanobiology with the science of biomaterials and nanotechnology will enable in the near future precise interference in abnormal cell signaling responsible for the proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and restoration of the biological balance. The objective of this study is to point to the importance of mechanobiology in regeneration of skin damage and wound healing. The study describes the influence of rigidity of extracellular matrix and special restrictions on cell physiology. The study also defines how and what mechanical changes influence tissue regeneration and wound healing. The influence of mechanical signals in the process of proliferation, differentiation, and skin regeneration is tagged in the study.
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Chronic expression of Ski induces apoptosis and represses autophagy in cardiac myofibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Koch MJ, Agarwalla PK, Stapleton CJ, Ogilvy CS, Loeffler JS. De novo development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation following radiation therapy: Case report and an update to classical arteriovenous malformation nomenclature. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ali IHA, Brazil DP. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3620-32. [PMID: 24758361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFβ superfamily of secreted cysteine knot proteins that includes TGFβ1, nodal, activins and inhibins. BMPs were first discovered by Urist in the 1960s when he showed that implantation of demineralized bone into intramuscular tissue of rabbits induced bone and cartilage formation. Since this seminal discovery, BMPs have also been shown to play key roles in several other biological processes, including limb, kidney, skin, hair and neuronal development, as well as maintaining vascular homeostasis. The multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive targets for the treatment of several pathologies, including bone disorders, kidney and lung fibrosis, and cancer. This review will summarize current knowledge on the BMP signalling pathway and critically evaluate the potential of recombinant BMPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of bone repair and tissue fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H A Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Hou F, Liu R, Liu X, Cui L, Wen Y, Yan S, Yin C. Attenuation of liver fibrosis by herbal compound 861 via upregulation of BMP-7/Smad signaling in the bile duct ligation model rat. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4335-42. [PMID: 27035233 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal compound 861 (Cpd 861) exerts an anti-fibrotic effect in patients with hepatic fibrosis; however, the anti-fibrotic mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the mechanistic basis for the anti-fibrotic effect, with a focus on bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7)/Smad signaling in a bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis rat model. Following the induction of hepatic fibrosis, rats induced by BDL were treated with 9 g/kg Cpd 861 daily or an equal volume of saline for 28 days. Serum samples were prepared for monitoring the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin analyses and liver samples were used to investigate gene expression, protein localization and protein expression analysis using real‑time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The results revealed the attenuation of liver fibrosis by Cpd 861 in the histological and biochemical experiments. BMP‑7 and phospho (p)‑Smad1/5/8 were localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In comparison with the saline‑treated BDL rats, Cpd 861 markedly upregulated the gene expression of BMP‑7 and Smad5, as well as the protein expression of BMP‑7 and Smad1/5. In addition, p-Smad1/5/8 protein expression was markedly increased by Cpd 861 in the BDL model. These results indicated that Cpd 861 alleviates hepatic fibrosis possibly via the upregulation and activation of BMP-7/Smad signaling in hepatic fibrotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Cui
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Songbiao Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, P.R. China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Yoshida K, Murata M, Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki K, Okazaki K. Reversible Human TGF-β Signal Shifting between Tumor Suppression and Fibro-Carcinogenesis: Implications of Smad Phospho-Isoforms for Hepatic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5010007. [PMID: 26771649 PMCID: PMC4730132 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) are observed during both physiological liver wound healing and the pathological fibrotic/carcinogenic (fibro-carcinogenetic) process. TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokine are considered to be the major factors accelerating liver fibrosis and promoting liver carcinogenesis. Smads, consisting of intermediate linker regions connecting Mad homology domains, act as the intracellular mediators of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway. As the TGF-β receptors, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase, differentially phosphorylate Smad2/3, we have generated numerous antibodies against linker (L) and C-terminal (C) phosphorylation sites in Smad2/3 and identified four types of phosphorylated forms: cytostatic COOH-terminally-phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C), mitogenic pSmad3L (Ser-213) signaling, fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C signaling and migratory pSmad2/3L (Thr-220/179)/C signaling. After acute liver injury, TGF-β upregulates pSmad3C signaling and terminates pSmad3L (Ser-213)-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines cooperatively enhance collagen synthesis by upregulating pSmad2L (Thr-220)/C and pSmad3L (Thr-179)/C pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells. During chronic liver injuries, hepatocytes persistently affected by TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines eventually become pre-neoplastic hepatocytes. Both myofibroblasts and pre-neoplastic hepatocyte exhibit the same carcinogenic (mitogenic) pSmad3L (Ser-213) and fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C signaling, with acquisition of fibro-carcinogenic properties and increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Firstly, we review phospho-Smad-isoform signalings in epithelial and mesenchymal cells in physiological and pathological conditions and then consider Smad linker phosphorylation as a potential target for pathological EMT during human fibro-carcinogenesis, because human Smad phospho-isoform signals can reverse from fibro-carcinogenesis to tumor-suppression in a process of MET after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
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Molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in human cancers. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:301-13. [PMID: 26683775 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) provides a strong driving force in the progression of various human cancers and the development of chemoresistance. Recently, numbers of studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs), by post-transcriptionally silencing EMT-related molecules, can promote or inhibit the EMT process and play pivotal roles in effectively manipulating the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. MiRNAs can also control the EMT or be controlled by genetic modification and mutual regulation, especially negative feedback. Therefore, miRNAs can be viewed as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes to facilitate or retard the EMT, resulting in far-reaching impact on tumor metastasis and effective diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Karimi T, Barati D, Karaman O, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. A developmentally inspired combined mechanical and biochemical signaling approach on zonal lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:112-27. [PMID: 25387395 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is organized into multiple zones including superficial, middle and calcified zones with distinct cellular and extracellular components to impart lubrication, compressive strength, and rigidity for load transmission to bone, respectively. During native cartilage tissue development, changes in biochemical, mechanical, and cellular factors direct the formation of stratified structure of articular cartilage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of combined gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors on the zonal organization of articular cartilage. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in acrylate-functionalized lactide-chain-extended polyethylene glycol (SPELA) gels simulating cell density and stiffness of the superficial, middle and calcified zones. The cell-encapsulated gels were cultivated in a medium supplemented with growth factors specific to each zone and the expression of zone-specific markers was measured with incubation time. Encapsulation of 60 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a soft gel (80 kPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (3 ng mL(-1)) and BMP-7 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to the expression of markers for the superficial zone. Conversely, encapsulation of 15 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a stiff gel (320 MPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and hydroxyapatite (3%) led to the expression of markers for the calcified zone. Further, encapsulation of 20 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a gel with 2.1 MPa modulus and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and IGF-1 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to up-regulation of the middle zone markers. Results demonstrate that a developmental approach with gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors can potentially regenerate zonal structure of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Karimi
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Swearingen Engineering Center, Rm 2C11, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Liu S, Nheu T, Luwor R, Nicholson SE, Zhu HJ. SPSB1, a Novel Negative Regulator of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Targeting the Type II Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17894-17908. [PMID: 26032413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate cellular signaling is essential to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Aberrant signaling can have devastating consequences and lead to disease states, including cancer. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a prominent signaling pathway that has been tightly regulated in normal cells, whereas its deregulation strongly correlates with the progression of human cancers. The regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway involves a variety of physiological regulators. Many of these molecules act to alter the activity of Smad proteins. In contrast, the number of molecules known to affect the TGF-β signaling pathway at the receptor level is relatively low, and there are no known direct modulators for the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). Here we identify SPSB1 (a Spry domain-containing Socs box protein) as a novel regulator of the TGF-β signaling pathway. SPSB1 negatively regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway through its interaction with both endogenous and overexpressed TβRII (and not TβRI) via its Spry domain. As such, TβRII and SPSB1 co-localize on the cell membrane. SPSB1 maintains TβRII at a low level by enhancing the ubiquitination levels and degradation rates of TβRII through its Socs box. More importantly, silencing SPSB1 by siRNA results in enhanced TGF-β signaling and migration and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Thao Nheu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Departments of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Li Y, Shen Y, Li M, Su D, Xu W, Liang X, Li R. Inhibitory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists on collagen IV production in podocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:233-41. [PMID: 25920446 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists have beneficial effects on the kidney diseases through preventing microalbuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be fully understood. In this study, we investigate the effects of PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone (Rosi) and pioglitazone (Pio), on collagen IV production in mouse podocytes. The endogenous expression of PPAR-γ was found in the primary podocytes and can be upregulated by Rosi and Pio, respectively, detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. PPAR-γ agonist markedly blunted the increasing of collagen IV expression and extraction in podocytes induced by TGF-β. In contrast, adding PPAR-γ antagonist, GW9662, to podocytes largely prevented the inhibition of collagen IV expression from Pio treatment. Our data also showed that phosphorylation of Smad2/3 enhanced by TGF-β in a time-dependent manner was significantly attenuated by adding Pio. The promoter region of collagen IV gene contains one putative consensus sequence of Smad-binding element (SBE) by promoter analysis, Rosi and Pio significantly ameliorated TGF-β-induced SBE4-luciferase activity. In conclusion, PPAR-γ activation by its agonist, Rosi or Pio, in vitro directly inhibits collagen IV expression and synthesis in primary mouse podocytes. The suppression of collagen IV production was related to the inhibition of TGF-β-driven phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and decreased response activity of SBEs of collagen IV in PPAR-γ agonist-treated mouse podocytes. This represents a novel mechanistic support regarding PPAR-γ agonists as podocyte protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, China
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Luwor RB, Hakmana D, Iaria J, Nheu TV, Simpson RJ, Zhu HJ. Single live cell TGF-β signalling imaging: breast cancer cell motility and migration is driven by sub-populations of cells with dynamic TGF-β-Smad3 activity. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:50. [PMID: 25744371 PMCID: PMC4343191 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is a process where only a small subset of cells is capable of successfully migrating to and propagating at secondary sites. TGF-β signalling is widely known for its role in cancer metastasis and is associated with cell migration in whole cell populations. FINDINGS We extend these findings by investigating the role of TGF-β signalling in promoting migration and motility by imaging the signalling activity in live, individual MDA-MB-231 cancer cells utilizing a novel Smad3 Td-Tomato reporter adenovirus. Here we find that not all MDA-MB-231 cancer cells have similar TGF-β mediated Smad3 transcription activity and display at least two distinct migratory populations. Importantly, Smad3 activity was significantly higher within migratory cells compared to non-migrated cells in wound healing and transwell assays. Furthermore, time-lapse experiments showed that MDA-MB-231 cells displaying Smad3 activity moved faster and a greater distance compared to cells not displaying Smad3 reporter activity. Interestingly, despite being more motile than cells with undetectable levels of Smad3 activity, high Smad3 activity was detrimental to cell motility compared to low and medium level of Smad3 activity. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a method enabling real-time visualization of TGF-β signalling in single live cells. Breast cancer cell motility and migration is driven by sub-populations of cells with dynamic TGF-β-Smad3 activity. Those sub-populations may be responsible for tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Dulani Hakmana
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Josephine Iaria
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Thao V Nheu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Abstract
Activin/Nodal growth factors control a broad range of biological processes, including early cell fate decisions, organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which the Activin/Nodal signalling pathway governs stem cell function in these different stages of development. We describe recent findings that associate Activin/Nodal signalling to pathological conditions, focusing on cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis and its potential as a target for therapies. Moreover, we will discuss future directions and questions that currently remain unanswered on the role of Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cell self-renewal, differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Pauklin
- Anne McLaren Laboratory For Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory For Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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Zeglinski MR, Hnatowich M, Jassal DS, Dixon IMC. SnoN as a novel negative regulator of TGF-β/Smad signaling: a target for tailoring organ fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H75-82. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00453.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix is beneficial during the acute wound healing stage following tissue injury. In the short term, resident fibroblasts and myofibroblasts regulate the matrix remodeling process through production of matricellular protein components that provide structural support to the damaged tissue. This process is largely governed by the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway, a critical mediator of the remodeling process. In the long term, chronic activation of the TGF-β1 pathway promotes excessive synthesis and deposition of matrix proteins, including fibrillar collagens, which ultimately leads to organ failure. SnoN (and its alternatively-spliced isoforms SnoN2, SnoA, and SnoI) is one of four members of a family of negative regulators of TGF-β1 signaling that includes Ski and functional Smad-suppressing elements on chromosomes 15 and 18. SnoN has been shown to be structurally and functionally similar to Ski and has been demonstrated to directly interact with Ski to abrogate gene expression. Despite this, little progress has been made in delineating a specific role for SnoN in the regulation of myofibroblast phenotype and function. This review outlines the current body of knowledge of what we refer to as the “Ski-Sno superfamily,” with a focus on the structural and functional importance of SnoN in mediating the fibrotic response by myofibroblasts following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Zeglinski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark Hnatowich
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Davinder S. Jassal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian M. C. Dixon
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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48
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Multifaceted role of the ubiquitin ligase Itch in immune regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:452-60. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu X, Friehs I, Zhong Hu T, Melnychenko I, Tampe B, Alnour F, Iascone M, Kalluri R, Zeisberg M, Del Nido PJ, Zeisberg EM. Endocardial fibroelastosis is caused by aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 2015; 116:857-66. [PMID: 25587097 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a unique form of fibrosis, which forms a de novo subendocardial tissue layer encapsulating the myocardium and stunting its growth, and which is typically associated with congenital heart diseases of heterogeneous origin, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Relevance of EFE was only recently highlighted through the establishment of staged biventricular repair surgery in infant patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, where surgical removal of EFE tissue has resulted in improvement in the restrictive physiology leading to the growth of the left ventricle in parallel with somatic growth. However, pathomechanisms underlying EFE formation are still scarce, and specific therapeutic targets are not yet known. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to investigate the cellular origins of EFE tissue and to gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms to ultimately develop novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS By utilizing a novel EFE model of heterotopic transplantation of hearts from newborn reporter mice and by analyzing human EFE tissue, we demonstrate for the first time that fibrogenic cells within EFE tissue originate from endocardial endothelial cells via aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. We further demonstrate that such aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition involving endocardial endothelial cells is caused by dysregulated transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic proteins signaling and that this imbalance is at least in part caused by aberrant promoter methylation and subsequent transcriptional suppression of bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 7. Finally, we provide evidence that supplementation of exogenous recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins 7 effectively ameliorates endothelial to mesenchymal transition and experimental EFE in rats. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data point to aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a common denominator of infant EFE development in heterogeneous, congenital heart diseases, and to bone morphogenetic proteins 7 as an effective treatment for EFE and its restriction of heart growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Biomarkers
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/physiology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/therapeutic use
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/drug therapy
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/pathology
- Endocardium/pathology
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart Transplantation
- Humans
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/pathology
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/surgery
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ingeborg Friehs
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Tachi Zhong Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ivan Melnychenko
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Björn Tampe
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Fouzi Alnour
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Maria Iascone
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.).
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50
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K. Bhawal U, Lee HJ, Uchida R, Okumura S, Harayama S, Eguchi Y, Fukumoto M, Kuboyama N. The Pro-Healing Effect of Protamine-Hydrolysate Peptides on Skin Wounds Involves TGF-β/Smad Signaling. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hye-jin Lee
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University
| | - Ryoichiro Uchida
- Department of Dental Materials, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | | | | | - Yawara Eguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine
| | - Masahiko Fukumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Noboru Kuboyama
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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