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Shao W, Yao Y, Yang L, Li X, Ge T, Zheng Y, Zhu Q, Ge S, Gu X, Jia R, Song X, Zhuang A. Novel insights into TCR-T cell therapy in solid neoplasms: optimizing adoptive immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 38570883 PMCID: PMC10988985 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy in the T cell landscape exhibits efficacy in cancer treatment. Over the past few decades, genetically modified T cells, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cells, have enabled remarkable strides in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Besides, extensive exploration of multiple antigens for the treatment of solid tumors has led to clinical interest in the potential of T cells expressing the engineered T cell receptor (TCR). TCR-T cells possess the capacity to recognize intracellular antigen families and maintain the intrinsic properties of TCRs in terms of affinity to target epitopes and signal transduction. Recent research has provided critical insight into their capability and therapeutic targets for multiple refractory solid tumors, but also exposes some challenges for durable efficacy. In this review, we describe the screening and identification of available tumor antigens, and the acquisition and optimization of TCRs for TCR-T cell therapy. Furthermore, we summarize the complete flow from laboratory to clinical applications of TCR-T cells. Last, we emerge future prospects for improving therapeutic efficacy in cancer world with combination therapies or TCR-T derived products. In conclusion, this review depicts our current understanding of TCR-T cell therapy in solid neoplasms, and provides new perspectives for expanding its clinical applications and improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongxin Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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Riva C, Vernarecci C, Minetto P, Goda R, Greppi M, Pesce S, Chies M, Zecchetti G, Ferro B, Maio E, Cea M, Lemoli RM, Marcenaro E, Guolo F. Harnessing Immune Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5824. [PMID: 37762763 PMCID: PMC10532363 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the results achieved with the evolution of conventional chemotherapy and the inclusion of targeted therapies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), survival is still not satisfying, in particular in the setting of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease or elderly/unfit patients. Among the most innovative therapeutic options, cellular therapy has shown great results in different hematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphomas, with several products already approved for clinical use. However, despite the great interest in also expanding the application of these new treatments to R/R AML, no product has been approved yet for clinical application. Furthermore, cellular therapy could indeed represent a powerful tool and an appealing alternative to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for ineligible patients. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent clinical research exploring the effectiveness of cellular therapy in AML, moving from consolidated approaches such as post- transplant donor's lymphocytes infusion, to modern adoptive immunotherapies such as alloreactive NK cell infusions, engineered T and NK cells (CAR-T, CAR-NK) and novel platforms of T and NK cells engaging (i.e., BiTEs, DARTs and ANKETTM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Riva
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Chiara Vernarecci
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Paola Minetto
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Rayan Goda
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.G.); (M.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Marco Greppi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.G.); (M.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.G.); (M.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Maria Chies
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Giada Zecchetti
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Beatrice Ferro
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Elena Maio
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Michele Cea
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Roberto Massimo Lemoli
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.G.); (M.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Fabio Guolo
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.R.); (C.V.); (M.C.); (G.Z.); (B.F.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (R.M.L.); (F.G.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
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Stachura P, Liu W, Xu HC, Wlodarczyk A, Stencel O, Pandey P, Vogt M, Bhatia S, Picard D, Remke M, Lang KS, Häussinger D, Homey B, Lang PA, Borkhardt A, Pandyra AA. Unleashing T cell anti-tumor immunity: new potential for 5-Nonloxytryptamine as an agent mediating MHC-I upregulation in tumors. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:136. [PMID: 37582744 PMCID: PMC10426104 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New therapies are urgently needed in melanoma, particularly in late-stage patients not responsive to immunotherapies and kinase inhibitors. To uncover novel potentiators of T cell anti-tumor immunity, we carried out an ex vivo pharmacological screen and identified 5-Nonyloxytryptamine (5-NL), a serotonin agonist, as increasing the ability of T cells to target tumor cells. METHODS The pharmacological screen utilized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-primed splenic T cells and melanoma B16.F10 cells expressing the LCMV gp33 CTL epitope. In vivo tumor growth in C57BL/6 J and NSG mice, in vivo antibody depletion, flow cytometry, immunoblot, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, histological and RNA-Seq analyses were used to decipher 5-NL's immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS 5-NL delayed tumor growth in vivo and the phenotype was dependent on the hosts' immune system, specifically CD8+ T cells. 5-NL's pro-immune effects were not directly consequential to T cells. Rather, 5-NL upregulated antigen presenting machinery in melanoma and other tumor cells in vitro and in vivo without increasing PD-L1 expression. Mechanistic studies indicated that 5-NL's induced MHC-I expression was inhibited by pharmacologically preventing cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Importantly, 5-NL combined with anti-PD1 therapy showed significant improvement when compared to single anti-PD-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates novel therapeutic opportunities for augmenting immune responses in poorly immunogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stachura
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnès Wlodarczyk
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olivia Stencel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melina Vogt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Sušac L, Vuong MT, Thomas C, von Bülow S, O'Brien-Ball C, Santos AM, Fernandes RA, Hummer G, Tampé R, Davis SJ. Structure of a fully assembled tumor-specific T cell receptor ligated by pMHC. Cell 2022; 185:3201-3213.e19. [PMID: 35985289 PMCID: PMC9630439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) expressed by T lymphocytes initiates protective immune responses to pathogens and tumors. To explore the structural basis of how TCR signaling is initiated when the receptor binds to peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules, we used cryogenic electron microscopy to determine the structure of a tumor-reactive TCRαβ/CD3δγε2ζ2 complex bound to a melanoma-specific human class I pMHC at 3.08 Å resolution. The antigen-bound complex comprises 11 subunits stabilized by multivalent interactions across three structural layers, with clustered membrane-proximal cystines stabilizing the CD3-εδ and CD3-εγ heterodimers. Extra density sandwiched between transmembrane helices reveals the involvement of sterol lipids in TCR assembly. The geometry of the pMHC/TCR complex suggests that efficient TCR scanning of pMHC requires accurate pre-positioning of T cell and antigen-presenting cell membranes. Comparisons of the ligand-bound and unliganded receptors, along with molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that TCRs can be triggered in the absence of spontaneous structural rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sušac
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mai T Vuong
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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The interplay between membrane topology and mechanical forces in regulating T cell receptor activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:40. [PMID: 35017678 PMCID: PMC8752658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Recent advances reveal that the TCR acts as a mechanoreceptor, but it remains unclear how pMHC/TCR engagement generates mechanical forces that are converted to intracellular signals. Here we propose a TCR Bending Mechanosignal (TBM) model, in which local bending of the T cell membrane on the nanometer scale allows sustained contact of relatively small pMHC/TCR complexes interspersed among large surface receptors and adhesion molecules on the opposing surfaces of T cells and APCs. Localized T cell membrane bending is suggested to increase accessibility of TCR signaling domains to phosphorylation, facilitate selective recognition of agonists that form catch bonds, and reduce noise signals associated with slip bonds. Al-Aghbar et al propose a TCR bending mechanosignal model that demonstrates how local mechanical membrane bending may influence T cell receptor binding events and thus T-cell activation.
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Tsimberidou AM, Van Morris K, Vo HH, Eck S, Lin YF, Rivas JM, Andersson BS. T-cell receptor-based therapy: an innovative therapeutic approach for solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:102. [PMID: 34193217 PMCID: PMC8243554 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-based adoptive therapy employs genetically modified lymphocytes that are directed against specific tumor markers. This therapeutic modality requires a structured and integrated process that involves patient screening (e.g., for HLA-A*02:01 and specific tumor targets), leukapheresis, generation of transduced TCR product, lymphodepletion, and infusion of the TCR-based adoptive therapy. In this review, we summarize the current technology and early clinical development of TCR-based therapy in patients with solid tumors. The challenges of TCR-based therapy include those associated with TCR product manufacturing, patient selection, and preparation with lymphodepletion. Overcoming these challenges, and those posed by the immunosuppressive microenvironment, as well as developing next-generation strategies is essential to improving the efficacy and safety of TCR-based therapies. Optimization of technology to generate TCR product, treatment administration, and patient monitoring for adverse events is needed. The implementation of novel TCR strategies will require expansion of the TCR approach to patients with HLA haplotypes beyond HLA-A*02:01 and the discovery of novel tumor markers that are expressed in more patients and tumor types. Ongoing clinical trials will determine the ultimate role of TCR-based therapy in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolia-Maria Tsimberidou
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Unit 455, Phase I Clinical Trials Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Karlyle Van Morris
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Henry Hiep Vo
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Unit 455, Phase I Clinical Trials Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Eck
- MacroGenics, Inc., 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yu-Feng Lin
- Immatics US, Inc., 2201 Holcombe Blvd., Suite 205, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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7
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Allen C, Zeidan AM, Bewersdorf JP. BiTEs, DARTS, BiKEs and TriKEs-Are Antibody Based Therapies Changing the Future Treatment of AML? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:465. [PMID: 34071099 PMCID: PMC8224808 DOI: 10.3390/life11060465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly four decades after their conceptualization, antibody-based therapies are slowly being added to the treatment landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While the antibody-drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin is the only antibody-based therapy that has been approved for AML treatment thus far, several bispecific antibodies have been developed and shown early encouraging results. Bispecific antibodies comprise a wide variety of constructs that share the common concept of simultaneous binding of a surface target on malignant cells and most commonly CD3 on T cells leading to an endogenous, HLA-independent, immune response against malignant cells. However, the use of bispecific antibodies in AML has been limited by the absence of highly specific leukemia-associated antigens leading to on-target, off-leukemia side effects as well as reduced efficacy due to antigen escape. Herein, we discuss the history and evolution of bispecific T cell engagers as well as various adaptations such as dual affinity retargeting antibodies, bi- and tri-specific killer engager antibodies. Common side effects including cytokine release syndrome and management thereof are highlighted. Lastly, we expound on the future direction and integration of such antibody-based therapies with other immunotherapies (programmed cell death-1 inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells).
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8
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Mizsei R, Li X, Chen WN, Szabo M, Wang JH, Wagner G, Reinherz EL, Mallis RJ. A general chemical crosslinking strategy for structural analyses of weakly interacting proteins applied to preTCR-pMHC complexes. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100255. [PMID: 33837736 PMCID: PMC7948749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes discriminate between healthy and infected or cancerous cells via T-cell receptor-mediated recognition of peptides bound and presented by cell-surface-expressed major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCs). Pre-T-cell receptors (preTCRs) on thymocytes foster development of αβT lymphocytes through their β chain interaction with MHC displaying self-peptides on thymic epithelia. The specific binding of a preTCR with a peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) has been identified previously as forming a weak affinity complex with a distinct interface from that of mature αβTCR. However, a lack of appropriate tools has limited prior efforts to investigate this unique interface. Here we designed a small-scale linkage screening protocol using bismaleimide linkers for determining residue-specific distance constraints between transiently interacting protein pairs in solution. Employing linkage distance restraint-guided molecular modeling, we report the oriented solution docking geometry of a preTCRβ-pMHC interaction. The linkage model of preTCRβ-pMHC complex was independently verified with paramagnetic pseudocontact chemical shift (PCS) NMR of the unlinked protein mixtures. Using linkage screens, we show that the preTCR binds with differing affinities to peptides presented by MHC in solution. Moreover, the C-terminal peptide segment is a key determinant in preTCR-pMHC recognition. We also describe the process for future large-scale production and purification of the linked constructs for NMR, X-ray crystallography, and single-molecule electron microscopy studies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/ultrastructure
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/ultrastructure
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- Thymocytes/chemistry
- Thymocytes/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mizsei
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wan-Na Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monika Szabo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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9
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Ramesh S, Park S, Call MJ, Im W, Call ME. Experimentally Guided Computational Methods Yield Highly Accurate Insights into Transmembrane Interactions within the T Cell Receptor Complex. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10303-10310. [PMID: 33030343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how molecular interactions within the plasma membrane govern assembly, clustering, and conformational changes in single-pass transmembrane (TM) receptors has long presented substantial experimental challenges. Our previous work on activating immune receptors has combined direct biochemical and biophysical characterizations with both independent and experimentally restrained computational methods to provide novel insights into the key TM interactions underpinning assembly and stability of complex, multisubunit receptor systems. The recently published cryo-EM structure of the intact T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex provides a unique opportunity to test the models and predictions arising from these studies, and we find that they are accurate, which we attribute to robust simulation environments and careful consideration of limitations related to studying TM interactions in isolation from additional receptor domains. With this in mind, we revisit results in other immune receptors and look forward to how similar methods may be applied to understand receptors for which little or no structural information is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyuktha Ramesh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Soohyung Park
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Melissa J Call
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Matthew E Call
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Chandler NJ, Call MJ, Call ME. T Cell Activation Machinery: Form and Function in Natural and Engineered Immune Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7424. [PMID: 33050044 PMCID: PMC7582382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impressive success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies in treating advanced B-cell malignancies has spurred a frenzy of activity aimed at developing CAR-T therapies for other cancers, particularly solid tumors, and optimizing engineered T cells for maximum clinical benefit in many different disease contexts. A rapidly growing body of design work is examining every modular component of traditional single-chain CARs as well as expanding out into many new and innovative engineered immunoreceptor designs that depart from this template. New approaches to immune cell and receptor engineering are being reported with rapidly increasing frequency, and many recent high-quality reviews (including one in this special issue) provide comprehensive coverage of the history and current state of the art in CAR-T and related cellular immunotherapies. In this review, we step back to examine our current understanding of the structure-function relationships in natural and engineered lymphocyte-activating receptors, with an eye towards evaluating how well the current-generation CAR designs recapitulate the most desirable features of their natural counterparts. We identify key areas that we believe are under-studied and therefore represent opportunities to further improve our grasp of form and function in natural and engineered receptors and to rationally design better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Chandler
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa J Call
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew E Call
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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11
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Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Avery L, Burkhardt JK. Mouse T cell priming is enhanced by maturation-dependent stiffening of the dendritic cell cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e55995. [PMID: 32720892 PMCID: PMC7417170 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) involves forces exerted by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, which are opposed by the cortical cytoskeleton of the interacting antigen-presenting cell. During an immune response, DCs undergo a maturation process that optimizes their ability to efficiently prime naïve T cells. Using atomic force microscopy, we find that during maturation, DC cortical stiffness increases via a process that involves actin polymerization. Using stimulatory hydrogels and DCs expressing mutant cytoskeletal proteins, we find that increasing stiffness lowers the agonist dose needed for T cell activation. CD4+ T cells exhibit much more profound stiffness dependency than CD8+ T cells. Finally, stiffness responses are most robust when T cells are stimulated with pMHC rather than anti-CD3ε, consistent with a mechanosensing mechanism involving receptor deformation. Taken together, our data reveal that maturation-associated cytoskeletal changes alter the biophysical properties of DCs, providing mechanical cues that costimulate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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12
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Wang JH. T cell receptors, mechanosensors, catch bonds and immunotherapy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 153:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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You T, Yuan S, Bai L, Zhang X, Chen P, Zhang W. Benzyl alcohol accelerates recovery from Achilles tendon injury, potentially via TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway. Injury 2020; 51:1515-1521. [PMID: 32409188 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl alcohol (BnOH) is a natural colorless liquid organic compound that plays an important role in bacteriostatic and anesthetic processes. It is also used to relieve the nerve and ganglionic pain. In this study, we assessed the effect of topical application of BnOH on the Achilles tendon healing process. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to an experimentally induced wound in the tendon area and then randomized into four groups. Normal saline (0.5 mL) was applied to rats in control group, and BnOH at the concentrations of 0.5 mL 0.075%, 0.15%, 0.3% were applied to the BnOH treatment groups, respectively. Wound treatment with BnOH led to significantly faster functional recovery than with saline. Moreover, treatment of wounds with 0.3% BnOH accelerated the healing process faster than with 0.075% and 0.15% BnOH. Histological analysis of healed wounds that had been treated with BnOH showed more collagen and blood capillaries and fewer inflammatory cells compared to the control. To study the mechanism of the process, the expression of mRNA of TGF-β1, Smad2/3 and Smad7 and protein of TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3 and Smad7 were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results of this study showed that wounds treated with BnOH significantly enhanced the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 and reduced the expression of Smad7. In general, the current study demonstrated that BnOH improved the recovery process of tendon healing through the promotion of collagen with angiogenesis and showed that TGF-β plays a role in BnOH treatment of tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian You
- Sports Medicine Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120th, Lianhua Road, Futian District Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufang Yuan
- Ultrasonic imaging Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Sports Medicine Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120th, Lianhua Road, Futian District Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Sports Medicine Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120th, Lianhua Road, Futian District Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Sports Medicine Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120th, Lianhua Road, Futian District Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Sports Medicine Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120th, Lianhua Road, Futian District Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
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14
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Schamel WW, Alarcon B, Minguet S. The TCR is an allosterically regulated macromolecular machinery changing its conformation while working. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:8-25. [PMID: 31402501 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is a multiprotein complex controlling the activation of T cells. Although the structure of the complete TCR is not known, cumulative evidence supports that the TCR cycles between different conformational states that are promoted either by thermal motion or by force. These structural transitions determine whether the TCR engages intracellular effectors or not, regulating TCR phosphorylation and signaling. As for other membrane receptors, ligand binding selects and stabilizes the TCR in active conformations, and/or switches the TCR to activating states that were not visited before ligand engagement. Here we review the main models of TCR allostery, that is, ligand binding at TCRαβ changes the structure at CD3 and ζ. (a) The ITAM and proline-rich sequence exposure model, in which the TCR's cytoplasmic tails shield each other and ligand binding exposes them for phosphorylation. (b) The membrane-ITAM model, in which the CD3ε and ζ tails are sequestered inside the membrane and again ligand binding exposes them. (c) The mechanosensor model in which ligand binding exerts force on the TCR, inducing structural changes that allow signaling. Since these models are complementary rather than competing, we propose a unified model that aims to incorporate all existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Xu X, Li H, Xu C. Structural understanding of T cell receptor triggering. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:193-202. [PMID: 32047259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is one of the most complicated receptors in mammalian cells, and its triggering mechanism remains mysterious. As an octamer complex, TCR comprises an antigen-binding subunit (TCRαβ) and three CD3 signaling subunits (CD3ζζ, CD3δε, and CD3γε). Engagement of TCRαβ with an antigen peptide presented on the MHC leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in CD3 cytoplasmic domains (CDs), thus translating extracellular binding kinetics to intracellular signaling events. Whether conformational change plays an important role in the transmembrane signal transduction of TCR is under debate. Attracted by the complexity and functional importance of TCR, many groups have been studying TCR structure and triggering for decades using diverse biochemical and biophysical tools. Here, we synthesize these structural studies and discuss the relevance of the conformational change model in TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Mariuzza RA, Agnihotri P, Orban J. The structural basis of T-cell receptor (TCR) activation: An enduring enigma. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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18
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Ultrasmall silica nanoparticles directly ligate the T cell receptor complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:285-291. [PMID: 31871161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911360117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of ultrasmall nanoparticles (<10-nm diameter) on the immune system is poorly understood. Recently, ultrasmall silica nanoparticles (USSN), which have gained increasing attention for therapeutic applications, were shown to stimulate T lymphocytes directly and at relatively low-exposure doses. Delineating underlying mechanisms and associated cell signaling will hasten therapeutic translation and is reported herein. Using competitive binding assays and molecular modeling, we established that the T cell receptor (TCR):CD3 complex is required for USSN-induced T cell activation, and that direct receptor complex-particle interactions are permitted both sterically and electrostatically. Activation is not limited to αβ TCR-bearing T cells since those with γδ TCR showed similar responses, implying that USSN mediate their effect by binding to extracellular domains of the flanking CD3 regions of the TCR complex. We confirmed that USSN initiated the signaling pathway immediately downstream of the TCR with rapid phosphorylation of both ζ-chain-associated protein 70 and linker for activation of T cells protein. However, T cell proliferation or IL-2 secretion were only triggered by USSN when costimulatory anti-CD28 or phorbate esters were present, demonstrating that the specific impact of USSN is in initiation of the primary, nuclear factor of activated T cells-pathway signaling from the TCR complex. Hence, we have established that USSN are partial agonists for the TCR complex because of induction of the primary T cell activation signal. Their ability to bind the TCR complex rapidly, and then to dissolve into benign orthosilicic acid, makes them an appealing option for therapies targeted at transient TCR:CD3 receptor binding.
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19
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Mariuzza RA, Agnihotri P, Orban J. The structural basis of T-cell receptor (TCR) activation: An enduring enigma. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:914-925. [PMID: 31848223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical for protective immune responses to pathogens and tumors. The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is composed of a diverse αβ TCR heterodimer noncovalently associated with the invariant CD3 dimers CD3ϵγ, CD3ϵδ, and CD3ζζ. The TCR mediates recognition of antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules (pMHC), whereas the CD3 molecules transduce activation signals to the T cell. Whereas much is known about downstream T-cell signaling pathways, the mechanism whereby TCR engagement by pMHC is first communicated to the CD3 signaling apparatus, a process termed early T-cell activation, remains largely a mystery. In this review, we examine the molecular basis for TCR activation in light of the recently determined cryoEM structure of a complete TCR-CD3 complex. This structure provides an unprecedented opportunity to assess various signaling models that have been proposed for the TCR. We review evidence from single-molecule and structural studies for force-induced conformational changes in the TCR-CD3 complex, for dynamically-driven TCR allostery, and for pMHC-induced structural changes in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of CD3 subunits. We identify major knowledge gaps that must be filled in order to arrive at a comprehensive model of TCR activation that explains, at the molecular level, how pMHC-specific information is transmitted across the T-cell membrane to initiate intracellular signaling. An in-depth understanding of this process will accelerate the rational design of immunotherapeutic agents targeting the TCR-CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Mariuzza
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850 .,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Pragati Agnihotri
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - John Orban
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850 .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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20
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Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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21
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Mallis RJ, Brazin KN, Duke-Cohan JS, Hwang W, Wang JH, Wagner G, Arthanari H, Lang MJ, Reinherz EL. NMR: an essential structural tool for integrative studies of T cell development, pMHC ligand recognition and TCR mechanobiology. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:319-332. [PMID: 30815789 PMCID: PMC6693947 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Early studies of T cell structural biology using X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) focused on a picture of the αβT cell receptor (αβTCR) component domains and their cognate ligands (peptides bound to MHC molecules, i.e. pMHCs) as static interaction partners. Moving forward requires integrating this corpus of data with dynamic technologies such as NMR, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and real-time single molecule (SM) studies exemplified by optical tweezers (OT). NMR bridges relevant timescales and provides the potential for an all-atom dynamic description of αβTCR components prior to and during interactions with binding partners. SM techniques have opened up vistas in understanding the non-equilibrium nature of T cell signaling through the introduction of force-mediated binding measurements into the paradigm for T cell function. In this regard, bioforces consequent to T-lineage cell motility are now perceived as placing piconewton (pN)-level loads on single receptor-pMHC bonds to impact structural change and αβT-lineage biology, including peptide discrimination, cellular activation, and developmental progression. We discuss herein essential NMR technologies in illuminating the role of ligand binding in the preT cell receptor (preTCR), the αβTCR developmental precursor, and convergence of NMR, SM and MD data in advancing our comprehension of T cell development. More broadly we review the central hypothesis that the αβTCR is a mechanosensor, fostered by breakthrough NMR-based structural insights. Collectively, elucidating dynamic aspects through the integrative use of NMR, SM, and MD shall advance fundamental appreciation of the mechanism of T cell signaling as well as inform translational efforts in αβTCR and chimeric T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapies and T cell vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mallis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristine N Brazin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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22
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Zhang J, Wang L. The Emerging World of TCR-T Cell Trials Against Cancer: A Systematic Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819831068. [PMID: 30798772 PMCID: PMC6391541 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819831068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are 2 types of adoptive T-cell therapy that genetically modify natural T cells to treat cancers. Although chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has yielded remarkable efficacy for hematological malignancies of the B-cell lineages, most solid tumors fail to respond significantly to chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy, on the other hand, has shown unprecedented promise in treating solid tumors and has attracted growing interest. In order to create an unbiased, comprehensive, and scientific report for this fast-moving field, we carefully analyzed all 84 clinical trials using T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov updated by June 11, 2018. Informative features and trends were observed in these clinical trials. The number of trials initiated each year is increasing as expected, but an interesting pattern is observed. NY-ESO-1, as the most targeted antigen type, is the target of 31 clinical trials; melanoma is the most targeted cancer type and is the target of 33 clinical trials. Novel antigens and underrepresented cancers remain to be targeted in future studies and clinical trials. Unlike chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, only about 16% of the 84 clinical trials target against hematological malignancies, consistent with T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy's high potential for solid tumors. Six pharma/biotech companies with novel T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell ideas and products were examined in this review. Multiple approaches have been utilized in these companies to increase the T-cell receptor's affinity and efficiency and to minimize cross-reactivity. The major challenges in the development of the T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy due to tumor microenvironment were also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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23
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Buckle AM, Borg NA. Integrating Experiment and Theory to Understand TCR-pMHC Dynamics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2898. [PMID: 30581442 PMCID: PMC6293202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational dynamism of proteins is well established. Rather than having a single structure, proteins are more accurately described as a conformational ensemble that exists across a rugged energy landscape, where different conformational sub-states interconvert. The interaction between αβ T cell receptors (TCR) and cognate peptide-MHC (pMHC) is no exception, and is a dynamic process that involves substantial conformational change. This review focuses on technological advances that have begun to establish the role of conformational dynamics and dynamic allostery in TCR recognition of the pMHC and the early stages of signaling. We discuss how the marriage of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with experimental techniques provides us with new ways to dissect and interpret the process of TCR ligation. Notably, application of simulation techniques lags behind other fields, but is predicted to make substantial contributions. Finally, we highlight integrated approaches that are being used to shed light on some of the key outstanding questions in the early events leading to TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Buckle
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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24
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The T Cell Antigen Receptor α Transmembrane Domain Coordinates Triggering through Regulation of Bilayer Immersion and CD3 Subunit Associations. Immunity 2018; 49:829-841.e6. [PMID: 30389415 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Initial molecular details of cellular activation following αβT cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligation by peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) remain unexplored. We determined the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the TCRα subunit transmembrane (TM) domain revealing a bipartite helix whose segmentation fosters dynamic movement. Positively charged TM residues Arg251 and Lys256 project from opposite faces of the helix, with Lys256 controlling immersion depth. Their modification caused stepwise reduction in TCR associations with CD3ζζ homodimers and CD3εγ plus CD3εδ heterodimers, respectively, leading to an activated transcriptome. Optical tweezers revealed that Arg251 and Lys256 mutations altered αβTCR-pMHC bond lifetimes, while mutations within interacting TCRα connecting peptide and CD3δ CxxC motif juxtamembrane elements selectively attenuated signal transduction. Our findings suggest that mechanical forces applied during pMHC ligation initiate T cell activation via a dissociative mechanism, shifting disposition of those basic sidechains to rearrange TCR complex membrane topology and weaken TCRαβ and CD3 associations.
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25
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Glassman CR, Parrish HL, Lee MS, Kuhns MS. Reciprocal TCR-CD3 and CD4 Engagement of a Nucleating pMHCII Stabilizes a Functional Receptor Macrocomplex. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1263-1275. [PMID: 29386113 PMCID: PMC5813697 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells convert the time that T cell receptors (TCRs) interact with peptides embedded within class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCII) into signals that direct cell-fate decisions. In principle, TCRs relay information to intracellular signaling motifs of the associated CD3 subunits, while CD4 recruits the kinase Lck to those motifs upon coincident detection of pMHCII. But the mechanics by which this occurs remain enigmatic. In one model, the TCR and CD4 bind pMHCII independently, while in another, CD4 interacts with a composite surface formed by the TCR-CD3 complex bound to pMHCII. Here, we report that the duration of TCR-pMHCII interactions impact CD4 binding to MHCII. In turn, CD4 increases TCR confinement to pMHCII via reciprocal interactions involving membrane distal and proximal CD4 ectodomains. The data suggest that a precisely assembled macrocomplex functions to reliably convert TCR-pMHCII confinement into reproducible signals that orchestrate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heather L Parrish
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Mark S Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The BIO-5 Institute, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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26
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Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are protein complexes formed by six different polypeptides. In most T cells, TCRs are composed of αβ subunits displaying immunoglobulin-like variable domains that recognize peptide antigens associated with major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. TCRαβ subunits are associated with the CD3 complex formed by the γ, δ, ε, and ζ subunits, which are invariable and ensure signal transduction. Here, we review how the expression and function of TCR complexes are orchestrated by several fine-tuned cellular processes that encompass (a) synthesis of the subunits and their correct assembly and expression at the plasma membrane as a single functional complex, (b) TCR membrane localization and dynamics at the plasma membrane and in endosomal compartments, (c) TCR signal transduction leading to T cell activation, and (d) TCR degradation. These processes balance each other to ensure efficient T cell responses to a variety of antigenic stimuli while preventing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain;
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
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27
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Lopes FPPL, Souza SALD, Bica BERG, da Fonseca LMB, de Azevedo MNL, Gutfilen B. Reduced activation and CD3 lymphocyte recruitment after TNF-inhibitor use: evaluation of clinical and 99mTc-OKT3 scintigraphic response in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017; 57:616-619. [PMID: 29173698 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Paiva Proença Lobo Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Radiologia, Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Augusto Lopes de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Radiologia, Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Blanca Elena Rios Gomes Bica
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Serviço de Reumatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lea Mirian Barbosa da Fonseca
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Radiologia, Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mario Newton Leitão de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Serviço de Reumatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Radiologia, Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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28
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Natarajan K, McShan AC, Jiang J, Kumirov VK, Wang R, Zhao H, Schuck P, Tilahun ME, Boyd LF, Ying J, Bax A, Margulies DH, Sgourakis NG. An allosteric site in the T-cell receptor Cβ domain plays a critical signalling role. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15260. [PMID: 28508865 PMCID: PMC5440810 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism through which the interaction of a clonotypic αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) with a peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (p/MHC) leads to T-cell activation is not yet fully understood. Here we exploit a high-affinity TCR (B4.2.3) to examine the structural changes that accompany binding to its p/MHC ligand (P18-I10/H2-Dd). In addition to conformational changes in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the TCR seen in comparison of unliganded and bound X-ray structures, NMR characterization of the TCR β-chain dynamics reveals significant chemical shift effects in sites removed from the MHC-binding site. Remodelling of electrostatic interactions near the Cβ H3 helix at the membrane-proximal face of the TCR, a region implicated in interactions with the CD3 co-receptor, suggests a possible role for an allosteric mechanism in TCR signalling. The contribution of these TCR residues to signal transduction is supported by mutagenesis and T-cell functional assays.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Site/immunology
- Animals
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mutagenesis
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew C. McShan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vlad K Kumirov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Huaying Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mulualem E. Tilahun
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lisa F. Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jinfa Ying
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David H. Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaos G. Sgourakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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29
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Abstract
Triggering of cell-mediated immunity is largely dependent on the recognition of foreign or abnormal molecules by a myriad of cell surface-bound receptors. Many activating immune receptors do not possess any intrinsic signaling capacity but instead form noncovalent complexes with one or more dimeric signaling modules that communicate with a common set of kinases to initiate intracellular information-transfer pathways. This modular architecture, where the ligand binding and signaling functions are detached from one another, is a common theme that is widely employed throughout the innate and adaptive arms of immune systems. The evolutionary advantages of this highly adaptable platform for molecular recognition are visible in the variety of ligand-receptor interactions that can be linked to common signaling pathways, the diversification of receptor modules in response to pathogen challenges, and the amplification of cellular responses through incorporation of multiple signaling motifs. Here we provide an overview of the major classes of modular activating immune receptors and outline the current state of knowledge regarding how these receptors assemble, recognize their ligands, and ultimately trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways that activate immune cell effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew E Call
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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30
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Memmer S, Weil S, Beyer S, Zöller T, Peters E, Hartmann J, Steinle A, Koch J. The Stalk Domain of NKp30 Contributes to Ligand Binding and Signaling of a Preassembled NKp30-CD3ζ Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25427-25438. [PMID: 27754869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp30 (CD337) is a key player for NK cell immunosurveillance of infections and cancer. The molecular details of ligand recognition and its connection to CD3ζ signaling remain unsolved. Here, we show that the stalk domain (129KEHPQLGAGTVLLLR143) of NKp30 is very sensitive to sequence alterations, as mutations lead to impaired ligand binding and/or signaling capacity. Surprisingly, the stalk domains of NKp30 and NKp46, another NCR employing CD3ζ for signaling, were not exchangeable without drastic deficiencies in folding, plasma membrane targeting, and/or ligand-induced receptor signaling. Further mutational studies, N-glycosylation mapping, and plasma membrane targeting studies in the absence and presence of CD3ζ suggest two interconvertible types of NCR-CD3ζ assemblies: 1) a signaling incompetent structural NKp30-CD3ζ complex and 2) a ligand-induced signaling competent NKp30-CD3ζ complex. Moreover, we propose that ligand binding triggers translocation of Arg-143 from the membrane interface into the membrane to enable alignment with oppositely charged aspartate residues within CD3ζ and activation of CD3ζ-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Memmer
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Beyer
- the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Zöller
- the Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eike Peters
- the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,the Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- the Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany, and
| | - Alexander Steinle
- the Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- From the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany, .,the Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,the LOEWE Excellence Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Hoffmann MM, Molina-Mendiola C, Nelson AD, Parks CA, Reyes EE, Hansen MJ, Rajagopalan G, Pease LR, Schrum AG, Gil D. Co-potentiation of antigen recognition: A mechanism to boost weak T cell responses and provide immunotherapy in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500415. [PMID: 26601285 PMCID: PMC4646799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is mediated by antigen receptors that can induce weak or strong immune responses depending on the nature of the antigen that is bound. In T lymphocytes, antigen recognition triggers signal transduction by clustering T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 multiprotein complexes. In addition, it hypothesized that biophysical changes induced in TCR/CD3 that accompany receptor engagement may contribute to signal intensity. Nonclustering monovalent TCR/CD3 engagement is functionally inert despite the fact that it may induce changes in conformational arrangement or in the flexibility of receptor subunits. We report that the intrinsically inert monovalent engagement of TCR/CD3 can specifically enhance physiologic T cell responses to weak antigens in vitro and in vivo without stimulating antigen-unengaged T cells and without interrupting T cell responses to strong antigens, an effect that we term as "co-potentiation." We identified Mono-7D6-Fab, which biophysically altered TCR/CD3 when bound and functionally enhanced immune reactivity to several weak antigens in vitro, including a gp100-derived peptide associated with melanoma. In vivo, Mono-7D6-Fab induced T cell antigen-dependent therapeutic responses against melanoma lung metastases, an effect that synergized with other anti-melanoma immunotherapies to significantly improve outcome and survival. We conclude that Mono-7D6-Fab directly co-potentiated TCR/CD3 engagement by weak antigens and that such concept can be translated into an immunotherapeutic design. The co-potentiation principle may be applicable to other receptors that could be regulated by otherwise inert compounds whose latent potency is only invoked in concert with specific physiologic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M. Hoffmann
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Carlos Molina-Mendiola
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Statistics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Alfreda D. Nelson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Edwin E. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J. Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry R. Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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Brazin KN, Mallis RJ, Das DK, Feng Y, Hwang W, Wang JH, Wagner G, Lang MJ, Reinherz EL. Structural Features of the αβTCR Mechanotransduction Apparatus That Promote pMHC Discrimination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:441. [PMID: 26388869 PMCID: PMC4558533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβTCR was recently revealed to function as a mechanoreceptor. That is, it leverages mechanical energy generated during immune surveillance and at the immunological synapse to drive biochemical signaling following ligation by a specific foreign peptide-MHC complex (pMHC). Here, we review the structural features that optimize this transmembrane (TM) receptor for mechanotransduction. Specialized adaptations include (1) the CβFG loop region positioned between Vβ and Cβ domains that allosterically gates both dynamic T cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC bond formation and lifetime; (2) the rigid super β-sheet amalgams of heterodimeric CD3εγ and CD3εδ ectodomain components of the αβTCR complex; (3) the αβTCR subunit connecting peptides linking the extracellular and TM segments, particularly the oxidized CxxC motif in each CD3 heterodimeric subunit that facilitates force transfer through the TM segments and surrounding lipid, impacting cytoplasmic tail conformation; and (4) quaternary changes in the αβTCR complex that accompany pMHC ligation under load. How bioforces foster specific αβTCR-based pMHC discrimination and why dynamic bond formation is a primary basis for kinetic proofreading are discussed. We suggest that the details of the molecular rearrangements of individual αβTCR subunit components can be analyzed utilizing a combination of structural biology, single-molecule FRET, optical tweezers, and nanobiology, guided by insightful atomistic molecular dynamic studies. Finally, we review very recent data showing that the pre-TCR complex employs a similar mechanobiology to that of the αβTCR to interact with self-pMHC ligands, impacting early thymic repertoire selection prior to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive thymocyte stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine N. Brazin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J. Mallis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dibyendu Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yinnian Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jia-huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Lee MS, Glassman CR, Deshpande NR, Badgandi HB, Parrish HL, Uttamapinant C, Stawski PS, Ting AY, Kuhns MS. A Mechanical Switch Couples T Cell Receptor Triggering to the Cytoplasmic Juxtamembrane Regions of CD3ζζ. Immunity 2015; 43:227-39. [PMID: 26231119 PMCID: PMC4545397 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The eight-subunit T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is the primary determinant for T cell fate decisions. Yet how it relays ligand-specific information across the cell membrane for conversion to chemical signals remains unresolved. We hypothesized that TCR engagement triggers a change in the spatial relationship between the associated CD3ζζ subunits at the junction where they emerge from the membrane into the cytoplasm. Using three in situ proximity assays based on ID-PRIME, FRET, and EPOR activity, we determined that the cytosolic juxtamembrane regions of the CD3ζζ subunits are spread apart upon assembly into the TCR-CD3 complex. TCR engagement then triggered their apposition. This mechanical switch resides upstream of the CD3ζζ intracellular motifs that initiate chemical signaling, as well as the polybasic stretches that regulate signal potentiation. These findings provide a framework from which to examine triggering events for activating immune receptors and other complex molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Neha R Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hemant B Badgandi
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heather L Parrish
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Chayasith Uttamapinant
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Philipp S Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The BIO-5 Institute, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Lopes FPPL, Souza SALD, Bica BERG, Fonseca LMBD, Azevedo MNLD, Gutfilen B. Reduced activation and CD3 lymphocyte recruitment after TNF-inhibitor use: evaluation of clinical and 99mTc-OKT3 scintigraphic response in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 57:S0482-5004(15)00077-7. [PMID: 26255077 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Paiva Proença Lobo Lopes
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sergio Augusto Lopes de Souza
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Blanca Elena Rios Gomes Bica
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lea Mirian Barbosa da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mario Newton Leitão de Azevedo
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas (LMCM), Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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He Y, Rangarajan S, Kerzic M, Luo M, Chen Y, Wang Q, Yin Y, Workman CJ, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA, Mariuzza RA, Orban J. Identification of the Docking Site for CD3 on the T Cell Receptor β Chain by Solution NMR. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19796-805. [PMID: 26109064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is composed of a genetically diverse αβ TCR heterodimer associated noncovalently with the invariant CD3 dimers CD3ϵγ, CD3ϵδ, and CD3ζζ. The TCR mediates peptide-MHC recognition, whereas the CD3 molecules transduce activation signals to the T cell. Although much is known about downstream T cell signaling pathways, the mechanism whereby TCR engagement by peptide-MHC initiates signaling is poorly understood. A key to solving this problem is defining the spatial organization of the TCR-CD3 complex and the interactions between its subunits. We have applied solution NMR methods to identify the docking site for CD3 on the β chain of a human autoimmune TCR. We demonstrate a low affinity but highly specific interaction between the extracellular domains of CD3 and the TCR constant β (Cβ) domain that requires both CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ subunits. The mainly hydrophilic docking site, comprising 9-11 solvent-accessible Cβ residues, is relatively small (∼400 Å(2)), consistent with the weak interaction between TCR and CD3 extracellular domains, and devoid of glycosylation sites. The docking site is centered on the αA and αB helices of Cβ, which are located at the base of the TCR. This positions CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ between the TCR and the T cell membrane, permitting us to distinguish among several possible models of TCR-CD3 association. We further correlate structural results from NMR with mutational data on TCR-CD3 interactions from cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan He
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Sneha Rangarajan
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Melissa Kerzic
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ming Luo
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Yihong Chen
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Qian Wang
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Yiyuan Yin
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Creg J Workman
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kate M Vignali
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Roy A Mariuzza
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
| | - John Orban
- From the W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
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Zhang X, Ma Y, You T, Tian X, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Zhang W. Roles of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in pathogenesis and development of gluteal muscle contracture. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:9-17. [PMID: 25207745 PMCID: PMC4438420 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.964400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Gluteal muscle contracture (GMC) is a chronic fibrotic disease of gluteal muscles which is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the extracellular matrix. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs have been shown to play an important role in the progression of GMC. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. We sought to explore the expression of TGF-β/Smad pathway proteins and their downstream targets in gluteal muscle contracture disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels of collagens type I/III, TGF-β1, Smad2/3/4/7 and PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) in gluteal muscle contraction (GMC) patients were measured using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assays. RESULTS The expressions of collagens type I/III and TGF-β1 were significantly increased in the contraction band compared with unaffected muscle. In addition, R-Smad phosphorylation and Smad4 protein expression in the contraction band were also elevated, while the expression of Smad7 was significantly decreased in the fibrotic muscle of the GMC patients compared to the unaffected adjacent muscle. The protein and mRNA levels of PAI-1 were also remarkably increased in the contraction band compared with adjacent muscle. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated that the expression levels of TGF-β1 and PAI-1 were higher in contraction band than those in the adjacent muscle. CONCLUSION Our data confirm the stimulating effects of the TGF-β/Smad pathway in gluteal muscle contracture disease and reveal the internal changes of TGF-β/Smad pathway proteins and their corresponding targets in gluteal muscle contracture patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shen Zhen Hospital, ShenZhen, China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tian You
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shen Zhen Hospital, ShenZhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shen Zhen Hospital, ShenZhen, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Orthopaedics Hong Kong University, Shen Zhen Hospital, ShenZhen, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shen Zhen Hospital, ShenZhen, China,Correspondence: Wentao Zhang, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Lianhua, 518036 ShenZhen, China. Tel: 075583923333-6135(6137). E-mail:
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37
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Force-dependent transition in the T-cell receptor β-subunit allosterically regulates peptide discrimination and pMHC bond lifetime. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1517-22. [PMID: 25605925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424829112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) on each T lymphocyte mediates exquisite specificity for a particular foreign peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex molecule (pMHC) displayed on the surface of altered cells. This recognition stimulates protection in the mammalian host against intracellular pathogens, including viruses, and involves piconewton forces that accompany pMHC ligation. Physical forces are generated by T-lymphocyte movement during immune surveillance as well as by cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse following cessation of cell migration. The mechanistic explanation for how TCRs distinguish between foreign and self-peptides bound to a given MHC molecule is unclear: peptide residues themselves comprise few of the TCR contacts on the pMHC, and pathogen-derived peptides are scant among myriad self-peptides bound to the same MHC class arrayed on infected cells. Using optical tweezers and DNA tether spacer technology that permit piconewton force application and nanometer scale precision, we have determined how bioforces relate to self versus nonself discrimination. Single-molecule analyses involving isolated αβ-heterodimers as well as complete TCR complexes on T lymphocytes reveal that the FG loop in the β-subunit constant domain allosterically controls both the variable domain module's catch bond lifetime and peptide discrimination via force-driven conformational transition. In contrast to integrins, the TCR interrogates its ligand via a strong force-loaded state with release through a weakened, extended state. Our work defines a key element of TCR mechanotransduction, explaining why the FG loop structure evolved for adaptive immunity in αβ but not γδTCRs or immunoglobulins.
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38
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Reed BK, Lee KA, Bell MP, Gil D, Schrum AG. Detection of constant domain of human T cell antigen receptor alpha-chain via novel monoclonal antibody 7F18. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:386-92. [PMID: 25545207 PMCID: PMC4278167 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβ T cell antigen receptor (TCR) endows T lymphocytes with immune specificity and controls their effector functions. Each person possesses a vast repertoire of TCRs that is generated by the well-studied processes of somatic recombination and thymic selection. While many antibodies specific for TCRβ variable domains are available, antibodies specific for human TCRα are rare. We now report a novel monoclonal antibody, 7F18, which binds to human TCRα constant region, with specificity for a denatured epitope that can be visualized by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot. Both immature and mature TCR α-chain products can be visualized, making 7F18 potentially applicable to various biochemical assays of multiprotein complex assembly and maturation. This new monoclonal antibody provides a tool that can potentially facilitate the biochemical analysis of comprehensive populations of human αβ TCR complexes that need not be limited to small subsets of the repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromatography, Gel
- Computational Biology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Jurkat Cells
- Peptides/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Reed
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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39
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Abstract
αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) activation plays a crucial role for T-cell function. However, the TCR itself does not possess signaling domains. Instead, the TCR is noncovalently coupled to a conserved multisubunit signaling apparatus, the CD3 complex, that comprises the CD3εγ, CD3εδ, and CD3ζζ dimers. How antigen ligation by the TCR triggers CD3 activation and what structural role the CD3 extracellular domains (ECDs) play in the assembled TCR-CD3 complex remain unclear. Here, we use two complementary structural approaches to gain insight into the overall organization of the TCR-CD3 complex. Small-angle X-ray scattering of the soluble TCR-CD3εδ complex reveals the CD3εδ ECDs to sit underneath the TCR α-chain. The observed arrangement is consistent with EM images of the entire TCR-CD3 integral membrane complex, in which the CD3εδ and CD3εγ subunits were situated underneath the TCR α-chain and TCR β-chain, respectively. Interestingly, the TCR-CD3 transmembrane complex bound to peptide-MHC is a dimer in which two TCRs project outward from a central core composed of the CD3 ECDs and the TCR and CD3 transmembrane domains. This arrangement suggests a potential ligand-dependent dimerization mechanism for TCR signaling. Collectively, our data advance our understanding of the molecular organization of the TCR-CD3 complex, and provides a conceptual framework for the TCR activation mechanism.
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40
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Liu B, Chen W, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Accumulation of dynamic catch bonds between TCR and agonist peptide-MHC triggers T cell signaling. Cell 2014; 157:357-368. [PMID: 24725404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
TCR-pMHC interactions initiate adaptive immune responses, but the mechanism of how such interactions under force induce T cell signaling is unclear. We show that force prolongs lifetimes of single TCR-pMHC bonds for agonists (catch bonds) but shortens those for antagonists (slip bonds). Both magnitude and duration of force are important, as the highest Ca(2+) responses were induced by 10 pN via both pMHC catch bonds whose lifetime peaks at this force and anti-TCR slip bonds whose maximum lifetime occurs at 0 pN. High Ca(2+) levels require early and rapid accumulation of bond lifetimes, whereas short-lived bonds that slow early accumulation of lifetimes correspond to low Ca(2+) responses. Our data support a model in which force on the TCR induces signaling events depending on its magnitude, duration, frequency, and timing, such that agonists form catch bonds that trigger the T cell digitally, whereas antagonists form slip bonds that fail to activate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Liu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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41
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Brazin KN, Mallis RJ, Li C, Keskin DB, Arthanari H, Gao Y, Wu SL, Karger BL, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Constitutively oxidized CXXC motifs within the CD3 heterodimeric ectodomains of the T cell receptor complex enforce the conformation of juxtaposed segments. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18880-92. [PMID: 24849600 PMCID: PMC4081929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ heterodimers along with the CD3ζζ homodimer are the signaling components of the T cell receptor (TCR). These invariant dimers are non-covalently associated on the T cell plasma membrane with a clone-specific (i.e. clonotypic) αβ heterodimer that binds its cognate ligand, a complex between a particular antigenic peptide, and an MHC molecule (pMHC). These four TCR dimers exist in a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. At the junction between the extracellular and transmembrane domains of each mammalian CD3ϵ, CD3γ, and CD3δ subunit is a highly conserved CXXC motif previously found to be important for thymocyte and T cell activation. The redox state of each CXXC motif is presently unknown. Here we show using LC-MS and a biotin switch assay that these CXXC segments are constitutively oxidized on resting and activated T cells, consistent with their measured reduction potential. NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments comparing a native oxidized CD3δ CXXC-containing segment with that of a mutant SXXS-containing CD3δ segment in LPPG (1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt)) micelles show extensive chemical shift differences in residues within the membrane-proximal motif as well as throughout the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains as a result of the elimination of the native disulfide. Likewise, direct comparison of the native CD3δ segment in oxidizing and reducing conditions reveals numerous spectral differences. The oxidized CXXC maintains the structure within the membrane-proximal stalk region as well as that of its contiguous transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain, inclusive of the ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) involved in signaling. These results suggest that preservation of the CD3 CXXC oxidized state may be essential for TCR mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine N Brazin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Chen Li
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Derin B Keskin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Yuanwei Gao
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shiaw-Lin Wu
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
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42
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Abstract
T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycle, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force, but display variable substrate rigidities to the blood and lymphatic circulation systems, where complicated hydrodynamic forces are present. Regardless of whether T cells are subject to external forces or generate their own internal forces, they respond and adapt to different biomechanical cues to modulate their adhesion, migration, trafficking, and triggering of immune functions through mechanical regulation of various molecules that bear force. These include adhesive receptors, immunoreceptors, motor proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and their associated molecules. Here, we discuss the forces acting on various surface and cytoplasmic proteins of a T cell in different mechanical milieus. We review existing data on how force regulates protein conformational changes and interactions with counter molecules, including integrins, actin, and the T-cell receptor, and how each relates to T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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43
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Berry R, Headey SJ, Call MJ, McCluskey J, Tregaskes CA, Kaufman J, Koh R, Scanlon MJ, Call ME, Rossjohn J. Structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer and its assembly with the αβT cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8240-51. [PMID: 24488493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the αβT cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex is composed of a TCRαβ heterodimer that is noncovalently coupled to three dimeric signaling molecules, CD3εδ, CD3εγ, and CD3ζζ. The nature of the TCR signaling complex and subunit arrangement in different species remains unclear however. Here we present a structural and biochemical analysis of the more primitive ancestral form of the TCR signaling complex found in chickens. In contrast to mammals, chickens do not express separate CD3δ and CD3γ chains but instead encode a single hybrid chain, termed CD3δ/γ, that is capable of pairing with CD3ε. The NMR structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer revealed a unique dimer interface that results in a heterodimer with considerable deviation from the distinct side-by-side architecture found in human and murine CD3εδ and CD3εγ. The chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer also contains a unique molecular surface, with the vast majority of surface-exposed, nonconserved residues being clustered to a single face of the heterodimer. Using an in vitro biochemical assay, we demonstrate that CD3εδ/γ can assemble with both chicken TCRα and TCRβ via conserved polar transmembrane sites. Moreover, analogous to the human TCR signaling complex, the presence of two copies of CD3εδ/γ is required for ζζ assembly. These data provide insight into the evolution of this critical receptor signaling apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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44
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Yu Y, Smoligovets AA, Groves JT. Modulation of T cell signaling by the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1049-58. [PMID: 23620508 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton provides a dynamic framework to support membrane organization and cellular signaling events. The importance of actin in T cell function has long been recognized to go well beyond the maintenance of cell morphology and transport of proteins. Over the past several years, our understanding of actin in T cell activation has expanded tremendously, in part owing to the development of methods and techniques to probe the complex interplay between actin and T cell signaling. On the one hand, biochemical methods have led to the identification of many key cytoskeleton regulators and new signaling pathways, whereas, on the other, the combination of advanced imaging techniques and physical characterization tools has allowed the spatiotemporal investigation of actin in T cell signaling. All those studies have made a profound impact on our understanding of the actin cytoskeleton in T cell activation. Many previous reviews have focused on the biochemical aspects of the actin cytoskeleton. However, here we will summarize recent studies from a biophysical perspective to explain the mechanistic role of actin in modulating T cell activation. We will discuss how actin modulates T cell activation on multiple time and length scales. Specifically, we will reveal the distinct roles of the actin filaments in facilitating TCR triggering, orchestrating 'signalosome' assembly and transport, and establishing protein spatial organization in the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.
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45
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Mechanochemitry: a molecular biomechanics view of mechanosensing. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:388-404. [PMID: 24006131 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biomechanics includes two themes: the study of mechanical aspects of biomolecules and the study of molecular biology of the cell using mechanical tools. The two themes are interconnected for obvious reasons. The present review focuses on one of the interconnected areas-the mechanical regulation of molecular interaction and conformational change. Recent conceptual developments are summarized, including catch bonds, regulation of molecular interaction by the history of force application, and cyclic mechanical reinforcement. These studies elucidate the mechanochemistry of some of the candidate mechanosensing molecules, thereby providing a natural connection to mechanobiology.
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46
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Kuhns MS, Badgandi HB. Piecing together the family portrait of TCR-CD3 complexes. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:120-43. [PMID: 23046126 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pre-T-cell receptor (TCR)-, αβTCR-, and γδTCR-CD3 complexes are members of a family of modular biosensors that are responsible for driving T-cell development, activation, and effector functions. They inform essential checkpoint decisions by relaying key information from their ligand-binding modules (TCRs) to their signaling modules (CD3γε + CD3δε and CD3ζζ) and on to the intracellular signaling apparatus. Their actions shape the T-cell repertoire, as well as T-cell-mediated immunity; yet, the mechanisms that underlie their activity remain an enigma. As with any molecular machine, understanding how they function depends upon understanding how their parts fit and work together. In the 30 years since the initial biochemical and genetic characterizations of the αβTCR, the structure and function of the individual components of these family members have been extensively characterized. Cumulatively, this information has allowed us to piece together a portrait of the αβTCR-CD3 complex and outline the form of the remaining family members. Here we review the known structural and functional characteristics of the components of these TCR-CD3 complex family members. We then discuss how these data have informed our understanding of the architecture of the αβTCR-CD3 complex as well as their implications for the other family members. The intent is to provide a framework for considering: (i) how these thematically similar complexes diverge to execute their specific functions and (ii) how our knowledge of the form and function of these distinct family members can cross-inform our understanding of the other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, USA.
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47
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Wang JH, Reinherz EL. The structural basis of αβ T-lineage immune recognition: TCR docking topologies, mechanotransduction, and co-receptor function. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:102-19. [PMID: 23046125 PMCID: PMC3694212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self versus non-self discrimination is at the core of T-lymphocyte recognition. To this end, αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) ligate 'foreign' peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules (pMHC) arrayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Since the discovery of TCRs approximately 30 years ago, considerable structural and functional data have detailed the molecular basis of their extraordinary ligand specificity and sensitivity in mediating adaptive T-cell immunity. This review focuses on the structural biology of the Fab-like TCRαβ clonotypic heterodimer and its unique features in conjunction with those of the associated CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimeric molecules, which, along with CD3ζζ homodimer, comprise the TCR complex in a stoichiometry of 1:1:1:1. The basis of optimized TCRαβ docking geometry on the pMHC linked to TCR mechanotransduction and required for T-cell signaling as well as CD4 and CD8 co-receptor function is detailed. A model of the TCR ectodomain complex including its connecting peptides suggests how force generated during T-cell immune surveillance and at the immunological synapse results in dynamic TCR quaternary change involving its heterodimeric components. Potential insights from the structural biology relevant to immunity and immunosuppression are revealed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Gras S, Burrows SR, Turner SJ, Sewell AK, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC-I-restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:61-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Monash University; Clayton; Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development; Brisbane; Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
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49
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Kuhns MS, Davis MM. TCR Signaling Emerges from the Sum of Many Parts. Front Immunol 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 22737151 PMCID: PMC3381686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
“How does T cell receptor signaling begin?” Answering this question requires an understanding of how the parts of the molecular machinery that mediates this process fit and work together. Ultimately this molecular architecture must (i) trigger the relay of information from the TCR-pMHC interface to the signaling substrates of the CD3 molecules and (ii) bring the kinases that modify these substrates in close proximity to interact, initiate, and sustain signaling. In this contribution we will discuss advances of the last decade that have increased our understanding of the complex machinery and interactions that underlie this type of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA
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50
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Blanco R, Alarcón B. TCR Nanoclusters as the Framework for Transmission of Conformational Changes and Cooperativity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:115. [PMID: 22582078 PMCID: PMC3348506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence favors the notion that, before triggering, the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) forms nanometer-scale oligomers that are called nanoclusters. The organization of the TCR in pre-existing oligomers cannot be ignored when analyzing the properties of ligand (pMHC) recognition and signal transduction. As with other membrane receptors, the existence of TCR oligomers points out to cooperativity phenomena. We review the data in support of conformational changes in the TCR as the basic principle to transduce the activation signal to the cytoplasm and the incipient data suggesting cooperativity within nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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