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Schütte D, Baier M, Griebel T. Cold priming on pathogen susceptibility in the Arabidopsis eds1 mutant background requires a functional stromal Ascorbate Peroxidase. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2300239. [PMID: 38170666 PMCID: PMC10766390 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2300239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
24 h cold exposure (4°C) is sufficient to reduce pathogen susceptibility in Arabidopsis thaliana against the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strain even when the infection occurs five days later. This priming effect is independent of the immune regulator Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and can be observed in the immune-compromised eds1-2 null mutant. In contrast, cold priming-reduced Pst susceptibility is strongly impaired in knock-out lines of the stromal and thylakoid ascorbate peroxidases (sAPX/tAPX) highlighting their relevance for abiotic stress-related increased immune resilience. Here, we extended our analysis by generating an eds1 sapx double mutant. eds1 sapx showed eds1-like resistance and susceptibility phenotypes against Pst strains containing the effectors avrRPM1 and avrRPS4. In comparison to eds1-2, susceptibility against the wildtype Pst strain was constitutively enhanced in eds1 sapx. Although a prior cold priming exposure resulted in reduced Pst titers in eds1-2, it did not alter Pst resistance in eds1 sapx. This demonstrates that the genetic sAPX requirement for cold priming of basal plant immunity applies also to an eds1 null mutant background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schütte
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Yu X, Niu H, Liu C, Wang H, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2113-2128. [PMID: 38470397 PMCID: PMC11258992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hou‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Dong Q, Duan D, Wang F, Yang K, Song Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Ji Z, Xu C, Jia P, Luan H, Guo S, Qi G, Mao K, Zhang X, Tian Y, Ma Y, Ma F. The MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 complex regulates salicylic acid content and MdRPM1 expression to modulate resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apples. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2364-2376. [PMID: 38683692 PMCID: PMC11258982 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, is considered one of the most destructive diseases affecting apples. The VQ-WRKY complex plays a crucial role in the response of plants to biotic stresses. However, our understanding of the defensive role of the VQ-WRKY complex on woody plants, particularly apples, under biotic stress, remains limited. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive role of the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module in response to GLS infection. The overexpression of MdWRKY100 enhanced resistance to C. fructicola, whereas MdWRKY100 RNA interference in apple plants reduced resistance to C. fructicola by affecting salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression level of the CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene MdRPM1. DAP-seq, Y1H, EMSA, and RT-qPCR assays indicated that MdWRKY100 inhibited the expression of MdWRKY17, a positive regulatory factor gene of SA degradation, upregulated the expression of MdPAL1, a key enzyme gene of SA biosynthesis, and promoted MdRPM1 expression by directly binding to their promotors. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments showed that MdPAL1 and MdRPM1 positively regulated GLS resistance in apples. Furthermore, the overexpression of MdVQ37 increased the susceptibility to C. fructicola by reducing the SA content and expression level of MdRPM1. Additionally, MdVQ37 interacted with MdWRKY100, which repressed the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY100. In summary, these results revealed the molecular mechanism through which the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module responds to GLS infection by regulating SA content and MdRPM1 expression, providing novel insights into the involvement of the VQ-WRKY complex in plant pathogen defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Dong
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dingyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Feng Wang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Kaiyu Yang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yang Song
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yongxu Wang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Zhirui Ji
- Research Institute of PomologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesXingchengChina
| | - Chengnan Xu
- College of Life SciencesYan'an UniversityYan'anShaanxiChina
| | - Peng Jia
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Haoan Luan
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Suping Guo
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guohui Qi
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yi Tian
- College of HorticultureHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yue Ma
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleCollege of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYanglingChina
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Yu B, Liu N, Huang L, Luo H, Zhou X, Lei Y, Yan L, Wang X, Chen W, Kang Y, Ding Y, Jin G, Pandey MK, Janila P, Kishan Sudini H, Varshney RK, Jiang H, Liu S, Liao B. Identification and application of a candidate gene AhAftr1 for aflatoxin production resistance in peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Adv Res 2024; 62:15-26. [PMID: 37739123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding. OBJECTIVES This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program. METHODS Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes. RESULTS The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1(ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1(XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07. CONCLUSION Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Huaiyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yingbin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Gaorui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pasupuleti Janila
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Aird Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China.
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Li L, Liu J, Zhou JM. From molecule to cell: the expanding frontiers of plant immunity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:680-690. [PMID: 38417548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of plant immunity has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs. During the co-evolution between plants and pathogens, plants have developed a wealth of intricate defense mechanisms to safeguard their survival. Newly identified immune receptors have added unexpected complexity to the surface and intracellular sensor networks, enriching our understanding of the ongoing plant-pathogen interplay. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistosome shapes our understanding of these mysterious molecules in plant immunity. Moreover, technological innovations are expanding the horizon of the plant-pathogen battlefield into spatial and temporal scales. While the development provides new opportunities for untangling the complex realm of plant immunity, challenges remain in uncovering plant immunity across spatiotemporal dimensions from both molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China.
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6
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Liu L, Liu Y, Ji X, Zhao X, Liu J, Xu N. Coronatine orchestrates ABI1-mediated stomatal opening to facilitate bacterial pathogen infection through importin β protein SAD2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:676-688. [PMID: 38683723 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity plays an important role during bacterial pathogen invasion. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces plants to close their stomata and halt pathogen invasion, but many bacterial pathogens secrete phytotoxin coronatine (COR) to antagonize ABA signaling and reopen the stomata to promote infection at early stage of invasion. However, the underlining mechanism is not clear. SAD2 is an importin β family protein, and the sad2 mutant shows hypersensitivity to ABA. We discovered ABI1, which negatively regulated ABA signaling and reduced plant sensitivity to ABA, was accumulated in the plant nucleus after COR treatment. This event required SAD2 to import ABI1 to the plant nucleus. Abolition of SAD2 undermined ABI1 accumulation. Our study answers the long-standing question of how bacterial COR antagonizes ABA signaling and reopens plant stomata during pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Green Management of Crop Pests, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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Ijaz U, Zhao C, Shabala S, Zhou M. Molecular Basis of Plant-Pathogen Interactions in the Agricultural Context. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:421. [PMID: 38927301 PMCID: PMC11200688 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Biotic stressors pose significant threats to crop yield, jeopardizing food security and resulting in losses of over USD 220 billion per year by the agriculture industry. Plants activate innate defense mechanisms upon pathogen perception and invasion. The plant immune response comprises numerous concerted steps, including the recognition of invading pathogens, signal transduction, and activation of defensive pathways. However, pathogens have evolved various structures to evade plant immunity. Given these facts, genetic improvements to plants are required for sustainable disease management to ensure global food security. Advanced genetic technologies have offered new opportunities to revolutionize and boost plant disease resistance against devastating pathogens. Furthermore, targeting susceptibility (S) genes, such as OsERF922 and BnWRKY70, through CRISPR methodologies offers novel avenues for disrupting the molecular compatibility of pathogens and for introducing durable resistance against them in plants. Here, we provide a critical overview of advances in understanding disease resistance mechanisms. The review also critically examines management strategies under challenging environmental conditions and R-gene-based plant genome-engineering systems intending to enhance plant responses against emerging pathogens. This work underscores the transformative potential of modern genetic engineering practices in revolutionizing plant health and crop disease management while emphasizing the importance of responsible application to ensure sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ijaz
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (U.I.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (U.I.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia; (U.I.); (C.Z.)
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8
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Mackey D, Ekanayake G, Gohmann R, Moffett P. Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:360-372. [PMID: 38191847 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, referred to as the apoplast, is inhabited by a variety of microorganisms. Reflecting the crucial nature of this compartment, both plants and microorganisms seek to control, exploit and respond to its composition. Upon sensing the apoplastic environment, pathogens activate virulence programmes, including the delivery of effectors with well-established roles in suppressing plant immunity. We posit that another key and foundational role of effectors is niche establishment - specifically, the manipulation of plant physiological processes to enrich the apoplast in water and nutritive metabolites. Facets of plant immunity counteract niche establishment by restricting water, nutrients and signals for virulence activation. The complex competition to control and, in the case of pathogens, exploit the apoplast provides remarkable insights into the nature of virulence, host susceptibility, host defence and, ultimately, the origin of phytopathogenesis. This novel framework focuses on the ecology of a microbial niche and highlights areas of future research on plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid Gohmann
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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9
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Yao H, Gao S, Sun T, Zhou G, Lu C, Gao B, Chen W, Liang Y. Transcriptomic analysis of the defense response in "Cabernet Sauvignon" grape leaf induced by Apolygus lucorum feeding. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e590. [PMID: 38779180 PMCID: PMC11108798 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of the defense response of "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes to feeding by Apolygus lucorum, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of grape leaves under three different treatments: feeding by A. lucorum, puncture injury, and an untreated control. The research findings indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in three aspects: cellular composition, molecular function, and biological process. These genes were found to be involved in 42 metabolic pathways, particularly in plant hormone signaling metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and other metabolic pathways associated with plant-induced insect resistance. Feeding by A. lucorum stimulated and upregulated a significant number of genes related to jasmonic acid and calcium ion pathways, suggesting their crucial role in the defense molecular mechanism of "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes. The consistency between the gene expression and transcriptome sequencing results further supports these findings. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the defense response in "Cabernet Sauvignon" grapes by elucidating the expression of relevant genes during feeding by A. lucorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Suhong Gao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Tianhua Sun
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Guona Zhou
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Changkuan Lu
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
| | - Baojia Gao
- College of ForestryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Wenshu Chen
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
| | - Yiming Liang
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyChangliHebeiChina
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation)ChangliHebeiChina
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10
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Liu X, Igarashi D, Hillmer RA, Stoddard T, Lu Y, Tsuda K, Myers CL, Katagiri F. Decomposition of dynamic transcriptomic responses during effector-triggered immunity reveals conserved responses in two distinct plant cell populations. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100882. [PMID: 38486453 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapid plant immune responses in the appropriate cells are needed for effective defense against pathogens. Although transcriptome analysis is often used to describe overall immune responses, collection of transcriptome data with sufficient resolution in both space and time is challenging. We reanalyzed public Arabidopsis time-course transcriptome data obtained after low-dose inoculation with a Pseudomonas syringae strain expressing the effector AvrRpt2, which induces effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Double-peak time-course patterns are prevalent among thousands of upregulated genes. We implemented a multi-compartment modeling approach to decompose the double-peak pattern into two single-peak patterns for each gene. The decomposed peaks reveal an "echoing" pattern: the peak times of the first and second peaks correlate well across most upregulated genes. We demonstrated that the two peaks likely represent responses of two distinct cell populations that respond either cell autonomously or indirectly to AvrRpt2. Thus, the peak decomposition has extracted spatial information from the time-course data. The echoing pattern also indicates a conserved transcriptome response with different initiation times between the two cell populations despite different elicitor types. A gene set highly overlapping with the conserved gene set is also upregulated with similar kinetics during pattern-triggered immunity. Activation of a WRKY network via different entry-point WRKYs can explain the similar but not identical transcriptome responses elicited by different elicitor types. We discuss potential benefits of the properties of the WRKY activation network as an immune signaling network in light of pressure from rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daisuke Igarashi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rachel A Hillmer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas Stoddard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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12
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Peng W, Garcia N, Servage KA, Kohler JJ, Ready JM, Tomchick DR, Fernandez J, Orth K. Pseudomonas effector AvrB is a glycosyltransferase that rhamnosylates plant guardee protein RIN4. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadd5108. [PMID: 38354245 PMCID: PMC10866546 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae encodes a type III secretion system avirulence effector protein, AvrB, that induces a form of programmed cell death called the hypersensitive response in plants as a defense mechanism against systemic infection. Despite the well-documented catalytic activities observed in other Fido (Fic, Doc, and AvrB) proteins, the enzymatic activity and target substrates of AvrB have remained elusive. Here, we show that AvrB is an unprecedented glycosyltransferase that transfers rhamnose from UDP-rhamnose to a threonine residue of the Arabidopsis guardee protein RIN4. We report structures of various enzymatic states of the AvrB-catalyzed rhamnosylation reaction of RIN4, which reveal the structural and mechanistic basis for rhamnosylation by a Fido protein. Collectively, our results uncover an unexpected reaction performed by a prototypical member of the Fido superfamily while providing important insights into the plant hypersensitive response pathway and foreshadowing more diverse chemistry used by Fido proteins and their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nalleli Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly A. Servage
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Diana R. Tomchick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessie Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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13
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Contreras E, Martinez M. The RIN4-like/NOI proteins NOI10 and NOI11 modulate the response to biotic stresses mediated by RIN4 in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:70. [PMID: 38358510 PMCID: PMC10869442 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE NOI10 and NOI11 are two RIN4-like/NOI proteins that participate in the immune response of the Arabidopsis plant and affect the RIN4-regulated mechanisms involving the R-proteins RPM1 and RPS2. The immune response in plants depends on the regulation of signaling pathways triggered by pathogens and herbivores. RIN4, a protein of the RIN4-like/NOI family, is considered to be a central immune signal in the interactions of plants and pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four of the 15 members of the RIN4-like/NOI family (NOI3, NOI5, NOI10, and NOI11) were induced in response to the plant herbivore Tetranychus urticae. While overexpressing NOI10 and NOI11 plants did not affect mite performance, opposite callose accumulation patterns were observed when compared to RIN4 overexpressing plants. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated the interaction of NOI10 and NOI11 with the RIN4 interactors RPM1, RPS2, and RIPK, suggesting a role in the context of the RIN4-regulated immune response. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana evidenced that NOI10 and NOI11 differed from RIN4 in their functionality. Furthermore, overexpressing NOI10 and NOI11 plants had significant differences in susceptibility with WT and overexpressing RIN4 plants when challenged with Pseudomonas syringae bacteria expressing the AvrRpt2 or the AvrRpm1 effectors. These results demonstrate the participation of NOI10 and NOI11 in the RIN4-mediated pathway. Whereas RIN4 is considered a guardee protein, NOI10 and NOI11 could act as decoys to modulate the concerted activity of effectors and R-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Brabham HJ, Gómez De La Cruz D, Were V, Shimizu M, Saitoh H, Hernández-Pinzón I, Green P, Lorang J, Fujisaki K, Sato K, Molnár I, Šimková H, Doležel J, Russell J, Taylor J, Smoker M, Gupta YK, Wolpert T, Talbot NJ, Terauchi R, Moscou MJ. Barley MLA3 recognizes the host-specificity effector Pwl2 from Magnaporthe oryzae. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:447-470. [PMID: 37820736 PMCID: PMC10827324 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) immune receptors directly or indirectly recognize pathogen-secreted effector molecules to initiate plant defense. Recognition of multiple pathogens by a single NLR is rare and usually occurs via monitoring for changes to host proteins; few characterized NLRs have been shown to recognize multiple effectors. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) NLR gene Mildew locus a (Mla) has undergone functional diversification, and the proteins encoded by different Mla alleles recognize host-adapted isolates of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei [Bgh]). Here, we show that Mla3 also confers resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a dosage-dependent manner. Using a forward genetic screen, we discovered that the recognized effector from M. oryzae is Pathogenicity toward Weeping Lovegrass 2 (Pwl2), a host range determinant factor that prevents M. oryzae from infecting weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Mla3 has therefore convergently evolved the capacity to recognize effectors from diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Brabham
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- 2Blades, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Diana Gómez De La Cruz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | | | - Phon Green
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jennifer Lorang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - István Molnár
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šimková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - James Russell
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jodie Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yogesh Kumar Gupta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- 2Blades, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Tom Wolpert
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Kitakami 024-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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15
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Li Z, Liu Y, Hua J. Investigating the Effects of Temperature on Pathogen Propagation in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2795:55-64. [PMID: 38594527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3814-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most prominent environmental factors that influence plant immunity. Depending on the plant-pathogen system, increased temperature may inhibit or enhance disease resistance or immunity in plants. Measuring the effect of temperature on plant immunity is the first step toward revealing climate effects on plant-pathogen interactions and molecular regulators of temperature sensitivity of plant immunity. Quantification of plant disease resistance or susceptibility under different temperatures can be accomplished by assessing pathogen growth over time in infected plants or tissues. Here, we present a protocol for quantifying pathogen growth in the most studied system of Arabidopsis thaliana and Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pst) DC3000. We discuss important factors to consider for assaying pathogen growth in plants under different temperatures. This protocol can be used to assess temperature sensitivity of resistance in different plant genotypes and to various pathovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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16
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Xie B, Luo M, Li Q, Shao J, Chen D, Somers DE, Tang D, Shi H. NUA positively regulates plant immunity by coordination with ESD4 to deSUMOylate TPR1 in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:363-377. [PMID: 37786257 PMCID: PMC10843230 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complex (NPC) is composed of multiple nucleoporins (Nups). A plethora of studies have highlighted the significance of NPC in plant immunity. However, the specific roles of individual Nups are poorly understood. NUCLEAR PORE ANCHOR (NUA) is a component of NPC. Loss of NUA leads to an increase in SUMO conjugates and pleiotropic developmental defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we revealed that NUA is required for plant defense against multiple pathogens. NUCLEAR PORE ANCHOR associates with the transcriptional corepressor TOPLESS-RELATED1 (TPR1) and contributes to TPR1 deSUMOylation. Significantly, NUA-interacting protein EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 4 (ESD4), a SUMO protease, specifically deSUMOylates TPR1. It has been previously established that the SUMO E3 ligase SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN-CONTAINING LIGASE 1 (SIZ1)-mediated SUMOylation of TPR1 represses the immune-related function of TPR1. Consistent with this notion, the hyper-SUMOylated TPR1 in nua-3 leads to upregulated expression of TPR1 target genes and compromised TPR1-mediated disease resistance. Taken together, our work uncovers a mechanism by which NUA positively regulates plant defense responses by coordination with ESD4 to deSUMOylate TPR1. Our findings, together with previous studies, reveal a regulatory module in which SIZ1 and NUA/ESD4 control the homeostasis of TPR1 SUMOylation to maintain proper immune output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiuyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Desheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - David E Somers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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17
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Zhang W, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Wang Z, Song W, Yang K, Xin M, Hu Z, Liu J, Peng H, Lai J, Guo W, Ni Z, Sun Q, Du J, Yao Y. Mutation of a highly conserved amino acid in RPM1 causes leaf yellowing and premature senescence in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:254. [PMID: 38006406 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A point mutation of RPM1 triggers persistent immune response that induces leaf premature senescence in wheat, providing novel information of immune responses and leaf senescence. Leaf premature senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most common factors affecting the plant's development and yield. In this study, we identified a novel wheat mutant, yellow leaf and premature senescence (ylp), which exhibits yellow leaves and premature senescence at the heading and flowering stages. Consistent with the yellow leaves phenotype, ylp had damaged and collapsed chloroplasts. Map-based cloning revealed that the phenotype of ylp was caused by a point mutation from Arg to His at amino acid 790 in a plasma membrane-localized protein resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1 (RPM1). The point mutation triggered excessive immune responses and the upregulation of senescence- and autophagy-associated genes. This work provided the information for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence, and the results would be important to analyze which mutations of RPM1 could enable plants to obtain immune activation without negative effects on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoheng Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanjun Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinkun Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yingyin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. Suppression of NLR-mediated plant immune detection by bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6069-6088. [PMID: 37429579 PMCID: PMC10575702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is constituted of two functionally interdependent branches that provide the plant with an effective defense against microbial pathogens. They can be considered separate since one detects extracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns by means of receptors on the plant surface, while the other detects pathogen-secreted virulence effectors via intracellular receptors. Plant defense depending on both branches can be effectively suppressed by host-adapted microbial pathogens. In this review we focus on bacterially driven suppression of the latter, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and dependent on diverse NOD-like receptors (NLRs). We examine how some effectors secreted by pathogenic bacteria carrying type III secretion systems can be subject to specific NLR-mediated detection, which can be evaded by the action of additional co-secreted effectors (suppressors), implying that virulence depends on the coordinated action of the whole repertoire of effectors of any given bacterium and their complex epistatic interactions within the plant. We consider how ETI activation can be avoided by using suppressors to directly alter compromised co-secreted effectors, modify plant defense-associated proteins, or occasionally both. We also comment on the potential assembly within the plant cell of multi-protein complexes comprising both bacterial effectors and defense protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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19
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Agho CA, Kaurilind E, Tähtjärv T, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. Comparative transcriptome profiling of potato cultivars infected by late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: Diversity of quantitative and qualitative responses. Genomics 2023; 115:110678. [PMID: 37406973 PMCID: PMC10548088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The Estonia potato cultivar Ando has shown elevated field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, even after being widely grown for over 40 years. A comprehensive transcriptional analysis was performed using RNA-seq from plant leaf tissues to gain insight into the mechanisms activated for the defense after infection. Pathogen infection in Ando resulted in about 5927 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to 1161 DEGs in the susceptible cultivar Arielle. The expression levels of genes related to plant disease resistance such as serine/threonine kinase activity, signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, endocytosis, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and others were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs in Ando, whereas in the susceptible cultivar, only the pathway related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was enriched in the upregulated DEGs. However, in response to infection, photosynthesis was deregulated in Ando. Multi-signaling pathways of the salicylic-jasmonic-ethylene biosynthesis pathway were also activated in response to Phytophthora infestans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Agho
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - E Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - T Tähtjärv
- Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - E Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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20
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Kanawati B, Bertic M, Moritz F, Habermann F, Zimmer I, Mackey D, Schmitt‐Kopplin P, Schnitzler J, Durner J, Gaupels F. Blue-green fluorescence during hypersensitive cell death arises from phenylpropanoid deydrodimers. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e531. [PMID: 37705693 PMCID: PMC10496137 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Arabidopsis with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae and exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) both trigger hypersensitive cell death (HCD) that is characterized by the emission of bright blue-green (BG) autofluorescence under UV illumination. The aim of our current work was to identify the BG fluorescent molecules and scrutinize their biosynthesis, localization, and functions during the HCD. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the phenylpropanoid-deficient mutant fah1 developed normal HCD except for the absence of BG fluorescence. Ultrahigh resolution metabolomics combined with mass difference network analysis revealed that WT but not fah1 plants rapidly accumulate dehydrodimers of sinapic acid, sinapoylmalate, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and 5-hydroxyferuloylmalate during the HCD. FAH1-dependent BG fluorescence appeared exclusively within dying cells of the upper epidermis as detected by microscopy. Saponification released dehydrodimers from cell wall polymers of WT but not fah1 plants. Collectively, our data suggest that HCD induction leads to the formation of free BG fluorescent dehydrodimers from monomeric sinapates and 5-hydroxyferulates. The formed dehydrodimers move from upper epidermis cells into the apoplast where they esterify cell wall polymers. Possible functions of phenylpropanoid dehydrodimers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Kanawati
- Analytical BioGeoChemistryHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Marko Bertic
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Analytical BioGeoChemistryHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Felix Habermann
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary SciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular GeneticsOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Frank Gaupels
- Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
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21
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Löwe M, Jürgens K, Zeier T, Hartmann M, Gruner K, Müller S, Yildiz I, Perrar M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217771. [PMID: 37645466 PMCID: PMC10461098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial elicitor flagellin induces a battery of immune responses in plants. However, the rates and intensities by which metabolically-related defenses develop upon flagellin-sensing are comparatively moderate. We report here that the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for strongly enhanced metabolic and transcriptional responses to treatment by flg22, an elicitor-active peptide fragment of flagellin. While NHP powerfully activated priming of the flg22-induced accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), generation of the NHP biosynthetic precursor pipecolic acid (Pip), and accumulation of the stress-inducible lipids γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol, it more modestly primed for the flg22-triggered generation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1. The characterization of the biochemical and immune phenotypes of a set of different Arabidopsis single and double mutants impaired in NHP and/or SA biosynthesis indicates that, during earlier phases of the basal immune response of naïve plants to Pseudomonas syringae infection, NHP and SA mutually promote their biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation, while SA prevents extraordinarily high NHP levels in later interaction periods. Moreover, SA and NHP additively contribute to Arabidopsis basal immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection, as well as to the flagellin-induced acquired resistance response that is locally observed in plant tissue exposed to exogenous flg22. Our data reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the activation modes of flagellin-triggered acquired resistance in local tissue and the SAR state that is systemically induced in plants upon pathogen attack. They also corroborate that the NHP precursor Pip has no independent immune-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löwe
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Jürgens
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona Perrar
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Nomura K, Imboden LA, Tanaka H, He SY. Multiple host targets of Pseudomonas effector protein HopM1 form a protein complex regulating apoplastic immunity and water homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551310. [PMID: 37577537 PMCID: PMC10418078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type III effector proteins injected into the host cell play a critical role in mediating bacterial interactions with plant and animal hosts. Notably, some bacterial effectors are reported to target sequence-unrelated host proteins with unknown functional relationships. The Pseudomonas syringae effector HopM1 is such an example; it interacts with and/or degrades several HopM1-interacting (MIN) Arabidopsis proteins, including HopM1-interacting protein 2 (MIN2/RAD23), HopM1-interacting protein 7 (MIN7/BIG5), HopM1-interacting protein 10 (MIN10/14-3-3ĸ), and HopM1-interacting protein 13 (MIN13/BIG2). In this study, we purified the MIN7 complex formed in planta and found that it contains MIN7, MIN10, MIN13, as well as a tetratricopeptide repeat protein named HLB1. Mutational analysis showed that, like MIN7, HLB1 is required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-, effector-, and benzothiadiazole (BTH)-triggered immunity. HLB1 is recruited to the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) in a MIN7-dependent manner. Both min7 and hlb1 mutant leaves contained elevated water content in the leaf apoplast and artificial water infiltration into the leaf apoplast was sufficient to phenocopy immune-suppressing phenotype of HopM1. These results suggest that multiple HopM1-targeted MIN proteins form a protein complex with a dual role in modulating water level and immunity in the apoplast, which provides an explanation for the dual phenotypes of HopM1 during bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lori Alice Imboden
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-0033, Japan
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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23
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Shepherd S, Yuen ELH, Carella P, Bozkurt TO. The wheels of destruction: Plant NLR immune receptors are mobile and structurally dynamic disease resistance proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102372. [PMID: 37172365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune receptors that restrict plant invasion by pathogens. Most NLRs operate in intricate networks to detect pathogen effectors in a robust and efficient manner. NLRs are not static sensors; rather, they exhibit remarkable mobility and structural plasticity during the innate immune response. Inactive NLRs localize to diverse subcellular compartments where they are poised to sense pathogen effectors. During pathogen attack, some NLRs relocate toward the plant-pathogen interface, possibly to ensure their timely activation. Activated NLRs reorganize into wheel-shaped oligomers, some of which then form plasma membrane pores that promote calcium influx and programmed cell death. The emerging paradigm is that this variable and dynamic nature underpins effective NLR-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Kim H, Ahn YJ, Lee H, Chung EH, Segonzac C, Sohn KH. Diversified host target families mediate convergently evolved effector recognition across plant species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102398. [PMID: 37295296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen effectors is a crucial step for triggering plant immunity. Resistance (R) genes often encode for nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), and NLRs detect effectors from pathogens to trigger effector-triggered immunity (ETI). NLR recognition of effectors is observed in diverse forms where NLRs directly interact with effectors or indirectly detect effectors by monitoring host guardees/decoys (HGDs). HGDs undergo different biochemical modifications by diverse effectors and expand the effector recognition spectrum of NLRs, contributing robustness to plant immunity. Interestingly, in many cases of the indirect recognition of effectors, HGD families targeted by effectors are conserved across the plant species while NLRs are not. Notably, a family of diversified HGDs can activate multiple non-orthologous NLRs across plant species. Further investigation on HGDs would reveal the mechanistic basis of how the diversification of HGDs confers novel effector recognition by NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Liu X, Li J, Peng TS, Li X. Immune receptor mimicking hormone receptors: a new guarding strategy. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:14. [PMID: 37676410 PMCID: PMC10442019 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play crucial roles in immune responses against pathogens. How diverse NLRs recognize different pathogen effectors remains a significant question. A recent study published in Nature uncovered how pepper NLR Tsw detects phytohormone receptors' interference caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) effector, triggering a robust immune response, showcasing a new manner of NLR guarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Josh Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tony ShengZhe Peng
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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27
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Fang J, Chai Z, Huang R, Huang C, Ming Z, Chen B, Yao W, Zhang M. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase ScRIPK in sugarcane regulates disease resistance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191449. [PMID: 37304725 PMCID: PMC10248867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Receptor-like cytoplastic kinases (RLCKs) are known in many plants to be involved in various processes of plant growth and development and regulate plant immunity to pathogen infection. Environmental stimuli such as pathogen infection and drought restrict the crop yield and interfere with plant growth. However, the function of RLCKs in sugarcane remains unclear. Methods and results In this study, a member of the RLCK VII subfamily, ScRIPK, was identified in sugarcane based on sequence similarity to the rice and Arabidopsis RLCKs. ScRIPK was localized to the plasma membrane, as predicted, and the expression of ScRIPK was responsive to polyethylene glycol treatment and Fusarium sacchari infection. Overexpression of ScRIPK in Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance and disease susceptibility of seedlings. Moreover, the crystal structure of the ScRIPK kinase domain (ScRIPK KD) and the mutant proteins (ScRIPK-KD K124R and ScRIPK-KD S253A|T254A) were characterized in order to determine the activation mechanism. We also identified ScRIN4 as the interacting protein of ScRIPK. Discussion Our work identified a RLCK in sugarcane, providing a potential target for sugarcane responses to disease infection and drought, and a structural basis for kinase activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Fang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Chai
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Run Huang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cuilin Huang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Yao
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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28
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Zhao X, Sun X, Chen Y, Wu H, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Xie F, Chen Y. Mining of long non-coding RNAs with target genes in response to rust based on full-length transcriptome in Kentucky bluegrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1158035. [PMID: 37229126 PMCID: PMC10204806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is an eminent turfgrass species with a complex genome, but it is sensitive to rust (Puccinia striiformis). The molecular mechanisms of Kentucky bluegrass in response to rust still remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and genes (DEGs) for rust resistance based on the full-length transcriptome. First, we used single-molecule real-time sequencing technology to generate the full-length transcriptome of Kentucky bluegrass. A total of 33,541 unigenes with an average read length of 2,233 bp were obtained, which contained 220 lncRNAs and 1,604 transcription factors. Then, the comparative transcriptome between the mock-inoculated leaves and rust-infected leaves was analyzed using the full-length transcriptome as a reference genome. A total of 105 DELs were identified in response to rust infection. A total of 15,711 DEGs were detected (8,278 upregulated genes, 7,433 downregulated genes) and were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Additionally, through co-location and expression analysis, it was found that lncRNA56517, lncRNA53468, and lncRNA40596 were highly expressed in infected plants and upregulated the expression of target genes AUX/IAA, RPM1, and RPS2, respectively; meanwhile, lncRNA25980 decreased the expression level of target gene EIN3 after infection. The results suggest that these DEGs and DELs are important candidates for potentially breeding the rust-resistant Kentucky bluegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hanfu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Fuchun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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29
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Diplock N, Baudin M, Harden L, Silva CJ, Erickson-Beltran ML, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Utilising natural diversity of kinases to rationally engineer interactions with the angiosperm immune receptor ZAR1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023. [PMID: 37157998 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) recognises the activity of diverse pathogen effector proteins by monitoring the ZED1-related kinase (ZRK) family. Understanding how ZAR1 achieves interaction specificity for ZRKs may allow for the expansion of the ZAR1-kinase recognition repertoire to achieve novel pathogen recognition outside of model species. We took advantage of the natural diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana kinases to probe the ZAR1-kinase interaction interface and found that A. thaliana ZAR1 (AtZAR1) can interact with most ZRKs, except ZRK7. We found evidence of alternative splicing of ZRK7, resulting in a protein that can interact with AtZAR1. Despite high sequence conservation of ZAR1, interspecific ZAR1-ZRK pairings resulted in the autoactivation of cell death. We showed that ZAR1 interacts with a greater diversity of kinases than previously thought, while still possessing the capacity for specificity in kinase interactions. Finally, using AtZAR1-ZRK interaction data, we rationally increased ZRK10 interaction strength with AtZAR1, demonstrating the feasibility of the rational design of a ZAR1-interacting kinase. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the rules governing ZAR1 interaction specificity, with promising future directions for expanding ZAR1 immunodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Diplock
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leslie Harden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Silva
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Melissa L Erickson-Beltran
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jana A Hassan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, California, USA
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30
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Jayaraman J, Yoon M, Hemara LM, Bohne D, Tahir J, Chen RKY, Brendolise C, Rikkerink EHA, Templeton MD. Contrasting effector profiles between bacterial colonisers of kiwifruit reveal redundant roles converging on PTI-suppression and RIN4. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1605-1619. [PMID: 36856342 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Testing effector knockout strains of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) for reduced in planta growth in their native kiwifruit host revealed a number of nonredundant effectors that contribute to Psa3 virulence. Conversely, complementation in the weak kiwifruit pathogen P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm) for increased growth identified redundant Psa3 effectors. Psa3 effectors hopAZ1a and HopS2b and the entire exchangeable effector locus (ΔEEL; 10 effectors) were significant contributors to bacterial colonisation of the host and were additive in their effects on virulence. Four of the EEL effectors (HopD1a, AvrB2b, HopAW1a and HopD2a) redundantly contribute to virulence through suppression of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Important Psa3 effectors include several redundantly required effectors early in the infection process (HopZ5a, HopH1a, AvrPto1b, AvrRpm1a and HopF1e). These largely target the plant immunity hub, RIN4. This comprehensive effector profiling revealed that Psa3 carries robust effector redundancy for a large portion of its effectors, covering a few functions critical to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Lauren M Hemara
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Bohne
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Ronan K Y Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, 4472, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
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Wang D, Wei L, Liu T, Ma J, Huang K, Guo H, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Tsuda K, Wang Y. Suppression of ETI by PTI priming to balance plant growth and defense through an MPK3/MPK6-WRKYs-PP2Cs module. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:903-918. [PMID: 37041748 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are required for host defense against pathogens. Although PTI and ETI are intimately connected, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that flg22 priming attenuates Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) AvrRpt2-induced hypersensitive cell death, resistance, and biomass reduction in Arabidopsis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key signaling regulators of PTI and ETI. The absence of MPK3 and MPK6 significantly reduces pre-PTI-mediated ETI suppression (PES). We found that MPK3/MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate the downstream transcription factor WRKY18, which regulates the expression of AP2C1 and PP2C5, two genes encoding protein phosphatases. Furthermore, we observed that the PTI-suppressed ETI-triggered cell death, MAPK activation, and growth retardation are significantly attenuated in wrky18/40/60 and ap2c1 pp2c5 mutants. Taken together, our results suggest that the MPK3/MPK6-WRKYs-PP2Cs module underlies PES and is essential for the maintenance of plant fitness during ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Estrella-Maldonado H, González-Cruz C, Matilde-Hernández C, Adame-García J, Santamaría JM, Santillán-Mendoza R, Flores-de la Rosa FR. Insights into the Molecular Basis of Huanglongbing Tolerance in Persian Lime ( Citrus latifolia Tan.) through a Transcriptomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087497. [PMID: 37108662 PMCID: PMC10144405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a vascular disease of Citrus caused by three species of the α-proteobacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter", with "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) being the most widespread and the one causing significant economic losses in citrus-producing regions worldwide. However, Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) has shown tolerance to the disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this tolerance, transcriptomic analysis of HLB was performed using asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 652 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to CLas infection, of which 457 were upregulated and 195 were downregulated. KEGG analysis revealed that after CLas infection, some DEGs were present in the plant-pathogen interaction and in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. DEGs present in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway suggests that tolerance against HLB in Persian lime could be mediated, at least partly, by the ClRSP2 and ClHSP90 genes. Previous reports documented that RSP2 and HSP90 showed low expression in susceptible citrus genotypes. Regarding the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, some genes were identified as being related to the imbalance of starch accumulation. On the other hand, eight biotic stress-related genes were selected for further RT-qPCR analysis to validate our results. RT-qPCR results confirmed that symptomatic HLB leaves had high relative expression levels of the ClPR1, ClNFP, ClDR27, and ClSRK genes, whereas the ClHSL1, ClRPP13, ClPDR1, and ClNAC genes were expressed at lower levels than those from HLB asymptomatic leaves. Taken together, the present transcriptomic analysis contributes to the understanding of the CLas-Persian lime interaction in its natural environment and may set the basis for developing strategies for the integrated management of this important Citrus disease through the identification of blanks for genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Estrella-Maldonado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Cong. Javier Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Carlos González-Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Cong. Javier Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Cristian Matilde-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Cong. Javier Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jacel Adame-García
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Úrsulo Galván, Km 4.5 Carretera Cd. Cardel-Chachalacas, Úrsulo Galván C.P. 91667, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Santillán-Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Cong. Javier Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Felipe Roberto Flores-de la Rosa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Cong. Javier Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
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Vo KTX, Yi Q, Jeon JS. Engineering effector-triggered immunity in rice: Obstacles and perspectives. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1143-1156. [PMID: 36305486 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Improving rice immunity is one of the most effective approaches to reduce yield loss by biotic factors, with the aim of increasing rice production by 2050 amidst limited natural resources. Triggering a fast and strong immune response to pathogens, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) has intrigued scientists to intensively study and utilize the mechanisms for engineering highly resistant plants. The conservation of ETI components and mechanisms across species enables the use of ETI components to generate broad-spectrum resistance in plants. Numerous efforts have been made to introduce new resistance (R) genes, widen the effector recognition spectrum and generate on-demand R genes. Although engineering ETI across plant species is still associated with multiple challenges, previous attempts have provided an enhanced understanding of ETI mechanisms. Here, we provide a survey of recent reports in the engineering of rice R genes. In addition, we suggest a framework for future studies of R gene-effector interactions, including genome-scale investigations in both rice and pathogens, followed by structural studies of R proteins and effectors, and potential strategies to use important ETI components to improve rice immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Qi Yi
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Stael S, Van Breusegem F. Mechanisms controlling plant proteases and their substrates. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1047-1058. [PMID: 36755073 PMCID: PMC10070405 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, proteolysis is emerging as an important field of study due to a growing understanding of the critical involvement of proteases in plant cell death, disease and development. Because proteases irreversibly modify the structure and function of their target substrates, proteolytic activities are stringently regulated at multiple levels. Most proteases are produced as dormant isoforms and only activated in specific conditions such as altered ion fluxes or by post-translational modifications. Some of the regulatory mechanisms initiating and modulating proteolytic activities are restricted in time and space, thereby ensuring precision activity, and minimizing unwanted side effects. Currently, the activation mechanisms and the substrates of only a few plant proteases have been studied in detail. Most studies focus on the role of proteases in pathogen perception and subsequent modulation of the plant reactions, including the hypersensitive response (HR). Proteases are also required for the maturation of coexpressed peptide hormones that lead essential processes within the immune response and development. Here, we review the known mechanisms for the activation of plant proteases, including post-translational modifications, together with the effects of proteinaceous inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Son S, Park SR. Plant translational reprogramming for stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1151587. [PMID: 36909402 PMCID: PMC9998923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organisms regulate gene expression to produce essential proteins for numerous biological processes, from growth and development to stress responses. Transcription and translation are the major processes of gene expression. Plants evolved various transcription factors and transcriptome reprogramming mechanisms to dramatically modulate transcription in response to environmental cues. However, even the genome-wide modulation of a gene's transcripts will not have a meaningful effect if the transcripts are not properly biosynthesized into proteins. Therefore, protein translation must also be carefully controlled. Biotic and abiotic stresses threaten global crop production, and these stresses are seriously deteriorating due to climate change. Several studies have demonstrated improved plant resistance to various stresses through modulation of protein translation regulation, which requires a deep understanding of translational control in response to environmental stresses. Here, we highlight the translation mechanisms modulated by biotic, hypoxia, heat, and drought stresses, which are becoming more serious due to climate change. This review provides a strategy to improve stress tolerance in crops by modulating translational regulation.
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Ma Y, Yu H, Lu Y, Gao S, Fatima M, Ming R, Yue J. Transcriptome analysis of sugarcane reveals rapid defense response of SES208 to Xanthomonas albilineans in early infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:52. [PMID: 36694139 PMCID: PMC9872421 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases are the major factor affecting the quality and yield of sugarcane during its growth and development. However, our knowledge about the factors regulating disease responses remain limited. The present study focuses on identifying genes regulating transcriptional mechanisms responsible for resistance to leaf scald caused by Xanthomonas albilineans in S. spontaneum and S. officinarum. RESULTS After inoculation of the two sugarcane varieties SES208 (S. spontaneum) and LA Purple (S. officinarum) with Xanthomonas albilineans, SES208 exhibited significantly greater resistance to leaf scald caused by X. albilineans than did LA Purple. Using transcriptome analysis, we identified a total of 4323 and 1755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in inoculated samples of SES208 and LA Purple, respectively. Significantly, 262 DEGs were specifically identified in SES208 that were enriched for KEGG pathway terms such as plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction. Furthermore, we built a transcriptional regulatory co-expression network that specifically identified 16 and 25 hub genes in SES208 that were enriched for putative functions in plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling, and plant hormone signal transduction. All of these essential genes might be significantly involved in resistance-regulating responses in SES208 after X. albilineans inoculation. In addition, we found allele-specific expression in SES208 that was associated with the resistance phenotype of SES208 when infected by X. albilineans. After infection with X. albilineans, a great number of DEGs associated with the KEGG pathways 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' and 'flavonoid biosynthesis' exhibited significant expression changes in SES208 compared to LA Purple that might contribute to superior leaf scald resistance in SES208. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first systematical transcriptome map that the higher resistance of SES208 is associated with and elicited by the rapid activation of multiple clusters of defense response genes after infection by X. albilineans and not merely due to changes in the expression of genes generically associated with stress resistance. These results will serve as the foundation for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance against X. albilineans in S. spontaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaying Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongying Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yijing Lu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sanji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ray Ming
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jingjing Yue
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Feng Z, Wei F, Feng H, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhou J, Xie J, Jiang D, Zhu H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Defense Mechanism of Cotton against Verticillium dahliae Induced by Hypovirulent Fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens CEF08111. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021480. [PMID: 36674996 PMCID: PMC9863408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a kind of plant vascular disease caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae, which severely limits cotton production. Our previous studies showed that the endophytic fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens CEF08111 can effectively control Verticillium wilt and induce a defense response in cotton plants. However, the comprehensive molecular mechanism governing this response is not yet clear. To study the signaling mechanism induced by strain CEF08111, the transcriptome of cotton seedlings pretreated with CEF08111 was sequenced. The results revealed 249, 3559 and 33 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3, 12 and 48 h post inoculation with CEF08111, respectively. At 12 h post inoculation with CEF08111, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched mainly in the plant−pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-plant, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched mainly in the following terms: response to external stimulus, systemic acquired resistance, kinase activity, phosphotransferase activity, xyloglucan: xyloglucosyl transferase activity, xyloglucan metabolic process, cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process and hemicellulose metabolic process. Moreover, many genes, such as calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2), resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1(RPM1) and myelocytomatosis protein 2 (MYC2), that regulate crucial points in defense-related pathways were identified and may contribute to V. dahliae resistance in cotton. Seven DEGs of the pathway phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and these genes are related to lignin synthesis. The above genes were compared and analyzed, a total of 710 candidate genes that may be related to the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt were identified. These results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism by which the biocontrol fungus CEF08111 increases the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (H.Z.)
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Advances in Biological Control and Resistance Genes of Brassicaceae Clubroot Disease-The Study Case of China. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010785. [PMID: 36614228 PMCID: PMC9821010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot disease is a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. It occurs in cruciferous crops exclusively, and causes serious damage to the economic value of cruciferous crops worldwide. Although different measures have been taken to prevent the spread of clubroot disease, the most fundamental and effective way is to explore and use disease-resistance genes to breed resistant varieties. However, the resistance level of plant hosts is influenced both by environment and pathogen race. In this work, we described clubroot disease in terms of discovery and current distribution, life cycle, and race identification systems; in particular, we summarized recent progress on clubroot control methods and breeding practices for resistant cultivars. With the knowledge of these identified resistance loci and R genes, we discussed feasible strategies for disease-resistance breeding in the future.
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Qasim Aslam M, Hussain A, Akram A, Hussain S, Zahra Naqvi R, Amin I, Saeed M, Mansoor S. Cotton Mi-1.2-like Gene: A potential source of whitefly resistance. Gene 2023; 851:146983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Redkar A, Cevik V, Bailey K, Zhao H, Kim DS, Zou Z, Furzer OJ, Fairhead S, Borhan MH, Holub EB, Jones JDG. The Arabidopsis WRR4A and WRR4B paralogous NLR proteins both confer recognition of multiple Albugo candida effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:532-547. [PMID: 35838065 PMCID: PMC10087428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Albugo candida causes white blister rust, an important disease of Brassica crops. Distinct races of A. candida are defined by their capacity to infect different host plant species. Each A. candida race encodes secreted proteins with a CX2 CX5 G ('CCG') motif that are polymorphic and show presence/absence variation, and are therefore candidate effectors. The White Rust Resistance 4 (WRR4) locus in Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0 contains three genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat immune receptors. The Col-0 alleles of WRR4A and WRR4B confer resistance to multiple A. candida races, although both WRR4A and WRR4B can be overcome by the Col-0-virulent race 4 isolate AcEx1. Comparison of CCG candidate effectors in avirulent and virulent races, and transient co-expression of CCG effectors from four A. candida races in Nicotiana sp. or A. thaliana, revealed CCG effectors that trigger WRR4A- or WRR4B-dependent hypersensitive responses. We found eight WRR4A-recognised CCGs and four WRR4B-recognised CCGs, the first recognised proteins from A. candida for which the cognate immune receptors in A. thaliana are known. This multiple recognition capacity potentially explains the broad-spectrum resistance to several A. candida races conferred by WRR4 paralogues. We further show that of five tested CCGs, three confer enhanced disease susceptibility when expressed in planta, consistent with A. candida CCG proteins being effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Redkar
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune UniversityGaneshkhindPune411007India
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Kate Bailey
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - He Zhao
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062China
| | - Zhou Zou
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Oliver J. Furzer
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Sebastian Fairhead
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Life SciencesWarwick Crop Centre, University of WarwickWellesbourneCV35 9EFUK
| | - M. Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada107 Science PlaceSaskatoonSKS7N 0X2Canada
| | - Eric B. Holub
- School of Life SciencesWarwick Crop Centre, University of WarwickWellesbourneCV35 9EFUK
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Lee MH, Park J, Kim KH, Kim KM, Kang CS, Lee GE, Choi JY, Shon J, Ko JM, Choi C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Arabinoxylan Content from a 562 Hexaploid Wheat Collection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:184. [PMID: 36616313 PMCID: PMC9823421 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The selection of wheat varieties with high arabinoxylan (AX) levels could effectively improve the daily consumption of dietary fiber. However, studies on the selection of markers for AX levels are scarce. This study analyzed AX levels in 562 wheat genotypes collected from 46 countries using a GWAS with the BLINK model in the GAPIT3. Wheat genotypes were classified into eight subpopulations that exhibited high genetic differentiation based on 31,926 SNP loci. Eight candidate genes were identified, among which those encoding F-box domain-containing proteins, disease resistance protein RPM1, and bZIP transcription factor 29 highly correlated with AX levels. The AX level was higher in the adenine allele than in the guanine alleles of these genes in the wheat collection. In addition, the AX level was approximately 10% higher in 3 adenine combinations than 2 guanine, 1 adenine, and 3 guanine combinations in genotypes of three genes (F-box domain-containing proteins, RPM1, and bZIP transcription factor 29). The adenine allele, present in 97.46% of AX-95086356 SNP, exhibited a high correlation with AX levels following classification by country. Notably, the East Asian wheat genotypes contain high adenine alleles in three genes. These results highlight the potential of these three SNPs to serve as selectable markers for high AX content.
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Wang Z, Yao X, Jia C, Zheng Y, Lin Q, Wang J, Liu J, Zhu Z, Peng L, Xu B, Cong X, Jin Z. Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of R2R3-MYB Genes Related to Fruit Ripening and Stress Response in Banana ( Musa acuminata L. AAA Group, cv. 'Cavendish'). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 36616281 PMCID: PMC9823626 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MYB is an important type of transcription factor in eukaryotes. It is widely involved in a variety of biological processes and plays a role in plant morphogenesis, growth and development, primary and secondary metabolite synthesis, and other life processes. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family members in the whole Musa acuminata (DH-Pahang) genome, one of the wild ancestors of banana. A total of 280 MaMYBs were obtained, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these MaMYBs could be classified into 33 clades with MYBs from Arabidopsis thaliana. The amino acid sequences of the R2 and R3 Myb-DNA binding in all MaMYB protein sequences were quite conserved, especially Arg-12, Arg-13, Leu-23, and Leu-79. Distribution mapping results showed that 277 MaMYBs were localized on the 11 chromosomes in the Musa acuminata genome. The MaMYBs were distributed unevenly across the 11 chromosomes. More than 40.0% of the MaMYBs were located in collinear fragments, and segmental duplications likely played a key role in the expansion of the MaMYBs. Moreover, the expression profiles of MaMYBs in different fruit development and ripening stages and under various abiotic and biotic stresses were investigated using available RNA-sequencing data to obtain fruit development, ripening-specific, and stress-responsive candidate genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to analyze transcriptome data of banana from the above 11 samples. We found MaMYBs participating in important metabolic biosynthesis pathways in banana. Collectively, our results represent a comprehensive genome-wide study of the MaMYB gene family, which should be helpful in further detailed studies on MaMYBs functions related to fruit development, postharvest ripening, and the seedling response to stress in an important banana cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | | | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yunke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Qiumei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhao Zhu
- College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er 665000, China
| | - Long Peng
- College of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural University, Pu’er 665000, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xinli Cong
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Yu X, Lin Y, Zhu Y, Chen J, Xie H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Wei Y, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Zheng Y, Wang M, Xie H, Zhang J. SH3P2, an SH3 domain-containing protein that interacts with both Pib and AvrPib, suppresses effector-triggered, Pib-mediated immunity in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1931-1946. [PMID: 36321201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually keep resistance (R) proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth, but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion. Pib, the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, mediates resistance to the blast fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib. However, the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear. In this study, through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin (YY). Furthermore, an SH3 domain-containing protein, SH3P2, was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells, via direct binding with the coiled-coil (CC) domain of Pib. Interestingly, overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib-mediated resistance to M. oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death. SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro, suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization. Moreover, SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib, which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib. Taken together, our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a "protector" to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib-carrying M. oryzae isolates. Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiangzhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yuelong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lanning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanjia Xiao
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Mo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Affairs, Fuzhou, P.R. China; Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou, China; Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China.
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Son S, Park SR. Climate change impedes plant immunity mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032820. [PMID: 36523631 PMCID: PMC9745204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change caused by human activity is threatening global crop production and food security worldwide. In particular, the emergence of new infectious plant pathogens and the geographical expansion of plant disease incidence result in serious yield losses of major crops annually. Since climate change has accelerated recently and is expected to worsen in the future, we have reached an inflection point where comprehensive preparations to cope with the upcoming crisis can no longer be delayed. Development of new plant breeding technologies including site-directed nucleases offers the opportunity to mitigate the effects of the changing climate. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant innate immunity and identification of elite genes conferring disease resistance are crucial for the engineering of new crop cultivars and plant improvement strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss the effects of major environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration on plant immunity systems. This review provides a strategy for securing crop-based nutrition against severe pathogen attacks in the era of climate change.
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Yoon M, Middleditch MJ, Rikkerink EHA. A conserved glutamate residue in RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 is ADP-ribosylated by the Pseudomonas effector AvrRpm2 to activate RPM1-mediated plant resistance. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4950-4972. [PMID: 36130293 PMCID: PMC9710000 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens inject effectors into their hosts to hijack and manipulate metabolism, eluding surveillance at the battle frontier on the cell surface. The effector AvrRpm1Pma from Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola functions as an ADP-ribosyl transferase that modifies RESISTANCE TO P. SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA1 (RPM1)-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), leading to the activation of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) resistance protein RPM1. Here we confirmed the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of another bacterial effector, AvrRpm2Psa from P. syringae pv. actinidiae, via sequential inoculation of Pseudomonas strain Pto DC3000 harboring avrRpm2Psa following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of RIN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. We conducted mutational analysis in combination with mass spectrometry to locate the target site in RIN4. A conserved glutamate residue (Glu156) is the most likely target for AvrRpm2Psa, as only Glu156 could be ADP-ribosylated to activate RPM1 among candidate target residues identified from the MS/MS fragmentation spectra. Soybean (Glycine max) and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) RIN4 homologs without glutamate at the positions corresponding to Glu156 of Arabidopsis RIN4 are not ADP-ribosylated by bacterial AvrRpm2Psa. In contrast to the effector AvrB, AvrRpm2Psa does not require the phosphorylation of Thr166 in RIN4 to activate RPM1. Therefore, separate biochemical reactions by different pathogen effectors may trigger the activation of the same resistance protein via distinct modifications of RIN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Juškytė AD, Mažeikienė I, Stanys V. Analysis of R Genes Related to Blackcurrant Reversion Virus Resistance in the Comparative Transcriptome of Ribes nigrum cv. Aldoniai. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223137. [PMID: 36432866 PMCID: PMC9692259 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV) is the most destructive mite-transmitted pathogen in blackcurrants. The understanding of the resistance to BRV is limited, hindering and delaying the selection process. To identify the resistance (R) gene for BRV resistance, a gene expression analysis based on de novo blackcurrant cv. Aldoniai comparative transcriptome analysis (mock- and BRV-inoculated samples at 2 and 4 days post-inoculation (dpi)) was performed. In this study, 111 annotated clusters associated with pathogenesis according to conservative R gene domains were identified. In virus-infected samples, only Cluster-12591.33361 showed significant expression at 4 dpi. The expression profiles of this cluster were significantly associated with the presence of BRV particles in plant tissues, making it a putative R gene in the dominant resistance strategy in the BRV-Ribes nigrum interaction. The newly identified gene R.nigrum_R belongs to the CC-NBS-LRR class and has 63.9% identity with RPM1 in Populus spp. This study provides new insights on dominant putative R genes related to resistance to BRV in R. nigrum, which could aid targeted research and genetic improvement in breeding programs of blackcurrants.
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Cantila AY, Thomas WJW, Bayer PE, Edwards D, Batley J. Predicting Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Radish, Underutilised Oilseeds, and Wild Brassicaceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3010. [PMID: 36432742 PMCID: PMC9693284 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae crops, including Brassica, Camelina and Raphanus species, are among the most economically important crops globally; however, their production is affected by several diseases. To predict cloned disease resistance (R) gene homologs (CDRHs), we used the protein sequences of 49 cloned R genes against fungal and bacterial diseases in Brassicaceae species. In this study, using 20 Brassicaceae genomes (17 wild and 3 domesticated species), 3172 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (2062 nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), 497 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 613 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) were identified. CDRH clusters were also observed in Arabis alpina, Camelina sativa and Cardamine hirsuta with assigned chromosomes, consisting of 62 homogeneous (38 NLR, 17 RLK and 7 RLP clusters) and 10 heterogeneous RGA clusters. This study highlights the prevalence of CDRHs in the wild relatives of the Brassicaceae family, which may lay the foundation for rapid identification of functional genes and genomics-assisted breeding to develop improved disease-resistant Brassicaceae crop cultivars.
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Comprehensive Virus Resistance Response Mechanism in Pecan Infected by a Novel Badnavirus Pecan Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113576. [PMID: 36362365 PMCID: PMC9655656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pecan leaf-variegated plant, which was infected with a novel badnavirus named pecan mosaic virus (PMV) detected by small RNA deep sequencing, is a vital model plant for studying the molecular mechanism of retaining green or chlorosis of virus-infected leaves. In this report, PMV infection in pecan leaves induced PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PMV infection suppressed the expressions of key genes of fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1), and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) biosynthesis, indicating that fatty acids-derived signaling was one of the important defense pathways in response to PMV infection in pecan. PMV infection in pecans enhanced the expressions of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). However, the transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) were downregulated, indicating that salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis was blocked in pecan infected with PMV. Meanwhile, disruption of auxin signaling affected the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Thus, C18:1 and JA signals are involved in response to PMV infection in pecan. In PMV-infected yellow leaves, damaged chloroplast structure and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) inhibited photosynthesis. Cytokinin and SA biosynthesis was blocked, leading to plants losing immune responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The repression of photosynthesis and the induction of sink metabolism in the infected tissue led to dramatic changes in carbohydrate partitioning. On the contrary, the green leaves of PMV infection in pecan plants had whole cell tissue structure and chloroplast clustering, establishing a strong antiviral immunity system. Cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling transductions were remarkably strengthened, activating plant immune responses. Meanwhile, cytokinin accumulation in green leaves induced partial SA biosynthesis and gained comparatively higher SAR compared to that of yellow leaves. Disturbance of the ribosome biogenesis might enhance the resistance to PMV infection in pecan and lead to leaves staying green.
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Sun Q, Xu Z, Huang W, Li D, Zeng Q, Chen L, Li B, Zhang E. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals salicylic acid and flavonoid pathways' key roles in cabbage's defense responses to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005764. [PMID: 36388482 PMCID: PMC9659849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular bacteria pathogen causing black rot in cabbage. Here, the resistance mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc infection were explored by integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Pathogen perception, hormone metabolisms, sugar metabolisms, and phenylpropanoid metabolisms in cabbage were systemically re-programmed at both transcriptional and metabolic levels after Xcc infection. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) metabolism pathway was highly enriched in resistant lines following Xcc infection, indicating that the SA metabolism pathway may positively regulate the resistance of Xcc. Moreover, we also validated our hypothesis by showing that the flavonoid pathway metabolites chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid could effectively inhibit the growth of Xcc. These findings provide valuable insights and resource datasets for further exploring Xcc-cabbage interactions and help uncover molecular breeding targets for black rot-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Li
- *Correspondence: Baohua Li, ; Enhui Zhang,
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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