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Transcriptomic profiles of the ovaries from piglets neonatally exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol. Theriogenology 2020; 153:102-111. [PMID: 32450468 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The environmental pollutants with hormonal activities may influence steroid-mediated processes in neonatal ovaries and increase the incidence of reproductive disorders. The aim of the current study was to examine effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), a non-ionic surfactant widely used in a variety of industrial applications which has been reported to mimic the 17β-estradiol activity, on the expression of protein-coding (mRNAs) and long non-coding (lncRNAs) transcripts in neonatal ovaries of the pig. By employing RNA-Seq we aimed to gain insights into regulatory networks underlying the OP effects on the follicular development in pigs. Piglets were injected (sc) daily with OP (100 mg/kg bw) or corn oil (controls) between postnatal Days 1 and 10 (n = 3/group). Ovaries were excised from the 11-day-old piglets and total cellular RNA was isolated and sequenced. Two hundred three differentially expressed genes (DEGs; P-adjusted < 0.05 and log2 fold change ≥1.0) and 23 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs; P-adjusted < 0.05 and log2 fold change ≥ 1.0) were identified in OP-treated piglet ovaries. The DEGs were assigned to Gene Ontology terms, covering biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, which linked the DEGs to functions associated with movement of cell or subcellular component, regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly as well as hydrolase and endopeptidase activity. In addition, STRING analysis demonstrated the strongest interactions between genes related to negative regulation of endopeptidase activity. Some correlations between DEGs and DELs were also found, revealing that the OP action on the ovary may be partially executed via the changes in the lncRNA expression. These results suggest that neonatal exposure of pigs to OP induces changes in the ovarian transcriptomic profile associated with genes encoding serine protease inhibitors and involved in steroid synthesis as well as genes linked to intracellular and membrane transport. We suggest that the changes in the mRNA and lncRNA expression in the ovaries of OP-treated piglets may disturb ovarian cellular function, including steroidogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis.
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Yang C, Song G, Lim W. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114505. [PMID: 32268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that interfere with the expression, synthesis, and activity of hormones in organisms. They are released into the environment from flame retardants and products containing plasticizers. Persistent pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorobenzene, also disrupt the endocrine system through interaction with hormone receptors. Endogenous hormones, such as 17β-estradiol (E2), are released in the urine and feces of farm animals and seep into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through sewage. Pigs are widely used as animal models to determine the effects of EDCs because they are physiologically, biochemically, and histologically similar to humans. EDCs primarily disrupt the reproductive and nervous systems of pigs. Moreover, embryonic development during the prenatal and early postnatal periods is particularly sensitive to EDCs. Mycotoxins, such as zearalenone, are food contaminants that alter hormonal activities in pigs. Mycotoxins also alter the innate immune system in pigs, making them vulnerable to diseases. It has been reported that farm animals are exposed to various types of EDCs, which accumulate in tissues, such as those of gonads, livers, and intestines. There is a lack of an integrated understanding of the impact of EDCs on porcine reproduction and development. Thus, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of literature regarding the effects of EDCs in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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Achar JC, Kim DY, Kwon JH, Jung J. Toxicokinetic modeling of octylphenol bioconcentration in Chlorella vulgaris and its trophic transfer to Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110379. [PMID: 32143104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioconcentration of 4-tert-Octylphenol (OP) in freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris was investigated by considering the effects of algal growth and exudate excretion. The OP uptake in algae was approximately 113 mg kg-1 after 24 h, and the uptake rate constant was estimated as 2.4 × 104 L kg-1 d-1. The OP sorption onto exudates reduced OP bioavailability to C. vulgaris to 11% after 24 h, with a sorption coefficient of 9.7 × 103 L kg-1. The elimination of OP by algae growth (0.80 d-1) was dominant over real elimination (0.60 d-1). The calculated bioconcentration factor of OP in C. vulgaris following uptake and elimination rate constants was 4.0 × 104 L kg-1. Further, bioaccumulation of OP in Daphnia magna was investigated by considering both aqueous and dietary (C. vulgaris) exposures. Uptake and elimination rates of OP via water were 1.6 × 104 L kg-1 d-1 and 0.95 d-1, respectively, while ingestion rate and assimilation efficiency via diet were 0.41 d-1 and 58%, respectively. The OP accumulation in D. magna predominantly occurred via water (63%) relative to diet (37%), resulting in a bioaccumulation factor of 2.7 × 104 L kg-1. The estimated trophic transfer factor was 0.25, suggesting that OP biomagnification was unlikely in the C. vulgaris-D. magna trophic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Collince Achar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Knapczyk-Stwora K, Grzesiak M, Ciereszko RE, Czaja E, Koziorowski M, Slomczynska M. The impact of sex steroid agonists and antagonists on folliculogenesis in the neonatal porcine ovary via cell proliferation and apoptosis. Theriogenology 2018; 113:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Cha S, Baek JW, Ji HJ, Choi JH, Kim C, Lee MY, Hwang YJ, Yang E, Lee SH, Jung HI, Cheon YP. Disturbing Effects of Chronic Low-dose 4-Nonylphenol exposing on Gonadal Weight and Reproductive Outcome over One-generation. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:121-130. [PMID: 28785733 PMCID: PMC5532304 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (NP) is a surfactant that is a well-known and widespread estrogenic
endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Although it has been known that the
affinity of NP to ERs is low, it has been suggested that low-dose NP has
toxicity. In the present study, the endocrine disrupting effects on
reproduction, and the weight of gonads, epididymis, and uterus were evaluated
with the chronic lower-dose NP exposing. This study was designed by following
the OECD test guideline 443 and subjected to a complete necropsy. In male, NP
had an effect on the weight of the testis and epididymis in both F0
and F1. In females, NP decreased the weight of ovary and uterus in
F0 but not in pre-pubertal F1 pubs. Fertility of male
and female in F0 or F1 was no related with NP
administration. The number of caudal-epididymal sperm by body weight (BW) was
not different between groups in both F0 and F1. Besides,
the difference of the sperm number between generations was not detected. The
number of ovulated oocytes was similar between groups in F0, but
significantly decreased in NP 50 group of F1. The litter size and sex
ratios of offspring in F1 and F2 were not different. The
accumulated mating rate and gestation period were not affected by the NP
administration. Those results shows that chronic lower-dose NP administration
has an effect of endocrine disruptor on the weight of gonads and epididymis of
F0 and F1 but not in reproduction. Based on the
results, it is suggested that chronic lower-dose NP exposing causes endocrine
disruption in the weight of gonad and epididymis but not in the reproductive
ability of next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyeong Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Baek
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Ji
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Choi
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Chaelim Kim
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Eunhyeok Yang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Lifesicence, Sangmyung University, Soeul 03016, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
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Czech T, Bonilla NB, Gambus F, González RR, Marín-Sáez J, Vidal JLM, Frenich AG. Fast analysis of 4-tertoctylphenol, pentachlorophenol and 4-nonylphenol in river sediments by QuEChERS extraction procedure combined with GC-QqQ-MS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:681-687. [PMID: 27039060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-based extraction method has been optimized for the determination of pentachlorophenol, 4-tertoctylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in river sediments. The extraction method was followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis, which ensures the reliable identification of the target compounds. The proposed method has been validated allowing the successful determination of the selected compounds, with recoveries ranging from 72 to 96%, when three concentration levels were evaluated (10, 50 and 100μgkg(-1)) and inter-day and intra-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), were lower than 20%. The method showed limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.1 to 2.0μgkg(-1) and from 0.5 to 5.0μgkg(-1), respectively. Finally, 25 real samples from Poland have been analyzed, and only 4-tertoctylphenol was detected at concentrations up to 8.9μgkg(-1) of soil dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Czech
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicz 21, 31-120 Cracow, Poland
| | - N Barco Bonilla
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - F Gambus
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicz 21, 31-120 Cracow, Poland
| | - R Romero González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - J Marín-Sáez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Martínez Vidal
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
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Buonsante VA, Muilerman H, Santos T, Robinson C, Tweedale AC. Risk assessment's insensitive toxicity testing may cause it to fail. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:139-147. [PMID: 25262087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment of chemicals and other agents must be accurate to protect health. We analyse the determinants of a sensitive chronic toxicity study, risk assessment's most important test. Manufacturers originally generate data on the properties of a molecule, and if government approval is needed to market it, laws globally require toxicity data to be generated using Test Guidelines (TG), i.e. test methods of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), or their equivalent. TGs have advantages, but they test close-to-poisonous doses for chronic exposures and have other insensitivities, such as not testing disease latency. This and the fact that academic investigators will not be constrained by such artificial methods, created a de facto total ban of academia's diverse and sensitive toxicity tests from most risk assessment. OBJECTIVE To start and sustain a dialogue between regulatory agencies and academic scientists (secondarily, industry and NGOs) whose goals would be to (1) agree on the determinants of accurate toxicity tests and (2) implement them (via the OECD). DISCUSSION We analyse the quality of the data produced by these incompatible paradigms: regulatory and academic toxicology; analyse the criteria used to designate data quality in risk assessment; and discuss accurate chronic toxicity test methods. CONCLUSION There are abundant modern experimental methods (and rigorous epidemiology), and an existing systematic review system, to at long last allow academia's toxicity studies to be used in most risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Muilerman
- Pesticide Action Network Europe, 1 Rue de la Pépinière, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Santos
- European Environmental Bureau, 34 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Claire Robinson
- Earth Open Source, 145-157 St. John Street, London EC1V 4PY, UK.
| | - Anthony C Tweedale
- R.I.S.K. Consultancy, c/o EEB, 34 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Sampath S, Larsson DGJ, Ramaswamy BR. GC-MS determination of bisphenol A and alkylphenol ethoxylates in river water from India and their ecotoxicological risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 99:13-20. [PMID: 24183982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from three rivers in southern India were analyzed for octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), and bisphenol A (BPA) residues by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA ranged from ND (not detected) to 16.3 ng/L, ND to 2200 ng/L, and 2.8 to 136 ng/L with detection frequencies of 96%, 66% and 100%, respectively. All three rivers showed a similar distribution pattern of NP>>BPA>OP, however, the Kaveri river had elevated levels. The phenolic compounds in rivers are expected to cause potential toxicity to aquatic organism including crustaceans, molluscs, insects and fish. In respect to aquatic risk assessment, NP showed a greater hazard quotient (HQ) than did OP and BPA, and the highest HQ (62) was observed for fish in the Kaveri river. The backwater and estuarine NP levels may pose a risk to larvae of oysters and barnacles. Based on tolerable daily intake and reference dose, BPA and NP levels are considered safe for humans. However, NP levels in some water samples were greater than the drinking water safety limit (0.5 µg/L). This is the first report on phenolic compounds and their associated aquatic risks in Indian rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Santos R, Schoevers E, Roelen B, Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxins and female reproduction: in vitro approaches. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins has been linked to adverse effects on female reproduction by interfering with the synthesis, metabolism or degradation of steroid hormones, interaction with steroid receptors or impairing oocyte maturation and competence. To assess such effects, many studies initially focussed on possible endocrine actions of mycotoxins using specific cell lines known to express key enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones. Using these models, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and aflatoxin B1 were claimed to be endocrine active substances. As yet, zearalenone is the only mycotoxin for which a direct interaction with oestrogen receptors could be demonstrated, classifying this mycotoxin as an endocrine disruptor. Mycotoxin exposure of complex cell systems like ovarian follicles at the earliest (primordial) to most advanced (pre-ovulatory) stages can serve not only as the first indication of the potential of a mycotoxin to affect female reproduction, but also provides insight in specific mechanisms involved in such an effect and identifies vulnerable phases in follicle development. Zearalenone is the most widely studied mycotoxin regarding female reproduction, but effects on oocyte maturation have also been demonstrated for deoxynivalenol. Exposure to zearalenone impairs the formation of primordial, while its metabolite ?-zearalenol is more harmful to fertilised oocytes than zearalenone itself. This short overview aims to provide an introduction into the different models, such as cell lines and oocytes, commonly used to assess the potential adverse effects of mycotoxins on female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.R. Santos
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Campus Básico, CEP 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - E.J. Schoevers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B.A.J. Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Sows exposed to octylphenol in early gestation: No estrogenic effects in male piglets, but increased rate of stillbirth. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1494-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Transgenerational toxicity of Zearalenone in pigs. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Bellingham M, Fiandanese N, Byers A, Cotinot C, Evans NP, Pocar P, Amezaga MR, Lea RG, Sinclair KD, Rhind SM, Fowler PA. Effects of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals During Pregnancy on the Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Axes. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:15-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Magnusson U. Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in Farm Animal Reproduction: Research and Reality. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:333-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Xiao W, Zhang J, Liang J, Zhu H, Zhou Z, Wu Q. Adverse effects of neonatal exposure to 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl on hormone levels and testicular function in male Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:657-668. [PMID: 21374784 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the time-course changes of hormone levels and sperm numbers in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after neonatal exposure to 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169). Neonatal rats were given (through oral gavages) doses of 0, 0.025, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg-day of PCB169 in corn oil from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND7. The rats were sacrificed at PND8, PND21, and PND90. PCB169 exposure was confirmed by the marked induction of liver CYP1A1 mRNA expression at these three time points. The testicular daily sperm production and the sperm counts of the epididymis cauda significantly decreased at PND90 compared to that of control. Although reductions in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels occurred at all these three time points and at both PND21 and PND90, respectively, the mRNA expression of testicular thyroid hormone receptor α1 was suppressed significantly only at PND8. The serum and testicular testosterone (T) levels declined markedly at PND90 compared to the controls, but there was no effect at PND21. The mRNA expression of testicular steroidogenic factor 1 was inhibited markedly at the three time points, whereas those of StAR, P450c17, P450scc, and 3β-HSD were suppressed significantly only at PND90 relative to the controls. PCB169 treatment had no effects on pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels and on their receptors' expression in the testes. These results indicate that neonatal exposure to PCB169 damages hormone levels and testicular function in the long-term, resulting in persistent hypothyroidism and decreases in adult T levels and sperm counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Xiao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, P.O. Box 288, 130 DongAn Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Mohamed ESA, Park YJ, Song WH, Shin DH, You YA, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Xenoestrogenic compounds promote capacitation and an acrosome reaction in porcine sperm. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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The multi-faceted influences of estrogen on lymphocytes: toward novel immuno-interventions strategies for autoimmunity management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:16-26. [PMID: 19943123 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early studies of the immune system disclosed that, generally, females exhibit stronger responses to a variety of antigens than males. Perhaps as a result of this response, women are more prone to developing autoimmune diseases than men. Yet, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain under investigation. Recently, interferon-gamma and the related pro-inflammatory interleukin-12 were found to be under effects of sex steroid hormones, with potential implications in regulating immune cells and autoimmune responses. In B lymphocytes, functional binding sites for estrogen receptors were identified in the promoter of the gene encoding activation-induced deaminase, an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation, and class-switch recombination. The observation that estrogen exerts direct impacts on antibody affinity-maturation provides a potential mechanism that could account for generating pathogenic high-affinity auto-antibodies. Further deciphering the multi-faceted influences of sex hormones on the responsiveness of immune cells could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for autoimmunity management.
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17
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Rhind SM, Evans NP, Bellingham M, Sharpe RM, Cotinot C, Mandon-Pepin B, Loup B, Sinclair KD, Lea RG, Pocar P, Fischer B, van der Zalm E, Hart K, Schmidt JS, Amezaga MR, Fowler PA. Effects of environmental pollutants on the reproduction and welfare of ruminants. Animal 2010; 4:1227-1239. [PMID: 20582145 PMCID: PMC2888112 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollutants comprise a wide range of synthetic organic compounds and heavy metals, which are dispersed throughout the environment, usually at low concentrations. Exposure of ruminants, as for all other animals, is unavoidable and while the levels of exposure to most chemicals are usually too low to induce any physiological effects, combinations of pollutants can act additively or synergistically to perturb multiple physiological systems at all ages but particularly in the developing foetus. In sheep, organs affected by pollutant exposure include the ovary, testis, hypothalamus and pituitary gland and bone. Reported effects of exposure include changes in organ weight and gross structure, histology and gene and protein expression but these changes are not reflected in changes in reproductive performance under the conditions tested. These results illustrate the complexity of the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on the reproductive axis, which make it difficult to extrapolate between, or even within, species. Effects of pollutant exposure on the thyroid gland, immune, cardiovascular and obesogenic systems have not been shown explicitly, in ruminants, but work on other species suggests that these systems can also be perturbed. It is concluded that exposure to a mixture of anthropogenic pollutants has significant effects on a wide variety of physiological systems, including the reproductive system. Although this physiological insult has not yet been shown to lead to a reduction in ruminant gross performance, there are already reports indicating that anthropogenic pollutant exposure can compromise several physiological systems and may pose a significant threat to both reproductive performance and welfare in the longer term. At present, many potential mechanisms of action for individual chemicals have been identified but knowledge of factors affecting the rate of tissue exposure and of the effects of combinations of chemicals on physiological systems is poor. Nevertheless, both are vital for the identification of risks to animal productivity and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Rhind
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - N. P. Evans
- Division of Cell Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow G6 1QH, UK
| | - M. Bellingham
- Division of Cell Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow G6 1QH, UK
| | - R. M. Sharpe
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C. Cotinot
- INRA, UMR 1198, Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B. Mandon-Pepin
- INRA, UMR 1198, Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B. Loup
- INRA, UMR 1198, Biologie du Developpement et de la Reproduction 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - K. D. Sinclair
- Schools of Biosciences, and Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R. G. Lea
- Schools of Biosciences, and Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - P. Pocar
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - B. Fischer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - E. van der Zalm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - K. Hart
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - J.-S. Schmidt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Halle, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - M. R. Amezaga
- Centre for Reproductive Endocrinology & Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - P. A. Fowler
- Centre for Reproductive Endocrinology & Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Sahambi SK, Pelland A, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Tardif R, Charbonneau M, Krishnan K, Haddad S, Cyr DG, Devine PJ. Oral p-tert-octylphenol exposures induce minimal toxic or estrogenic effects in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:607-622. [PMID: 20391140 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) has raised concerns about potential health hazards for humans and wildlife. Human and wildlife exposure to one such ubiquitous chemical, p-tert-octylphenol (OP), are likely, due to its persistence in the environment and its presence in food, water, and items of daily use. OP is reported to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and alter expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Detrimental effects of OP exposures on the reproductive system have been observed in most, but not all, in vivo experiments. This study examined estrogenic effects of oral exposures of adult female rats to OP. In vitro, OP bound weakly to human ER and a co-activator protein, and accelerated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given OP by gavage daily for 35 d (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg/d). Body and organ weights and ovarian follicle populations were not significantly altered in OP-exposed adult rats, despite detectable levels of OP in reproductive organs. The estrous cycle of rats was slightly altered, but there were no significant estrogen-like changes in histomorphology or gene expression of the uterus. Prepubertal rats given 125 or 250 mg/kg OP by gavage for 3 d had reduced body weight compared to vehicle-exposed rats but failed to show any uterotrophic response, although 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE, 10 microg/kg/d, ip) induced a threefold increase in uterine weight. Overall, results suggest that toxicity will occur before estrogenic effects with oral exposures to OP. Relevant environmental exposures likely pose little risk for estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep K Sahambi
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
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19
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Kim SK, Lee HJ, Yang H, Kim HS, Yoon YD. PREPUBERTAL EXPOSURE TO 4-TERT-OCTYLPHENOL INDUCES APOPTOSIS OF TESTICULAR GERM CELLS IN ADULT RAT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:427-41. [PMID: 15669608 DOI: 10.1080/01485010490475093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic exposure of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on the testicular development of prepubertal male rats were evaluated. 4 weeks old rats were injected with 0.8 microg of estradiol valerate (EV) or 20, 40, or 80mg of OP three times a week for one month. A marked reduction of the size and weight of the testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle was observed in all the three dosages. Serum testosterone concentration was dramatically decreased while serum LH concentration was increased. Seminiferous tubules were reduced in size and showed no mature spermatozoa or late-stage developing spermatids. In addition, testicular germ cells undergoing apoptosis were obviously increased in all the treated groups. The expression of bcl-xL mRNA was significantly decreased in the OP treated groups, whereas the expressions of bcl-2 and bax mRNA were not significantly changed. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that OP severely reduce the size and/or function of the male reproductive organs due to increased apoptosis of testicular germ cells and the decreased biosynthesis of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suel-Kee Kim
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Peng JH, Zhang F, Zhang HX, Fan HY. Prepubertal octylphenol exposure up-regulate BRCA1 expression, down-regulate ERalpha expression and reduce rat mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:51-5. [PMID: 19679048 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous estrogens play an important role in the development of breast cancer. Octylphenol (OP) and genistein (GEN) are estrogen-like chemicals. Prepubertal estradiol and genistein exposure can up-regulate BRCA1 mRNA in mammary gland and reduce futuer breast cancer risk. In the present study, the effects of prepubertal exposure to high-dose OP and GEN on mammary carcinogenesis and the association with the expression of BRCA1 and ERalpha were investigated. METHODS Prepubertal female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 20, 40, 80mg/kg OP daily from postnatal day (PND) 22-28, subsequently, the rats were given a single dose of 100mg/kg 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) on PND42 to induce mammary tumor. RESULTS The incidence of DMBA-induced mammary tumors significantly decreased when rats were treated with 40mg/kg OP. BRCA1 mRNA and protein expression were found up-regulated and ERalpha expression was down-regulated in the mammary tumor when rats were exposed to 40mg/kg octylphenol. CONCLUSION Exposure 40mg/kg octylphenol can reduce later breast cancer risk in prepubertal Sprague-Dawley rats, the protective effect of OP is associated with persistent up-regulation of BRCA1 and down-regulation of ERalpha in the mammary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command, PLA, Lanzhou, China.
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21
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Rhind SM. Endocrine disruptors and other food-contaminating environmental pollutants as risk factors in animal reproduction. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:15-22. [PMID: 18638101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants of many chemical classes, derived primarily from anthropogenic activities, are ubiquitous in the environment, persistent, biologically available and can exert adverse effects on the reproductive and other, indirectly related, physiological systems. Food is generally considered to be the major route of animal exposure in vertebrate species but the relative contributions of other routes of exposure such as through lungs, gills or skin are not well studied and may be of importance for certain animal groups, depending on their immediate environment. Animals are particularly sensitive to exposure during developmental stages but the pattern of exposure to chemicals is likely to be different to that of adults. Quantification of the risk posed by the ingestion of pollutants in food is complex and depends on many factors including species, diet composition, duration of exposure to the food, efficiency of pollutant absorption, subsequent metabolism, sensitivity of target organs and stage of development. While the effects of high doses of single chemicals are proven, dietary exposure to pollutants generally involves prolonged, low-level exposure to a large number of compounds, each of which has different chemical characteristics, exerts different biological effects and is present at varying concentrations. Thus, while exposure to pollutants through feed is undoubtedly a significant risk factor for many species and may be the most important one for many terrestrial vertebrates, other routes of exposure may be more important in other groups.
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Woodruff TJ, Carlson A, Schwartz JM, Giudice LC. Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:e1-e20. [PMID: 18308046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The 2007 Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility convened scientists, health care professionals, community groups, political representatives, and the media to hear presentations on the impact of environmental contaminants on reproductive health and fertility, and to discuss opportunities to improve health through research, education, communication, and policy. Environmental reproductive health focuses on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods of development, and their potential effects on future reproductive health, including conception, fertility, pregnancy, adolescent development, and adult health. Approximately 87,000 chemical substances are registered for commercial use in the United States, with ubiquitous human exposures to environmental contaminants in air, water, food, and consumer products. Exposures during critical windows of susceptibility may result in adverse effects with lifelong and even intergenerational health impacts. Effects can include impaired development and function of the reproductive tract and permanently altered gene expression, leading to metabolic and hormonal disorders, reduced fertility and fecundity, and illnesses such as testicular, prostate, uterine, and cervical cancers later in life. This executive summary reviews effects of pre- and postnatal exposures on male and female reproductive health, and provides a series of recommendations for advancing the field in the areas of research, policy, health care, and community action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, National Center of Excellence in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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23
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Woodruff TJ, Carlson A, Schwartz JM, Giudice LC. Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:281-300. [PMID: 18275883 PMCID: PMC2440710 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2007 Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility convened scientists, health care professionals, community groups, political representatives, and the media to hear presentations on the impact of environmental contaminants on reproductive health and fertility, and to discuss opportunities to improve health through research, education, communication, and policy. Environmental reproductive health focuses on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods of development, and their potential effects on future reproductive health, including conception, fertility, pregnancy, adolescent development, and adult health. Approximately 87,000 chemical substances are registered for commercial use in the United States, with ubiquitous human exposures to environmental contaminants in air, water, food, and consumer products. Exposures during critical windows of susceptibility may result in adverse effects with lifelong and even intergenerational health impacts. Effects can include impaired development and function of the reproductive tract and permanently altered gene expression, leading to metabolic and hormonal disorders, reduced fertility and fecundity, and illnesses such as testicular, prostate, uterine, and cervical cancers later in life. This executive summary reviews effects of pre- and postnatal exposures on male and female reproductive health, and provides a series of recommendations for advancing the field in the areas of research, policy, health care, and community action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Woodruff
- National Center of Excellence in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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24
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Fusani L, Della Seta D, Dessì-Fulgheri F, Farabollini F. Altered reproductive success in rat pairs after environmental-like exposure to xenoestrogen. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 274:1631-6. [PMID: 17456458 PMCID: PMC2169273 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have the capacity of altering the normal function of the endocrine system. EDCs have shown dramatic effects on the reproductive biology of aquatic wildlife and may affect human reproduction as well. Studies on EDCs in mammalian species have often investigated the effects of short-term, high doses on male and female reproductive physiology. However, it is difficult to predict from such studies the effects of EDC on populations that are exposed to very low doses throughout their life via contaminated food and water. We studied the effects of EDC on mammalian reproduction with an environmental-like protocol where the endpoint is the reproductive success of exposed pairs. We focused on a subclass of EDC, the xenoestrogens, which mimic the action of natural oestrogen hormones. Male and female rats were exposed to low doses of the pure oestrogen, ethynyloestradiol, during development, by oral administration to their mothers during pregnancy and lactation, and to them until puberty. We evaluated the effects of the exposure on development and reproductive physiology of individuals, and on fertility and fecundity of pairs in which both members had been exposed to the same treatment. We found that low doses caused major reproductive deficits in the experimental animals. Very low, environmentally relevant doses did not have evident effects on exposed animals; however, the fecundity of exposed pairs was substantially altered. Environmentally relevant doses of xenoestrogens which have no evident physiological effects can alter the reproductive success of exposed pairs in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonida Fusani
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, Siena, Italy.
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25
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Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister MV, Vinggaard AM. Endocrine-disrupting potential of bisphenol A, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-n-octylphenol in vitro: new data and a brief review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115 Suppl 1:69-76. [PMID: 18174953 PMCID: PMC2174402 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An array of environmental compounds is known to possess endocrine disruption (ED) potentials. Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA-DM) are monomers used to a high extent in the plastic industry and as dental sealants. Alkylphenols such as 4-n-nonylphenol (nNP) and 4-n-octylphenol (nOP) are widely used as surfactants. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect in vitro of these four compounds on four key cell mechanisms including transactivation of a) the human estrogen receptor (ER), b) the human androgen receptor (AR), c) the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and d) aromatase activity. RESULTS All four compounds inhibited aromatase activity and were agonists and antagonists of ER and AR, respectively. nNP increased AhR activity concentration-dependently and further increased the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin AhR action. nOP caused dual responses with a weak increased and a decreased AhR activity at lower (10(-8) M) and higher concentrations (10(-5)-10(-4) M), respectively. AhR activity was inhibited with BPA (10(-5)-10(-4) M) and weakly increased with BPA-DM (10(-5) M), respectively. nNP showed the highest relative potency (REP) compared with the respective controls in the ER, AhR, and aromatase assays, whereas similar REP was observed for the four chemicals in the AR assay. CONCLUSION Our in vitro data clearly indicate that the four industrial compounds have ED potentials and that the effects can be mediated via several cellular pathways, including the two sex steroid hormone receptors (ER and AR), aromatase activity converting testosterone to estrogen, and AhR; AhR is involved in syntheses of steroids and metabolism of steroids and xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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26
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Sweeney T, Fox J, Robertson L, Kelly G, Duffy P, Lonergan P, O'doherty J, Roche JF, Evans NP. Postnatal exposure to octylphenol decreases semen quality in the adult ram. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1068-75. [PMID: 17284332 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to determine if maternal exposure to octylphenol pre- and/or postnatally influenced FSH concentrations and semen quantity and quality in postpubertal rams. Rams were born to ewes that received twice-weekly s.c. injections of octylphenol equivalent to 1000microg/kg/day for one of the following periods: (1) day 70 of gestation (D70) to weaning (at 20 weeks postnatally; n=4); (2) D70 to birth (n=6); (3) birth to weaning (n=7), controls received corn oil from D70 to weaning (n=5). Rams were blood-sampled weekly and semen characteristics were evaluated at 1 year of age. Maternal exposure to octylphenol, pre- and/or postnatally did not affect FSH concentrations, semen volume, concentration, percentage live, motility or IVM/IVF characteristics. However, exposure to octylphenol from birth to weaning increased the number of morphologically abnormal sperm cells in the ejaculates of these rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sweeney
- School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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27
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Roepke TA, Chang ES, Cherr GN. Maternal exposure to estradiol and endocrine disrupting compounds alters the sensitivity of sea urchin embryos and the expression of an orphan steroid receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 305:830-41. [PMID: 16823834 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are known to affect reproduction and development in marine invertebrates. In previous work, we have shown that developing sea urchin embryos were sensitive to estradiol and estrogenic EDCs at environmentally relevant concentrations in a tamoxifen-sensitive manner (Roepke et al. 2005. Aquat Toxicol 71:155-173). In this study, we report the effects of maternal exposure to EDCs on embryo sensitivity and regulation of an orphan steroid receptor in sea urchin eggs. Maternal exposures were conducted by injecting female Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins initiating oogenesis with two concentrations of estradiol, octylphenol, tributyltin and o, p-DDD for 8 weeks with an induced spawning before and after the injection cycle. Developing embryos were less sensitive to estradiol following maternal exposure to estradiol, octylphenol and DDD. The steroidogenesis inhibitor, spironolactone, and the aromatase inhibitor, formestane, affected normal sea urchin development with EC50 values of 18 and 2 microM, respectively. Binding of estradiol was demonstrated in homogenates supernatants of sea urchin embryos by filtration centrifugation and column chromatography, but saturation was not reached until 4-6 hr and was highly variable. Analysis of eggs from pre- and post-injection spawns using real-time Q-PCR for the mRNA of an orphan steroid receptor, SpSHR2, shows that receptor mRNA increased in eggs with estradiol, octylphenol and tributyltin but decreased with DDD. RIA showed that estradiol may be present during gastrulation. In summary, maternal exposure to estradiol and EDCs alters embryo sensitivity and regulates the expression of an orphan steroid receptor in the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Roepke
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA
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Aydoğan M, Barlas N. Effects of maternal 4-tert-octylphenol exposure on the reproductive tract of male rats at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:455-60. [PMID: 16520019 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increases in human male reproductive disorders (testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and low sperm counts) might stem from increased exposure of the developing male to environmental estrogens. In the present study, we investigated the effects of octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic compound, exposure on the male reproductive system during the fetal period in which the development of reproductive organs and sexual differentiation occurs. Male rats were treated with OP in utero at doses of control (vehicle), 100 or 250 mg/kg/day. After birth, male rats were allowed to grow until adulthood, and then testes, epididymides, and prostate glands were investigated histopathologically. Sperm counts and percentage of abnormal sperm were determined. Seminiferous and epididymal round tubules were evaluated for tubule diameter, lumen diameter, and height of tubule epithelium. Treatment with OP caused abnormalities in the histology of the testis and epididymis and induced atrophy of prostate glands tubules. Although there were no differences in sperm counts among treatment groups, abnormal sperm percentages in the high dose group increased significantly. The results of this study demonstrate that maternally injected OP causes adverse effects on male reproductive tract at adulthood, especially on sperm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müfide Aydoğan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Basrur PK. Disrupted sex differentiation and feminization of man and domestic animals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:18-38. [PMID: 16209866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genital malformations constitute the most common birth defects in man and domestic animals and occur frequently in males since the participation of many genes is required for sex differentiation to proceed in the male direction. The precise dose, timing, and coordination needed for their expression add to the proneness of various stages in male sex differentiation to external influences. The emerging insight, through the identification of genes involved in the sex differentiation cascade, is that over 85% of sex anomalies in human and domestic animal populations are not attributable to chromosome aberrations or to mutations in a known gene. Since a majority of severely malformed individuals are incapable of reproduction, the high rates of these defects have to be results either of new mutations or of collaboration of environmental factors with genes. Increase in specific malformations in domestic animals often indicates increased concentration of liability genes brought together in the conceptus by inbreeding. However, in human populations where inbreeding is not the norm such increases may reflect environment-induced new mutations or interaction of environmental agents with hormone-sensitive genes. This review summarizes the information currently available on the genetics of major events in male sex differentiation and briefly discusses the collaborative role that environment may play in disrupting different components of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi K Basrur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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Furuta M, Funabashi T, Kawaguchi M, Nakamura TJ, Mitsushima D, Kimura F. Effects of p-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol on the anterior pituitary functions in adult ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84:14-20. [PMID: 17033158 DOI: 10.1159/000096093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p-Nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) are known to mimic the action of estrogens as endocrine disruptors. However, their acute effects on the pituitary and the hypothalamus functions in vivo have been uncertain. We therefore determined their effects on the anterior pituitary, in particular, gonadotropin secretion. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the rats were given a subcutaneous injection of 10 mg NP, 10 mg OP, 10 mg bisphenol A, 1 microg 17beta-estradiol, or sesame oil alone as control. Twenty-four hours after the treatment, the expression of progesterone receptor mRNA in the anterior pituitary and the level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were determined. The expression of progesterone receptor mRNA in the anterior pituitary was significantly increased by either NP, OP, bisphenol A, or estradiol, but bisphenol A was less effective. The level of LH was significantly decreased by either NP or OP, but not by bisphenol A and estradiol. Only estradiol significantly increased the level of prolactin. The level of follicle-stimulating hormone was unchanged by any of the treatments. To check the effects of NP and OP on pulsatile LH secretion, blood samplings were done at 6-min intervals for 3 h. Twenty-four hours after treatment in ovariectomized adult rats, we found that the injection of NP significantly decreased the amplitude of LH pulses and the mean LH concentrations, but not the frequency of LH pulses. The injection of OP significantly decreased the mean LH concentrations without affecting the frequency and amplitude of the LH pulses. Finally, the rats given an injection of NP or sesame oil were intravenously injected with 50 ng of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to check whether NP affected the LH secretory responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to GnRH. We found that the responsiveness to GnRH in NP-injected rats was significantly attenuated compared to the sesame oil-injected rats. The present study suggests that NP, even with a single injection, suppresses the pulsatile LH secretion in adult ovariectomized rats, probably by affecting the anterior pituitary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Furuta
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Ljungvall K, Karlsson P, Hultén F, Madej A, Norrgren L, Einarsson S, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Magnusson U. Delayed effects on plasma concentration of testosterone and testicular morphology by intramuscular low-dose di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate or oestradiol benzoate in the prepubertal boar. Theriogenology 2005; 64:1170-84. [PMID: 16125560 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immediate and delayed effects of prepubertal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or oestradiol benzoate on the plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and LH, as well as testicular morphology were examined in prepubertal boars. In a split litter design experiment, prepubertal boars were intramuscularly exposed to DEHP, oestradiol or vehicle during five weeks, starting at six weeks of age. The dose of DEHP was 50mg/kg of bodyweight twice weekly, which is in the same range as recently used oral doses in rodents. Oestradiol-benzoate was administered at 0.25mg/kg of bodyweight twice weekly. One set of animals was examined immediately after the exposure, and the other set was examined at an age of 7.5 months. During the exposure period concentrations of LH in plasma were lower (p=0.02) in the oestradiol-treated animals than in the control group. In the group exposed to oestradiol, the relative to the body weight of the testicles tended to be lower (p=0.07) than control immediately after five weeks of exposure, and the relative to the body weight of the seminal vesicles tended to be lower (p=0.05) than control at 7.5 months of age. In the DEHP-exposed group an elevated (p=0.005) concentration of testosterone and increased (p=0.04) area of the Leydig cells in the testicles compared to the control group were seen at 7.5 months of age. These data suggest that DEHP early in life causes delayed effects on the reproductive system in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7039, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 12, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Magnusson U. Can farm animals help to study endocrine disruption? Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:430-5. [PMID: 15885963 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of endocrine disruption can be regarded as part of the disciplines of toxicology and environmental toxicology. These two disciplines have generated guideline protocols on how various effects of chemicals should be tested as a basis for regulatory decisions. These protocols almost exclusively involve laboratory rodents and the data obtained are then used for human risk assessment. Would it be justifiable, then, to introduce or promote the use of other species in these test protocols? There are, at any rate rationales for studying effects in species other than laboratory rodents: (1) other species may better mimic the human system; (2) they may in some cases be more useful for studying a certain mechanism or phenomenon; (3) they may highlight the diversity of effects or sensitivity between species. However, there are at least two basic criteria that must be met for a species before it can be introduced in this context: (a) we must have a good understanding of the physiological system to be studied; and (b) we must have a number of tools to study effects on this system. When it comes to the reproductive system--regarding which most endocrine disruption has been reported--farm animals are second only, or in some respects superior, to laboratory rodents with respect to these criteria. This review gives examples of how farm animals can be of use in the study of endocrine disruption with a focus on the author's own data from studies in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Magnusson
- Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7039, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rhind SM. Are Endocrine Disrupting Compounds a Threat to Farm Animal Health, Welfare and Productivity? Reprod Domest Anim 2005; 40:282-90. [PMID: 16008758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2005.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contents The sources and characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are reviewed and discussed with respect to their potential effects on farm animal health, welfare and productivity. The importance of certain properties of these compounds in relation to the expression of their biological effects is addressed together with potential routes of exposure. It is concluded that little is known of factors affecting the tissue concentrations of EDCs in farm animals, the concentrations that are required to perturb physiological function in these species, the effects of prolonged exposure to low doses, the effect of cocktails of EDCs and other pollutants or the responses of specific organs and physiological systems that are affected by EDCs. Much of the available information pertaining to EDCs is derived from epidemiological studies of wildlife species and from laboratory animal studies and while these studies have significant limitations, they are considered to be valuable indicators of potential effects in farm animal species. The results of such studies, together with the small amounts of data from studies of ruminants, indicate that there may be significant effects of exposure to environmental levels of EDCs on farm animal health, even although effects are not generally apparent in practice, at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rhind
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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Wang RY, Needham LL, Barr DB. Effects of environmental agents on the attainment of puberty: considerations when assessing exposure to environmental chemicals in the National Children's Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1100-7. [PMID: 16079085 PMCID: PMC1280355 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The apparent decline in the age at puberty in the United States raises a general level of concern because of the potential clinical and social consequences of such an event. Nutritional status, genetic predisposition (race/ethnicity), and environmental chemicals are associated with altered age at puberty. The Exposure to Chemical Agents Working Group of the National Children's Study (NCS) presents an approach to assess exposure for chemicals that may affect the age of maturity in children. The process involves conducting the assessment by life stages (i.e., in utero, postnatal, peripubertal), adopting a general categorization of the environmental chemicals by biologic persistence, and collecting and storing biologic specimens that are most likely to yield meaningful information. The analysis of environmental samples and use of questionnaire data are essential in the assessment of chemicals that cannot be measured in biologic specimens, and they can assist in the evaluation of exposure to nonpersistent chemicals. Food and dietary data may be used to determine the extent to which nutrients and chemicals from this pathway contribute to the variance in the timing of puberty. Additional research is necessary in several of these areas and is ongoing. The NCS is uniquely poised to evaluate the effects of environmental chemicals on the age at puberty, and the above approach will allow the NCS to accomplish this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Wang
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Morrison AG, Callanan JJ, Evans NP, Aldridge TC, Sweeney T. Effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on the pathology and oestrogen receptor alpha and beta distribution in the uterus and cervix of ewe lambs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2003; 25:329-43. [PMID: 14652134 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2003.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of chemicals have been classed as endocrine disrupting compounds due to their ability to mimic the actions of endogenous hormones in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to determine the pathological changes and oestrogen receptor (ER) distribution in the cervix and uterus of prepubertal ovariectomised ewe lambs following exposure to a range of compounds with a predominantly oestrogenic effect. Lambs were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (0.175 mg/kg biweekly), bisphenol-A (3.5mg/kg biweekly) or octylphenol (3.5mg/kg biweekly) for 6 weeks. Following sacrifice, uterine and cervical tissue pathology was assessed. The endometrial and myometrial areas were quantified and the distribution of ERalpha and ERbeta assessed by immunohistochemistry. No differences were observed between control and octylphenol-exposed lambs in uterine gross pathology and histopathology. Uteri from bisphenol-A- and diethylstilbestrol-exposed lambs were heavier than both control and octylphenol-exposed lambs. In the bisphenol-A-exposed lambs, endometrial oedema accounted for a significant increase in the endometrial cross-sectional area over the other groups. Uteri from animals exposed to diethylstilbestrol showed variable pathology including oedema and cellular proliferation. Keratinisation of the cervical epithelium was observed in both bisphenol-A- and diethylstilbestrol-exposed lambs. Exposure to diethylstilbestrol and bisphenol-A was associated with a diffuse intracellular distribution of ERalpha and ERbeta in the uterine endometrium. This was in addition to the strong cytoplasmic staining of uterine epithelial cells and nuclear staining of specific sub-epithelial cells observed in all groups. We conclude that a 6-week exposure of lambs to bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol altered the uterocervical environment and has the potential to disrupt subsequent reproductive function. Pathological changes could not be detected in the uterus or cervix of lambs exposed to octylphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Morrison
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Pfaffl M, Reck B, Dreher R, Meyer H. Production of clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol and trenbolone mass standards in lyophilised bovine urine. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim KB, Seo KW, Kim YJ, Park M, Park CW, Kim PY, Kim JI, Lee SH. Estrogenic effects of phenolic compounds on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in MCF-7 cells and uterine glutathione peroxidase in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 50:1167-1173. [PMID: 12547330 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested phenolic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-octylphenol (OP) and 4-propylphenol (PP) by using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in estrogen sensitive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in female immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. This study was designed to investigate whether phenolic compounds have estrogenic effects in these useful screening methods for endocrine disruptors. We chose 6 h as the incubation period for the G6PD assay through a preliminary experiment using 17beta-estradiol (E2). Above the concentration of 1 x 10(-8) M, BPA significantly increased the G6PD activity in a concentration-dependent manner, relative to the control. NP (over the concentration of 1 x 10(-9) M) also enhanced the G6PD activity by about 1.8 times that of the control. OP produced weaker effects on G6PD than NP, and showed a tendency to increase the G6PD activity. PP did not affect the G6PD activity. These results show that BPA and NP have the effect of enhancing G6PD activities in MCF-7 cells. In the in vivo GPx assay, both BPA and E2 significantly increased the uterus wet weights and dramatically enhanced uterine GPx activities in immature female rats in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with NP (500 mg/kg/day) increased significantly both the uterine GPx activity and the uterus wet weights in immature female rats. OP (500 mg/kg/day) also caused a significant increase in uterine GPx activity, but had no effect on the uterus wet weights. This finding indicates that the change in uterine GPx activities could be a more sensitive parameter than that of uterus wet weights in immature rats. This study implies that phenolic compounds have a weak estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Bong Kim
- Pharmacology Department, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, 5-Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-704, South Korea
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Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for determination of octylphenol and nonylphenol in municipal wastewater at trace levels. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sweeney T. Is exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during fetal/post-natal development affecting the reproductive potential of farm animals? Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002; 23:203-9. [PMID: 12142238 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects on reproductive health and immune status of farm animals following exposure to a range of natural and synthetic environmental compounds that disrupt normal hormonal actions. These compounds range from natural plant oestrogens (e.g. genistein, coumesterol) and mycoestrogens (e.g. Aflatoxins, zearalenone) to growth promoting pharmaceuticals (e.g. trenbolone acetate, melengastrol acetate) to chemicals spread in water, sewage sludge or the atmosphere such as detergents and surfactants (e.g. octylphenol, nonylphenol), plastics (e.g. bisphenol-A, phthalates), pesticides (e.g. methoxychlor, dieldrin, DDT) and industrial chemicals (e.g. PCB, TCDD). These compounds are commonly termed 'endocrine disrupting compounds' (EDCs) or 'endocrine disruptors' due to their ability to act as either hormone agonists or antagonists or the ability to disrupt hormone synthesis, storage or metabolism. A similar group of compounds are called 'immunotoxicants' and are thought to affect the immune system mainly by disrupting B and T cell homeostasis. As more studies are performed it is becoming clear that many compounds can directly or indirectly affect both the endocrine and immune systems. The susceptibility of target tissues is related to the stage of development, the cumulative exposure dose and the immune status of the individual. While some of the effects of the EDCs on the endocrine and immune systems are quite distinct, many are subtle and identifying the causative agent from the vast array of environmental challenges including EDCs, nutrition, temperature, etc. can be problematic. Identifying the causative agent is confounded by the possibility that effects that are observed in the adult may be due to exposure to EDCs during fetal life. This has major implications for the determination of universal end-point measurements to assess exposure to EDCs in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torres Sweeney
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biochemical Research, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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