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Adumitrăchioaiei H, Săsăran MO, Mărginean CO. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8 in Childhood Acute Gastroenteritis-A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7655. [PMID: 39062898 PMCID: PMC11277260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 8 (IL-8) have been intensely studied in relation to various inflammatory conditions, including acute gastroenteritis, as they are activated in response to infection. This review aims to evaluate the ability of IL-6 and IL-8 to distinguish between bacterial and viral etiologies of acute gastroenteritis in children and to assess whether their levels correlate with the severity of this condition in light of currently available data. A scientific database search was performed to identify studies that investigated the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in acute gastroenteritis in the pediatric population. We identified nine studies that matched the review's objective. Both cytokines show increased values in acute gastroenteritis, but IL-6 levels are significantly higher in cases of bacterial infections. IL-8 levels do not present an increase to the same extent in cases of bacterial diarrhea in children but seem to be associated with the severity of the disease. The lack of sufficient research focusing on IL-6 and -8 as diagnostic, prognostic and severity biomarkers of acute gastroenteritis in children leaves room for further research on this topic, which must include larger cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Adumitrăchioaiei
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology George Emil Palade from Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (H.A.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology George Emil Palade from Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology George Emil Palade from Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (H.A.); (C.O.M.)
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Kapse G, Agnihotri S, Sekhsaria P, Sastry M. Analysing the interlinkage between diarrhoea and drinking water faecal contamination in India. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1111-1124. [PMID: 38935461 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is one of the major waterborne diseases spread through the faecal-oral route causing over 10 million cases and over 1,000 deaths per year in India. This study critically evaluates the interlinkage between bacteriological water quality, i.e. faecal coliforms and diarrhoea cases for the three pre-pandemic years 2017, 2018 and 2019 based on multiple sources. With around 17% of households tap water connectivity as of August 2019, the majority of the Indian population depends on raw groundwater (GW) and surface water sources. For this, faecal coliform (FC) levels in surface and GW have been mapped at district levels using data from India's National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. Health Management Information System's data on diarrhoea have been used to understand the monthly and district-wise variation of diarrhoea. The trends of FC, diarrhoea inpatient cases, and diarrhoea inpatient rates have been discussed. The analysis showed issues associated with the reliability and usefulness of these datasets with 43% of total India districts with no reported FC values for the study period. This study reveals a clear gap in the interlinkage between diarrhoea and bacteriological water quality with the unavailability of granular water quality data as a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kapse
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, MH, India; Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Satish Agnihotri
- Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India
| | - Pankaj Sekhsaria
- Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India
| | - Murali Sastry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia E-mail:
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Tapia-Pastrana G, Rojas-Bautista M, Hernández-Pérez P, Santiago-Martínez O, Gómez-Rodríguez LC, Terrazas-Luna VM, Montes-Yedra J, Bautista-Avendaño AA, García-López ES, Leon-Sicairos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Canizalez-Roman A. Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profile, phylotyping and pathotyping of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children in Southwest Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300304. [PMID: 38470897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are one of the most important etiology factors causing diarrhea in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. DEC strains have characteristic virulence factors; however, other supplemental virulence genes (SVG) may contribute to the development of diarrhea in children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEC in children with diarrhea in southwestern Mexico and to associate childhood symptoms, SVG, and pathotypes with diarrhea-causing DEC strains. DEC strains were isolated from 230 children with diarrhea aged 0-60 months from the state of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico; clinical data were collected, and PCR was used to identify SVG and pathotypes. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed on DEC strains. 63% of samples were DEC positive, single or combined infections (two (21%) or three strains (1.3%)) of aEPEC (51%), EAEC (10.2%), tEPEC (5.4%), DAEC (4.8%), ETEC (4.1%), EIEC (1.4%), or EHEC (0.7%) were found. Children aged ≤ 12 and 49-60 months and symptoms (e.g., fever and blood) were associated with DEC strains. SVG related to colonization (nleB-EHEC), cytotoxicity (sat-DAEC and espC-tEPEC), and proteolysis (pic-aEPEC) were associated with DECs strains. E. coli phylogroup A was the most frequent, and some pathotypes (aEPEC-A, DAEC-B), and SVG (espC-B2, and sat-D) were associated with the phylogroups. Over 79% of the DEC strains were resistant to antibiotics, and 40% were MDR and XDR, respectively. In conclusion aEPEC was the most prevalent pathotype in children with diarrhea in this region. SVG related to colonization, cytotoxicity, and proteolysis were associated with diarrhea-producing DEC strains, which may play an essential role in the development of diarrhea in children in southwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Metztli Rojas-Bautista
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pilar Hernández-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Olegario Santiago-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Lucía C Gómez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Terrazas-Luna
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Montes-Yedra
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Alfonso A Bautista-Avendaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Juvakoski A, Rantanen H, Mulas M, Corona F, Vahala R, Varis O, Mellin I. Evidence of waste management impacting severe diarrhea prevalence more than WASH: An exhaustive analysis with Brazilian municipal-level data. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120805. [PMID: 37976622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Adequate housing protects from diarrhea, which is a substantial health concern in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between severe diarrhea and housing features at the municipal level to help in public health planning. Regression analyses were performed on annual (2000-2012) datasets on Brazilian municipalities (5570) in six household feature categories (e.g., waste management) and four severe diarrhea outcomes (e.g., diarrhea deaths of under-5 children). Household data were not available elsewhere of this magnitude and granularity, highlighting the scientific value-add of this study. Municipalities were clustered prior to regression analysis because of data heterogeneity. The compositional household feature data were also subjected to principal component analysis to diminish feature variable multicollinearity. The highest explanatory power was found for diarrhea deaths of under-5 children (R2 = 10-22 %), while those in the over-5 population were the least best explained (R2 = 0.3-7 %). Household features predicted diarrhea outcomes more accurately in the "advanced" housing municipality cluster (R2 = 16-22 %) than in the "mid-level" (R2 = 7-20 %) and "basic" (R2 = 6-12 %) ones (over-5 diarrhea deaths excluded). Under-5 children's diarrhea death prevalence was three times higher in the "basic" cluster than in the "advanced" cluster. Importantly, the impact of waste management was overall the largest of all household features, even larger than those of WASH, i.e., water supply, sanitation, and household drinking water treatment. This is surprising in the context of existing literature because WASH is generally regarded as the most important household factor affecting gastrointestinal health. In conclusion, public health interventions could benefit from customizing interventions for diarrhea outcomes, municipality types, and household features. Waste management's identified stronger association with diarrhea compared to WASH may have important implications beyond the water field and Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Juvakoski
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | | | - Michela Mulas
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland; Department of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francesco Corona
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 16100, Espoo, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Riku Vahala
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Olli Varis
- Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, PO Box 15200, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ilkka Mellin
- Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
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Chikhale RV, Prasad RS, de Resende PE, Akojwar NS, Purohit RA, Gurav SS, Sinha SK, Prasad SK. Analysing the impact of eriosematin E from Eriosema chinense Vogel. against different diarrhoeagenic pathovars of Escherichia coli using in silico and in vitro approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37599503 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2246570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since diarrhoea is reportedly the third largest cause of fatality among kids, therefore it is considered to be one of the major areas of concerns among developing nations. The main causative agents of diarrhoea include Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, and Shigella spp where E. coli shares the maximum contribution. The roots of the plant Eriosema chinense Vogel. (Fabaceae) are traditionally used by the native tribes of Meghalaya, India to treat diarrhoea. From previous reports, the plant and its marker eriosematin E have been reported to have antidiarrhoeal potential against pathogenic and nonpathogenic diarrhoea. Therefore, the objective of the current investigation was to use in silico studies to determine the efficacy of eriosematin E against different diarrhoeagenic strains of E. coli. Six different pathovars of E. coli i.e. enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) were subjected to docking simulation studies utilizing Glide module of Schrodinger Maestro 2018-1 MM Share Version. Based on the obtained binding energy and balance between H-bonding, hydrophobic, and salt bridge interactions eriosematin E was found to be most effective against EPEC followed by EAEC and ETEC, while UPEC and EHEC were moderately affected. The molecular dynamics studies suggested a higher affinity of eriosematin E towards heat-labile enterotoxin b-pentamer from ETEC. The in vitro antibacterial studies against the universal strain S. aureus 12981 and E. coli 10418 revealed the effectiveness of eriosematin E showing MIC values of ≥256 µg/mL.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh V Chikhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rupali S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Natasha S Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raksha A Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailendra S Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji, Goa University, Goa, India
| | - Saurabh K Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Addis GT, Dagnew SB, Anagaw A, Ayele TM, Tadesse TY. Evaluation of antibiotic utilization pattern in the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases at Debre Tabor comprehensive specialized hospital, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18049. [PMID: 37449097 PMCID: PMC10336787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In clinical settings all across the world, including Ethiopia, the irrational use of antibiotics to treat acute diarrhea is common. The main causes of resistance are antibiotic abuse, misuse, and underuse, and among infectious diseases, antibiotic overuse is pervasive in diarrheal infections around the world. As a result, the primary goal of this study was to evaluate antibiotic use patterns for the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in North-West Ethiopia. Methodology A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the antibiotic utilization pattern used to treat acute diarrheal illness, taken from the record cards of 243 patients who received treatment for acute diarrheal illness, employing structured questions from September 1 to September 30, 2022. The results are displayed using percentages and frequency distributions in tables along with figures. Results A total of 243 patients were involved, 134 (55.1%) of whom were male and 134 (55.1%) were under the age of five. Out of the 103 cases of acute watery diarrhea, 83 received antibiotics that were given improperly. Additionally, 88 individuals had bloody diarrhea diagnoses, but 58 of them received the currently administered antibiotics. Amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole were the most frequently prescribed medications, with 193 (79.5%) of the 243 cases of patients receiving some form of antibiotic. Conclusion The results of the study revealed that there is inappropriate antibiotic use in acute diarrheal disease at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, which might be the cause for the overall increase in antimicrobial resistance as well as the associated costs of treatment. The finding is helpful as evidence for prescribers' inappropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of acute diarrheal sickness.
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Dereje B, Yibabie S, Keno Z, Megersa A. Antibiotic utilization pattern in treatment of acute diarrheal diseases: the case of Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:62. [PMID: 37165415 PMCID: PMC10173574 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of acute diarrheal diseases are self-limiting and do not require treatment on a regular basis. Empirical antibiotics should only be used to treat dysenteric and invasive bacterial diarrhea. Antibiotic misuse in the treatment of acute diarrhea is widespread in clinical practice worldwide. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of antibiotic use for the acute diarrheal diseases at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective, institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic utilization pattern for the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases from September 1 to September 30, 2022. Data were obtained retrospectively from patient cards treated for diarrheal disorders from August 1, 2021 to August 31, 2022, using standardized questionnaires, and the analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. RESULTS Among 332 patients in present study, 271 (81.63%) of them received nine different types of antibiotics, with the most commonly prescribed drugs were Cotrimoxazole (30.26%), Ciprofloxacin (19.19%), and Azithromycin (17.71%). Based on the presence of blood in the stools, 14.76% of the cases were invasive bacterial in nature. Antibiotics were prescribed about 2.55 times more frequently to patients under the age of 12 than to subjects 65 and older (AOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.45-3.87). Patients who received three or more medications were 2.77 times more likely to be prescribed antibiotics (AOR 2.77, 95% CI 1.84-7.56). For every unit increase in the number of drugs prescribed, the odds of prescribing antibiotics increased by 2.44 units (COR 2.44; 95% CI 2.06-4.32). CONCLUSIONS The current study found that antibiotics were overused in both adults and children with acute diarrheal diseases at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital. The number of antibiotics prescribed was significantly associated with the patient's age and the number of medications prescribed. To reduce antibiotic overuse, health professionals have to follow the national standard treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyene Dereje
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Shegaye Yibabie
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Keno
- Pharmacy Department, Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Megersa
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Sarker AR. Economic assessment of childhood rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:816-822. [PMID: 37003027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is one of the most highly prevalent communicable diseases in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to evaluate the benefit-cost ratio of childhood rotavirus vaccination program in Bangladesh. A spreadsheet-based model was used to estimate the benefit and cost of a nationwide universal rotavirus vaccination program against rotavirus infections among under-five children in Bangladesh. A benefit-cost analysis was performed to evaluate a universal vaccination program compared with a status quo. Data from various published vaccination-related studies and public reports were used. The introduction of a childhood rotavirus vaccination program in Bangladesh for 14.78 million under-five children is projected to prevent approximately 1.54 million rotavirus cases during the first 2 years including 0.7 million severe rotavirus infections. This study shows that among the WHO-prequalified rotavirus vaccines, the net societal benefit is the highest if the vaccination program adopts ROTAVAC® rather than Rotarix® or ROTASIIL®. For every dollar invested in the outreach-based ROTAVAC® vaccination program, society would gain $2.03 in return, while in a facility-based vaccination program, society would gain up to about $2.2. The findings of this study demonstrate that a universal childhood rotavirus vaccination program is a cost-beneficial investment of public money. Thus, the government should consider the introduction of rotavirus vaccination in their Expanded Program on Immunization since the rotavirus immunization policy in Bangladesh will be economically justifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Population Studies Division, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Agargaon, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
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Levy K, Garn JV, Cumbe ZA, Muneme B, Fagnant-Sperati CS, Hubbard S, Júnior A, Manuel JL, Mangamela M, McGunegill S, Miller-Petrie MK, Snyder JS, Victor C, Waller LA, Konstantinidis KT, Clasen TF, Brown J, Nalá R, Freeman MC. Study design and rationale for the PAASIM project: a matched cohort study on urban water supply improvements and infant enteric pathogen infection, gut microbiome development and health in Mozambique. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067341. [PMID: 36863743 PMCID: PMC9990653 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite clear linkages between provision of clean water and improvements in child health, limited information exists about the health impacts of large water infrastructure improvements in low-income settings. Billions of dollars are spent annually to improve urban water supply, and rigorous evaluation of these improvements, especially targeting informal settlements, is critical to guide policy and investment strategies. Objective measures of infection and exposure to pathogens, and measures of gut function, are needed to understand the effectiveness and impact of water supply improvements. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In the PAASIM study, we examine the impact of water system improvements on acute and chronic health outcomes in children in a low-income urban area of Beira, Mozambique, comprising 62 sub-neighbourhoods and ~26 300 households. This prospective matched cohort study follows 548 mother-child dyads from late pregnancy through 12 months of age. Primary outcomes include measures of enteric pathogen infections, gut microbiome composition and source drinking water microbiological quality, measured at the child's 12-month visit. Additional outcomes include diarrhoea prevalence, child growth, previous enteric pathogen exposure, child mortality and various measures of water access and quality. Our analyses will compare (1) subjects living in sub-neighbourhoods with the improved water to those living in sub-neighbourhoods without these improvements; and (2) subjects with household water connections on their premises to those without such a connection. This study will provide critical information to understand how to optimise investments for improving child health, filling the information gap about the impact of piped water provision to low-income urban households, using novel gastrointestinal disease outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board and the National Bio-Ethics Committee for Health in Mozambique. The pre-analysis plan is published on the Open Science Framework platform (https://osf.io/4rkn6/). Results will be shared with relevant stakeholders locally, and through publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua V Garn
- Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | | | - Christine S Fagnant-Sperati
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sydney Hubbard
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - João Luís Manuel
- Beira Operations Research Center, National Health Institute (INS), Ministry of Health of Mozambique, Beira, Mozambique
| | | | - Sandy McGunegill
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Molly K Miller-Petrie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jedidiah S Snyder
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Courtney Victor
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joe Brown
- Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rassul Nalá
- Ministry of Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Mady MS, Ibrahim RR, El-Sayed EK, El-Shazly M, Chen LY, Lai KH, El Shaarawy FS, Moharram FA. UHPLC-MS profiles and antidiarrheal activity of Quercus coccinea münchh. and Quercus robur L. employing in vivo technique. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120146. [PMID: 36874027 PMCID: PMC9982048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Quercus L. genus (Oak) belongs to the family Fagaceae and their galls are used commercially in leather tanning, dyeing, and ink preparation. Several Quercus species were traditionally used to manage wound healing, acute diarrhea, hemorrhoid, and inflammatory diseases. The present study aims to investigate the phenolic content of the 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) of Q. coccinea and Q. robur leaves as well as to assess their anti-diarrheal activity. Methods: Polyphenolic content of Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME were investigated using UHPLC/MS. The antidiarrheal potential of the obtained extracts was evaluated by conducting a castor oil-induced diarrhea in-vivo model. Result and Discussion: Twenty-five and twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME, respectively. The identified compounds are related to quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and apigenin glycosides and their aglycones. In addition, hydrolyzable tannins, phenolic acid, phenyl propanoides derivatives, and cucurbitacin F were also identified in both species AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively while AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds respectively as compared to the control. Moreover, the percentage of diarrheal inhibition of Q. coccinea was 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86% respectively, and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group. Both extracts significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid by 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1% for Q. coccinea respectively; and by 38.71%, 51.19%, and 60% for Q. robur respectively as compared to the control group. In addition, AME of Q. coccinea exhibited a peristaltic index of 53.48, 47.18, and 42.28 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 18.98%, 28.53%, and 35.95 % respectively; while AME of Q. robur exhibited a peristaltic index of 47.71, 37, and 26.41 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 27.72%, 43.89%, and 59.99% respectively as compared with the control group. Notably, Q. robur showed a better antidiarrheal effect in comparison with Q. coccinea and, the highest effect was observed for Q. robur at 1000 mg/kg as it was nonsignificant from the loperamide standard group in all measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Mady
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham R Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed K El-Sayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lo-Yun Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Pharmacy, Ph.D Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Medical University Hospital, Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Fatma A Moharram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Kelly GC, Rachmat A, Hontz RD, Sklar MJ, Tran LK, Supaprom C, Luy M, Lina S, Gregory MJ, Sopheab H, Brooks JS, Sutherland IW, Corson KS, Letizia AG. Etiology and risk factors for diarrheal disease amongst rural and peri-urban populations in Cambodia, 2012-2018. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283871. [PMID: 37000848 PMCID: PMC10065300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, disproportionally affecting persons residing in low and middle-income countries. Accessing high-resolution surveillance data to understand community-level etiology and risk remains challenging, particularly in remote and resource limited populations. A multi-year prospective cohort study was conducted in two rural and two peri-urban villages in Cambodia from 2012 to 2018 to describe the epidemiology and etiology of acute diarrheal diseases within the population. Suspected diarrheal episodes among participants were self-reported or detected via routine weekly household visits. Fresh stool and fecal swabs were tested, and acute-illness and follow-up participant questionnaires collected. Of 5027 enrolled participants, 1450 (28.8%) reported at least one diarrheal incident. A total of 4266 individual diarrhea case events were recorded. Diarrhea incidence rate was calculated to be 281.5 persons per 1000 population per year, with an event rate of 664.3 individual diarrhea events occurring per 1000 population per year. Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Aeromonas spp., and Plesiomonas shigelloides were the most prevalent bacterial infections identified. Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis were the predominant helminth species, while Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia were the predominant protozoan species found. Norovirus genotype 2 was the predominant virus identified. Mixed infections of two or more pathogens were detected in 36.2% of positive cases. Risk analyses identified unemployed status increased diarrhea risk by 63% (HR = 1.63 [95% CI 1.46, 1.83]). Individuals without access to protected water sources or sanitation facilities were 59% (HR = 1.59 [95% CI 1.49, 1.69]) and 19% (HR = 1.19 [95% CI 1.12, 1.28]) greater risk of contracting diarrhea, respectively. Patient-level surveillance data captured in this long-term study has generated a unique spatiotemporal profile of diarrheal disease in Cambodia. Understanding etiologies, together with associated epidemiological and community-level risk, provides valuable public health insight to support effective planning and delivery of appropriate local population-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard C. Kelly
- Vysnova Partners, Inc., Landover, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Agus Rachmat
- AC Investment Co, Contractor for NAMRU-2 Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Long Khanh Tran
- Vysnova Partners, Inc., Landover, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chonthida Supaprom
- AC Investment Co, Contractor for NAMRU-2 Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Malen Luy
- AC Investment Co, Contractor for NAMRU-2 Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sin Lina
- AC Investment Co, Contractor for NAMRU-2 Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Heng Sopheab
- National Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Cambodia
| | - John S. Brooks
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Karen S. Corson
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Singapore, Singapore
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit TWO, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Ding Y, Yao X, Zhang H, He X, Song Z. Maternal antibiotic treatment during pregnancy attenuates the transport and absorption of maternal antibody IgG through TLR4 and TLR2 receptor. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1109273. [PMID: 36891396 PMCID: PMC9986424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibody IgG, the main antibody in colostrum, plays an important role in neonates protection. Commensal microbiota is closely related to host antibody repertoire. However, there are few reports on how maternal gut microbiota affects maternal antibody IgG transfer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of altering the gut microbiota (treated with antibiotics during pregnancy) on maternal IgG transportation and offspring absorption and explored its underlying mechanisms. Results showed that antibiotic treatment during pregnancy significantly decreased maternal cecal microbial richness (Chao1 and Obesrved species) and diversity (Shannon and Simpson). Plasma metabolome enriched significant changes in the process of bile acid secretion pathway, and the concentration of deoxycholic acid, a secondary metabolite of microorganisms was lowered. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that antibiotic treatment promoted the number of B cells and abated the number of T, DC and M1 cells in intestinal lamina propria of dams. Surprisingly, the serum IgG level in antibiotic treated dams was significantly increased, while IgG contents in colostrum was decreased. Moreover, pregnancy antibiotic treatment in dams was reduced the expression of FcRn, TLR4 and TLR2 in breast of dams and in duodenum and jejunum of neonates. Furthermore, TLR4-/- and TLR2-/- knock-out mice showed a lower FcRn expression in breast of dams and in duodenum and jejunum of neonates. These findings suggest that maternal intestine bacteria may affect the maternal IgG transfer through regulating the breast TLR4 and TLR2 of dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Prolonged diarrhea among under-five children in Bangladesh: Burden and risk factors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273148. [PMID: 36190936 PMCID: PMC9529139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction & background Prolonged (duration >7 to 13 days) diarrhea (ProD) in under-five children is a universal health problem including Bangladesh. Data on epidemiology and associated or risk factors of ProD are limited, particularly in Bangladesh where a high burden of ProD is reported. This study intended to assess the case load of ProD and its associated or risk factors compared to acute diarrhea (AD, duration ≤7 days). Methods We analyzed the data collected between 1996–2014 from a hospital-based Diarrheal-Disease-Surveillance-System (DDSS) in the ‘Dhaka Hospital’ of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases, Bangladesh (icddr,b). The DDSS enrolled a 2% systematic sample, regardless of age, sex, and diarrhea severity. The data included information on socio-demographic factors, environmental history, clinical characteristics, nutritional status, and diarrhea-pathogens. After cleaning of data, relevant information of 21,566 under-five children were available who reported with ≤13 days diarrhea (including AD and ProD), and their data were analyzed. Variables found significantly associated with ProD compared to AD in bi-variate analysis were used in logistic regression model after checking the multicollinearity between independent variables. Results The mean±SD age of the children was 14.9±11.7 months and 40.4% were female; 7.6% had ProD and 92.4% had AD. Age <12 months, mucoid- or bloody-stool, warmer months (April-September), drug used at home before seeking care from hospital, and history of diarrhea within last one month were found associated with ProD (p<0.05); however, rotavirus infection was less common in children with ProD (p<0.05). ProD children more often needed inpatient admission than AD children (14.4 vs. 6.3, p<0.001). Case fatality rate of ProD vs. AD was 0.3% (n = 5) vs. 0.1% (n- = 22) respectively (p = 0.051). Conclusion A considerable proportion (7.6%) of under-five children reporting to icddr,b hospital suffered from ProD. Understanding the above-mentioned associated or risk factors is likely to help policy makers formulating appropriate strategies for alleviating the burden and effectively managing ProD in under-five children.
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Andargie Y, Sisay W, Molla M, Adela M. Evaluation of In vivo antidiarrheal activity of hydro-methanolic extract of the root of Rumex nepalensis in Swiss Albino mice. Metabol Open 2022; 15:100197. [PMID: 35785136 PMCID: PMC9243151 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural products have been utilized by human beings for thousands of years to relieve a variety of ailments, including diarrhea. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are associated with multiple adverse effects and contraindications. Traditionally, Rumex nepalensis by crushing the root, mix with water and then drunk the juice is extensively used for treating diarrhea. However, no scientific research has been done yet to support its antidiarrheal efficacy and safety. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity and safety profile of the plant in mice. Methods The hydro-methanolic extract was extracted through a cold maceration technique using 80% methanol. Castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastro-intestinal transit, and enteropooling models have been employed to assess the antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Results The crude root extract caused no mortality at a single limit test dose of 2 g/kg throughout the first 24 h and for the rest of the 14 days. In a castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the hydro-methanolic extract markedly delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (P<.05), 200 (P<.01), and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) test doses. Meanwhile, at 200 (P<.01) and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) doses, the plant extract considerably lowered the weight and volume of intestinal contents. In the gastro-intestinal transit model, however, a dramatic inhibition in the charcoal meal travel was noticed at 100 (P<.05), 200 (P<.01), and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) test doses. The peak antidiarrheal index was exhibited at the highest dose of the test extract. Conclusion The study speculated that Rumex nepalensis root extract possesses antidiarrheal activity, which could be owing to its inhibitory effect on both gastro-intestinal motility and fluid secretion. Traditionally, the root extract of Rumex nepalensis is given for managing diarrhea. Phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of various bioactive chemicals. The test extract at 2 g/kg is safe following a single dose administration. The plant extract possesses both anti-secretory and anti-motility effect. The findings approved the antidiarrheal effect of the plant extract.
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Wen J, Zhang JW, Lyu YX, Zhang H, Deng KX, Chen HX, Wei Y. Ethanol Extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch: Antidiarrheal Activity in Mice and Contraction Effect in Isolated Rabbit Jejunum. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:325-332. [PMID: 35997860 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root (GFR) in vivo and jejunal contraction in vitro. METHODS In vivo, 50 mice were divided into negative control, positive control (verapamil), low-, medium- and high-dose GFR (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) groups by a random number table, 10 mice in each group. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhea mice model by evacuation index (EI). In vitro, the effects of GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated smooth muscle of rabbit jejunum and contraction of pretreated by Acetylcholine (ACh, 10 µmol/L) and KCl (60 mmol/L) were observed for 200 s. In addition, CaCl2 was accumulated to further study its mechanism after pretreating jejunal smooth muscle with GFR (1 and 3 g/L) or verapamil (0.03 and 0.1 µmol/L) in a Ca2+-free-high-K+ solution containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). RESULTS GFR (500 and 1,000 mg/kg) significantly reduced EI in castor oil-induced diarrhea model mice (P<0.01). Meanwhile, GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Contraction of jejunums samples pretreated by ACh and KCl with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values was 1.05 (0.71-1.24), 0.34 (0.29-0.41) and 0.15 (0.11-0.20) g/L, respectively. In addition, GFR moved the concentration-effect curve of CaCl2 down to the right, showing a similar effect to verapamil. CONCLUSIONS GFR can effectively against diarrhea and inhibit intestinal contraction, and these antidiarrheal effects may be based on blocking L-type Ca2+ channels and muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Jian-Wu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Yuan-Xia Lyu
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Kai-Xi Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Hong-Xue Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637100, China.
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Self-reported and the actual involvement of community pharmacy professionals in the management of acute childhood diarrhea in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: Simulated patient visits and survey study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1497-1506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Xue H, Ma J, Wang Y, Lu M, Wang F, Tang X. Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San (SL) and SL Derived-Polysaccharide (PL) Ameliorate the Severity of Diarrhea-Induced by High Lactose via Modification of Colonic Fermentation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883355. [PMID: 35837289 PMCID: PMC9273845 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we demonstrated that Shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SL), a classical Chinese herbal formula, could alleviate lactose-induced diarrhea. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying SL action or the efficacy of the polysaccharide (PL) derived from SL. In this study, we investigated the effect of SL and PL on improving the dysregulated luminal and mucosal microbiota in rats with high lactose diet using 16S rRNA analysis. The concentrations of lactose, lactic acid in cecum and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecum and portal vein were measured, meanwhile the expression of ion transporters were ascertained. Our data suggest that the SL, PL and cecal microbiota transplantation (CMT) significantly decreased fecal water content and water intake. In the luminal microbiota there was a significant increase in Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium and Blautia and a lower abundance of Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Dubosiella, while the mucosal microbiota showed a significant increase in Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Albaculum, Bilophila, and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 and a lower abundance of Enterococcus, Helicobacter, Dubosiella, and Collinsella. Furthermore, the treatments enhanced lactose fermentation and SCFA production, which may be related to the modulation of the luminal microbial community. A lower ratio of phosphorylation Na/H exchanger3/Na/H exchanger3 (pNHE3/NHE3) and a higher sodium monocarboxylate1 (sMCT1) expression were found in the treatment group than in the model group, which may be related to the changes in the mucosal microbial community. Also, the treatments may restore the impacted metabolic pathways of gut microbiota. These results provide an important foundation for mechanism of SL action and developing PL-based treatment for lactose-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xue
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Xue, ; Xudong Tang, ; Fengyun Wang,
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medican School (Xiyuan), Beijing, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxiong Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medican School (Xiyuan), Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Xue, ; Xudong Tang, ; Fengyun Wang,
| | - Xudong Tang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medican School (Xiyuan), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Xue, ; Xudong Tang, ; Fengyun Wang,
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Rodríguez-Sorrento A, Castillejos L, López-Colom P, Cifuentes-Orjuela G, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Martín-Orúe SM. Assessment of the Effects of the Synbiotic Combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Against Digestive Bacterial Infections in a Piglet Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831737. [PMID: 35350617 PMCID: PMC8957890 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bifidobacteria as probiotics has proven to be beneficial in gastroenteric infections. Furthermore, prebiotics such as inulin can enhance the survival and growth of these bacteria. Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of the administration of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and oligofructose-enriched inulin against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4. A total of 72 (Salmonella trial) and 96 (ETEC F4 trial) weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 design (with or without synbiotic, inoculated or not with the pathogen). After adaptation, animals were orally inoculated. Performance and clinical signs were evaluated. On days 4 and 8 (Salmonella trial) and 3 and 7 (ETEC F4 trial) post-inoculation (PI), one animal per pen was euthanized. Blood, digestive content and tissue samples were collected and microbiological counts, fermentation products, serum inflammatory markers and ileum histomorphometry analysis were performed. Both challenges had an impact on faecal consistency (p < 0.001), including the faecal shedding of Salmonella and increased numbers of enterobacteria and coliforms. The synbiotic administration did not have any effect on pathogen loads but induced changes in the fermentation profile, such as increased valeric acid in both trials as well as decreased acetic acid, except for Salmonella-challenged animals. The effect on propionate varied among trials, increasing in challenged synbiotic-treated pigs and decreasing in non-challenged ones in the Salmonella trial (P interaction = 0.013), while the opposed occurred in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction = 0.013). The administration of the synbiotic increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL; p = 0.039) on day 8 PI in the Salmonella trial and a similar trend occurred in non-challenged pigs in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction = 0.086). The results did not provide evidence of reduced pathogen load with the synbiotic, although a modulation in fermentative activity could be identified depending on the challenge. Consistent increases were found in IEL, suggesting that this synbiotic combination has some immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Rodríguez-Sorrento
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paola López-Colom
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador (UAE), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Susana M Martín-Orúe
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Melnik LI, Garry RF. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin and Ebola Virus Delta Peptide: Similarities and Differences. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020170. [PMID: 35215114 PMCID: PMC8878840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) STb toxin exhibits striking structural similarity to Ebola virus (EBOV) delta peptide. Both ETEC and EBOV delta peptide are enterotoxins. Comparison of the structural and functional similarities and differences of these two toxins illuminates features that are important in induction of pathogenesis by a bacterial and viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(504)988-3818
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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21
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Bongo GN. The Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute diarrhea due rotavirus in children aged 0-71 months hospitalized at Kalembe-lembe pediatric hospital in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2021.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This research is based on a retrospective analysis of medical records filed in the archives of the emergency departments of Kalembe-lembe Hospital in the provincial city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The study involved 324 records of patients aged 0-71 months admitted to the emergency departments and hospitalized for acute diarrhea from January 1 to December 31, 2015. The aim was to inventory the cases of rotavirus diarrhea and/or other germs (individually or in combination) to study their epidemiological and clinical aspects. Thus, the epidemiological and clinical parameters (age, sex, season, symptoms, frequency and physical aspects of stools, dehydration status and duration of hospitalization) of diarrheic children diagnosed as positive for rotavirus were compared with those infected with other germs (individually or in combination with rotavirus or other viruses). The search for the etiological agents of the diarrhea was performed in 56.48% of the cases. The results of this work allowed us to show: (i) a predominance of infections by viruses (69.94%) including rotavirus (48.08%), (ii) high rates of infections by etiological agents of diarrhea including rotavirus in children under 12 months, (iii) a high proportion of vomiting, (iii) a high proportion of vomiting, fever, physical asthenia and restlessness or frequent and liquid stools or moderate dehydration in children infected with rotavirus, (iv) specific clinical pictures according to the etiological agents of diarrhea or their combinations.
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Alnomasy S. Antibacterial and anti-parasitic activities of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract against some common pathogenic agents of infectious diarrhea. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.343389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Evaluation of the BioFire Gastrointestinal Panel to Detect Diarrheal Pathogens in Pediatric Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010034. [PMID: 35054200 PMCID: PMC8774520 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is a global pediatric health concern; therefore, rapid and accurate detection of enteropathogens is vital. We evaluated the BioFire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel with that of comparator laboratory tests. Stool samples of pediatric patients with diarrhea were prospectively collected and tested. As a comparator method for bacteria, culture, conventional PCR for diarrheagenic E. coli, and Allplex GI-Bacteria(I) Assay were tested. For discrepancy analysis, BD MAX Enteric Bacterial Panel was used. As a comparator method for virus, BD MAX Enteric Virus Panel and immunochromatography was used and Allplex GI-Virus Assay was used for discrepancy analysis. The “true positive” was defined as culture-positive and/or positive results from more than two molecular tests. Of the 184 stool samples tested, 93 (50.5%) were true positive for 128 pathogens, and 31 (16.9%) were positive for multiple pathogens. The BioFire GI Panel detected 123 pathogens in 90 of samples. The BioFire GI Panel demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% for 12 targets and a specificity of >95% for 16 targets. The overall positive rate and multiple pathogen rate among patients in the group without underlying diseases were significantly higher than those in the group with hematologic disease (57.0% vs. 28.6% (p = 0.001) and 20.4% vs. 4.8% (p = 0.02), respectively). The BioFire GI Panel provides comprehensive results within 2 h and may be useful for the rapid identification of enteropathogens.
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Ekundayo TC, Igere BE, Oluwafemi YD, Iwu CD, Olaniyi OO. Human norovirus contamination in water sources: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118164. [PMID: 34534825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The human norovirus (HNoV), on a global scale, is the prevailing cause of contagious viral gastroenteritis outbreaks, with more than 200 000 deaths annually. This study aimed at assessing specific prevalence of HNoV pollution in different water sources and their roles in the dissemination of HNoV, with a view to refocus water sources and sewage management options for policy making towards public health safety. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) of the prevalence of HNoV in water sources. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science for studies on HNoV prevalence in water sources without temporal restriction, till January 30, 2021. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of the HNoV prevalence and stratified the study by water type, continent, gross national income (GNI) group and genogroup. Further, a mixed-effects meta-regression model was performed for sensitivity analysis. The literature search identified 61 studies on water source-based HNoV (WsHNoV) prevalence. The pooled WsHNoV prevalence was 31.7% (95%CI: 25.1-38.5) but varied according to water sources types; river water showing the highest estimate at 43.5% (95%CI: 33.9-53.4), followed by estuarine water (30.6%, 95%CI: 12.5-52.2), composite water (27.9%, 95%CI: 13.5-44.9), marine water (25.9%, 95%CI: 10.0-45.6), groundwater (19.7%, 95%CI: 9.4-32.3) and lake water (2.2%, 95%CI: 0-25.8). Further, the findings indicated the highest WsHNoV prevalence in Africa as 55.9% (95% CI: 28.2-81.9), followed by Asia (31.6%, 95% CI: 22.3-41.6), Europe (29.8%, 95% CI: 17.9-43.2), North America (27.7%, 95% CI: 11.2-47.6) and South America (27.1%, 95%CI: 0.09-49.4). The WsHNoV prevalence stratified by GNI group was 40.6% (95%CI: 27.9-53.9) in middle-income countries and 28.7% (95%CI: 21.7-36.1) in high-income countries respectively. The prevalence of GI, GII and GI & GII genogroup in natural water was 16.4% (95%CI: 12.0-21.3), 20.6% (95%CI: 15.7-25.8) and 12.8% (95%CI: 6.9-20.6) respectively. Evidently, prevalence of the HNoV genogroup in water sources mirrors the pattern of HNoV gastroenteritis and GII genogroup dominance worldwide. In conclusion, public health efforts against waterborne diseases should prioritize water resource/sewage management options and policies towards ardent water sources pollution prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bright E Igere
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Yinka D Oluwafemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Chidozie D Iwu
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oladipo O Olaniyi
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
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Omotayo AO, Olagunju KO, Omotoso AB, Ogunniyi AI, Otekunrin OA, Daud AS. Clean water, sanitation and under-five children diarrhea incidence: Empirical evidence from the South Africa's General Household Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63150-63162. [PMID: 34226996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient supply of potable water, hygiene facilities, and sanitation are major factors enhancing healthy living. Using the dataset from the 2018 South Africa General Household Survey, this study employed the logistic regression model to examine the effects of accessibility to potable water and sanitation on the incidence of diarrhea among under-five children. The findings from the research reveal that the majority of children have access to safe drinking water, although a substantial percentage (32%) of the households had to pay for access. The results of the logistic regression model show that households with access to clean water, to improved toilet facilities, and to water within their residence are less likely to record incidence of diarrhea among under-five children. Moreso, the likelihood of reporting diarrhea among the children decreases with the age of children and the age of household heads. Therefore, to contribute to the designing policies targeted at reducing the incidence of diarrhea among children, this study emphasized that the availability and accessibility of clean water, water-storage facilities, and improved fecal discharge facilities among the South African households are key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Olusola Omotayo
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, North West Province, 2745, South Africa.
| | - Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju
- Economics Research Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | | | - Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Oro-Ago Crescent Garki II, Abuja, 901101, Nigeria
| | - Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, (FUNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adebola Saidat Daud
- Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, P.M.B. 10, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Liao Y, Hong X, Wu A, Jiang Y, Liang Y, Gao J, Xue L, Kou X. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of acute gastroenteritis from 1997 to 2021: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105259. [PMID: 34687838 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide response towards the acute gastroenteritis epidemic was well known, but the absence of an updated systematic review of global norovirus epidemiology in cases of gastroenteritis existed. We aimed to conduct and update a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing norovirus prevalence among gastroenteritis patients worldwide. METHODS Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched for epidemiological papers from 2014 to 2021 which applied the PCR method to access the prevalence of norovirus in acute gastroenteritis patients more than a full year. Statistical analysis was conducted using R-4.0.0 software. RESULTS A total of 405 records with 842, 926 cases were included. The pooled prevalence of norovirus was 16% (95%CI 15, 17). Children under 5 years old were at a higher risk with norovirus. A higher prevalence was seen in South America (22%, 95% CI 18, 27), while other continents showed a similar result with the overall prevalence of norovirus. No association was found between national income level and norovirus prevalence. A gradient of decreasing prevalence was noticed from community (20%, 95% CI 16, 24) to outpatients (18%, 95% CI 16, 20) to hospital setting (included both in- and outpatients, 17%, 95% CI 16, 19) to inpatients (15%, 95% CI 13, 17). CONCLUSION Norovirus were associated with 16% acute gastroenteritis globally. To fully understand the prevalence of norovirus worldwide, the continual surveillance of norovirus epidemics was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyin Liao
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Hong
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiwu Wu
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yang Z, Ni H, Liu P, Liu H, Yang K, Zhang Z, Wang B, Li X, Chen F. Nanofibrils in 3D aligned channel arrays with synergistic effect of Ag/NPs for rapid and highly efficient electric field disinfection. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chen C, Guan Z, Huang C, Jiang D, Liu X, Zhou Y, Yan D, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ding C, Lan L, Lin Y, Wu J, Li L, Yang S. Epidemiological Trends and Hotspots of Other Infectious Diarrhea (OID) in Mainland China: A Population-Based Surveillance Study From 2004 to 2017. Front Public Health 2021; 9:679853. [PMID: 34368054 PMCID: PMC8339203 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.679853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of other infectious diarrhea (OID) ranked second in class C notifiable disease in China. It has posed a great threat to public health of all age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological trends and hotspots of OID in mainland China. Materials and Methods: Incidence and mortality data for OID stratified by date, age and region from 2004 to 2017 was extracted from the data-center of China public health science. Joinpoint regression and space-time analyses were performed to explore the epidemiological trends and hotspots of OID. Results: The average annual incidence of OID was 60.64/100,000 and it showed an increased trend in the mainland China especially after 2006 (APC = 4.12, 95 CI%: 2.06-6.21). Children of 0-4 year age group accounts for 60.00% (5,820,897/11,414,247) of all cases and its incidence continuously increased though 2004-2017 (APC = 6.65, 95 CI%: 4.39-8.96). The first-level spatial and temporal aggregation areas were located in Beijing and Tianjin, with the gathering time from 2005/1/1 to 2011/12/31 (RR = 5.52, LLR = 572893.59, P < 0.001). The secondary spatial and temporal aggregation areas covered Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Guizhou from 2011/1/1 to 2017/12/31 (RR = 1.98, LLR = 242292.72, P < 0.001). OID of Tianjin and Beijing presented a decreased trend since 2006. However, the incidence of OID in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Guizhou showed increased trends through 2004-2017. Conclusion: Our study showed that OID showed a constantly increasing trend and brought considerable burden in China especially in the 0-4 age group. The high-risk periods and clusters of regions for OID were identified, which will help government develop disease-specific and location-specific interventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Muhangi D, Gardiner CH, Ojok L, Cranfield MR, Gilardi KVK, Mudakikwa AB, Lowenstine LJ. Pathological lesions of the digestive tract in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23290. [PMID: 34096629 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The finding of parasites and bacterial pathogens in mountain gorilla feces and oral lesions in gorilla skeletal remains has not been linked to pathological evidence of morbidity or mortality. In the current study, we conducted a retrospective study of digestive tracts including oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines (gastrointestinal tract [GI]), liver, and pancreas of 60 free-ranging mountain gorillas from Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo that died between 1985 and 2007. We reviewed clinical histories and gross pathology reports and examined histological sections. On histology, enteritis (58.6%), gastritis (37.3%), and colitis (29.3%) were the commonest lesions in the tracts. Enteritis and colitis were generally mild, and judged likely to have been subclinical. Gastritis was often chronic and proliferative or ulcerative, and associated with nematodiasis. A gastro-duodenal malignancy (carcinoid) was present in one animal. A number of incidental lesions were identified throughout the tract and cestodes and nematodes were frequently observed grossly and/or histologically. Pigmentation of teeth and tongue were a common finding, but periodontitis and dental attrition were less common than reported from past studies of skeletal remains. Despite observing numerous GI lesions and parasites in this study of deceased free-living mountain gorillas, we confirmed mortality attributable to gastroenteritis in just 8% (5/60) cases, which is less than that described in captive gorillas. Other deaths attributed to digestive tract lesions included cleft palate in an infant, periodontal disease causing systemic infection in an older adult and gastric cancer. Of all the parasitic infections observed, only hepatic capillariasis and gastric nematodiasis were significantly associated with lesions (hepatitis and gastritis, respectively). Understanding GI lesions in this endangered species is key in the management of morbidity associated with GI ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Muhangi
- Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris H Gardiner
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- School of Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten V K Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Barati M, Taghipour A, Bakhshi B, Shams S, Pirestani M. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and Campylobacter spp. among children with gastrointestinal disorders in Tehran, Iran. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 13:e00207. [PMID: 34027141 PMCID: PMC8122356 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and Campylobacter spp. are public health problem in both developing and developed countries. This study was conducted to determine prevalence of IPIs and Campylobacter spp. among children with gastrointestinal disorders in Tehran. In this descriptive cross-sectional survey, 283 fresh stool samples were collected from all individuals and examined by standard parasitological methods including direct slide smear, formalin-ether concentration, trichrome staining, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and chromotrope 2R staining techniques were used for detection of intestinal protozoa and helminths. Furthermore, culture and multiplex-PCR were also used to identify the species of Campylobacter. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. IPIs were detected microscopically in 22.26% of the total study population, with a higher prevalence in Giardia duodenalis (7.06%) and Blastocystis hominis (7.06%). Campylobacter were detected molecularly in 14.8% (95.2% of C. jejuni vs. 4.8% of C. coli) of the total study populations; of these, 3.5% had co-existence with IPIs colonized patients. Our results showed a relatively high prevalence of IPIs and Campylobacter in children with diarrhea. Further research is needed to better understand their co-infection and ensure future advances in clinical trials, testing, and development of therapeutic approaches for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Barati
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shams
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Chang H, Guo J, Wei Z, Huang Z, Wang C, Qiu Y, Xu X, Zeng M. Aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai, 2015-2018. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249888. [PMID: 33831124 PMCID: PMC8031434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to monitor the aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai. Paediatric outpatients with acute diarrhoea were enrolled in the study from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. Faecal samples were collected for testing. Enteric bacteria were identified and typed by culture and serotyping, respectively. Enteric viruses were identified by real-time PCR. Enteric pathogens were identified in 1572 (58.4%) of the 2692 enrolled children with acute diarrhoea. Viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria (41.3% versus 25.0%). Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) was the most common (10.3%) bacteria isolated, followed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (6.5%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (6.2%), Campylobacter spp. (3.6%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (1.1%), Shigella spp. (0.2%), and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (0.1%). Rotavirus was the most common (16.0%) virus detected, followed by norovirus (15.5%), adenovirus (7.2%), sapovirus (3.0%) and astrovirus (2.7%). Rotavirus, norovirus and NTS were the major pathogens responsible for diarrhoea in Shanghainese children. Improving uptake of the rotavirus vaccine and strengthening foodborne-pathogen prevention will aid in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal disease in children in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuning Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (MZ)
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (MZ)
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Pessoa RF, Duarte Figueiredo IA, Dantas Ferreira SR, Lima de Farias Cavalcanti Silva AR, Marinho Paiva RL, Cordeiro LV, de Oliveira Lima E, Cabrera SP, Sarmento Silva TM, de Andrade Cavalcante F. Investigation of ethnomedicinal use of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J. B. Gillett (Burseraceae) in treatment of diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113564. [PMID: 33166628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett, popularly known as "imburana", "imburana-de-cheiro" or "imburana-de-espinho", has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, such as diarrhea. The indian tribes "Kairir-Shokó and shokó use the bark to treat diarrhea. However, there is no scientific evidence to justify the therapeutic use of this species. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the ethnomedicinal use of Commiphora leptophloeos, with respect to the antimicrobial, antisecretory, antimotility and antispasmodic activities of the crude ethanolic extract obtained from its leaves (CL-EtOHL) and the mechanism underlying this action in rodents. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract, against different strains of bacteria and fungi. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraíba (045/2016). In addition, behavioral screening and acute toxicity assessment of CL-EtOHL were performed in female mice (n = 6). In the investigation of antidiarrheal activity (n = 6), frequency of defecation and number of liquid stools, were classified during 4 h, and intestinal fluid and transit were measured. In addition, the antispasmodic effect on rat ileum (n = 5) was also investigated. RESULTS The ethanolic extract is rich in flavonoids and the main were identified as C-glycosylated flavonoids (isoorientin, orientin, and vitexin). In the evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity, the extract showed moderate efficacy only against the tested strains of Candida krusei ATCC-6258, Candida parapsilosis ATCC-22019 and Candida glabrata ATCC-90030. The extract had no toxic effect until 2000 mg/kg. In castor oil-induced diarrhea, CL-EtOHL inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, both total defecation frequency (ED50 = 380.4 ± 145.4 mg/kg) and the number of watery stools (ED50 = 151.2 ± 76.3 mg/kg). The extract showed no effect on fluid accumulation or normal intestinal transit. On the other hand, when the animals were pretreated with castor oil, the extract decreased the distance traveled by the activated charcoal (ED50 = 177.0 ± 50.3 mg/kg). In the investigation of antispasmodic effect, CL-EtOHL antagonized the contractions induced by KCl 30 mM (IC50 = 208.2 ± 25.9 μg/mL) and CCh 10-6 M (IC50 = 95. ± 22.0 μg/mL). To verify the participation of muscarinic receptors in this effect, cumulative carbachol curves were performed in the absence and presence of the extract, and a non-competitive pseudo-irreversible antagonism of these receptors was observed. CONCLUSION The data indicate that ethanol extract obtained from the leaves of Commiphora leptophloeos has an antidiarrheal effect due to inhibition of the intestinal motility and antispasmodic effect, through the antagonism of muscarinic receptors. In addition, we suggest that flavonoids isolated from CL-EtOHL may be responsible for antidiarrheal activity of this extract. This explains its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Fernandes Pessoa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Laísa Vilar Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil.
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Islam MR, Nuzhat S, Fahim SM, Palit P, Flannery RL, Kyle DJ, Mahfuz M, Islam MM, Sarker SA, Ahmed T. Antibiotic exposure among young infants suffering from diarrhoea in Bangladesh. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:395-402. [PMID: 33107165 PMCID: PMC8048795 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Appropriate rehydration has always been significant in treating diarrhoeal diseases in children. Irrational antibiotic use among diarrhoeal children has remained a major public health concern. Information regarding antibiotic use in young infants suffering from diarrhoea is very limited and a unique aspect of research. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic use in the community among 2-6 months infants with diarrhoeal illnesses and having different nutritional status. METHODS We investigated a total of 5279 infants aged 2-6 months at Dhaka hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between September 2018 and June 2019. Among them, 257 infants were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM). History of taking antibiotics was ascertained by direct observation of a prescription by a physician, the bottle of antibiotic or asking the caregiver about the name of antibiotic or its price that is very close to the usual market price of an antibiotic. RESULTS Overall, 52% of infants received antibiotics before hospital admission. Non-SAM infants had higher odds of receiving antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.97, P value = 0.003) compared to infants with SAM and use of antibiotics increased with age (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.17, P value<0.001). Commonly used antibiotics were azithromycin (13.3%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), erythromycin (7.7%) and metronidazole (2.6%). The proportion of receiving ciprofloxacin was significantly lower in infants with SAM compared to their non-SAM counterparts (2.7% vs. 7.97%, P value = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the excessive use of antibiotics among diarrhoeal infants, which is already a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ridwan Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Sharika Nuzhat
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Shah Mohammad Fahim
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - David J Kyle
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc.DavisCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - M Munirul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Shafiqul Alam Sarker
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
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Adejuwon KP, Osundahunsi OF, Akinola SA, Oluwamukomi MO, Mwanza M. Effect of Fermentation on Nutritional Quality, Growth and Hematological Parameters of Rats Fed Sorghum-Soybean-Orange flesh Sweet Potato Complementary Diet. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:639-650. [PMID: 33598149 PMCID: PMC7866588 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein quality of complementary foods developed from fermented and unfermented sorghum, soybeans, and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) flour blends was evaluated using rat model. The test diet was as follows: UF2: unfermented sorghum (56%), soybean (17%), and OFSP (27%); UF3: unfermented sorghum (59%), soybean (31%), and OFSP (10%); F2: fermented sorghum (56%), soybean (17%), and OFSP (27%); and F3: fermented sorghum (59%), soybean (31%), and OFSP (10%), while cerelac served as positive control, corn starch (basal diet), and ogi (negative control). Forty-nine Wistar albino rats were grouped and fed with diets for 28 days. The growth, hematological, serum parameters of animals, protein quality, and proximate composition of developed diet were determined. Fermentation significantly improved the protein content and nutritional indices of experimental animals. Moisture content ranged from 2.5% to 9.24%, protein (7.09%-25.29%), ash (1.09%-3.71%), fat (10.28%-15.24%), and fiber (0.85%-3.17%). The biological values (BV) ranged from 75.11% to 78.44%. The weight gained in rat fed the formulated diet ranged from 46.0 g to 77.3 g and was highest in F3. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HBC), red blood cell (RBC), and lymphocytes were highest in F3. Urea nitrogen and creatinine of the rats fed with formulated diets ranged from 3.58 to 15.32 mg/dl and 1.56 to 6.15 mg/dl, respectively. Sample F3 is a protein-rich complementary food that is comparable to ogi and suitable to manage malnutrition and support growth in children. However, clinical trials on the formulated diet are needed to further substantiate its nutritional potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikelomo P. Adejuwon
- Department of Nutrition and Health PromotionOndo State Primary Healthcare Development AgencyAkureNigeria
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFederal University of TechnologyAkureOndo StateNigeria
| | | | - Stephen A. Akinola
- Department of MicrobiologyFood Security and Safety NicheFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesNorth West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
| | - Matthew O. Oluwamukomi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFederal University of TechnologyAkureOndo StateNigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Center for Animal Health StudiesFood Security and Safety NicheFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesNorth West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
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Meyer J, Roos E, Combescure C, Buchs NC, Frossard JL, Ris F, Toso C, Schrenzel J. Mapping of aetiologies of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogens identified using a multiplex screening array. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:1405-1410. [PMID: 33147077 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1839128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergence of molecular methods to screen stools could provide a more complete picture of pathogens causing gastroenteritis, allowing to adequately treat patients whenever required but, so far, no aggregate data have been released. Our objective was to report pathogens identified in patients suffering from gastroenteritis using a multiplex molecular array. DESIGN Medline and Embase were searched for original publications reporting pathogens identified with FilmArray GI panel in patients suffering from gastroenteritis. Proportions of pathogens were extracted and pooled using a model with random effects. RESULTS Fourteen studies (17,815 patients) were included in the analysis. Among the 7,071 patients (39.7%) with positive FilmArray, identified pathogens were EPEC (27.5%), Clostridium difficile (19.3%), Norovirus (15.1%), EAEC (15%), Campylobacter spp (11.8%), Salmonella spp (8.1%), ETEC (7.3%), Rotavirus (7.3%), Sapovirus (7.1%), STEC (5.2%), Shigella/EIEC (4.9%), Giardia lamblia (4%), Adenovirus (3.8%), Cryptosporidium spp (3.8%), Astrovirus (2.8%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1.7%), Escherichia coli O157 (1.1%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (1.1%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (0.7%), Vibrio spp (0.5%), Vibrio cholerae (0.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica (0.3%). When considering only studies with control group (microbiological examination of the stools performed by other methods), FilmArray identified at least one pathogen in 48.2% of patients versus 16.7% when using comparative diagnostic methods. CONCLUSIONS FilmArray GI panel was positive in 39.7% of patients suffering from gastroenteritis. This proportion has to be mitigated by the carriage rates of identified organisms. Ultimately, restricted ordering of molecular panels to those patients who might benefit from specific treatment could provide medical value by swift identification of the pathogen and more targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Elin Roos
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christophe Combescure
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas C Buchs
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Frossard
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
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Su X, Yin X, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhang S, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhou X, Gao J, Wang Z, Zhang Q. Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves' Disease Patients by Propionic Acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5891790. [PMID: 32785703 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease (GD) is a typical organ-specific autoimmune disease. Intestinal flora plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis and autoimmune disease development. However, the association and mechanism between intestinal flora and GD remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association and mechanism between intestinal flora and GD. METHODS We recruited 58 initially untreated GD patients and 63 healthy individuals in the study. The composition and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal flora in GD patients and the causal relationship between intestinal flora and GD pathogenesis were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, targeted/untargeted metabolomics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. RESULTS The composition, metabolism, and inter-relationships of the intestinal flora were also changed, particularly the significantly reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and SCFAs. The YCH46 strain of Bacteroides fragilis could produce propionic acid and increase Treg cell numbers while decreasing Th17 cell numbers. Transplanting the intestinal flora of GD patients significantly increased GD incidence in the GD mouse model. Additionally, there were 3 intestinal bacteria genera (Bacteroides, Alistipes, Prevotella) could distinguish GD patients from healthy individuals with 85% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Gut dysbiosis contributes to a Treg/Th17 imbalance through the pathway regulated by propionic acid and promotes the occurrence of GD, together with other pathogenic factors. Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Prevotella have great potential to serve as adjunct markers for GD diagnosis. This study provided valuable clues for improving immune dysfunction of GD patients using B. fragilis and illuminated the prospects of microecological therapy for GD as an adjunct treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Division of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xianlun Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Division of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuefang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shucui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongwei Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Division of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Gikonyo JN, Mbatia B, Okanya PW, Obiero GFO, Sang C, Steele D, Nyangao J. Post-vaccine rotavirus genotype distribution in Nairobi County, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:434-440. [PMID: 32898668 PMCID: PMC7670220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are primary etiological agents of gastroenteritis in young children. In Kenya, G1P8 monovalent vaccine (Rotarix) was introduced in July 2014 for mandatory vaccination of all newborns at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Since then, no studies have been done to identify the rotavirus genotypes circulating in Nairobi County, Kenya, following the vaccine introduction, hence the post-vaccine genotype distribution is not known. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the post-vaccine occurrence of rotavirus genotypes in children <5 years of age in Nairobi County, Kenya. METHODS Stool samples were collected from children presenting with diarrhea for whom the vaccination status was card-confirmed. Fecal samples were analyzed for rotavirus antigen using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, followed by characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR, and nested PCR genotyping, targeting the most medically important genotypes. RESULTS The strains observed included G1P[8] (38.8%), G9P[8] (20.4%), G2P[4] (12.2%), G3[P4] (6.1%), G2P[6] (4.1%), and G9P[6] (4.1%). Mixed genotype constellations G3P[4][8] were also detected (4.1%). Remarkably, an increased prevalence of G2 genotypes was observed, revealing a change in genetic diversity of rotavirus strains. While the dominance of G1P[8] decreased after vaccination, an upsurge in G2P[4] (12.2%) and G9P[8] (20.4%) was observed. Additionally, G3[P4] (6.1%) and G2P[6] (4.1%) prevalence increased over the 3 years of study. CONCLUSIONS The results inform the need for robust longitudinal surveillance and epidemiological studies to assess the long-term interaction between rotavirus vaccine and strain ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ndung'u Gikonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Betty Mbatia
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University (USIU) - Africa, PO Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Patrick W Okanya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - George F O Obiero
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Carlene Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases, Global Health Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA98102, USA.
| | - James Nyangao
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Jendras G, Monizi M, Neinhuis C, Lautenschläger T. Plants, food and treatments used by BaKongo tribes in Uíge (northern Angola) to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:88. [PMID: 33097071 PMCID: PMC7583195 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angola has one of the highest annual under-five mortality rates in in the world and malnutrition poses a severe problem in the country. This study is the first to focus on the traditional knowledge of plants, foods, and treatments used by the local population in the province of Uíge to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk, since decades of independence and civil war impeded ethnobotanical studies in this area. Methods This study was conducted in eight municipalities in the province of Uíge, Northern Angola in February and March 2018. In 265 semi-structured interviews, 360 informants in 40 rural villages were asked about plants, food, and treatments used to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk. Additionally, information on child mortality and the duration of breastfeeding were collected. Whenever possible, plant specimens were collected for later identification. To determine the local importance of the collected plants, food, and treatments, the Relative Frequency of Citations was calculated. Results Most women reported to have no problems with their breast milk production. The duration of breastfeeding meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). Across all use categories, 69 plants from 36 plant families, and 21 other foods and treatments could be identified. Conclusions The study shows an overview of a variety of plants, foods, and treatments used by mothers as galactagogues, to “clean” or to reduce their breast milk and those which they avoided to use during the lactation period. There is great potential for further research into this traditional knowledge. Also, further analysis of some of the plants could be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Jendras
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mawunu Monizi
- University of Kimpa Vita, Province of Uíge, Rua Henrique Freitas No. 1, Bairro Popular, Uíge, Angola
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thea Lautenschläger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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Luo CH, Ma LL, Liu HM, Liao W, Xu RC, Ci ZM, Lin JZ, Han L, Zhang DK. Research Progress on Main Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Improved by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:556885. [PMID: 33013395 PMCID: PMC7516165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia has become a major threat to worldwide public health, having rapidly spread to more than 180 countries and infecting over 1.6 billion people. Fever, cough, and fatigue are the most common initial symptoms of COVID-19, while some patients experience diarrhea rather than fever in the early stage. Many herbal medicine and Chinese patent medicine can significantly improve these symptoms, cure the patients experiencing a mild 22form of the illness, reduce the rate of transition from mild to severe disease, and reduce mortality. Therefore, this paper summarizes the physiopathological mechanisms of fever, cough, fatigue and diarrhea, and introduces Chinese herbal medicines (Ephedrae Herba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Asteris Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, etc.) and Chinese patent medicines (Shuang-huang-lian, Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang, etc.) with their corresponding therapeutic effects. Emphasis was placed on their material basis, mechanism of action, and clinical research. Most of these medicines possess the pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunity-enhancement, and may be promising medicines for the treatment or adjuvant treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-hong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui-min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Run-chun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-min Ci
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-zhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-kun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Eve A, Aliero AA, Nalubiri D, Adeyemo RO, Akinola SA, Pius T, Nabaasa S, Nabukeera S, Alkali B, Ntulume I. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:9813970. [PMID: 32963501 PMCID: PMC7492905 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9813970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox medical treatment, called for the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts (Jackfruit as it is locally called) in the treatment of diarrhoea. Ethanolic and hexanolic seed crude extracts of the plant were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity against bacteria isolated from clinical samples (methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli). Plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by plating out from microtitre plates with no visible growth. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroids from the prepared crude extracts. The ethanolic and hexanolic extracts had activity on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus with the mean and standard error zone of inhibition that ranged from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 16.5 ± 0.25 mm; however, the extracts were found not to have activity on resistant E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The ethanolic crude extract had the lowest MIC and MBC values of 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively, compared to the hexane extract which had the MIC and MBC values of 62.50 and 250 mg/ml, respectively. This provides the evidence for its usage as an alternative herbal remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea caused by susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asio Eve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Adamu Almustapha Aliero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Doreen Nalubiri
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Saheed Adekunle Akinola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Theophilus Pius
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Saphurah Nabaasa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Susan Nabukeera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Bashir Alkali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Ntulume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda
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Chen Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Hao D, Wang Y, Huang S, Liu N, Xia C, Yissachar N, Huang F, Chu Y, Yan D. β-arrestin 2 quenches TLR signaling to facilitate the immune evasion of EPEC. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1423-1437. [PMID: 32403971 PMCID: PMC7524320 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1759490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein translocated intimin receptor (Tir) from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli shares sequence similarity with the host cellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). The ITIMs of Tir are required for Tir-mediated immune inhibition and evasion of host immune responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which Tir regulates immune inhibition remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that β-arrestin 2, which is involved in the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal pathway, interacted with Tir in an ITIM-dependent manner. For the molecular mechanism, we found that β-arrestin 2 enhanced the recruitment of SHP-1 to Tir. The recruited SHP-1 inhibited K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 by dephosphorylating TRAF6 at Tyr288, and inhibited K63-linked ubiquitination and phosphorylation of TAK1 by dephosphorylating TAK1 at Tyr206, which cut off the downstream signal transduction and subsequent cytokine production. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Tir on immune responses was diminished in β-arrestin 2-deficient mice and macrophages. These findings suggest that β-arrestin 2 is a key regulator in Tir-mediated immune evasion, which could serve as a new therapeutic target for bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doudou Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nissan Yissachar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Feng Huang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Dapeng Yan Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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Xue H, Zhang M, Ma J, Chen T, Wang F, Tang X. Lactose-Induced Chronic Diarrhea Results From Abnormal Luminal Microbial Fermentation and Disorder of Ion Transport in the Colon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:877. [PMID: 32848839 PMCID: PMC7403511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the major abdominal symptoms in lactose-intolerant subjects. The changes in the large intestinal luminal environment and disorder of the epithelial ion transport in lactose-induced diarrhea remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an incremental high-lactose diet (IHLD, 30%/40%/50%) on luminal microbiota, microbiota-derived metabolite concentrations and colonic ion transport. Gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and the concentration of SCFAs by gas chromatography, galactose, lactose and lactic acid through assay kit; Ussing chamber was performed to detect basal and stimulated ion transport; The expression and location of SCFA transporters, the Na-H exchanger 3(NHE3), cystic fibrosis transporter regulater (CFTR) and NKCC1 in the colon mucosa were analyzed by western and immunostaining. The concentrations of lactose, galactose and lactic acid of the cecal content were markedly increased (P < 0.01) and SCFA concentration was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). This was associated with depletion of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus, escherichia-shigella and megamonas in the cecal microbiota. The expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 was decreased in the colonic mucosa of the IHLD group. Low NHE3 expression and phosphorylation levels, and decreases in delta basal short circuit current after apical Na+ removal in the colonic mucosa of the IHLD group contributed to Na+ accumulation in the lumen and decrease stimulated Cl– secretion with low CFTR and NKCC1 expression would compensate for water and electrolyte loss during the diarrhea process. These results indicated that the persistence of the diarrhea state was maintained by abnormal colonic microbiota fermentation leading to high concentrations of lactose, galactose and lactic acid and low SCFAs in the lumen, and decreased Na+ absorption with the low NHE3 expression and phosphorylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xue
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Wang X, Li N, Jiang T, Zhang H, Fanning S, Li F. Epidemiology of Norovirus among outpatients presenting with acute diarrhea in Dalian, China. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Ebomah KE, Okoh AI. An African perspective on the prevalence, fate and effects of carbapenem resistance genes in hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) final effluents: A critical review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03899. [PMID: 32420480 PMCID: PMC7215200 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the antibiotic era and discovery of earliest antibiotics until the present day state of affairs, coupled with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. The ways of response to challenges of antibiotic resistance (AR) such as the development of novel strategies in the search of new antibiotics, designing more effective preventive measures as well as the ecology of AR have been discussed. The applications of plant extract and chemical compounds like nanomaterials which are based on recent developments in the field of antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and chemotherapy were briefly discussed. The agencies responsible for environmental protection have a role to play in dealing with the climate crisis which poses an existential threat to the planet, and contributes to ecological support towards pathogenic microorganisms. The environment serves as a reservoir and also a vehicle for transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes hence, as dominant inhabitants we have to gain a competitive advantage in the battle against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ehi Ebomah
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Evaluation of the Antidiarrheal Activity of Hydromethanol Crude Extracts of Ruta chalepensis and Vernonia amygdalina in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8318713. [PMID: 32351606 PMCID: PMC7174968 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8318713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The herbal medicine practitioners in Ethiopia have used a wide range of medicinal plants as antidiarrheal agents. Among these, Ruta chalepensis and Vernonia amygdalina were claimed to have antidiarrheal activity in Ethiopian folklore medicine. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of the crude extracts of Ruta chalepensis and Vernonia amygdalina in mice. Methods The crude extracts were obtained by cold maceration with 80% methanol, and its antidiarrheal activities were evaluated using a castor oil-induced diarrheal model. The test groups were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the crude extract of each plant, while the positive controls and negative controls were given loperamide (3 mg/kg.bw) and 2% Tween 80 (10 ml/kg.bw), respectively. Results In the castor oil-induced model, the crude extract of Ruta chalepensis (200 and 400 mg/kg.bw) significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea in mice. Besides, it also showed a significant reduction in the frequency of stooling and weight of feces. Contrastingly, the crude extract of Vernonia amygdalina had a significant effect in delaying the onset of time of diarrhea and reduction of the frequency of stool and the weight of feces only at the maximum tested dose (400 mg/kg.bw). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the crude leaves extract of Ruta chalepensis (200 and 400 mg/kg.bw) and Vernonia amygdalina (400 mg/kg.bw) possessed significant antidiarrheal activity in the castor oil-induced diarrheal model.
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Hirudkar JR, Parmar KM, Prasad RS, Sinha SK, Lomte AD, Itankar PR, Prasad SK. The antidiarrhoeal evaluation of Psidium guajava L. against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli induced infectious diarrhoea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112561. [PMID: 31926988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plant Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), commonly used as an edible fruit is traditionally used worldwide in treatment of various gastrointestinal problems including diarrhoea. The leaves of the plant have also been evaluated for antidiarrhoeal activity in various chemical induced diarrhoea models. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the potency of P. guajava leaves and its major biomarker quercetin against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) induced infectious diarrhoea using preclinical and computational model. MATERIAL AND METHODS P. guajava alcoholic leaf extract (PGE) was initially standardized using HPLC taking quercetin as a biomarker and was then subjected to antidiarrhoeal evaluation on rats in an EPEC induced diarrhoea rat model. The study included assessment of various behavioral parameters, initially for 6 h and then for up to 24 h of induction which was followed by estimation of stool water content, density of EPEC in stools and blood parameters evaluation. The colonic and small intestinal tissues of the treated animals were subjected to various biochemical estimations, in vivo antioxidant evaluation, estimation of ion concentration, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, assessment of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathological studies. Further, the major biomarker off PGE, quercetin was subjected to molecular docking studies with Na+/K+-ATPase and EPEC. RESULTS The results demonstrated a significant antidiarrhoeal activity of quercetin (50 mg/kg), PGE at 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o., where quercetin and PFGE at 200 mg/kg, p.o. were found to be more prominent, as confirmed through higher % protection, water content of stools and density of EPEC in stools. PGE and its biomarker quercetin also significantly recovered the WBC, Hb, platelets loss and also revealed a significant restoration of altered antioxidants level, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) expression and had positive influence on Na+/K+-ATPase activity. The docking studies of quercetin with Na+/K+-ATPase showed favourable interactions and residues Glu 327, Ser 775, Asn 776, Glu 779 and Asp 804 of Na+/K+-ATPase were adequately similar to quercetin for donating ligands for binding, while quercetin was also found to terminate the linkage between mammalian cells and EPEC thus, preventing further infection from EPEC. CONCLUSION Inhibition in intestinal secretion, reduced nitric oxide production and inflammatory expression along with reactivation of Na+/K-ATPase activity could be attributed to the observed antidiarrhoeal potential of PGE against infectious diarrhoea, where quercetin was confirmed to be the main contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshri R Hirudkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Komal M Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Rupali S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Saurabh K Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Shukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Amarsinh D Lomte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Prakash R Itankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
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Berhe B, Mardu F, Tesfay K, Legese H, Adhanom G, Haileslasie H, Gebremichail G, Tesfanchal B, Shishay N, Negash H. More Than Half Prevalence of Protozoan Parasitic Infections Among Diarrheic Outpatients in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2019; A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:27-34. [PMID: 32021317 PMCID: PMC6954853 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protozoan infections remain a major public health concern in Ethiopia, which causes malnutrition, protein and iron deficiencies, increment of health costs, hospitalization and long-term deleterious effects. In Tigrai, particularly, in the study area, there are limited literatures on the prevalence of protozoa and associated factors among diarrheic outpatients. Thus, aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of protozoan infections among diarrheic outpatients in Eastern Tigrai. Methods Health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia from April to October 2019 among diarrheic outpatient in health facilities of Adigrat. Four hundred one eighteen study participants were included consecutively. The stool samples were examined via direct wet mount following formal-ether concentration technique. Both interviewer based and self-administrated questionnaires were used to collect demographic data and factors associated with protozoan infections. Data were analyzed and computed using BM SPSS statistics version 22.0. P-value=0.05 at 95% confidence interval declared statistically significant. Results Out of 418 diarrheic outpatients, the overall prevalence of protozoan infection was 59.3% (248/418). A higher percentage of intestinal protozoan infection was recorded for females 130 (31.1%). Using well water as a source of drinking, poor hand washing habits before eating, not home latrine, dirty and untrimmed fingernails were the most important risk factors identified. E. histolytica complex and Giardia duodenalis were the most predominant protozoan infections detected among diarrheic outpatients. Conclusion The present study showed that diarrheic outpatients in the study area were heavily infected with protozoan parasitic infection. E. histolytica complex and Giardia duodenalis were the most predominant protozoans detected among diarrheic outpatients. Using well water as a source of drinking, poor handwashing habit before eating, not having home latrine, dirty and untrimmed fingernails were most important risk factors identified. So, cooperative action and health education on preventive measure are needed to reduce protozoan infections in Tigrai, particularly in the study area. The present study showed that diarrheic outpatients in the study area were heavily infected with protozoan parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brhane Berhe
- Unite of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Mardu
- Unite of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Tesfay
- Unite of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Haftom Legese
- Unite of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Adhanom
- Unite of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Haileslasie
- Unite of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremedhin Gebremichail
- Unite of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Tesfanchal
- Unite of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Shishay
- Unite of Immunology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Hadush Negash
- Unite of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Tigrai, Ethiopia
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Zheng W, Zhao W, Wu M, Song X, Caro F, Sun X, Gazzaniga F, Stefanetti G, Oh S, Mekalanos JJ, Kasper DL. Microbiota-targeted maternal antibodies protect neonates from enteric infection. Nature 2020; 577:543-548. [PMID: 31915378 PMCID: PMC7362890 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although maternal antibodies protect newborn babies from infection1,2, little is known about how protective antibodies are induced without prior pathogen exposure. Here we show that neonatal mice that lack the capacity to produce IgG are protected from infection with the enteric pathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by maternal natural IgG antibodies against the maternal microbiota when antibodies are delivered either across the placenta or through breast milk. By challenging pups that were fostered by either maternal antibody-sufficient or antibody-deficient dams, we found that IgG derived from breast milk was crucial for protection against mucosal disease induced by enterotoxigenic E. coli. IgG also provides protection against systemic infection by E. coli. Pups used the neonatal Fc receptor to transfer IgG from milk into serum. The maternal commensal microbiota can induce antibodies that recognize antigens expressed by enterotoxigenic E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae species. Induction of maternal antibodies against a commensal Pantoea species confers protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli in pups. This role of the microbiota in eliciting protective antibodies to a specific neonatal pathogen represents an important host defence mechanism against infection in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinyang Song
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence Caro
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ximei Sun
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sungwhan Oh
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sah SK, Basnet S, Shrestha S, Ghale K, Tamang S, Mandal DK, Pun SB. Burden of Shigella spp and Vibrio spp, and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in the patients with acute gastroenteritis in tertiary care hospital in Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:699. [PMID: 31655628 PMCID: PMC6815351 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aims to investigate the etiology, clinical profile and resistance pattern of the isolated pathogens in Nepalese adults with acute gastroenteritis. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, from April 2016 to Sep 2017. Subjects’ ages 14 or above, presenting with gastroenteritis with positive stool culture were enrolled for analysis. Results Of total 153 patients, 47.72% subjects confirmed the presence of bacterial infection. Vibrio cholerae spp and Shigella spp were detected in 36.6% and 23.28% respectively. The most common resistance among Vibrio cholerae was to nitrofurantoin (92.8%), cotrimoxazole (92.8%) and nalidixic acid (92.8%). Among 17 isolates of Shigella spp, the most frequent drug resistant was observed in ampicillin (64.7%), nalidixic acid (58.8%), ceftriaxone (47%). Chloramphenicol (94.1%), tetracycline (88.2%), and cotrimoxazole (82.3%) were found to be the most sensitive towards this pathogen. High rate of diarrhea due to bacterial infection, especially Shigella spp and Vibrio spp and their high rate of drug resistance emphasize an urgent need of designing a surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance in Nepalese setting.
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Majorin F, Torondel B, Ka Seen Chan G, Clasen T. Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 9:CD011055. [PMID: 31549742 PMCID: PMC6757260 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011055.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a large disease burden worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. As the aetiological agents associated with diarrhoea and STHs are transmitted through faeces, the safe containment and management of human excreta has the potential to reduce exposure and disease. Child faeces may be an important source of exposure even among households with improved sanitation. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to improve the disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and STH infections. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and 10 other databases. We also searched relevant conference proceedings, contacted researchers, searched websites for organizations, and checked references from identified studies. The date of last search was 27 September 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled studies (NRS) that compared interventions aiming to improve the disposal of faeces of children aged below five years in order to decrease direct or indirect human contact with such faeces with no intervention or a different intervention in children and adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors selected eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We used meta-analyses to estimate pooled measures of effect where appropriate, or described the study results narratively. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS Sixty-three studies covering more than 222,800 participants met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two studies were cluster RCTs, four were controlled before-and-after studies (CBA), and 37 were NRS (27 case-control studies (one that included seven study sites), three controlled cohort studies, and seven controlled cross-sectional studies). Most study sites (56/69) were in low- or lower middle-income settings. Among studies using experimental study designs, most interventions included child faeces disposal messages along with other health education messages or other water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) hardware and software components. Among observational studies, the main risk factors relevant to this review were safe disposal of faeces in the latrine or defecation of children under five years of age in a latrine.Education and hygiene promotion interventions, including child faeces disposal messages (no hardware provision)Four RCTs found that diarrhoea incidence was lower, reducing the risk by an estimated 30% in children under six years old (rate ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 0.86; 2 trials, low-certainty evidence). Diarrhoea prevalence measured in two other RCTs in children under five years of age was lower, but evidence was low-certainty (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.04; low-certainty evidence).Two controlled cohort studies that evaluated such an intervention in Bangladesh did not detect a difference on diarrhoea prevalence (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.28; very low-certainty evidence). Two controlled cross-sectional studies that evaluated the Health Extension Package in Ethiopia were associated with a lower two-week diarrhoea prevalence in 'model' households than in 'non-model households' (odds ratio (OR) 0.26, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.42; very low-certainty evidence).Programmes to end open defecation by all (termed community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions plus adaptations)Four RCTs measured diarrhoea prevalence and did not detect an effect in children under five years of age (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.07; moderate-certainty evidence). The analysis of two trials did not demonstrate an effect of the interventions on STH infection prevalence in children (pooled RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.65; low-certainty evidence).One controlled cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of STH infection in open defecation-free (ODF) villages that had received a CLTS intervention with control villages and reported a higher level of STH infection in the intervention villages (RR 2.51, 95% CI 1.74 to 3.62; very low-certainty evidence).Sanitation hardware and behaviour change interventions, that included child faeces disposal hardware and messagingTwo RCTs had mixed results, with no overall effect on diarrhoea prevalence demonstrated in the pooled analysis (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.26; very low-certainty evidence).WASH hardware and education/behaviour change interventionsOne RCT did not demonstrate an effect on diarrhoea prevalence (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.41; very low-certainty evidence).Two CBAs reported that the intervention reduced diarrhoea incidence by about a quarter in children under five years of age, but evidence was very low-certainty (rate ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.84). Another CBA reported that the intervention reduced the prevalence of STH in an intervention village compared to a control village, again with GRADE assessed at very low-certainty (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.73).Case-control studiesPooled results from case-control studies that presented data for child faeces disposal indicated that disposal of faeces in the latrine was associated with lower odds of diarrhoea among all ages (OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.85; 23 comparisons; very low-certainty evidence). Pooled results from case-control studies that presented data for children defecating in the latrine indicated that children using the latrine was associated with lower odds of diarrhoea in all ages (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.90; 7 studies; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that the safe disposal of child faeces may be effective in preventing diarrhoea. However, the evidence is limited and of low certainty. The limited research on STH infections provides only low and very-low certainty evidence around effects, which means there is currently no reliable evidence that interventions to improve safe disposal of child faeces are effective in preventing such STH infections.While child faeces may represent a source of exposure to young children, interventions generally only address it as part of a broader sanitation initiative. There is a need for RCTs and other rigorous studies to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of different hardware and software interventions to improve the safe disposal of faeces of children of different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Majorin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Belen Torondel
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Gabrielle Ka Seen Chan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory UniversityDepartment of Environmental Health1518 Clifton Road NEAtlantaGAUSA30322
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