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Tian T, Zhu Y, Shi J, Shang K, Yin Z, Shi H, He Y, Ding J, Zhang F. The development of a human Brucella mucosal vaccine: What should be considered? Life Sci 2024; 355:122986. [PMID: 39151885 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease that is zoonotic in nature. Brucella can infect humans through interactions with livestock, primarily via the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and oral cavity. This bacterium has the potential to be utilized as a biological weapon and is classified as a Category B pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently, there is no approved vaccine for humans against Brucella, highlighting an urgent need for the development of a vaccine to mitigate the risks posed by this pathogen. Brucella primarily infects its host by adhering to and penetrating mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunity plays a vital role in preventing local infections, clearing microorganisms from mucosal surfaces, and inhibiting the spread of pathogens. As mucosal vaccine strategies continue to evolve, the development of a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against Brucella appears promising.This paper reviews the immune mechanism of mucosal vaccines, the infection mechanism of Brucella, successful Brucella mucosal vaccines in animals, and mucosal adjuvants. Additionally, it elucidates targeting and optimization strategies for mucosal vaccines to facilitate the development of human vaccines against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Reproductive Fertility Assistance Center, First Afffliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Juan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Kaiyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Zhengwei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Huidong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Yueyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Department of Clinical laboratory, The First Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China.
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2
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Ebenberger SP, Cakar F, Chen YC, Pressler K, Eberl L, Schild S. The activity of the quorum sensing regulator HapR is modulated by the bacterial extracellular vesicle (BEV)-associated protein ObfA of Vibrio cholerae. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12507. [PMID: 39252550 PMCID: PMC11386269 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, a facultative human pathogen and causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, transits between the human intestinal tract and aquatic reservoirs. Like other bacterial species, V. cholerae continuously releases bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) from its surface, which have been recently characterised for their role during in vivo colonisation. However, between epidemic outbreaks, V. cholerae persists in the biofilm mode for extended periods in aquatic reservoirs, which enhances environmental fitness and host transition. In this study, we investigated the effect of V. cholerae BEVs on biofilm formation, a critical feature for ex vivo survival. In contrast to BEVs from planktonic cultures, our results show that physiological concentrations of BEVs from dynamic biofilm cultures facilitate V. cholerae biofilm formation, which could be linked to a proteinaceous factor. Comparative proteomic analyses of planktonic- and biofilm-derived BEVs identified a previously uncharacterised outer membrane protein as an abundant component of dynamic biofilm-derived BEVs, which was found to be responsible for the BEV-dependent enhancement of biofilm production. Consequently, this protein was named outer membrane-associated biofilm facilitating protein A (ObfA). Comprehensive molecular studies unravelled ObfA as a negative modulator of HapR activity. HapR is a key transcriptional regulator of the V. cholerae quorum sensing (QS) cascade acting as a potent repressor of biofilm formation and virulence. Consistently, obfA mutants not only exhibited reduced biofilm production but also reduced colonisation fitness. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that ObfA does not affect HapR through the canonical QS system but via the Csr-cascade altering the expression of the small regulatory RNAs CsrC and CsrD. In summary, this study elucidates a novel intraspecies BEV-based communication in V. cholerae that influences biofilm formation and colonisation fitness via a new regulatory pathway involving HapR, Csr-cascade and the BEV-associated protein ObfA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatih Cakar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yi-Chi Chen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Hulland EN, Charpignon ML, El Hayek GY, Zhao L, Desai AN, Majumder MS. Estimating time-varying cholera transmission and oral cholera vaccine effectiveness in Haiti and Cameroon, 2021-2023. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.12.24308792. [PMID: 39185512 PMCID: PMC11343247 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.24308792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
In 2023, cholera affected approximately 1 million people and caused more than 5000 deaths globally, predominantly in low-income and conflict settings. In recent years, the number of new cholera outbreaks has grown rapidly. Further, ongoing cholera outbreaks have been exacerbated by conflict, climate change, and poor infrastructure, resulting in prolonged crises. As a result, the demand for treatment and intervention is quickly outpacing existing resource availability. Prior to improved water and sanitation systems, cholera, a disease primarily transmitted via contaminated water sources, also routinely ravaged high-income countries. Crumbling infrastructure and climate change are now putting new locations at risk - even in high-income countries. Thus, understanding the transmission and prevention of cholera is critical. Combating cholera requires multiple interventions, the two most common being behavioral education and water treatment. Two-dose oral cholera vaccination (OCV) is often used as a complement to these interventions. Due to limited supply, countries have recently switched to single-dose vaccines (OCV1). One challenge lies in understanding where to allocate OCV1 in a timely manner, especially in settings lacking well-resourced public health surveillance systems. As cholera occurs and propagates in such locations, timely, accurate, and openly accessible outbreak data are typically inaccessible for disease modeling and subsequent decision-making. In this study, we demonstrated the value of open-access data to rapidly estimate cholera transmission and vaccine effectiveness. Specifically, we obtained non-machine readable (NMR) epidemic curves for recent cholera outbreaks in two countries, Haiti and Cameroon, from figures published in situation and disease outbreak news reports. We used computational digitization techniques to derive weekly counts of cholera cases, resulting in nominal differences when compared against the reported cumulative case counts (i.e., a relative error rate of 5.67% in Haiti and 0.54% in Cameroon). Given these digitized time series, we leveraged EpiEstim-an open-source modeling platform-to derive rapid estimates of time-varying disease transmission via the effective reproduction number (R t ). To compare OCV1 effectiveness in the two considered countries, we additionally used VaxEstim, a recent extension of EpiEstim that facilitates the estimation of vaccine effectiveness via the relation among three inputs: the basic reproduction number (R 0 ),R t , and vaccine coverage. Here, with Haiti and Cameroon as case studies, we demonstrated the first implementation of VaxEstim in low-resource settings. Importantly, we are the first to use VaxEstim with digitized data rather than traditional epidemic surveillance data. In the initial phase of the outbreak, weekly rolling average estimates ofR t were elevated in both countries: 2.60 in Haiti [95% credible interval: 2.42-2.79] and 1.90 in Cameroon [1.14-2.95]. These values are largely consistent with previous estimates ofR 0 in Haiti, where average values have ranged from 1.06 to 3.72, and in Cameroon, where average values have ranged from 1.10 to 3.50. In both Haiti and Cameroon, this initial period of high transmission preceded a longer period during whichR t oscillated around the critical threshold of 1. Our results derived from VaxEstim suggest that Haiti had higher OCV1 effectiveness than Cameroon (75.32% effective [54.00-86.39%] vs. 54.88% [18.94-84.90%]). These estimates of OCV1 effectiveness are generally aligned with those derived from field studies conducted in other countries. Thus, our case study reinforces the validity of VaxEstim as an alternative to costly, time-consuming field studies of OCV1 effectiveness. Indeed, prior work in South Sudan, Bangladesh, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported OCV1 effectiveness ranging from approximately 40% to 80%. This work underscores the value of combining NMR sources of outbreak case data with computational techniques and the utility of VaxEstim for rapid, inexpensive estimation of vaccine effectiveness in data-poor outbreak settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Hulland
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marie-Laure Charpignon
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ghinwa Y El Hayek
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Angel N Desai
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis Health Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Maimuna S Majumder
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Comp Epi Dispersed Volunteer Research Network, Boston, MA, United States
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Sallam M, Athamneh RY, Alkhazaleh R, Alzayadneh L, Jaradat L, Majali T, Obeidat S, Shhab A, Hallit S, Barakat M, Mahafzah A. Attitude towards cholera vaccination and its related factors in Jordan amid the 2022 Middle East outbreak. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2237. [PMID: 39152391 PMCID: PMC11330065 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of cholera was reported in the Middle East by the second half of 2022. Raising public awareness and vaccination against cholera represent critical factors in the preventive efforts. The current study aimed to assess the knowledge of cholera and attitude towards its vaccination among a sample of the general public residing in Jordan. METHODS An online self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the residents in Jordan using a snowball convenience-based sampling approach. The questionnaire based on previously published studies included items to evaluate sociodemographic variables, knowledge about cholera symptoms, transmission, and prevention and the willingness to accept cholera vaccination. Additionally, four items based on the validated 5 C scale in Arabic were included to assess the psychological factors influencing attitude to cholera vaccination. RESULTS The final study sample comprised 1339 respondents, of whom 1216 (90.8%) heard of cholera before the study. Among those who heard of cholera, and on a scale from 0 to 20, the overall mean cholera Knowledge score (K-score) was 12.9 ± 3.8. In multivariate analysis, being over 30 years old and occupation as healthcare workers or students in healthcare-related colleges were significantly associated with a higher K-score compared to younger individuals and students in non-healthcare-related colleges. Overall, the acceptance of cholera vaccination if cases are recorded in Jordan, and if the vaccine is safe, effective, and provided freely was reported among 842 participants (69.2%), while 253 participants were hesitant (20.8%) and 121 participants were resistant (10.0%). In linear regression, the significant predictors of cholera vaccine acceptance were solely the three psychological factors namely high confidence, low constraints, and high collective responsibility. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the identified gaps in cholera knowledge emphasize the need to enhance educational initiatives. Although cholera vaccine acceptance was relatively high, a significant minority of the respondents exhibited vaccination hesitancy or resistance. The evident correlation between the psychological determinants and attitudes toward cholera vaccination emphasizes the need to consider these factors upon designing public health campaigns aimed at cholera prevention. The insights of the current study highlight the importance of addressing both knowledge gaps and psychological barriers to optimize cholera control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital, Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Street-Aljubeiha, P.O. Box: 13046, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Rabaa Y Athamneh
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | | | - Laila Jaradat
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tala Majali
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sarah Obeidat
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aseel Shhab
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Ng'ombe H, Bosomprah S, Phiri B, Muchimba M, Liswaniso F, Chibuye M, Luchen CC, Chibesa K, Musukuma-Chifulo K, Mwape K, Tigere S, Silwamba S, Sinkala A, Simuyandi M, Mbewe N, Kapaya F, Cunningham AF, Chilengi R, Sack D, Chisenga CC. Comparative analysis of cholera serum vibriocidal antibodies from Convalescent and vaccinated adults in Zambia. Vaccine 2024; 42:125979. [PMID: 38760271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Cholera is responsible for 1.3 to 4.0 million cholera cases globally and poses a significant threat, with Zambia reporting 17,169 cases as of 4th February 2024. Recognizing the crucial link between natural cholera infections and vaccine protection, this study aimed to assess immune responses post cholera infection and vaccination. This was a comparative study consisting of 50 participants enrolled during a cholera outbreak in Zambia's Eastern Province and an additional 56 participants who received oral cholera vaccinations in Zambia's Central Province. Vibriocidal antibodies were plotted as geometric mean titres in the naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. A significant difference (p < 0.047) emerged when comparing naturally infected to fully vaccinated individuals (2 doses) on day 28 against V. cholerae Ogawa. Those who received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine had higher antibody titres than those who were naturally infected. Notably, the lowest titres occurred between 0-9 days post onset, contrasting with peak responses at 10-19 days. This study addresses a critical knowledge gap in understanding cholera immunity dynamics, emphasizing the potential superiority of vaccination-induced immune responses. We recommend post infection vaccination after 40 days for sustained immunity and prolonged protection, especially in cholera hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ng'ombe
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Bernard Phiri
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mutinta Muchimba
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fraser Liswaniso
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwelwa Chibuye
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charlie Chaluma Luchen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kennedy Chibesa
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kalo Musukuma-Chifulo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kapambwe Mwape
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sekayi Tigere
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Suwilanji Silwamba
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Annel Sinkala
- Ministry of Health, Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, Chainama, Off Great East, P.0 Box 310084, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michelo Simuyandi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nyuma Mbewe
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Roads Rhodes Park, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fred Kapaya
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Roads Rhodes Park, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Roads Rhodes Park, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Sack
- John Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Corner of Lukasu and Danny Pule Roads, Mass Media, Lusaka, Zambia
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6
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Roy D, Mondal TR, Indwar P. Outbreak of cholera due to contaminated pond water utilisation in a rural area of West Bengal, India, 2021. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 261:114409. [PMID: 38943722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On March 31, 2021, an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease was reported in Dangapara village of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India. The outbreak was investigated to estimate the magnitude, identify aetiological agents and source of infection, and guide prevention control measures. METHODS We did an active search for case patients at Dangapara village. We excluded children under five years of age from the epidemiological analysis. We described the outbreak by time, place, and person. We conducted a case control study with 133 controls and 65 cases. Water samples from different sources and rectal swabs from case patients were collected and sent for laboratory investigations. RESULTS We identified 95 case patients among 330 residents of Dangapara village (attack rate 29 %). Three stool samples were positive for Vibrio cholerae, and two pond water samples were contaminated with coliform organisms. Washing utensils [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 69.8, (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5-749.5)] and taking a bath in pond water [AOR: 3.4, (95% CI 1.2-9)] were associated with increased risk of illness. About 97% of cases were attributed to washing utensils in pond water. Washing hands before taking food was associated with a lower risk of developing disease with AOR: 0.1 (95% CI 0.03-0.33). CONCLUSION A cholera outbreak occurred among residents of Dangapara village due to theuse of contaminated pond water for washing utensils and bathing. Prompt management of cases and immediate discontinuation of pond water use stopped the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Roy
- Baruipur Sub Divisional & Super Speciality Hospital, West Bengal Public Health Cum Administrative Services, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanima Roy Mondal
- R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, West Bengal Medical Education Service, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallavi Indwar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India.
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Chaguza C, Chibwe I, Chaima D, Musicha P, Ndeketa L, Kasambara W, Mhango C, Mseka UL, Bitilinyu-Bangoh J, Mvula B, Kipandula W, Bonongwe P, Munthali RJ, Ngwira S, Mwendera CA, Kalizang'oma A, Jambo KC, Kambalame D, Kamng'ona AW, Steele AD, Chauma-Mwale A, Hungerford D, Kagoli M, Nyaga MM, Dube Q, French N, Msefula CL, Cunliffe NA, Jere KC. Genomic insights into the 2022-2023Vibrio cholerae outbreak in Malawi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6291. [PMID: 39060226 PMCID: PMC11282309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Malawi experienced its deadliest Vibrio cholerae (Vc) outbreak following devastating cyclones, with >58,000 cases and >1700 deaths reported between March 2022 and May 2023. Here, we use population genomics to investigate the attributes and origin of the Malawi 2022-2023 Vc outbreak isolates. Our results demonstrate the predominance of ST69 clone, also known as the seventh cholera pandemic El Tor (7PET) lineage, expressing O1 Ogawa (~ 80%) serotype followed by Inaba (~ 16%) and sporadic non-O1/non-7PET serogroups (~ 4%). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the Malawi outbreak strains correspond to a recent importation from Asia into Africa (sublineage AFR15). These isolates harboured known antimicrobial resistance and virulence elements, notably the ICEGEN/ICEVchHai1/ICEVchind5 SXT/R391-like integrative conjugative elements and a CTXφ prophage with the ctxB7 genotype compared to historical Malawian Vc isolates. These data suggest that the devastating cyclones coupled with the recent importation of 7PET serogroup O1 strains, may explain the magnitude of the 2022-2023 cholera outbreak in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispin Chaguza
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Innocent Chibwe
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - David Chaima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Patrick Musicha
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Latif Ndeketa
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Upendo L Mseka
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Bernard Mvula
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Wakisa Kipandula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health profession, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Patrick Bonongwe
- Ministry of Health, Balaka District Hospital, Balaka, Machinga, Malawi
| | - Richard J Munthali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Selemani Ngwira
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Chikondi A Mwendera
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Akuzike Kalizang'oma
- NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Arox W Kamng'ona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Allied Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Daniel Hungerford
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Kagoli
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Martin M Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Queen Dube
- Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Neil French
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Chisomo L Msefula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Oral Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Global Health Research Group on Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health profession, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- NIHR Global Health Research Group on Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Gheibzadeh MS, Capasso C, Supuran CT, Zolfaghari Emameh R. Antibacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors targeting Vibrio cholerae enzymes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:623-635. [PMID: 39028535 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2369622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera is a bacterial diarrheal disease caused by pathogen bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which produces the cholera toxin (CT). In addition to improving water sanitation, oral cholera vaccines have been developed to control infection. Besides, rehydration and antibiotic therapy are complementary treatment strategies for cholera. ToxT regulatory protein activates transcription of CT gene, which is enhanced by bicarbonate (HCO3-). AREAS COVERED This review delves into the genomic blueprint of V. cholerae, which encodes for α-, β-, and γ- carbonic anhydrases (CAs). We explore how the CAs contribute to the pathogenicity of V. cholerae and discuss the potential of CA inhibitors in mitigating the disease's impact. EXPERT OPINION CA inhibitors can reduce the virulence of bacteria and control cholera. Here, we reviewed all reported CA inhibitors, noting that α-CA from V. cholerae (VchCAα) was the most effective inhibited enzyme compared to the β- and γ-CA families (VchCAβ and VchCAγ). Among the CA inhibitors, acyl selenobenzenesulfonamidenamides and simple/heteroaromatic sulfonamides were the best VchCA inhibitors in the nM range. It was noted that some antibacterial compounds show good inhibitory effects on all three bacterial CAs. CA inhibitors belonging to other classes may be synthesized and tested on VchCAs to harness cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Gheibzadeh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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9
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Ahmed AK, Sijercic VC, Akhtar MS, Elbayomy A, Marouf MA, Zeleke MS, Sayad R, Abdelshafi A, Laird NJ, El‐Mokhtar MA, Ruthig GR, Hetta HF. Cholera rages in Africa and the Middle East: A narrative review on challenges and solutions. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2013. [PMID: 38742091 PMCID: PMC11089255 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that is still one of the most common acute watery diarrheal diseases in the world today. Acute diarrhea and severe dehydration brought on by cholera can cause hypovolemic shock, which can be fatal in minutes. Without competent clinical therapy, the rate of case fatality surpasses 50%. The purpose of this review was to highlight cholera challenges in Africa and the Middle East and explain the reasons for why this region is currently a fertile environment for cholera. We investigated cholera serology, epidemiology, and the geographical distribution of cholera in Africa and the Middle East in 2022 and 2023. We reviewed detection methods, such as rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and treatments, such as antibiotics and phage therapy. Finally, this review explored oral cholera vaccines (OCVs), and the vaccine shortage crisis. Methods We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase, for studies on cholera using the following keywords: ((Cholera) OR (Vibrio cholera) and (Coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (The Middle East) OR (Africa)). Results and Conclusions Cholera outbreaks have increased dramatically, mainly in Africa and many Middle Eastern countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the attention devoted to cholera and disrupted diagnosis and treatment services, as well as vaccination initiatives. Most of the cholera cases in Africa and the Middle East were reported in Malawi and Syria, respectively, in 2022. RDTs are effective in the early detection of cholera epidemics, especially with limited advanced resources, which is the case in much of Africa. By offering both direct and indirect protection, expanding the use of OCV will significantly reduce the burden of current cholera outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed Elbayomy
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin−MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mohamed A. Marouf
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Mahlet S. Zeleke
- Menelik II Medical and Health Science CollegeKotebe Metropolitan UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of MedicineAssiut UniversityAssiutEgypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. El‐Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of MedicineLebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon
| | | | - Helal F. Hetta
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
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10
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Xiao S, Abade A, Boru W, Kasambara W, Mwaba J, Ongole F, Mmanywa M, Trovão NS, Chilengi R, Kwenda G, Orach CG, Chibwe I, Bwire G, Stine OC, Milstone AM, Lessler J, Azman AS, Luo W, Murt K, Sack DA, Debes AK, Wohl S. New Vibrio cholerae sequences from Eastern and Southern Africa alter our understanding of regional cholera transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.28.24302717. [PMID: 38585829 PMCID: PMC10996759 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.24302717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite ongoing containment and vaccination efforts, cholera remains prevalent in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the difficulty in containing cholera comes from our lack of understanding of how it circulates throughout the region. To better characterize regional transmission, we generated and analyzed 118 Vibrio cholerae genomes collected between 2007-2019 from five different countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. We showed that V. cholerae sequencing can be successful from a variety of sample types and filled in spatial and temporal gaps in our understanding of circulating lineages, including providing some of the first sequences from the 2018-2019 outbreaks in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi. Our results present a complex picture of cholera transmission in the region, with multiple lineages found to be co-circulating within several countries. We also find evidence that previously identified sporadic cases may be from larger, undersampled outbreaks, highlighting the need for careful examination of sampling biases and underscoring the need for continued and expanded cholera surveillance across the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed Abade
- Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Waqo Boru
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John Mwaba
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | | | - Roma Chilengi
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | | | | | - O Colin Stine
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Aaron M Milstone
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wensheng Luo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelsey Murt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Debes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Dash P, Hakim A, Akter A, Banna HA, Kaisar MH, Aktar A, Jahan SR, Ferdous J, Basher SR, Kamruzzaman M, Chowdhury F, Akter A, Tauheed I, Weil AA, Charles RC, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F. Cholera toxin and O-specific polysaccharide immune responses after oral cholera vaccination with Dukoral in different age groups of Bangladeshi participants. mSphere 2024; 9:e0056523. [PMID: 38391226 PMCID: PMC10964428 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00565-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is important to prevent cholera. There are limited data comparing anti-O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) and anti-cholera toxin-specific immune responses following oral whole-cell with cholera toxin B-subunit (WC-rBS) vaccine (Dukoral, Valneva) administration in different age groups. An understanding of the differences is relevant because young children are less well protected by oral cholera vaccines than older children and adults. We compared responses in 50 adults and 49 children (ages 2 to <18) who were administered two doses of WC-rBS at a standard 14-day interval. All age groups had significant IgA and IgG plasma-blast responses to the OSP and cholera toxin B-subunit (CtxB) antigens that peaked 7 days after vaccination. However, in adults and older children (ages 5 to <18), antibody responses directed at the OSP antigen were largely IgA and IgG, with a minimal IgM response, while younger children (ages 2 to <5) mounted significant increases in IgM with minimal increases in IgA and IgG antibody responses 30 days after vaccination. In adults, anti-OSP and CtxB memory B-cell responses were detected after completion of the vaccination series, while children only mounted CtxB-specific IgG memory B-cell responses and no OSP-memory B-cell responses. In summary, children and adults living in a cholera endemic area mounted different responses to the WC-rBS vaccine, which may be a result of more prior exposure to Vibrio cholerae in older participants. The absence of class-switched antibody responses and memory B-cell responses to OSP may explain why protection wanes more rapidly after vaccination in young children compared to older vaccinees.IMPORTANCEVaccination is an important strategy to prevent cholera. Though immune responses targeting the OSP of V. cholerae are believed to mediate protection against cholera, there are limited data on anti-OSP responses after vaccination in different age groups, which is important as young children are not well protected by current oral cholera vaccines. In this study, we found that adults mounted memory B-cell responses to OSP, which were not seen in children. Adults and older children mounted class-switched (IgG and IgA) serum antibody responses to OSP, which were not seen in young children who had only IgM responses to OSP. The lack of class-switched antibody responses and memory B-cell responses to OSP in younger participants may be due to lack of prior exposure to V. cholerae and could explain why protection wanes more rapidly after vaccination in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Dash
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aklima Akter
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Al Banna
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Hasanul Kaisar
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amena Aktar
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Rownok Jahan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salima Raiyan Basher
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imam Tauheed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Young PG, Levring J, Fiedorczuk K, Blanchard SC, Chen J. Structural basis for CFTR inhibition by CFTR inh-172. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316675121. [PMID: 38422021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316675121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel that regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in epithelial tissues. While activation of CFTR is vital to treating cystic fibrosis, selective inhibition of CFTR is a potential therapeutic strategy for secretory diarrhea and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Although several CFTR inhibitors have been developed by high-throughput screening, their modes of action remain elusive. In this study, we determined the structure of CFTR in complex with the inhibitor CFTRinh-172 to an overall resolution of 2.7 Å by cryogenic electron microscopy. We observe that CFTRinh-172 binds inside the pore near transmembrane helix 8, a critical structural element that links adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis with channel gating. Binding of CFTRinh-172 stabilizes a conformation in which the chloride selectivity filter is collapsed, and the pore is blocked from the extracellular side of the membrane. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments indicate that CFTRinh-172 inhibits channel gating without compromising nucleotide-binding domain dimerization. Together, these data reconcile previous biophysical observations and provide a molecular basis for the activity of this widely used CFTR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Young
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jesper Levring
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Karol Fiedorczuk
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101
| | - Jue Chen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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13
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Levring J, Chen J. Structural identification of a selectivity filter in CFTR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316673121. [PMID: 38381791 PMCID: PMC10907310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316673121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that regulates transepithelial salt and fluid homeostasis. CFTR dysfunction leads to reduced chloride secretion into the mucosal lining of epithelial tissues, thereby causing the inherited disease cystic fibrosis. Although several structures of CFTR are available, our understanding of the ion-conduction pathway is incomplete. In particular, the route that connects the cytosolic vestibule with the extracellular space has not been clearly defined, and the structure of the open pore remains elusive. Furthermore, although many residues have been implicated in altering the selectivity of CFTR, the structure of the "selectivity filter" has yet to be determined. In this study, we identify a chloride-binding site at the extracellular ends of transmembrane helices 1, 6, and 8, where a dehydrated chloride is coordinated by residues G103, R334, F337, T338, and Y914. Alterations to this site, consistent with its function as a selectivity filter, affect ion selectivity, conductance, and open channel block. This selectivity filter is accessible from the cytosol through a large inner vestibule and opens to the extracellular solvent through a narrow portal. The identification of a chloride-binding site at the intra- and extracellular bridging point leads us to propose a complete conductance path that permits dehydrated chloride ions to traverse the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Levring
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jue Chen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
- HHMI, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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14
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Potapova A, Garvey W, Dahl P, Guo S, Chang Y, Schwechheimer C, Trebino MA, Floyd KA, Phinney BS, Liu J, Malvankar NS, Yildiz FH. Outer membrane vesicles and the outer membrane protein OmpU govern Vibrio cholerae biofilm matrix assembly. mBio 2024; 15:e0330423. [PMID: 38206049 PMCID: PMC10865864 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are matrix-encased microbial communities that increase the environmental fitness and infectivity of many human pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. Biofilm matrix assembly is essential for biofilm formation and function. Known components of the V. cholerae biofilm matrix are the polysaccharide Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS), matrix proteins RbmA, RbmC, Bap1, and extracellular DNA, but the majority of the protein composition is uncharacterized. This study comprehensively analyzed the biofilm matrix proteome and revealed the presence of outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were also present in the V. cholerae biofilm matrix and were associated with OMPs and many biofilm matrix proteins suggesting that they participate in biofilm matrix assembly. Consistent with this, OMVs had the capability to alter biofilm structural properties depending on their composition. OmpU was the most prevalent OMP in the matrix, and its absence altered biofilm architecture by increasing VPS production. Single-cell force spectroscopy revealed that proteins critical for biofilm formation, OmpU, the matrix proteins RbmA, RbmC, Bap1, and VPS contribute to cell-surface adhesion forces at differing efficiency, with VPS showing the highest efficiency whereas Bap1 showing the lowest efficiency. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm matrix assembly in V. cholerae, which may provide new opportunities to develop inhibitors that specifically alter biofilm matrix properties and, thus, affect either the environmental survival or pathogenesis of V. cholerae.IMPORTANCECholera remains a major public health concern. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, forms biofilms, which are critical for its transmission, infectivity, and environmental persistence. While we know that the V. cholerae biofilm matrix contains exopolysaccharide, matrix proteins, and extracellular DNA, we do not have a comprehensive understanding of the majority of biofilm matrix components. Here, we discover outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) within the biofilm matrix of V. cholerae. Proteomic analysis of the matrix and matrix-associated OMVs showed that OMVs carry key matrix proteins and Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) to help build biofilms. We also characterize the role of the highly abundant outer membrane protein OmpU in biofilm formation and show that it impacts biofilm architecture in a VPS-dependent manner. Understanding V. cholerae biofilm formation is important for developing a better prevention and treatment strategy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Potapova
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - William Garvey
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Peter Dahl
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yunjie Chang
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carmen Schwechheimer
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Michael A. Trebino
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Kyle A. Floyd
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nikhil S. Malvankar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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15
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Dominguez SR, Doan PN, Rivera-Chávez F. The intersection between host-pathogen interactions and metabolism during Vibrio cholerae infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 77:102421. [PMID: 38215547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), the etiological agent of cholera, uses cholera toxin (CT) to cause severe diarrheal disease. Cholera is still a significant cause of mortality worldwide with about half of all cholera cases and deaths occurring in children under five. Owing to the lack of cost-effective vaccination and poor vaccine efficacy in children, there is a need for alternative preventative and therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in our knowledge of the interplay between CT-induced disease and host-pathogen metabolism have opened the door for investigating how modulation of intestinal metabolism by V. cholerae during disease impacts host intestinal immunity, the gut microbiota, and pathogen-phage interactions. In this review article, we examine recent progress in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during V. cholerae infection and discuss future work deciphering how modulation of gut metabolism during cholera intersects these processes to enable successful fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedelia R Dominguez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillip N Doan
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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16
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Kumar S, Lekshmi M, Stephen J, Ortiz-Alegria A, Ayitah M, Varela MF. Dynamics of efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance, persistence, and community living of Vibrionaceae. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:7. [PMID: 38017151 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The marine bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family are significant from the point of view of their role in the marine geochemical cycle, as well as symbionts and opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and humans. The well-known pathogens of this group, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality associated with a range of infections from gastroenteritis to bacteremia acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing these pathogens. Although generally regarded as susceptible to commonly employed antibiotics, the antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio spp. has been on the rise in the last two decades, which has raised concern about future infections by these bacteria becoming increasingly challenging to treat. Diverse mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance have been discovered in pathogenic vibrios, the most important being the membrane efflux pumps, which contribute to antimicrobial resistance and their virulence, environmental fitness, and persistence through biofilm formation and quorum sensing. In this review, we discuss the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic vibrios and some of the well-characterized efflux pumps' contributions to the physiology of antimicrobial resistance, host and environment survival, and their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Jerusha Stephen
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Anely Ortiz-Alegria
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Matthew Ayitah
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA.
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17
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Ngingo BL, Mchome ZS, Bwana VM, Chengula A, Mwanyika G, Mremi I, Sindato C, Mboera LEG. Socioecological systems analysis of potential factors for cholera outbreaks and assessment of health system's readiness to detect and respond in Ilemela and Nkasi districts, Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1261. [PMID: 37968626 PMCID: PMC10652585 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera outbreaks are a recurrent issue in Tanzania, with Ilemela and Nkasi districts being particulary affected. The objective of this study was to conduct a socio-ecological system (SES) analysis of cholera outbreaks in these districts, identifying potential factors and assessing the preparedness for cholera prevention and control. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in Ilemela and Nkasi districts of Mwanza and Rukwa regions, respectively in Tanzania between September and October 2021. A SES framework analysis was applied to identify potential factors associated with cholera outbreaks and assess the readiness of the districts to cholera prevention and control. RESULTS Ilemela is characterised by urban and peri-urban ecosystems while Nkasi is mainly rural. Cholera was reported to disproportionately affect people living along the shores of Lake Victoria in Ilemela and Lake Tanganyika in Nkasi, particularly fishermen and women involved infish trading. The main potential factors identified for cholera outbreaks included defecation in the shallow ends and along the edges of lakes, open defecation, bathing/swimming in contaminated waters and improper waste disposal. The preparedness of both districts for cholera prevention and response was found to be inadequate due to limited laboratory capacity, insufficient human resources, and budget constraints. CONCLUSION People of Ilemela and Nkasi districts remain at significant risk of recurrent cholera outbreaks and the capacity of the districts to detect the disease is limited. Urgent preventive measures, such as conducting considerable community awareness campaigns on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are needed to alleviate the disease burden and reduce future cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baraka L Ngingo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Zaina S Mchome
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Veneranda M Bwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Augustino Chengula
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gaspary Mwanyika
- Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Irene Mremi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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18
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Kaisar MH, Kelly M, Kamruzzaman M, Bhuiyan TR, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, LaRocque RC, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, Charles RC, Čížová A, Mečárová J, Korcová J, Bystrický S, Kováč P, Xu P, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Comparison of O-specific polysaccharide responses in patients following infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 versus vaccination with a bivalent (O1/O139) oral killed cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. mSphere 2023; 8:e0025523. [PMID: 37646517 PMCID: PMC10597347 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00255-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 emerged in the early 1990s and spread rapidly to 11 Asian countries before receding for unclear reasons. Protection against cholera is serogroup-specific, which is defined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). V. cholerae O139 also expresses the OSP-capsule. We, therefore, assessed antibody responses targeting V. cholerae O139 OSP, LPS, capsule, and vibriocidal responses in patients in Bangladesh with cholera caused by V. cholerae O139. We compared these responses to those of age-gender-blood group-matched recipients of the bivalent oral cholera vaccine (OCV O1/O139). We found prominent OSP, LPS, and vibriocidal responses in patients, with a high correlation between these responses. OSP responses primarily targeted the terminal tetrasaccharide of OSP. Vaccinees developed OSP, LPS, and vibriocidal antibody responses, but of significantly lower magnitude and responder frequency (RF) than matched patients. We separately analyzed responses in pediatric vaccinees born after V. cholerae O139 had receded in Bangladesh. We found that OSP responses were boosted in children who had previously received a single dose of bivalent OCV 3 yr previously but not in vaccinated immunologically naïve children. Our results suggest that OSP-specific responses occur during cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 despite the presence of capsules, that vaccination with bivalent OCV is poorly immunogenic in the short term in immunologically naïve individuals, but that OSP-specific immune responses can be primed by previous exposure, although whether such responses can protect against O139 cholera is uncertain. IMPORTANCE Cholera is a severe dehydrating illness in humans caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 or O139. Protection against cholera is serogroup-specific, which is defined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae LPS. Yet, little is known about immunity to O139 OSP. In this study, we assessed immune responses targeting OSP in patients from an endemic region with cholera caused by V. cholerae O139. We compared these responses to those of the age-gender-blood group-matched recipients of the bivalent oral cholera vaccine. Our results suggest that OSP-specific responses occur during cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 and that the OSP responses primarily target the terminal tetrasaccharide of OSP. Our results further suggest that vaccination with the bivalent vaccine is poorly immunogenic in the short term for inducing O139-specific OSP responses in immunologically naïve individuals, but OSP-specific immune responses can be primed by previous exposure or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hasanul Kaisar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Global Health, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alžbeta Čížová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Mečárová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korcová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Slavomír Bystrický
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kováč
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Mathieu-Denoncourt A, Duperthuy M. The VxrAB two-component system is important for the polymyxin B-dependent activation of the type VI secretion system in Vibrio cholerae O1 strain A1552. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:393-406. [PMID: 37343290 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by bacteria for virulence, resistance to grazing, and competition with other bacteria. We previously demonstrated that the role of the T6SS in interbacterial competition and in resistance to grazing is enhanced in Vibrio cholerae in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B. Here, we performed a global quantitative proteomic analysis and a targeted transcriptomic analysis of the T6SS-known regulators in V. cholerae grown with and without polymyxin B. The proteome of V. cholerae is greatly modified by polymyxin B with more than 39% of the identified cellular proteins displaying a difference in their abundance, including T6SS-related proteins. We identified a regulator whose abundance and expression are increased in the presence of polymyxin B, vxrB, the response regulator of the two-component system VxrAB (VCA0565-66). In vxrAB, vxrA and vxrB deficient mutants, the expression of both hcp copies (VC1415 and VCA0017), although globally reduced, was not modified by polymyxin B. These hcp genes encode an identical protein Hcp, which is the major component of the T6SS syringe. Thus, the upregulation of the T6SS in the presence of polymyxin B appears to be, at least in part, due to the two-component system VxrAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marylise Duperthuy
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Silva LDD, Pinheiro JLS, Rodrigues LHM, Santos VMRD, Borges JLF, Oliveira RRD, Maciel LG, Araújo TDSL, Martins CDS, Gomes DA, Lira EC, Souza MHLP, Medeiros JVR, Damasceno ROS. Crucial role of carbon monoxide as a regulator of diarrhea caused by cholera toxin: Evidence of direct interaction with toxin. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115791. [PMID: 37689274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) pathway in the cholera toxin-induced diarrhea and its possible action mechanism. The pharmacological modulation with CORM-2 (a CO donor) or Hemin (a HO-1 inducer) decreased the intestinal fluid secretion and Cl- efflux, altered by cholera toxin. In contrast, ZnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor) reversed the antisecretory effect of Hemin and potentiated cholera toxin-induced intestinal secretion. Moreover, CORM-2 also prevented the alteration of intestinal epithelial architecture and local vascular permeability promoted by cholera toxin. The intestinal absorption was not altered by any of the pharmacological modulators. Cholera toxin inoculation also increased HO-1 immunoreactivity and bilirubin levels, a possible protective physiological response. Finally, using fluorometric technique, ELISA assay and molecular docking simulations, we show evidence that CO directly interacts with cholera toxin, forming a complex that affects its binding to GM1 receptor, which help explain the antisecretory effect. Thus, CO is an essential molecule for protection against choleric diarrhea and suggests its use as a possible therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Duarte da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
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21
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Hraib M, Alaidi S, Jouni S, Saad S, Muna M, Alaidi N, Alshehabi Z. Cholera: An Overview with Reference to the Syrian Outbreak. Avicenna J Med 2023; 13:199-205. [PMID: 38144913 PMCID: PMC10736186 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an acute type of diarrheal disease caused by intestinal infection with the toxin-producing bacteria Vibrio cholerae. The disease is still endemic in almost 69 countries, accounting for around 2.86 million cases and 95,000 deaths annually. Cholera is associated with poor infrastructure, and lack of access to sanitation and clean drinking water. The current cholera outbreak in Syria is associated with more than 10 years of conflict, which has devastated infrastructures and health services. There were 132,782 suspected cases reported between August 25, 2022 and May 20, 2023 in all 14 governorates, including 104 associated deaths. The recent earthquake in the region has complicated the situation, with an increase in cholera cases, and hindrance to a response to the disease. Climate change has driven a number of large cholera outbreaks around the world this year. The World Health Organization prequalifies three oral cholera vaccines. Cholera treatment mainly depends on rehydration, with the use of antibiotics in more severe infections. This review gives an overview of cholera bacteriology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention in light of global climate change and the ongoing outbreak in Syria, which poses a significant public health threat that requires urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Hraib
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Sara Alaidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Sarah Jouni
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Sana Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Mohammad Muna
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Nour Alaidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Zuheir Alshehabi
- Department of Pathology, Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syria
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22
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Li Y, Yang KD, Kong DC, Ye JF. Advances in phage display based nano immunosensors for cholera toxin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224397. [PMID: 37781379 PMCID: PMC10534012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera, a persistent global public health concern, continues to cause outbreaks in approximately 30 countries and territories this year. The imperative to safeguard water sources and food from Vibrio cholerae, the causative pathogen, remains urgent. The bacterium is mainly disseminated via ingestion of contaminated water or food. Despite the plate method's gold standard status for detection, its time-consuming nature, taking several days to provide results, remains a challenge. The emergence of novel virulence serotypes raises public health concerns, potentially compromising existing detection methods. Hence, exploiting Vibrio cholerae toxin testing holds promise due to its inherent stability. Immunobiosensors, leveraging antibody specificity and sensitivity, present formidable tools for detecting diverse small molecules, encompassing drugs, hormones, toxins, and environmental pollutants. This review explores cholera toxin detection, highlighting phage display-based nano immunosensors' potential. Engineered bacteriophages exhibit exceptional cholera toxin affinity, through specific antibody fragments or mimotopes, enabling precise quantification. This innovative approach promises to reshape cholera toxin detection, offering an alternative to animal-derived methods. Harnessing engineered bacteriophages aligns with ethical detection and emphasizes sensitivity and accuracy, a pivotal stride in the evolution of detection strategies. This review primarily introduces recent advancements in phage display-based nano immunosensors for cholera toxin, encompassing technical aspects, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai-di Yang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - De-cai Kong
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun-feng Ye
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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23
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Abioye OE, Nontongana N, Osunla CA, Okoh AI. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290356. [PMID: 37616193 PMCID: PMC10449182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered from fish markets, freshwater and brackish water. Virulence and antibiotic resistance profiling of isolates were carried out using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. Vibrio spp. was detected in more than 90% of samples [134/144] and its density was significantly more in fish than in other samples. Vibrio. cholerae and V. mimicus were isolated in at least one sample of each sample type with higher isolation frequency in fish samples. All the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup. One or more V. cholerae isolates exhibited intermediate or resistance against each of the eighteen panels of antibiotics used but 100% of the V. mimicus were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. Vibrio cholerae exhibited relatively high resistance against polymyxin, ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate while V. mimicus isolates exhibited relatively high resistance against nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and polymixin. The multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index [MARI] for isolates ranges between 0 and 0.67 and 48% of the isolates have MARI that is >0.2 while 55% of the isolates exhibit MultiDrug Resistance Phenotypes. The percentage detection of acc, ant, drf18, sul1, mcr-1, blasvh, blaoxa, blatem, blaoxa48, gyrA, gyrB and parC resistance-associated genes were 2%, 9%, 14%, 7%, 2%, 25%, 7%, 2%, 2%, 32%, 25% and 27% respectively while that for virulence-associated genes in increasing other was ace [2%], tcp [11%], vpi [16%], ompU [34%], toxR [43%], rtxC [70%], rtxA [73%] and hyla [77%]. The study confirmed the potential of environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and V. mimicus to cause cholera-like infection and other vibriosis which could be difficult to manage with commonly recommended antibiotics. Thus, regular monitoring of the environment to create necessary awareness for this kind of pathogens is important in the interest of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nolonwabo Nontongana
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Charles A. Osunla
- Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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24
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Stolaj E, Belfiori B, Mercuri A, Papili R, Rosignoli D, Albagini M, Genga G, Tommasi A, Veramonti D, Pallotto C, Francisci D. Acute gastroenteritis due to Vibrio cholerae biovar albensis infection: A case report. IDCases 2023; 33:e01878. [PMID: 37680213 PMCID: PMC10480522 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae represents diverse species and includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic variants. Particularly serogroups O1 and O139 are related to cholera epidemics, while non-O1/O139 serogroups (NOVC) in general are non-pathogenic or asymptomatic colonizers in humans, but also can cause different diseases. Vibrio albensis, a non-O1/non-O-139 serogroup, is rarely implicated in human infections. Only a few cases of human pathology related to this species are described in the literature. We present the menagement of V. albensis gastroenteritis in a a 47-year-old woman and discuss clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stolaj
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Belfiori
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mercuri
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Papili
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Rosignoli
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Margherita Albagini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Genga
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Tommasi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dante Veramonti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Pallotto
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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25
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Sarker MHR, Das SK, Sujon H, Moriyama M, Rahman MM, Uzzaman MN, Banu S, Shahid ASMSB, Das J, Khan SH, Chisti MJ, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Changing Water-Sanitation Determinants of Cholera over Two Decades in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:368-375. [PMID: 37277103 PMCID: PMC10397457 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a leading global public health threat, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the changing determinants of cholera related to water-sanitation practices between 1994-1998 and 2014-2018 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data of all cause diarrhea cases were extracted from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, and analysis was performed among three groups: Vibrio cholerae detected as sole pathogen, V. cholerae detected as mixed infection, and detection of no common enteropathogen in stool specimens (reference). Using sanitary toilet, drinking tap water, drinking boiled water, family size greater than five, and slum dwelling were the main exposures. Overall, 3,380 (20.30%) and 1,290 (9.69%) patients were positive for V. cholerae during 1994-1998 and 2014-2018, respectively. In 1994-1998, use of sanitary toilet (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.97) and drinking tap water (aOR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.92) were found to be negatively associated and in 2014-2018, drinking tap water (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21-1.78) and slum dwelling (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10-1.86) were found to be positively associated with V. cholerae infection after adjusting for age, sex, monthly income, and seasonality. Because the determinants of cholera such as drinking tap water can change over time in developing cities, ameliorating the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) situation is of paramount importance. In addition, in settings such as urban slums, where long-term WASH monitoring might be difficult to achieve, mass vaccination with oral cholera vaccine should be introduced to control cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumon Kumar Das
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Hasnat Sujon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Infectious Disease and One Health Program, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michiko Moriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Md Moshiur Rahman
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Md. Nazim Uzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shakila Banu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu SMSB Shahid
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jui Das
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - ASG Faruque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bwire G, Kisakye A, Amulen E, Bwanika JB, Badebye J, Aanyu C, Nakirya BD, Okello A, Okello SA, Bukenya JN, Orach CG. Cholera and COVID-19 pandemic prevention in multiple hotspot districts of Uganda: vaccine coverage, adverse events following immunization and WASH conditions survey. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:487. [PMID: 37479986 PMCID: PMC10362646 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between March, 2020 and December, 2021 due to cholera and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics, there were 1,534 cholera cases with 14 deaths and 136,065 COVID-19 cases with 3,285 deaths reported respectively in Uganda. This study investigated mass vaccination campaigns for the prevention of the two pandemics namely: oral cholera vaccine (OCV) and COVID-19 vaccine coverage; adverse events following immunization (AEFI); barriers and enablers for the vaccine uptake and assessed water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in the six cholera and COVID-19 hotspot districts of Uganda. METHODS A household survey was conducted between January and February, 2022 in the six cholera hotspot districts of Uganda which had recently conducted OCV mass vaccination campaigns and had ongoing COVID-19 mass vaccination campaigns. The survey randomly enrolled 900 households with 4,315 persons of whom 2,085 were above 18 years. Data were collected using a data entry application designed in KoBoToolbox and analysed using STATA version 14. Frequencies, percentages, odds ratios, means, confidence intervals and maps were generated and interpreted. RESULTS The OCV coverage for dose one and two were 85% (95% CI: 84.2-86.4) and 67% (95% CI: 65.6-68.4) respectively. Among the 4,315 OCV recipients, 2% reported mild AEFI, 0.16% reported moderate AEFI and none reported severe AEFI. The COVID-19 vaccination coverage for dose one and two were 69.8% (95% CI: 67.8-71.8) and 18.8% (95% CI: 17.1-20.5) respectively. Approximately, 23% (478/2,085) of COVID-19 vaccine recipient reported AEFI; most 94% were mild, 0.6% were moderate and 2 cases were severe. The commonest reason for missing COVID-19 vaccine was fear of the side effects. For most districts (5/6), sanitation (latrine/toilet) coverage were low at 7.4%-37.4%. CONCLUSION There is high OCV coverage but low COVID-19 vaccine and sanitation coverage with high number of moderate cases of AEFI recorded due to COVID-19 vaccines. The low COVID-19 vaccine coverage could indicate vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, incorporation of WASH conditions assessment in the OCV coverage surveys is recommended for similar settings to generate data for better planning. However, more studies are required on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Bwire
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- Division of Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Esther Amulen
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Joan Badebye
- School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Aanyu
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Alfred Okello
- Department of Public Health, St Mary's Hospital Lacor, Gulu, Uganda
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Márquez-López A, Fanarraga ML. AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11227. [PMID: 37446406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer have limitations, including the development of acquired resistance. However, novel alternatives have emerged in the form of targeted therapies based on AB toxins. These biotoxins are a diverse group of highly poisonous molecules that show a nanomolar affinity for their target cell receptors, making them an invaluable source of ligands for biomedical applications. Bacterial AB toxins, in particular, are modular proteins that can be genetically engineered to develop high-affinity therapeutic compounds. These toxins consist of two distinct domains: a catalytically active domain and an innocuous domain that acts as a ligand, directing the catalytic domain to the target cells. Interestingly, many tumor cells show receptors on the surface that are recognized by AB toxins, making these high-affinity proteins promising tools for developing new methods for targeting anticancer therapies. Here we describe the structure and mechanisms of action of Diphtheria (Dtx), Anthrax (Atx), Shiga (Stx), and Cholera (Ctx) toxins, and review the potential uses of AB toxins in cancer therapy. We also discuss the main advances in this field, some successful results, and, finally, the possible development of innovative and precise applications in oncology based on engineered recombinant AB toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez-López
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica L Fanarraga
- The Nanomedicine Group, Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Albitar L, Almasri IA. Cholera in Syria, a crisis following crises: Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice in a cohort of syrian population. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18278. [PMID: 37539115 PMCID: PMC10395530 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an acute bacterial disease caused by intestinal infection with Vibrio cholerae. It is one of the major re-emerging communicable diseases in Syria following the Syrian crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic. The current study was undertaken to explore the level of awareness in a cohort of the Syrian population by testing their knowledge and investigating their attitudes and practices. An internet-based survey that queried knowledge of cholera transmission, prevention, risk factors, and treatment was designed. Of particular interest was revealing sources of information associated with higher knowledge. Furthermore, individual attitudes and practices towards the disease were collected and analyzed. Participants were 1521, mostly females (68.3%), 18-25 years old (56.4%), single (72.7%), and college degree holders (75.9%). The main sources of information on cholera were school/college (31.7%), social media (28.7%), family and friends (13.2%), and online search engines (11.3%). The average total knowledge of the cohort was 40.39%. The participants >40 years old, highly educated, living in urban areas, and females demonstrated higher knowledge of cholera. Schools/colleges and online search engines were associated with better knowledge. Most of the cohort showed serious attitudes and considered cholera a very dangerous disease. They were very concerned about cholera resurfacing in the country and were worried about getting infected. The majority of the cohort were leading their lives favorably by eating out/takeaway <5 times a month; however, their practices regarding handling raw produce were suboptimal. Succeeding cholera re-emergence, females, highly educated, and >40 years old participants were more committed to changing practices and taking stricter safety measures. As cholera imposes a health threat not only to Syrians but to the people of the whole Middle East, preventive strategies were suggested, mainly raising awareness with more focused media means and vaccination of people at high risk in the affected areas of the governorates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Albitar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Imad Addin Almasri
- Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Ghandour R, Papenfort K. Small regulatory RNAs in Vibrio cholerae. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad030. [PMID: 37441523 PMCID: PMC10335731 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a major human pathogen causing the diarrheal disease, cholera. Regulation of virulence in V. cholerae is a multifaceted process involving gene expression changes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Whereas various transcription factors have been reported to modulate virulence in V. cholerae, small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have now been established to also participate in virulence control and the regulation of virulence-associated processes, such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, stress response, and metabolism. In most cases, these sRNAs act by base-pairing with multiple target transcripts and this process typically requires the aid of an RNA-binding protein, such as the widely conserved Hfq protein. This review article summarizes the functional roles of sRNAs in V. cholerae, their underlying mechanisms of gene expression control, and how sRNAs partner with transcription factors to modulate complex regulatory programs. In addition, we will discuss regulatory principles discovered in V. cholerae that not only apply to other Vibrio species, but further extend into the large field of RNA-mediated gene expression control in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Ghandour
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Papenfort
- Corresponding author. Institute of Microbiology, General Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany. Tel: +49-3641-949-311; E-mail:
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Vidakovic L, Mikhaleva S, Jeckel H, Nisnevich V, Strenger K, Neuhaus K, Raveendran K, Ben-Moshe NB, Aznaourova M, Nosho K, Drescher A, Schmeck B, Schulte LN, Persat A, Avraham R, Drescher K. Biofilm formation on human immune cells is a multicellular predation strategy of Vibrio cholerae. Cell 2023; 186:2690-2704.e20. [PMID: 37295405 PMCID: PMC10256282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is generally recognized as a bacterial defense mechanism against environmental threats, including antibiotics, bacteriophages, and leukocytes of the human immune system. Here, we show that for the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, biofilm formation is not only a protective trait but also an aggressive trait to collectively predate different immune cells. We find that V. cholerae forms biofilms on the eukaryotic cell surface using an extracellular matrix comprising primarily mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pili, toxin-coregulated pili, and the secreted colonization factor TcpF, which differs from the matrix composition of biofilms on other surfaces. These biofilms encase immune cells and establish a high local concentration of a secreted hemolysin to kill the immune cells before the biofilms disperse in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner. Together, these results uncover how bacteria employ biofilm formation as a multicellular strategy to invert the typical relationship between human immune cells as the hunters and bacteria as the hunted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofya Mikhaleva
- Institute of Bioengineering and Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Jeckel
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Valerya Nisnevich
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Konstantin Neuhaus
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Noa Bossel Ben-Moshe
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marina Aznaourova
- Institute for Lung Research, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kazuki Nosho
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antje Drescher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 35043 Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany; Institute for Lung Health, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Persat
- Institute of Bioengineering and Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Knut Drescher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Seymour E, Ekiz Kanik F, Diken Gür S, Bakhshpour-Yucel M, Araz A, Lortlar Ünlü N, Ünlü MS. Solid-Phase Optical Sensing Techniques for Sensitive Virus Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115018. [PMID: 37299745 DOI: 10.3390/s23115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections can pose a major threat to public health by causing serious illness, leading to pandemics, and burdening healthcare systems. The global spread of such infections causes disruptions to every aspect of life including business, education, and social life. Fast and accurate diagnosis of viral infections has significant implications for saving lives, preventing the spread of the diseases, and minimizing social and economic damages. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques are commonly used to detect viruses in the clinic. However, PCR has several drawbacks, as highlighted during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, such as long processing times and the requirement for sophisticated laboratory instruments. Therefore, there is an urgent need for fast and accurate techniques for virus detection. For this purpose, a variety of biosensor systems are being developed to provide rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput viral diagnostic platforms, enabling quick diagnosis and efficient control of the virus's spread. Optical devices, in particular, are of great interest due to their advantages such as high sensitivity and direct readout. The current review discusses solid-phase optical sensing techniques for virus detection, including fluorescence-based sensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), optical resonators, and interferometry-based platforms. Then, we focus on an interferometric biosensor developed by our group, the single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS), which has the capability to visualize single nanoparticles, to demonstrate its application for digital virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Seymour
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M4P 1R2, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fulya Ekiz Kanik
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sinem Diken Gür
- Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
| | - Monireh Bakhshpour-Yucel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Türkiye
| | - Ali Araz
- Department of Chemistry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35390, Türkiye
| | - Nese Lortlar Ünlü
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Selim Ünlü
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
In order for successful fecal-oral transmission, enteric bacterial pathogens have to successfully compete with the intestinal microbiota and reach high concentrations during infection. Vibrio cholerae requires cholera toxin (CT) to cause diarrheal disease, which is thought to promote the fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Besides inducing diarrheal disease, the catalytic activity of CT also alters host intestinal metabolism, which promotes the growth of V. cholerae during infection through the acquisition of host-derived nutrients. Furthermore, recent studies have found that CT-induced disease activates a niche-specific suite of V. cholerae genes during infection, some of which may be important for fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Our group is currently exploring the concept that CT-induced disease promotes the fecal-oral transmission of V. cholerae by modulating both host and pathogen metabolism. Furthermore, the role of the intestinal microbiota in pathogen growth and transmission during toxin-induced disease merits further investigation. These studies open the door to investigating whether other bacterial toxins also enhance pathogen growth and transmission during infection, which may shed light on the design of novel therapeutics for intervention or prevention of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. L. Chapman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Kapinos
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Verjan Garcia N, Santisteban Celis IC, Dent M, Matoba N. Characterization and utility of two monoclonal antibodies to cholera toxin B subunit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4305. [PMID: 36922604 PMCID: PMC10016189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is a potent immunomodulator exploitable in mucosal vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. To aid in the characterization of pleiotropic biological functions of CTB and its variants, we generated a panel of anti-CTB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). By ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, two mAbs, 7A12B3 and 9F9C7, were analyzed for their binding affinities to cholera holotoxin (CTX), CTB, and EPICERTIN: a recombinant CTB variant possessing mucosal healing activity. Both 7A12B3 and 9F9C7 bound efficiently to CTX, CTB, and EPICERTIN with equilibrium dissociation constants at low to sub-nanomolar concentrations but bound weakly, if at all, to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit. In a cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay using Caco2 human colon epithelial cells, the 7A12B3 mAb was found to be a potent inhibitor of CTX, whereas 9F9C7 had relatively weak inhibitory activity. Meanwhile, the 9F9C7 mAb effectively detected CTB and EPICERTIN bound to the surface of Caco2 cells and mouse spleen leukocytes by flow cytometry. Using 9F9C7 in immunohistochemistry, we confirmed the preferential localization of EPICERTIN in colon crypts following oral administration of the protein in mice. Collectively, these mAbs provide valuable tools to investigate the biological functions and preclinical development of CTB variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Matthew Dent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 S. Hancock Street, Room 615, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Sabir DK, Hama ZT, Salih KJ, Khidhir KG. A Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cholera Outbreak in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, in 2022. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:39-46. [PMID: 36929893 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is among the significant threats to global public health. The disease is mainly spread in the hot months of the year; low sanitation and lack of clean water are the major causes of the disease. In this study, we conducted a molecular and epidemiological study of the recent outbreak in the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. Based on the bacteriological, serological, and molecular identification of the bacterium, it was shown that V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa caused the disease. Additionally, the number of positive cholera cases were higher in June compared to July (391 positive cases in June and 23 in July). Moreover, the majority (> 60%) of the cholera cases were recorded among 20-44-year-old people in both months; however, there was no significant difference in the patient genders diagnosed every month. Overall, this is the first report on the recent cholera outbreak in the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Khdr Sabir
- 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Iraq
| | - Zhwan Talib Hama
- 2Department of Dental Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Karzan Jalal Salih
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University, 46023 Chamchamal, Iraq
| | - Karzan Ghafur Khidhir
- 4Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease which can cause death if left untreated. In this study, a collection of clinical and environmental V. cholerae serogroup O1 isolates from Australia (1977 to 1987) (from local cases and cases acquired through international travel) and publicly available international isolates were characterized for genotypic features (virulence genes, mobile genetic elements [MGEs], and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate and compare the genetic relatedness between the 44 Australian and nine travel-associated isolates and the 60 publicly available international V. cholerae sequences representing pre-seventh-pandemic (pre-7PET) isolates and different waves of 7PET isolates. In this study, 36 (81%) Australian clinical and aquatic isolates harbored the cholera toxin-producing genes located in the CTX bacteriophage region. All the Australian environmental and clinical isolates lacked the seventh-pandemic virulence-associated genomic islands (VSP-I and -II). In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified all nine internationally acquired isolates as sequence type 69 (ST69), 36 clinical and aquatic isolates as ST70, and eight isolates from Australia as ST71. Most of the nontoxigenic clinical and aquatic isolates of ST71 had diverse genetic variations compared to ST70 Australian strains. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes gyrA, parC, and parE had no mutations in all the environmental and clinical isolates from Australia. The SXT genetic element and class 1 integron gene sequences were not detected in Australian strains. Moreover, in this study, a Bayesian evolutionary study suggests that two distinct lineages of ST71 (new set of strains) and ST70 strains were prevalent around similar times in Australia, in ~1973 and 1969. IMPORTANCE Australia has its own indigenous V. cholerae strains, both toxigenic and nontoxigenic, that are associated with disease. Exotic strains are also detected in Australian patients returning from overseas travel. The clinical and aquatic V. cholerae O1 toxin gene-positive isolates from Australia responsible for cases in 1977 to 1987 were linked to acquisition from Queensland waterways but until now had not been characterized genetically. It is important to determine the genetic relatedness of Australian strains to international strains to assist in understanding their origin. This is the first extensive study to provide sequences and genomic analysis focused on toxigenic O1 V. cholerae clinical and environmental strains from Australia and its possible evolutionary relationship with other publicly available pre-7PET and 7PET V. cholerae strains. It is important to understand the population genetics of Australian V. cholerae from a public health perspective to assist in devising control measures and management plans for reducing V. cholerae exposure in Australia, given previous Australian disease clusters.
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Chakraborty S, Velagic M, Connor S. Development of a simple, rapid, and sensitive molecular diagnostic assay for cholera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011113. [PMID: 36745674 PMCID: PMC9934353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera continues to inflict high rates of morbidity and mortality. Prompt identification of cholera cases facilitates rapid outbreak responses in the short term while providing reliable surveillance data to guide long-term policies and interventions. Microbiological stool culture, the current recognized gold standard for diagnosing cholera, has significant limitations. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent promising alternatives for diagnosing cholera in areas with limited laboratory infrastructure. However, studies conducted with the current cholera RDTs demonstrated wide variations in sensitivity and specificity. To address this gap in the diagnosis of cholera, we developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay, "Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)." With a novel, simple sample preparation method directly from the fecal samples along with lyophilized reaction strips and using established Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) platform, cholera toxin gene (ctxA) and O1 (O1rfb) gene could be detected in less than an hour. Cholera RLDT assay is cold chain and electricity-free. To avoid any end-user bias, a battery-operated, handheld reader was used to read the RLDT results. The performance specifications of the cholera RLDT assay, including analytical sensitivity and specificity, were evaluated using direct fecal samples, dried fecal samples on filter paper, and environmental water samples spiked with cholera strain. The limit of detection (LOD) was ~104 CFU/gm of stool for both ctxA and O1 genes, corresponding to about 1 CFU of Vibrio cholerae per reaction within 40 minutes. The LOD was 10 bacteria per ml of environmental water when tested with RLDT directly, without enrichment. Being simple, RLDT has the potential to be applied in resource-poor endemic settings for rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirza Velagic
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean Connor
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Kuninobu KI, Takemura T, Takizawa Y, Hasebe F, Yamashiro T. Whole-genome analysis of a Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype classical strain isolated in 1946 in Sasebo city, Nagasaki prefecture, from a returnee from the northeast part of China. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:5. [PMID: 36732857 PMCID: PMC9893581 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera is a water-borne disease caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. Not a few studies on the whole-genome analyses of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor have been published; however, the number of analyses for biotype classical is limited. The whole-genome analysis was made on a V. cholerae biotype classical strain, Man9, isolated in 1946 in Sasebo city, Nagasaki prefecture, from a returnee from the northeast part of China. METHODS PacBio RSII was used to determine the whole-genome of Man9. De novo assemblies were made with CLC Genomics Workbench 8.5.1 and Canu. 2.0 and annotated by Prokka version 1.12. Upon determining the configuration of the CTX prophage region, combined procedures of PCR, RFLP with Southern blotting, and Sanger sequencing method were used. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by RaxML and visualized by Phandango. The identification of Cas genes and spacer sequences was made by CRISPR-finder and NCBI Blast search. These data were compared with those of V. cholerae serogroup O1 biotype classical O395. RESULTS The Man9 carried the 2.9 Mb (Chr1) and 1.1 Mb (Chr2) chromosomes with 2683 and 1198 CDSs, respectively. The genome similarity between Man9 and O395 was 97.0% when the total genomes were compared. Man9 carried a 380-kb inversion on the Chr1, and 95-kb and 35-kb fragments were not present on the Chr1 and on the Chr2, respectively. Man9 monophyletically clustered with 23 other biotype classical strains on the core gene phylogenetic tree analyses. Man9 carries "CTXcla" and a stretch of "truncated CTXcla-CTXcla" on the Chr1 and the Chr2, respectively, which is the opposite arrangement of O395. Man9 carries CRISPR-Cas system subtype I-E with 33 spacers, 64% of which were identical to those of O395. CONCLUSIONS Man9 differs from O395 by 3% on the total genome comparison; however, genomic analysis of a strain having circulated in the interpandemic period between the 6th and the 7th cholera pandemic is valuable and contributes to understanding the evolution of pathogenic V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kuninobu
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Taichiro Takemura
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Yu Takizawa
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Futoshi Hasebe
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan ,grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215 Japan
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Vega Ocasio D, Juin S, Berendes D, Heitzinger K, Prentice-Mott G, Desormeaux AM, Jn Charles PD, Rigodon J, Pelletier V, Louis RJ, Vertefeuille J, Boncy J, Joseph G, Compère V, Lafontant D, Andrecy LL, Michel E, Pierre K, Thermidor E, Fitter D, Grant-Greene Y, Lozier M, Marseille S. Cholera Outbreak - Haiti, September 2022-January 2023. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2023; 72:21-25. [PMID: 36634024 PMCID: PMC9869732 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7202a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
On September 30, 2022, after >3 years with no confirmed cholera cases (1), the Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratories and Research (DELR) of the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population [MSPP]) was notified of two patients with acute, watery diarrhea in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince. Within 2 days, Haiti's National Public Health Laboratory confirmed the bacterium Vibrio cholerae O1 in specimens from the two patients with suspected cholera infection, and an outbreak investigation began immediately. As of January 3, 2023, >20,000 suspected cholera cases had been reported throughout the country, and 79% of patients have been hospitalized. The moving 14-day case fatality ratio (CFR) was 3.0%. Cholera, which is transmitted through ingestion of water or food contaminated with fecal matter, can cause acute, severe, watery diarrhea that can rapidly lead to dehydration, shock, and death if not treated promptly (2). Haiti is currently facing ongoing worsening of gang violence, population displacement, social unrest, and insecurity, particularly in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, including Belair, Bas-Delmas, Centre-Ville, Martissant, Cité Soleil, Croix-des Bouquets, and Tabarre, creating an environment that has facilitated the current resurgence of cholera (3). This report describes the initial investigation, ongoing outbreak, and public health response to cholera in Haiti. Cholera outbreak responses require a multipronged, multisectoral approach including surveillance; case management; access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services; targeted oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaigns; risk communication; and community engagement. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.
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Molina-Quiroz RC, Camilli A, Silva-Valenzuela CA. Role of Bacteriophages in the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrios and Lessons for Phage Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:149-173. [PMID: 36792875 PMCID: PMC10587905 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of bacteria, i.e., bacteriophages (or phages for short), were discovered over a century ago and have played a major role as a model system for the establishment of the fields of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Despite the relative simplicity of phages, microbiologists are continually discovering new aspects of their biology including mechanisms for battling host defenses. In turn, novel mechanisms of host defense against phages are being discovered at a rapid clip. A deeper understanding of the arms race between bacteria and phages will continue to reveal novel molecular mechanisms and will be important for the rational design of phage-based prophylaxis and therapies to prevent and treat bacterial infections, respectively. Here we delve into the molecular interactions of Vibrio species and phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Molina-Quiroz
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (Levy CIMAR), Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Malaeb D, Sallam M, Younes S, Mourad N, Sarray El Dine A, Obeid S, Hallit S, Hallit R. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in a Sample of the Lebanese Population Regarding Cholera. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316243. [PMID: 36498316 PMCID: PMC9735709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and practices towards an emerging disease is an essential component of public health preventive measures during an outbreak. In October 2022, an outbreak of cholera was reported in Lebanon, which is the first to be reported in the Middle Eastern country for 30 years. This study aimed to explore the level of knowledge as well as attitude and practice of the general public in Lebanon towards cholera. A self-administered structured questionnaire was distributed via an online link to individuals living in Lebanon during October-November 2022. The survey instrument comprised items to assess the sociodemographic data; questions on knowledge about cholera symptoms, transmission, and prevention; as well as attitude and practice questions. Our study involved 553 participants, with a median age of 24 years and a majority of females (72.5%). The results showed that the majority of respondents correctly identified diarrhea as a symptom of cholera and recognized the spread via contaminated water and food. Having a university level education compared with secondary school or less (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.09), being married compared with single (aOR = 1.67), and working in the medical field compared with unemployed (aOR = 4.19) were significantly associated with higher odds of having good cholera knowledge. Having good knowledge compared with having a poor level of cholera knowledge (aOR = 1.83) and older age (aOR = 1.03) were significantly associated with higher odds of having a good attitude towards cholera. The current study showed an overall high knowledge score on cholera among the Lebanese population. Nevertheless, gaps in cholera knowledge were identified and should be addressed, particularly among workers in the medical field. Thus, we recommend targeted health education to the general population that aims to strengthen the health resilience in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Malaeb
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.H.); Tel.: +962-79-184-5186 (M.S.)
| | - Samar Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Nisreen Mourad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Abir Sarray El Dine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Social and Education Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.H.); Tel.: +962-79-184-5186 (M.S.)
| | - Rabih Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh, Lebanon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Notre Dame des Secours, University Hospital Center, Byblos, Lebanon
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White C, Bader C, Teter K. The manipulation of cell signaling and host cell biology by cholera toxin. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110489. [PMID: 36216164 PMCID: PMC10082135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host endomembrane system, and escapes into the cytosol where it activates the stimulatory alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein by ADP-ribosylation. This initiates a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates chloride efflux into the gut, with diarrhea resulting from the accompanying osmotic movement of water into the intestinal lumen. G protein signaling is not the only host system manipulated by cholera toxin, however. Other cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways active in the intoxication process include endocytosis through lipid rafts, retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation system for protein delivery to the cytosol, the unfolded protein response, and G protein de-activation through degradation or the function of ADP-ribosyl hydrolases. Although toxin-induced chloride efflux is thought to be an irreversible event, alterations to these processes could facilitate cellular recovery from intoxication. This review will highlight how cholera toxin exploits signaling pathways and other cell biology events to elicit a diarrheal response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher White
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Carly Bader
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, 12722 Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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Metagenomic analysis of diarrheal stools in Kolkata, India, indicates the possibility of subclinical infection of Vibrio cholerae O1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19473. [PMID: 36376441 PMCID: PMC9663449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the stools of 23 patients in Kolkata, who were diagnosed as cholera patients because Vibrio cholerae O1 was detected from their stools by culturing methods, and further explored by metagenomic sequencing analysis. Subsequently, the presence of the gene encoding A subunit of cholera toxin (ctxA) and the cholera toxin (CT) level in these stool samples were examined. ctxA was examined by both metagenomic sequencing analysis and polymerase chain reaction. In these examinations, two samples did not show positive in any of these tests. The metagenomic analysis showed that the genes for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica were present in the stools of these two patients, respectively. Therefore, these two patients were not considered to have diarrhea due to V. cholerae infection. From these results, we predicted that some Kolkata residents harbor a small number of V. cholerae in their intestines as a form of subclinical infection with V. cholerae. Next, we analyzed the stool samples of 22 diarrhea patients from which V. cholerae was not isolated. The results showed that 3 of the patients seemed to have subclinical infection of V. cholerae based on the amount of the genes. These results indicated that subclinical infections with V. cholerae O1 occur in Kolkata.
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Shrestha AB, Khatroth S, Malreddy A, Issa FA, Shrestha S, Shrestha S. Cholera amid COVID-19: Call from three nations; India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 84:104936. [PMCID: PMC9661447 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covid-19 was a major pandemic of the 21st century that flinched away every individual worldwide. The extensive impact of this rapidly spreading deadly virus doomed the health care systems with the unexpected wave wreaked havoc leading to a global health crisis. It has been a high burden on the functioning existing medical system, overloads health professionals, disruption of the medical supply chain. The economy of the nations has been at losses with a significant slowing down in revenue growth over the past 2 years. After taking its toll, drawing away other diseases including cholera. The three developing nations; India, Bangladesh and Nepal, are now at the verge of facing an outbreak of Cholera. It is not surprising to hear cholera in this nation but the fact that its negligence due to Covid-19 pandemic and monkeypox along with a crumbled health system due to the pandemic has made these nations vulnerable for health crisis. Along with this three nations, cholera has made its way to different parts of this globe and it is high time that attention must be drawn towards it as mismanagement could even cause life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shumneva Shrestha
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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44
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Johura FT, Biswas SR, Rashed SM, Islam MT, Islam S, Sultana M, Watanabe H, Huq A, Thomson NR, Colwell RR, Alam M. Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains linked to global cholera show region-specific patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105363. [PMID: 36087684 PMCID: PMC10695325 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, causative agent of the ongoing seventh cholera pandemic, is native to the aquatic environment of the Ganges Delta, Bay of Bengal (GDBB). Recent studies traced pandemic strains to the GDBB and proposed global spread of cholera had occurred via intercontinental transmission. In the research presented here, NotI-digested genomic DNA extracted from V. cholerae O1 clinical and environmental strains isolated in Bangladesh during 20042014 was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results of cluster analysis showed 94.67% of the V. cholerae strains belonged to clade A and included the majority of clinical strains of spatio-temporal origin and representing different cholera endemic foci. The rest of the strains were estuarine, all environmental strains from Mathbaria, Bangladesh, and occurred as singletons, clustered in clades B and C, or in the small clades D and E. Cluster analysis of the Bangladeshi strains and including 157 El Tor strains from thirteen countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas revealed 85% of the total set of strains belonged to clade A, indicating all were related, yet did not form an homogeneous cluster. Overall, 15% of the global strains comprised multiple small clades or segregated as singletons. Three sub-clades could be discerned within the major clade A, reflecting distinct lineages of V. cholerae O1 El Tor associated with cholera in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The presence in Asia and the Americas of non-pandemic V. cholerae O1 El Tor populations differing by PFGE and from strains associated with cholera globally suggests different ecotypes are resident in distant geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema-Tuz Johura
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sahitya Ranjan Biswas
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shah M Rashed
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Tarequl Islam
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marzia Sultana
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- National Institutes of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Munirul Alam
- icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Nguyen MHT, Netter Z, Angermeyer A, Seed KD. A phage weaponizes a satellite recombinase to subvert viral restriction. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11138-11153. [PMID: 36259649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can acquire mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to combat infection by viruses (phages). Satellite viruses, including the PLEs (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) in epidemic Vibrio cholerae, are MGEs that restrict phage replication to the benefit of their host bacterium. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, unleashing multiple mechanisms to restrict phage replication and promote their own spread. In the arms race against PLE, ICP1 uses nucleases, including CRISPR-Cas, to destroy PLE's genome during infection. However, through an unknown CRISPR-independent mechanism, specific ICP1 isolates subvert restriction by PLE. Here, we discover ICP1-encoded Adi that counteracts PLE by exploiting the PLE's large serine recombinase (LSR), which normally mobilizes PLE in response to ICP1 infection. Unlike previously characterized ICP1-encoded anti-PLE mechanisms, Adi is not a nuclease itself but instead appears to modulate the activity of the LSR to promote destructive nuclease activity at the LSR's specific attachment site, attP. The PLE LSR, its catalytic activity, and attP are additionally sufficient to sensitize a PLE encoding a resistant variant of the recombination module to Adi activity. This work highlights a unique type of adaptation arising from inter-genome conflicts, in which the intended activity of a protein can be weaponized to overcome the antagonizing genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H T Nguyen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zoe Netter
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angus Angermeyer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberley D Seed
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 271 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Chowdhury F, Ross AG, Islam MT, McMillan NAJ, Qadri F. Diagnosis, Management, and Future Control of Cholera. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0021121. [PMID: 35726607 PMCID: PMC9491185 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00211-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, persists in developing countries due to inadequate access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. There are approximately 4 million cases and 143,000 deaths each year due to cholera. The disease is transmitted fecally-orally via contaminated food or water. Severe dehydrating cholera can progress to hypovolemic shock due to the rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes, which requires a rapid infusion of intravenous (i.v.) fluids. The case fatality rate exceeds 50% without proper clinical management but can be less than 1% with prompt rehydration and antibiotics. Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) serve as a major component of an integrated control package during outbreaks or within zones of endemicity. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH); health education; and prophylactic antibiotic treatment are additional components of the prevention and control of cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Task Force for Cholera Control (GTFCC) have set an ambitious goal of eliminating cholera by 2030 in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Chowdhury
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allen G. Ross
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Md Taufiqul Islam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel A. J. McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Biselli R, Nisini R, Lista F, Autore A, Lastilla M, De Lorenzo G, Peragallo MS, Stroffolini T, D’Amelio R. A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2050. [PMID: 36009598 PMCID: PMC9405556 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline as a malaria vector and plasmodium as its etiological agent, respectively. Meanwhile, Major Walter Reed in the United States of America discovered the mosquito vector of yellow fever, thus paving the way for its prevention by vector control. In this work, the military relevance of some vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, as well as of biological weapons, and the military contributions to their control will be described. Currently, the civil-military medical collaboration is getting closer and becoming interdependent, from research and development for the prevention of infectious diseases to disasters and emergencies management, as recently demonstrated in Ebola and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, even with the high biocontainment aeromedical evacuation, in a sort of global health diplomacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Dipartimento Scientifico, Policlinico Militare, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Autore
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Lastilla
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale, Comando Logistico dell’Aeronautica Militare, Viale Piero Gobetti 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Lorenzo
- Comando Generale dell’Arma dei Carabinieri, Dipartimento per l’Organizzazione Sanitaria e Veterinaria, Viale Romania 45, 00197 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stroffolini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D’Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Roma, Italy
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Giacomucci S, Mathieu-Denoncourt A, Vincent AT, Jannadi H, Duperthuy M. Experimental evolution of Vibrio cholerae identifies hypervesiculation as a way to increase motility in the presence of polymyxin B. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932165. [PMID: 36090081 PMCID: PMC9454949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae includes strains responsible for the cholera disease and is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. V. cholerae possesses a unique polar flagellum essential for motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation. In a previous study, we showed that motility and biofilm formation are altered in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B in V. cholerae O1 and O139. In this study, we performed an experimental evolution to identify the genes restoring the motility in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of polymyxin B. Mutations in five genes have been identified in three variants derived from two different parental strains A1552 and MO10: ihfA that encodes a subunit of the integration host factor (IHF), vacJ (mlaA) and mlaF, two genes belonging to the maintenance of the lipid asymmetry (Mla) pathway, dacB that encodes a penicillin-binding protein (PBP4) and involved in cell wall synthesis, and ccmH that encodes a c-type cytochrome maturation protein. We further demonstrated that the variants derived from MO10 containing mutations in vacJ, mlaF, and dacB secrete more and larger membrane vesicles that titer the polymyxin B, which increases the bacterial survival and is expected to limit its impact on the bacterial envelope and participate in the flagellum’s retention and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Giacomucci
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Antony T. Vincent
- Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hanen Jannadi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marylise Duperthuy
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marylise Duperthuy,
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Lee HY, Yoon CK, Cho YJ, Lee JW, Lee KA, Lee WJ, Seok YJ. A mannose-sensing AraC-type transcriptional activator regulates cell-cell aggregation of Vibrio cholerae. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:65. [PMID: 35987769 PMCID: PMC9392796 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to catalyzing coupled transport and phosphorylation of carbohydrates, the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) regulates various physiological processes in most bacteria. Therefore, the transcription of genes encoding the PTS is precisely regulated by transcriptional regulators depending on substrate availability. As the distribution of the mannose-specific PTS (PTSMan) is limited to animal-associated bacteria, it has been suggested to play an important role in host-bacteria interactions. In Vibrio cholerae, mannose is known to inhibit biofilm formation. During host infection, the transcription level of the V. cholerae gene encoding the putative PTSMan (hereafter referred to as manP) significantly increases, and mutations in this gene increase host survival rate. Herein, we show that an AraC-type transcriptional regulator (hereafter referred to as ManR) acts as a transcriptional activator of the mannose operon and is responsible for V. cholerae growth and biofilm inhibition on a mannose or fructose-supplemented medium. ManR activates mannose operon transcription by facilitating RNA polymerase binding to the promoter in response to mannose 6-phosphate and, to a lesser extent, to fructose 1-phosphate. When manP or manR is impaired, the mannose-induced inhibition of biofilm formation was reversed and intestinal colonization was significantly reduced in a Drosophila melanogaster infection model. Our results show that ManR recognizes mannose and fructose in the environment and facilitates V. cholerae survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Lee
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Ernst K. Requirement of Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis/Trans isomerases and chaperones for cellular uptake of bacterial AB-type toxins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:938015. [PMID: 35992160 PMCID: PMC9387773 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.938015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial AB-type toxins are proteins released by the producing bacteria and are the causative agents for several severe diseases including cholera, whooping cough, diphtheria or enteric diseases. Their unique AB-type structure enables their uptake into mammalian cells via sophisticated mechanisms exploiting cellular uptake and transport pathways. The binding/translocation B-subunit facilitates binding of the toxin to a specific receptor on the cell surface. This is followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Then the enzymatically active A-subunit either escapes from endosomes in a pH-dependent manner or the toxin is further transported through the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum from where the A-subunit translocates into the cytosol. In the cytosol, the A-subunits enzymatically modify a specific substrate which leads to cellular reactions resulting in clinical symptoms that can be life-threatening. Both intracellular uptake routes require the A-subunit to unfold to either fit through a pore formed by the B-subunit into the endosomal membrane or to be recognized by the ER-associated degradation pathway. This led to the hypothesis that folding helper enzymes such as chaperones and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases are required to assist the translocation of the A-subunit into the cytosol and/or facilitate their refolding into an enzymatically active conformation. This review article gives an overview about the role of heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70 as well as of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases of the cyclophilin and FK506 binding protein families during uptake of bacterial AB-type toxins with a focus on clostridial binary toxins Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridioides difficile CDT toxin, as well as diphtheria toxin, pertussis toxin and cholera toxin.
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