1
|
Bamigbade GB, Subhash AJ, Kamal-Eldin A, Nyström L, Ayyash M. An Updated Review on Prebiotics: Insights on Potentials of Food Seeds Waste as Source of Potential Prebiotics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185947. [PMID: 36144679 PMCID: PMC9505924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are a group of biological nutrients that are capable of being degraded by microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), primarily Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. When prebiotics are ingested, either as a food additive or as a supplement, the colonic microflora degrade them, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are simultaneously released in the colon and absorbed into the blood circulatory system. The two major groups of prebiotics that have been extensively studied in relation to human health are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The candidature of a compound to be regarded as a prebiotic is a function of how much of dietary fiber it contains. The seeds of fruits such as date palms have been reported to contain dietary fiber. An increasing awareness of the consumption of fruits and seeds as part of the daily diet, as well as poor storage systems for seeds, have generated an enormous amount of seed waste, which is traditionally discarded in landfills or incinerated. This cultural practice is hazardous to the environment because seed waste is rich in organic compounds that can produce hazardous gases. Therefore, this review discusses the potential use of seed wastes in prebiotic production, consequently reducing the environmental hazards posed by these wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gafar Babatunde Bamigbade
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Athira Jayasree Subhash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Díaz-Arenas GL, Lebanov L, Sanz Rodríguez E, Sadiq MM, Paull B, Garnier G, Tanner J. Chemometric optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan to target desired xylooligosaccharides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127041. [PMID: 35318144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Generation of specific xylooligosaccharides (XOS) is attractive to the pharmaceutical and food industries due to the importance of their structure upon their application. This study used chemometrics to develop a comprehensive computational modelling set to predict the parameters maximising the generation of the desired XOS during enzymatic hydrolysis. The evaluated parameters included pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme dosage and reaction time. A Box-Behnken design was combined with response surface methodology to develop the models. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPAEC-QqQ-MS) allowed the identification of 22 XOS within beechwood xylan hydrolysates. These data were used to validate the developed models and demonstrated their accuracy in predicting the parameters maximising the generation of the desired XOS. The maximum yields for X2-X6 were 314.2 ± 1.2, 76.6 ± 4.5, 38.4 ± 0.4, 17.8 ± 0.7, and 5.3 ± 0.2 mg/g xylan, respectively. These values map closely to the model predicted values 311.7, 92.6, 43.0, 16.3, and 4.9 mg/g xylan, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria L Díaz-Arenas
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Leo Lebanov
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodríguez
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - M Munir Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joanne Tanner
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Processing Advanced Lignocellulosics (PALS), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez ES, Díaz-Arenas GL, Makart S, Ghosh D, Patti AF, Garnier G, Tanner J, Paull B. Determination of xylooligosaccharides produced from enzymatic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
4
|
Rivas S, Rigual V, Domínguez JC, Alonso MV, Oliet M, Parajó JC, Rodriguez F. A biorefinery strategy for the manufacture and characterization of oligosaccharides and antioxidants from poplar hemicelluloses. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were treated with hot, compressed water (autohydrolysis) in consecutive stages under non-isothermal conditions in order to convert the hemicellulose fraction into soluble compounds through reactions catalyzed by in situ generated acids. The first stage was a conventional autohydrolysis, and liquid phase obtained under conditions leading to an optimal recovery of soluble saccharides was employed in a new reaction (second crossflow stage) using a fresh wood lot, in order to increase the concentrations of soluble saccharides. In the third crossflow stage, the best liquid phase from the second stage was employed to solubilize the hemicelluloses from a fresh wood lot. The concentration profiles determined for the soluble saccharides, acids, and furans present in the liquid phases from the diverse crossflow stages were employed for kinetic modeling, based on pseudohomogeneous reactions and Arrhenius-type dependence of the kinetic coefficients on temperature. Additional characterization of the reaction products by High Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography, High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry provided further insight on the properties of the soluble saccharides present in the various reaction media.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bonifácio-Lopes T, Teixeira JA, Pintado M. Current extraction techniques towards bioactive compounds from brewer’s spent grain – A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2730-2741. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bonifácio-Lopes
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arai T, Biely P, Uhliariková I, Sato N, Makishima S, Mizuno M, Nozaki K, Kaneko S, Amano Y. Structural characterization of hemicellulose released from corn cob in continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:222-230. [PMID: 30143337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal reaction is known to be one of the most efficient procedures to extract hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic biomass. We investigated the molecular structure of xylooligosaccharides released from corn cob in a continuous flow type hydrothermal reactor designed in our group. The fraction precipitable from the extract with four volumes of ethanol was examined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS before and after enzymatic treatment with different purified enzymes. The released water-soluble hemicellulose was found to correspond to a mixture of wide degree of polymerization range of acetylarabinoglucuronoxylan fragments (further as corn cob xylan abbreviated CX). Analysis of enzymatic hydrolyzates of CX with an acetylxylan esterase, GH3 β-xylosidase, GH10 and GH11 xylanases revealed that the main chain contains unsubstituted regions mixed with regions of xylopyranosyl residues partially acetylated and occasionally substituted by 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid and arabinofuranose esterified with ferulic or coumaric acid. Single 2- and 3-O-acetylation was accompanied by 2,3-di-O-acetylation and 3-O-acetylation of Xylp residues substituted with MeGlcA. Most of the non-esterified arabinofuranose side residues were lost during the hydrodynamic process. Despite reduced branching, the acetylation and ferulic acid modification of pentose residues contribute to high yields and high solubility of the extracted CX. It is also shown that different enzyme treatments of CX may lead to various types of xylooligosaccharides of different biomedical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arai
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Uhliariková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Satoshi Makishima
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; B Food Science Co. Ltd., 24-12 Kitahamamachi, Chita 478-0046, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishiara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Amano
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ho AL, Kosik O, Lovegrove A, Charalampopoulos D, Rastall RA. In vitro fermentability of xylo-oligosaccharide and xylo-polysaccharide fractions with different molecular weights by human faecal bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 179:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Llano T, Quijorna N, Andrés A, Coz A. Sugar, acid and furfural quantification in a sulphite pulp mill: Feedstock, product and hydrolysate analysis by HPLC/RID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:75-83. [PMID: 28725574 PMCID: PMC5503906 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of the spent sulphite liquor, a sugar-rich residue was done. Four chromatographic methods for sugars and derivatives analysis were developed. Cross-linked Pb+2 columns were suitable for fast and reliable sugars separation. Cross-linked H+ columns were adequate for acids and furfurals separation. Methods developed were successfully assayed on woody materials and hydrolysates.
Waste from pulp and paper mills consist of sugar-rich fractions comprising hemicellulose derivatives and cellulose by-products. A complete characterisation of the waste streams is necessary to study the possibilities of an existing mill. In this work, four chromatographic methods have been developed to obtain the most suitable chromatographic method conditions for measuring woody feedstocks, lignocellulosic hydrolysates and cellulose pulp in sulphite pulping processes. The analysis of major and minor monosaccharides, aliphatic carboxylic acids and furfurals has been optimised. An important drawback of the spent liquors generated after sulphite pulping is their acidic nature, high viscosity and adhesive properties that interfere in the column lifetime. This work recommends both a CHO-782Pb column for the sugar analysis and an SH-1011 resin-based cross-linked gel column to separate low-molecular-weight chain acids, alcohols and furfurals. Such columns resulted in a good separation with long lifetime, wide pH operating range and low fouling issues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Varzakas T, Zakynthinos G, Verpoort F. Plant Food Residues as a Source of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Foods 2016; 5:E88. [PMID: 28231183 PMCID: PMC5302437 DOI: 10.3390/foods5040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This chapter describes the use of different plant and vegetable food residues as nutraceuticals and functional foods. Different nutraceuticals are mentioned and explained. Their uses are well addressed along with their disease management and their action as nutraceutical delivery vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Varzakas
- TEI Peloponnese, Department of Food Technology, Kalamata 24100, Greece.
- Department of Bioscience Bioengineering, Global Campus Songdo, Ghent University, 119 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | | | - Francis Verpoort
- Department of Bioscience Bioengineering, Global Campus Songdo, Ghent University, 119 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
- Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Towards enzymatic breakdown of complex plant xylan structures: State of the art. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1260-1274. [PMID: 27620948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress over the past few years has been achieved in the enzymology of microbial degradation and saccharification of plant xylan, after cellulose being the most abundant natural renewable polysaccharide. Several new types of xylan depolymerizing and debranching enzymes have been described in microorganisms. Despite the increasing variety of known glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases, some xylan structures still appear quite recalcitrant. This review focuses on the mode of action of different types of depolymerizing endoxylanases and their cooperation with β-xylosidase and accessory enzymes in breakdown of complex highly branched xylan structures. Emphasis is placed on the enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-extracted deesterified polysaccharide as well as acetylated xylan isolated from plant cell walls under non-alkaline conditions. It is also shown how the combination of selected endoxylanases and debranching enzymes can determine the nature of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides or lead to complete hydrolysis of the polysaccharide. The article also highlights the possibility for discovery of novel xylanolytic enzymes, construction of multifunctional chimeric enzymes and xylanosomes in parallel with increasing knowledge on the fine structure of the polysaccharide.
Collapse
|
12
|
Revisiting the structural features of arabinoxylans from brewers’ spent grain. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Svärd A, Brännvall E, Edlund U. Rapeseed straw as a renewable source of hemicelluloses: Extraction, characterization and film formation. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:179-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Gómez B, Míguez B, Veiga A, Parajó JC, Alonso JL. Production, Purification, and in Vitro Evaluation of the Prebiotic Potential of Arabinoxylooligosaccharides from Brewer's Spent Grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8429-8438. [PMID: 26345203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) samples were subjected to a two-step aqueous processing (starch extraction and autohydrolysis) in order to assess their potential as a raw material for obtaining a mixture of arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) suitable to be use as prebiotics for elderly. After hydrothermal treatment, the liquors were refined by a sequence of purification and conditioning steps including membrane filtration, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ion exchange. The presence of both substituted (degree of polimerization (DP) = 2-10) and unsubstituted (DP = 2-16) oligosaccharides made up of xylose and arabinose (AXOS) were confirmed in purified mixtures (in which total OS content = 84% w/w) by using chromatographic techniques and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Finally, AXOS were evaluated for their prebiotic activity by in vitro fermentation assays using fecal inocula from elderly people, demonstrating that AXOS were slightly better substrates than FOS, in terms of bacterial population shifts as in the production of SCFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Ourense Campus) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Beatriz Míguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Ourense Campus) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Adán Veiga
- Customdrinks , Polígono Industrial Os Acivros, Parcela C-1, Chantada, Lugo 27500, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Parajó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Ourense Campus) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - José Luís Alonso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Ourense Campus) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Glucuronic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana xylans carries a novel pentose substituent. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:807-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
16
|
Brewer’s spent grain: source of value-added polysaccharides for the food industry in reference to the health claims. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Bunnell K, Lau CS, Lay JO, Gidden J, Carrier DJ. Production and Fractionation of Xylose Oligomers from Switchgrass Hemicelluloses Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.973505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Bunnell
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ching-Shuan Lau
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jackson O. Lay
- Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jennifer Gidden
- Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Danielle Julie Carrier
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koutaniemi S, van Gool MP, Juvonen M, Jokela J, Hinz SW, Schols HA, Tenkanen M. Distinct roles of carbohydrate esterase family CE16 acetyl esterases and polymer-acting acetyl xylan esterases in xylan deacetylation. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:684-92. [PMID: 24140638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis was used to compare the roles of two acetyl esterases (AE, carbohydrate esterase family CE16) and three acetyl xylan esterases (AXE, families CE1 and CE5) in deacetylation of natural substrates, neutral (linear) and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substituted xylooligosaccharides (XOS). AEs were similarly restricted in their action and apparently removed in most cases only one acetyl group from the non-reducing end of XOS, acting as exo-deacetylases. In contrast, AXEs completely deacetylated longer neutral XOS but had difficulties with the shorter ones. Complete deacetylation of neutral XOS was obtained after the combined action of AEs and AXEs. MeGlcA substituents partially restricted the action of both types of esterases and the remaining acidic XOS were mainly substituted with one MeGlcA and one acetyl group, supposedly on the same xylopyranosyl residue. These resisting structures were degraded to great extent only after inclusion of α-glucuronidase, which acted with the esterases in a synergistic manner. When used together with xylan backbone degrading endoxylanase and β-xylosidase, both AE and AXE enhanced the hydrolysis of complex XOS equally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koutaniemi
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coelho E, Rocha MAM, Saraiva JA, Coimbra MA. Microwave superheated water and dilute alkali extraction of brewers' spent grain arabinoxylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 99:415-22. [PMID: 24274525 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microwave superheated water extractions (MWE) were performed to evaluate the feasibility of this technology for quantitative recovery of the arabinoxylans (AX) or arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) from brewers' spent grain (BSG). The AX+AXOS yield increased with the increase of the temperature in the range from 140 to 210 °C during 2 min. The higher temperatures promoted depolymerisation, debranching, and deesterification of the polysaccharides, with formation of brown products. The conditions that promote a compromise between the yield and the structure obtained, minimizing the thermal degradation of the fractions extracted by MWE are the following: (1) 140 °C, to remove the residual starch mixed with β-glucans; (2) Suspension of the residue left in water and treated at 180 °C; (3) suspension of the residue in 0.1 M KOH and treated at 180 °C. Using this sequential procedure, it was possible to extract 62% of BSG AX+AXOS, presenting degrees of polymerization ranging between 7 and 24 xylose residues, and a degree of phenolic acids esterification between 5 and 21%. The structural variability obtained by MWE allows defining specific types of compounds for different applications and uses depending on the extraction conditions used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Coelho
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seo YJ, Oh DS, Lee JW. Study on the possibility of waste mushroom medium as a biomass resource for biorefinery. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Biely P, Cziszárová M, Uhliariková I, Agger JW, Li XL, Eijsink VGH, Westereng B. Mode of action of acetylxylan esterases on acetyl glucuronoxylan and acetylated oligosaccharides generated by a GH10 endoxylanase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5075-86. [PMID: 23891707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substitutions on the xylan main chain are widely accepted to limit plant cell wall degradability and acetylations are considered as one of the most important obstacles. Hence, understanding the modes of action of a range of acetylxylan esterases (AcXEs) is of ample importance not only to increase the understanding of the enzymology of plant decay/bioremediation but also to enable efficient bioconversion of plant biomass. METHODS In this study, the modes of action of acetylxylan esterases (AcXEs) belonging to carbohydrate esterase (CE) families 1, 4, 5 and 6 on xylooligosaccharides generated from hardwood acetyl glucuronoxylan were compared using MALDI ToF MS. Supporting data were obtained by following enzymatic deacetylation by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS None of the used enzymes were capable of complete deacetylation, except from linear xylooligosaccharides which were completely deacetylated by some of the esterases in the presence of endoxylanase. A clear difference was observed between the performance of the serine-type esterases of CE families 1, 5 and 6, and the aspartate-metalloesterases of family CE4. The difference is mainly due to the inability of CE4 AcXEs to catalyze deacetylation of 2,3-di-O-acetylated xylopyranosyl residues. Complete deacetylation of a hardwood acetyl glucuronoxylan requires additional deacetylating enzyme(s). GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results contribute to the understanding of microbial degradation of plant biomass and outline the way to achieve complete saccharification of plant hemicelluloses which did not undergo alkaline pretreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Center of Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lim WS, Lee JW. Influence of pretreatment condition on the fermentable sugar production and enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid-pretreated mixed softwood. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:306-311. [PMID: 23708848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of different acid catalysts and pretreatment factors on the hydrolysis of mixed softwood were investigated over a range of thermochemical pretreatments. Maleic, oxalic, and sulfuric acids were each used, under different pretreatment conditions. The most influential factor for fermentable sugar production in the dicarboxylic acid pretreatment of softwood was the pH. Reaction temperature was the next significant factor. However, during sulfuric acid pretreatment, fermentable sugar production was more dependent on reaction temperature, than time or pH. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields differed, depending on acid catalyst and pretreatment factor, regardless of lignin content in pretreated biomass. The highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield was found following maleic acid pretreatment, which reached 61.23%. The trend in enzymatic hydrolysis yields that were detected concomitantly with pretreatment condition or type of acid catalyst was closely related to the fermentable sugar production in the hydrolysate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Seok Lim
- Department of Forest Products and Technology, BK21 Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uhliariková I, Vršanská M, McCleary BV, Biely P. Positional specifity of acetylxylan esterases on natural polysaccharide: An NMR study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Vismeh R, Humpula JF, Chundawat SP, Balan V, Dale BE, Jones AD. Profiling of soluble neutral oligosaccharides from treated biomass using solid phase extraction and LC–TOF MS. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:791-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Lim WS, Lee JW. Effects of pretreatment factors on fermentable sugar production and enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed hardwood. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:97-101. [PMID: 23306116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different acid catalysts and pretreatment factors on the hydrolysis of biomass compounds over a range of thermochemical pretreatments; maleic, oxalic, and sulfuric acids were each used under different pretreatment conditions. The most influential factor for fermentable sugar production in the dicarboxylic acid-pretreated mixed hardwood was pH. Reaction time was the next significant factor followed by reaction temperature. However, fermentable sugar production was more dependent on reaction temperature than time during sulfuric acid pretreatment, whereas the effect of acid concentration was considerably lower. Maleic acid pretreatment was very effective for attaining high glucose yields after enzymatic hydrolysis. The highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield was found following maleic acid pretreatment, which reached 95.56%. The trend in enzymatic hydrolysis yields that were detected concomitantly with pretreatment condition or type of acid catalyst was closely related to xylose production in the hydrolysate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Seok Lim
- Department of Forest Products and Technology (BK21 Program), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Makaravicius T, Basinskiene L, Juodeikiene G, van Gool MP, Schols HA. Production of oligosaccharides from extruded wheat and rye biomass using enzymatic treatment. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Peng F, Peng P, Xu F, Sun RC. Fractional purification and bioconversion of hemicelluloses. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:879-903. [PMID: 22306329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
28
|
Samanta A, Senani S, Kolte AP, Sridhar M, Sampath K, Jayapal N, Devi A. Production and in vitro evaluation of xylooligosaccharides generated from corn cobs. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
29
|
Biely P. Microbial carbohydrate esterases deacetylating plant polysaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1575-88. [PMID: 22580218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several plant polysaccharides are partially esterified with acetic acid. One of the roles of this modification is protection of plant cell walls against invading microorganisms. Acetylation of glycosyl residues of polysaccharides prevents hydrolysis of their glycosidic linkages by the corresponding glycoside hydrolases. In this way the acetylation also represents an obstacle of enzymatic saccharification of plant hemicelluloses to fermentable sugars which appears to be a hot topic of current research. We can eliminate this obstacle by alkaline extraction or pretreatment leading to saponification of ester linkages. However, this task has been accomplished in a different way in the nature. The acetyl groups became targets of microbial carbohydrate esterases that evolved to overcome the complexity of the plant cell walls and that cooperate with glycoside hydrolases in plant polysaccharide degradation. This article concentrates on enzymes deacetylating plant hemicelluloses excluding pectin. They are currently grouped in at least 8 families, specifically in CE families 1-7 and 16, originally assigned as acetylxylan esterases, the enzymes acting on hardwood acetyl glucuronoxylan and its fragments generated by endo-β-1,4-xylanases. There are esterases deacetylating softwood galactoglucomannan, but they have not been classified yet. The enzymes present in CE families 1-7 differ in structure and substrate and positional specificity. There are families behaving as endo-type and exo-type deacetylates, i.e. esterases deacetylating internal sugar residues of partially acetylated polysaccharides and also esterases deacetylating non-reducing end sugar residues in oligosaccharides. With one exception, the enzymes of all mentioned CE families belong to serine type esterases. CE family 4 harbors enzymes that are metal-dependent aspartic esterases. Three-dimensional structures have been solved for members of the first seven CE families, however, there is still insufficient knowledge about their substrate specificity and real physiological role. Current knowledge on catalytic properties of the selected families of CEs is summarized in this review. Some of the families are emerging also as new biocatalysts for regioselective acylation and deacylation of carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pollet A, Van Craeyveld V, Van de Wiele T, Verstraete W, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. In vitro fermentation of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and low molecular mass arabinoxylans with different structural properties from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bran and psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk) seed husk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:946-954. [PMID: 22224418 DOI: 10.1021/jf203820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ball milling was used for producing complex arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) and low molecular mass arabinoxylans (AX) from wheat bran, pericarp-enriched wheat bran, and psyllium seed husk. The arabinose to xylose ratio of the samples produced varied between 0.14 and 0.92, and their average degree of polymerization (avDP) ranged between 42 and 300. Their fermentation for 48 h in an in vitro system using human colon suspensions was compared to enzymatically produced wheat bran AXOS with an arabinose to xylose ratio of 0.22 and 0.34 and an avDP of 4 and 40, respectively. Degrees of AXOS fermentation ranged from 28% to 50% and were lower for the higher arabinose to xylose ratio and/or higher avDP materials. Arabinose to xylose ratios of the unfermented fractions exceeded those of their fermented counterparts, indicating that molecules less substituted with arabinose were preferably fermented. Xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, and xylosidase activities increased with incubation time. Enzyme activities in the samples containing psyllium seed husk AX or psyllium seed husk AXOS were generally higher than those in the wheat bran AXOS preparations. Fermentation gave rise to unbranched short-chain fatty acids. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids increased to 1.9-2.6, 1.9-2.8, and 1.3-2.0 times their initial values, respectively, after 24 h incubation. Results show that the human intestinal microbiota can at least partially use complex AXOS and low molecular mass AX. The tested materials are thus interesting physiologically active carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Pollet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jeong TS, Oh KK. Optimization of fermentable sugar production from rape straw through hydrothermal acid pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9261-9266. [PMID: 21788133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Operational conditions for the hydrolysis of rape straw were optimized using the combined severity index (CS), which combines the effects of time, temperature, and acid concentration into a single parameter. The sugar recovery yield was 77.8% of the theoretical yield at a value of CS=1.3. A maximum concentration of xylose of 7.22 g/L was obtained when the straw was treated for 10 min at a low reaction temperature (150 °C) and high acid concentration (pH 1.17). The pentose-rich hydrolyzate exhibited a low concentration of fermentation-inhibiting compounds. The concept of CS can be conveniently and effectively applied for optimization of pretreatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Su Jeong
- Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Heinze T, Daus S. Xylan and Xylan Derivatives – Basis of Functional Polymers for the Future. RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOR FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND BIOMATERIALS 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733519-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights xylan and xylan derivatives. It depicts the occurrence and structural diversity of the biopolymer, followed by a presentation of different ways of isolation from biomass. The determination of characteristics, i.e., molecular weight, interaction with other polysaccharides, thermal behaviour, and the biological activity of xylan are reviewed. The application potential arising from the structural features of the unmodified xylan is pointed out. Special attention is concentrated on the possibilities of the modification of functional properties by chemical functionalization of the biopolymers in order to design advanced materials. Within this review recent results in the field are accompanied with selected results of our own work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinze
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10 D-07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stephan Daus
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10 D-07743 Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Feasibility of using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with ion trap mass spectrometry in the analysis of acetylated xylooligosaccharides derived from hardwoods and Arabidopsis thaliana. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2995-3009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
34
|
Van Dongen F, Van Eylen D, Kabel M. Characterization of substituents in xylans from corn cobs and stover. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Structural features and properties of soluble products derived from Eucalyptus globulus hemicelluloses. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
36
|
Biochemical characterization and relative expression levels of multiple carbohydrate esterases of the xylanolytic rumen bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 grown on an ester-enriched substrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5671-81. [PMID: 21742923 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05321-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured expression and used biochemical characterization of multiple carbohydrate esterases by the xylanolytic rumen bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 grown on an ester-enriched substrate to gain insight into the carbohydrate esterase activities of this hemicellulolytic rumen bacterium. The P. ruminicola 23 genome contains 16 genes predicted to encode carbohydrate esterase activity, and based on microarray data, four of these were upregulated >2-fold at the transcriptional level during growth on an ester-enriched oligosaccharide (XOS(FA,Ac)) from corn relative to a nonesterified fraction of corn oligosaccharides (AXOS). Four of the 16 esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A, Axe1-6A, AxeA1, and Axe7A), including the two most highly induced esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A and Axe1-6A), were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and biochemically characterized. All four enzymes showed the highest activity at physiologically relevant pH (6 to 7) and temperature (30 to 40°C) ranges. The P. ruminicola 23 Xyn10D-Fae1A (a carbohydrate esterase [CE] family 1 enzyme) released ferulic acid from methylferulate, wheat bran, corn fiber, and XOS(FA,Ac), a corn fiber-derived substrate enriched in O-acetyl and ferulic acid esters, but exhibited negligible activity on sugar acetates. As expected, the P. ruminicola Axe1-6A enzyme, which was predicted to possess two distinct esterase family domains (CE1 and CE6), released ferulic acid from the same substrates as Xyn10D-Fae1 and was also able to cleave O-acetyl ester bonds from various acetylated oligosaccharides (AcXOS). The P. ruminicola 23 AxeA1, which is not assigned to a CE family, and Axe7A (CE7) were found to be acetyl esterases that had activity toward a broad range of mostly nonpolymeric acetylated substrates along with AcXOS. All enzymes were inhibited by the proximal location of other side groups like 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, ferulic acid, or acetyl groups. The unique diversity of carbohydrate esterases in P. ruminicola 23 likely gives it the ability to hydrolyze substituents on the xylan backbone and enhances its capacity to efficiently degrade hemicellulose.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee JW, Jeffries TW. Efficiencies of acid catalysts in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over a range of combined severity factors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5884-90. [PMID: 21377872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic organic acids have properties that differ from those of sulfuric acid during hydrolysis of lignocellulose. To investigate the effects of different acid catalysts on the hydrolysis and degradation of biomass compounds over a range of thermochemical pretreatments, maleic, oxalic and sulfuric acids were each used at the same combined severity factor (CSF) values during hydrolysis. Xylose and glucose concentrations in hydrolysates were highest with maleic acid. Oxalic acid gave the next highest followed by sulfuric acid. This ranking was particularly true at low CSF values. The concentrations of glucose and xylose increased with oxalic and sulfuric acid pretreatments as the CSF increased, but they never attained the levels observed with maleic acid. Among sulfuric, oxalic and maleic acid treatments, the amount of xylose released as xylooligosaccharide was highest with sulfuric acid. The fraction of xylooligosaccharide was lowest with the maleic acid and the oligosaccharide fraction with oxalic acid fell in between. Furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural levels were also highest with maleic acid. In subsequent fermentations with pretreated biomass, the ethanol concentration was maximal at 19.2g/l at CSF 1.9 when maleic acid was used as the pretreatment catalyst. This corresponded to an ethanol volumetric production rate of 0.27 g ethanol/l per h. This was the same condition showing the highest xylose production in following pretreatment with various acid catalysts. These findings suggest that maleic and oxalic dicarboxylic acids degrade hemicelluloses more efficiently than does sulfuric acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Forest Products and Technology (BK21 Program), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Van Gool MP, Vancsó I, Schols HA, Toth K, Szakacs G, Gruppen H. Screening for distinct xylan degrading enzymes in complex shake flask fermentation supernatants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6039-47. [PMID: 21440435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient degradation of complex xylans needs collaboration of many xylan degrading enzymes. Assays for xylan degrading activities based on reducing sugars or PNP substrates are not indicative for the presence of enzymes able to degrade complex xylans: They do not provide insight into the possible presence of xylanase-accessory enzymes within enzyme mixtures. A new screening method is described, by which specific xylan modifying enzymes can be detected. Fermentation supernatants of 78 different fungal soil isolates grown on wheat straw were analyzed by HPLC and MS. This strategy is powerful in recognizing xylanases, arabinoxylan hydrolases, acetyl xylan esterases and glucuronidases. No fungus produced all enzymes necessary to totally degrade the substrates tested. Some fungi produce high levels of xylanase active against linear xylan, but are unable to degrade complex xylans. Other fungi producing relative low levels of xylanase secrete many useful accessory enzyme component(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Van Gool
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martínez M, Yáñez R, Alonsó JL, Parajó JC. Chemical Production of Pectic Oligosaccharides from Orange Peel Wastes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101066m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Remedios Yáñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - José Luis Alonsó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Parajó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Robertson JA, I'Anson KJA, Brocklehurst TF, Faulds CB, Waldron KW. Effect of storage conditions on the microbial ecology and biochemical stability of cell wall components in brewers' spent grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7266-7272. [PMID: 20509607 DOI: 10.1021/jf1001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The composition of brewers' spent grain (BSG) makes it susceptible to microbial attack and chemical deterioration. This can constrain its appeal as an industrial feedstock. The current study has monitored the effects of BSG storage as fresh material (20 degrees C), refrigerated and autoclaved, measured against frozen material in relation to microbial proliferation and modification to plant cell wall polysaccharides and component phenolic acids. At 20 degrees C there was a rapid colonization by microbes and an associated loss of components from BSG. Refrigeration gave a similar but lower level response. When stored frozen, BSG showed no changes in composition but autoclaving resulted in a solubilization of polysaccharides and associated phenolics. Changes were associated with the temperature profile determined during autoclaving and were also partially due to the breakdown of residual starch. Losses of highly branched arabinoxylan (AX) and the related decrease in ferulic acid cross-linking were also found. The results confirm the need for storage stabilization of BSG and demonstrate that the methods selected for stabilization can themselves lead to a substantial modification to BSG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Robertson
- Sustainability of the Food Chain Exploitation Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gullón P, González-Muñoz MJ, van Gool MP, Schols HA, Hirsch J, Ebringerová A, Parajó JC. Production, refining, structural characterization and fermentability of rice husk xylooligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3632-3641. [PMID: 20163183 DOI: 10.1021/jf904508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides produced by hydrothermal processing of rice husks (xylooligosaccharides and glucooligosaccharides) were refined by membrane processing (operating in diafiltration and concentration modes), subjected to xylanase treatment to reduce the average molar mass, and subjected to further purification by ultrafiltration (operating in concentration mode) and ion exchange. The purified products were assayed for composition, molar mass distribution and structural characterization by HPLC, HPAEC-PAD, HPSEC, MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR ((1)H and (13)C). The fermentability of the purified product by fecal inocula was assessed on the basis of the time courses of pH and oligosaccharide concentrations. Succinate, lactate, formiate, acetate, propionate and butyrate were the major products resulting from fermentation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, Ourense, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sabater-Molina M, Larqué E, Torrella F, Zamora S. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:315-28. [PMID: 20119826 DOI: 10.1007/bf03180584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are oligosaccharides that occur naturally in plants such as onion, chicory, garlic, asparagus, banana, artichoke, among many others. They are composed of linear chains of fructose units, linked by beta (2-1) bonds. The number of fructose units ranges from 2 to 60 and often terminate in a glucose unit. Dietary FOS are not hydrolyzed by small intestinal glycosidases and reach the cecum structurally unchanged. There, they are metabolized by the intestinal microflora to form short-chain carboxylic acids, L -lactate, CO(2), hydrogen and other metabolites. FOS have a number of interesting properties, including a low sweetness intensity; they are also calorie free, non-cariogenic and are considered as soluble dietary fibre. Furthermore, FOS have important beneficial physiological effects such as low carcinogenicity, a prebiotic effect, improved mineral absorption and decreased levels of serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Currently FOS are increasingly included in food products and infant formulas due to their prebiotic effect stimulate the growth of nonpathogenic intestinal microflora. Their consumption increases fecal bolus and the frequency of depositions, while a dose of 4-15 g/day given to healthy subjects will reduce constipation, considered one of the growing problems of modern society, and newborns during the first months of life.
Collapse
|
43
|
Westphal Y, Schols H, Voragen A, Gruppen H. Introducing porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering and mass spectrometry detection into cell wall oligosaccharide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:689-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Roos AA, Persson T, Krawczyk H, Zacchi G, Stålbrand H. Extraction of water-soluble hemicelluloses from barley husks. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:763-769. [PMID: 18762412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heat treatment of barley husks was performed to extract arabinoxylan with high yield and high weight-averaged molecular mass (M(W)). Microwave irradiation was employed for initial screening of suitable residence times (2-15 min), temperatures (120-210 degrees C) and initial pH (3-13) of the reaction slurry. Microwave irradiation was shown to be a good method for predicting the effects of heat treatment on a larger scale using steam pretreatment. A M(W) of about 40,000 Da was achieved without the addition of chemicals, by both microwave irradiation and steam pretreatment, with a yield of about 9%. The yield was significantly increased by slightly increasing the severity factor. However, the M(W) decreased below 20,000 Da at severity factors above 3.7. Arabinosyl side groups were enzymatically hydrolysed from the arabinoxylan by alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase to a degree of 47%, demonstrating the ability to specifically alter the side group substitution of arabinoxylans with the use of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Roos
- Department of Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Moura P, Cabanas S, Lourenço P, Gírio F, Loureiro-Dias MC, Esteves MP. In vitro fermentation of selected xylo-oligosaccharides by piglet intestinal microbiota. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Carbohydr Res 2008; 344:1824-32. [PMID: 19061990 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Okra pods are commonly used in Asia as a vegetable, food ingredient, as well as a traditional medicine for many different purposes; for example, as diuretic agent, for treatment of dental diseases and to reduce/prevent gastric irritations. The healthy properties are suggested to originate from the high polysaccharide content of okra pods, resulting in a highly viscous solution with a slimy appearance when okra is extracted with water. In this study, we present a structural characterisation of all major cell wall polysaccharides originating from okra pods. The sequential extraction of okra cell wall material yielded fractions of soluble solids extractable using hot buffer (HBSS), chelating agent (CHSS), dilute alkaline (DASS) and concentrated alkaline (CASS). The HBSS fraction was shown to be rich in galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid in the ratio 1.3:1:1.3. The degree of acetylation is relatively high (DA=58) while the degree of methyl esterification is relatively low (DM=24). The CHSS fraction contained much higher levels of methyl esterified galacturonic acid residues (63% galacturonic acid; DM=48) in addition to minor amounts of rhamnose and galactose. The ratio of galactose to rhamnose to galacturonic acid was 1.3:1.0:1.3 and 4.5:1.0:1.2 for HBSS and CHSS, respectively. These results indicated that the HBSS and CHSS fractions contain rhamnogalacturonan type I next to homogalacturonan, while the latter is more prevailing in CHSS. Also the DASS fraction is characterised by high amounts of rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid and some arabinose, indicating that rhamnogalacturonan I elements with longer arabinose- and galactose-rich side chains were part of this fraction. Partial digestion of HBSS and CHSS by pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase resulted in a fraction with a lower Mw and lower viscosity in solution. These samples were subjected to NMR analysis, which indicated that, in contrast to known RG I structure, the acetyl groups in HBSS are not located on the galacturonic acid residues, while for CHSS only part of the acetyl groups are located on the RG I galacturonic acid residues. The CASS fraction consisted of XXXG-type xyloglucan and 4-methylglucuronoxylan as shown by their sugar (linkage) composition and enzymatic digestion.
Collapse
|
47
|
Carvalheiro F, Garrote G, Parajó JC, Pereira H, Gírio FM. Kinetic Modeling of Breweryapos;s Spent Grain Autohydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:233-43. [PMID: 15903262 DOI: 10.1021/bp049764z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isothermal autohydrolysis treatments of brewery's spent grain were used as a method for hemicellulose solubilization and xylo-oligosaccharides production. The time course of the concentrations of residual hemicelluloses (made up of xylan and arabinan) and reaction products were determined in experiments carried out at temperatures in the range from 150 to 190 degrees C using liquid-to-solid ratios of 8 and 10 g/g. To model the experimental findings concerning to brewery's spent grain autohydrolysis several kinetic models based on sequential pseudo-homogeneous first-order reactions were tested. Xylan and arabinan were assumed to yield oligosaccharides, monosaccharides (xylose or arabinose), furfural, and other decomposition products in consecutive reaction steps. The models proposed provide a satisfactory interpretation of the hydrolytic conversion of xylan and arabinan. An additional model merging the two proposed models for xylan and arabinan degradation assuming that furfural was formed from both pentoses was developed and the results obtained are discussed. The dependence of the calculated kinetic coefficients on temperature was established using Arrhenius-type equations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florbela Carvalheiro
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vegas R, Moure A, Domínguez H, Parajó JC, Alvarez JR, Luque S. Evaluation of ultra- and nanofiltration for refining soluble products from rice husk xylan. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:5341-5351. [PMID: 18158238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquors from water treatments of rice husks (containing soluble xylan-derived products) were processed with NF and UF membranes for concentrating and removing both monosaccharides and non-saccharide compounds. Among the commercial membranes assayed, the best results were achieved with the 4 kDa polymeric tubular ESP04 (PCI Membranes), and the 1 kDa ceramic monolithic Kerasep Nano (Novasep). Several trade-offs were identified both in membrane selection and in operating conditions. The ESP04 polymeric membrane provided the best fractionation, but lower recovery under comparable experimental conditions, while its fluxes were about half of those of the ceramic Kerasep Nano membrane. Increase in transmembrane pressure resulted in improved product recovery, at the expense of a lower purity. Additional data on product refining by coupling membrane processing with extraction and ion exchange are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Vegas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rockwood DL, Rudie AW, Ralph SA, Zhu J, Winandy JE. Energy product options for eucalyptus species grown as short rotation woody crops. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1361-1378. [PMID: 19325808 PMCID: PMC2635734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are native to Australia but grown extensively worldwide as short rotation hardwoods for a variety of products and as ornamentals. We describe their general importance with specific emphasis on existing and emerging markets as energy products and the potential to maximize their productivity as short rotation woody crops. Using experience in Florida USA and similar locations, we document their current energy applications and assess their productivity as short-term and likely long-term energy and related products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Rockwood
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611– 0410. E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
| | - Alan W. Rudie
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
;
;
;
| | - Sally A. Ralph
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
;
;
;
| | - J.Y. Zhu
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
;
;
;
| | - Jerrold E. Winandy
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
;
;
;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gullón P, González-Muñoz M, Domínguez H, Parajó J. Membrane processing of liquors from Eucalyptus globulus autohydrolysis. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|