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Tian T, Katz I, Shang X. Unveiling Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure in China: An Ecological Exploration of Survivors' Experiences. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:688. [PMID: 38929267 DOI: 10.3390/children11060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Through a thematic analysis of firsthand posts from 258 abuse survivors in online forums from 2016 to 2023, this research examines the barriers that Chinese children encounter when disclosing sexual abuse. The anonymous narratives shed light on the motives behind survivors' reluctance to reveal abuse, the outcomes following disclosure, and the wider implications for survivors and their families under culture. The findings underscore the need for early intervention upon disclosure, aiming to safeguard children from further harm and foster the development of an effective child protection framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- School of Counselling, Human Services, and Social Work, Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoyuan Shang
- Social Policy Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Xu K, Fu J, Yang J. Enhancing Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Knowledge With an Educational Toolkit -Evaluation of the Chinese Doll Program. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1606641. [PMID: 38322304 PMCID: PMC10838781 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: In countries with conservative attitudes towards sex and limited resources to prevent child sexual abuse, culturally adapted CSA prevention programs are essential. This study outlines a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Doll program for preventing CSA in the specific context of China. Method: 181 children were pre-tested and post-tested (5 weeks later) for knowledge of sexual abuse prevention. Children were assigned to one of three groups; 1) child only (n = 60); 2) child and parent (n = 60); and 3) control (n = 61). Results: Children in groups 1 and 2 showed significant increases (p < 0.001) in scores on the Appropriate Touch Scale (ATS) and the Inappropriate Touch Scale (ITS), whereas those in the control group did not show a significant increase in ATS scores, but their scores on ITS significantly increased (p < 0.001). Children in group 2 showed significantly increased ITS scores compared to group 1 (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Doll program effectively enhances children's CSA prevention knowledge, with parental engagement demonstrating a positive impact on the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketong Xu
- Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiuqiang Fu
- School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Chan HC(O. Youth sexual offending in Hong Kong: examining the role of self-control, risky sexual behaviors, and paraphilic interests. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1143271. [PMID: 37377476 PMCID: PMC10292797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1143271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the nature and prevalence of sexual offending among youth in Hong Kong. Methods Testing self-control theory and sexual health risk factors (i.e., risky sexual behaviors [general and two subtypes] and paraphilic interests [general and 14 subtypes]), the prevalence of self-reported sexual offending behaviors (i.e., threat of sexual assault, penetrative sexual assault, and nonpenetrative sexual offense) was examined in a community-based sample of 863 young people (aged 17 to 20) in Hong Kong. Results In this study, men reported significantly higher levels of threat of sexual assault and of general and 12 subtypes of paraphilic interests than women; and women reported a significantly higher level of a specific paraphilic interest subtype (i.e., transvestic fetishism) than men. Logistic regressions found that, in general, a low level of self-control and high levels of risky sexual behaviors and paraphilic interests were important factors in the participants' likelihood of issuing threats of sexual assault and engaging in penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual assault. Discussion Important practical implications for reducing the tendency of young people to engage in sexual offending behavior can be derived from this study.
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Chan HC(O, Myers WC. Risky Sexual Behavior, Paraphilic Interest, and Sexual Offending: The Study of a Community Sample of Young Adults in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4279. [PMID: 36901292 PMCID: PMC10002374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the prevalence and nature of sexual offending in Hong Kong. This cross-sectional study seeks to explore the role of risky sexual behavior (RSB) and paraphilic interests in self-reported sexual offending behavior (i.e., nonpenetrative-only, penetrative-only, and nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault) in a community sample of young adults in Hong Kong. Using a large sample (N = 1885) of university students, the lifetime prevalence of self-reported sexual offending was 18% (n = 342; 23% males (n = 166), 15% females (n = 176)). Based on the study subsample of 342 participants who self-reported sexual offending (aged 18-35), the findings indicated that males reported significantly higher levels of general, penetrative-only, nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault; and paraphilic interest in voyeurism, frotteurism, biastophilia, scatophilia, and hebephilia than females; while females reported a significantly higher level of transvestic fetishism than males. No significant difference was found in RSB between males and females. Logistic regressions found that the participants who possessed a higher level of RSB, particularly penetrative behaviors, and paraphilic interest in voyeurism and zoophilia were less likely to engage in a nonpenetrative-only sexual offense. Conversely, the participants who possessed higher levels of RSB, especially penetrative behaviors, and paraphilic interest in exhibitionism and zoophilia, were more likely to engage in nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault. The implications for practice in areas such as public education and offender rehabilitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wade C. Myers
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Qu X, Shen X, Xia R, Wu J, Lao Y, Chen M, Gan Y, Jiang C. The prevalence of sexual violence against female children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105764. [PMID: 35779289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence against female children is considered an important public health problem. However, there are currently no clear prevalence rates across the globe on which to base measures to protect these children. The objective of this study is to systematically summarize the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases from their inception through April 2021 for pertinent studies reporting the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. The prevalence rate was estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistic. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated through subgroup analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS A total of 28 cross-sectional studies were included (a total of 30,524 participants). The pooled sexual violence rate against female children was 0.24 (95 % CI = 0.20-0.27). Groups comparisons revealed that sexual violence rates obtained from 1981 to 2000 (0.28, 95 % CI = 0.21-0.36) were higher than those obtained from 2001 to 2020 (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.16-0.25), that rates were higher for female children from developed countries (0.25, 95 % CI = 0.20-0.29) than for those from developing countries (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.14-0.27), the rates for surveyed adults (0.22, 95 % CI = 0.17-0.28) than for surveyed female children (0.18, 95 % CI = 0.10-0.26), and that rates for those ≤15 years of age (0.10, 95 % CI = 0.01-0.20) were much lower than those for older children. CONCLUSIONS Nearly a quarter (24 %) of female children have been victims of sexual violence. Prevention strategies should be developed urgently to protect female children from aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguo Qu
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruihong Xia
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Wu
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilei Lao
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Chunming Jiang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Meiling L, Hania A, Waqas M. Case Report: A Functional Approach to Deal With Sexual Harassment Within Families. Front Psychol 2022; 13:537599. [PMID: 35712189 PMCID: PMC9197489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.537599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse is followed by multiple short- and long-term psychological consequences. Researchers suggest a significant need to design a culturally relevant and competent treatment plan specifically for the Asian context. This research presents an account of therapeutic strategies that were employed to manage the complaints of sexual harassment and associated psychological challenges. This case report dealt with a 16-year-old girl who was self-referred to the psychologist with complaints of getting sexually harassed by her brother-in-law, difficulty in managing academic challenges, communication gap with parents, and difficulty in handling her anger for the past 7 years. The assessment modalities used with the client were Behavioral Observation, Clinical Interview, Baseline Charts, School Children Problem Scale to rule out emotional-behavioral problems, the Adult-Child Interaction Test, and Downward Arrow Technique for cognitive assessment. The management plan was based on trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and constituted of goals, such as having self-protection awareness from harassment, reducing the fear and unexplained emotions of grief, increasing self-esteem, designing a proper schedule for studies, and developing good communication ability. Post-assessment showed that anger reduced to 40%, communication gap with parents reduced to 50%, fear of harassment reduced to 40%, and self-image improved up to 40%. Sessions were based on 9 in-person meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meiling
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan
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Rong Z, Wen Z, Maoxu L, Ya L, Song F, Hui W, Xiaozhen T, Yunli Y. Relationship between childhood sexual abuse and attitudes toward premarital sexual permissiveness among middle school students in Luzhou, China. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:71. [PMID: 35016651 PMCID: PMC8753910 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the number of adolescents engaging in premarital sex has increased, and an increasing number of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) cases have been reported in China. Many studies have indicated that CSA has a well-established association with risky sexual activities. However, only a limited number of studies have explored possible reasons for this association among middle school students, a population that may engage in premarital sex, which is critical for the development of interventions to prevent risky sexual behavior. Based on random samples of middle school students from a Chinese city, this article investigated the relationship between CSA and students' premarital sexual permissiveness (PSP). METHODS In a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in Luzhou, China, 2292 middle school and high school students aged 12-18 years were recruited by multistage random sampling. All students were administered anonymous questionnaires. Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the relationship between CSA and PSP. RESULTS The prevalence of CSA was 15.4% (354/2292; 95% CI: 14-16.9%). A higher percentage of male respondents (18.2%) than female respondents (12.9%) had experienced CSA. A positive association between CSA and PSP was found among students. Respondents who had suffered CSA exhibited greater PSP, and this relationship was observed in the male sample, female sample and the total student sample in Luzhou (β = - 3.76, P < 0.05; β = - 2.79, P < 0.05; and β = - 2.84, P < 0.05, respectively). Respondents who had suffered CSA were also more likely to express a double standard about premarital sex (odds ratio [OR] =1.41, P < 0.05), especially among male students (odds ratio [OR] =1.63, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in CSA and the relationship between CSA and PSP were significant among this large sample of middle school students in Luzhou (China). The findings suggest that experiencing CSA may be closely related to youth attitudes toward premarital sex, especially among males. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the prevention of CSA and provide adolescent reproductive health programs to reduce the impact of CSA on sexual cognition and attitude, prevent premarital sex and promote positive attitudes toward sexual equality for middle school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Rong
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhang Wen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Liao Maoxu
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Liu Ya
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fan Song
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Hui
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tan Xiaozhen
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ye Yunli
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Liu H, Wang W, Qi Y, Zhang L. Suicidal ideation among Chinese survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Associations with rumination and perceived social support. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 123:105420. [PMID: 34902640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences might be related to suicidal ideation in later life, its associations with rumination and perceived social support (PSS) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to expand prior findings among Chinese survivors of CSA to investigate rumination's effect on the association between CSA and suicidal ideation, and the potential moderating role of PSS in this relationship. METHODS The Childhood Sexual Abuse Questionnaire, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Symptom Checklist were completed by 6834 college students (56.61% females). RESULTS In all, 1400 (20.76%) students reported experiences of CSA. The rate of CSA in males was higher than that in females (24.23% vs. 18.10%). Students with CSA experiences reported a higher level of suicidal ideation than those without such experiences. CSA and rumination were positively related to suicidal ideation, and PSS were negatively related to CSA, rumination and suicidal ideation. CSA predicted suicidal ideation both directly and indirectly through rumination. PSS moderated the effect of rumination on suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the effects of rumination on the association between CSA and suicidal ideation, and the buffering role of PSS on the relationship between rumination and suicidal ideation in Chinese survivors with CSA experiences. These findings suggest that developing adaptive emotional regulation strategies and enhancing the level of PSS might contribute to the alleviation of negative influences from CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Liu
- School of Marxism, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Marxism, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yanyan Qi
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Wang L, Cheng H, Qu Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Zou H. The prevalence of child maltreatment among Chinese primary and middle school students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:1105-1119. [PMID: 32632599 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of child maltreatment among Chinese primary and middle school students. An attempt was also made to explore the causes of heterogeneity by analyzing stratified variables and other potentially related factors included in the study. METHODS Literature retrieval has been carried out in the databases, including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database and China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc), for relevant published studies up to October 2019. The Cochran's chi-squared test (Cochran's Q), I2 test and subgroup analysis were performed to evaluate the heterogeneity. Funnel plots were used to detect publication bias. Trim-and-fill method was performed to identify possible asymmetry and assess the robustness of the conclusions. RESULTS A total of 1433 studies were obtained after retrieval. Finally, 19 eligible studies were included in meta-analysis after detailed exclusion. The pooled prevalence of child physical abuse (CPA), child emotional abuse (CEA), child sexual abuse (CSA), child physical neglect (CPN) and child emotional neglect (CEN) were 0.20 (95% CI 0.13, 0.27), 0.30 (95% CI 0.20, 0.39), 0.12 (95% CI 0.09, 0.15), 0.47 (95% CI 0.35, 0.58) and 0.44 (95% CI 0.28, 0.59), respectively. In subgroup analyses, a higher prevalence of CEN was reported in rural areas. Meanwhile, the prevalence of CPN and CEN in non-only child group was higher than that observed in only child group. Compared with children without mental symptoms, children with mental symptoms have a higher incidence of all categories of child maltreatment. In terms of assessment tools, studies using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire as an assessment tool reported lower prevalence of CPA, CEA. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire In addition, the prevalence of CPN, CEN in studies conducted in northern China was significantly higher than that estimated in southern and central China. For CSA, eight additional studies required trimming according to the trim-and-fill analysis, and the pooled estimate was 0.042 after filling. For CPA, CEA, CPN and CEN, there were no indications of publication with the trim and fill method (data unchanged). CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that primary and middle school students had a relatively high prevalence of maltreatment. Because of the visible heterogeneity of the studies included, more large samples, high-quality and prospective studies are needed in the future to acquire the accurate prevalence of child maltreatment in China. Certainly, future research needs to focus not only on the estimate of prevalence of child maltreatment, but also on risk factors and intervention strategies for child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haiou Zou
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Zhang W, Ren P, Yin G, Li H, Jin Y. Sexual Abuse Prevention Education for Preschool-Aged Children: Parents' Attitudes, Knowledge and Practices in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2020; 29:295-311. [PMID: 32040387 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1709240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese parents' attitudes, knowledge, and practices with their preschool-aged children on sexual abuse prevention education, and to explore the associated factors of parental educative practices on child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention. Four hundred and forty parents of young children from 16 classes in 3 preschools in Beijing completed the questionnaire anonymously and voluntarily (response rate = 80%). Less than one third of parents believed that children most often were sexually abused by familiar persons, and less than 30% of parents believed that if a child has been sexually abused, there will usually be no obvious physical evidence. Parents were reluctant to discuss CSA protective skills with their young children. Less than half of the parents had told their children that if sexual abuse happens, parents or other trusted adults should be told. The multivariate linear regression equation showed that both parents' knowledge (B = 0.11, SE B = 0.05, p = 0 .03) and attitudes (B = 0.27, SE B = 0.10, p = .01) were significant factors for parents' communication about CSA prevention with their children. Findings from this study suggest that it is urgent to implement the sexual abuse prevention education with Chinese parents of preschoolers. Applications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guijin Yin
- Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Beijing Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nadeem T, Asad N, Hamid SN. Cultural considerations in providing trauma care to female, childhood sexual abuse survivors: Experiences from Pakistan. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 48:101885. [PMID: 31835141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abuse is associated with short and long term psychiatric consequences. There is a need to develop more culturally competent treatment, especially in the South Asian context. We present an account of our clinical experience with hospital-based therapeutic strategies that we found to be successful in a largely conservative, developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Nadeem
- Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Nargis Asad
- Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Nadeem Hamid
- Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan; Glyndwr University, Mold Rd, Wrexham, LL11 2AW, United Kingdom
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McGuire K, London K. A retrospective approach to examining child abuse disclosure. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104263. [PMID: 31734635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Often times, a child's disclosure is the only forensic evidence available in child abuse cases. Therefore, understanding disclosure patterns of suspected child abuse victims plays a critical role in the forensic investigations of both child physical abuse (CPA) and child sexual abuse (CSA) cases. OBJECTIVE To explore adults' retrospective reports about childhood disclosure of CPA and CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING College students (N = 907) were screened for reported histories of CSA (n = 94) or CPA (n = 109). METHODS Through an online survey, participants provided anonymous information regarding CSA and CPA experiences along with information about any disclosure events or opportunities that they have encountered since the abuse. RESULTS Among the adults reporting CSA histories, 50 % indicated disclosing the abuse during childhood; 80 % indicated any lifetime disclosure. Among the adults indicating CPA histories, 32 % reportedly disclosed the abuse to someone during childhood with 52 % reporting any lifetime disclosure. For both groups, length of delay until disclosure was bimodal with many individuals reporting immediately and many waiting considerable time. Among adults reporting CSA, a minority (16 %) indicated the abuse came to the attention of authorities, with even fewer CPA cases (8%) reporting authorities were aware of their abuse. Denial and recantation in a formal setting was infrequent regardless of abuse type reported. CONCLUSIONS Given that participants experiencing CSA and CPA both reported low levels of denial and recantation, forensic investigators and practitioners may benefit from considering consistent interviewing approaches and protocols, regardless of the type of abuse suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McGuire
- Western Illinois University, Department of Psychology, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, United States.
| | - Kamala London
- University of Toledo, Department of Psychology, 2801 West Bancroft St., MS. 948, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
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Fung HW, Ross CA, Yu CKC, Lau EKL. Adverse childhood experiences and dissociation among Hong Kong mental health service users. J Trauma Dissociation 2019; 20:457-470. [PMID: 30945625 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2019.1597808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have become a major concern in the mental health field. The literature suggests that ACEs could be associated with various mental health problems. Yet, ACEs require further investigation in Chinese cultures, especially in Hong Kong. Both the frequency of ACEs and their relationships with dissociation remain unknown in clinical settings in Hong Kong. In this study, we administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ) and the 10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire to 202 community mental health service users in Hong Kong. The frequency of ACEs and dissociation is reported and the trauma model of dissociation can be observed in this sample. Consistent with the Western literature, we found that ACEs are associated with mental health problems and that participants with childhood abuse and/or neglect report a significantly higher level of dissociation. While this study is preliminary, we suggest that ACEs and dissociation should receive more attention in the Chinese mental health field. Implications for practice are highlighted. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang Fung
- a The Department of Applied Social Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
| | - Colin A Ross
- b The Colin A. Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma , Richardson , TX , United States
| | - Calvin Kai-Ching Yu
- c Department of Counselling & Psychology , Hong Kong Shue Yan University , Hong Kong North Point , Hong Kong
| | - Edison Ka-Lok Lau
- d Research & Development Division , The Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Grant BJ, Wilkerson S, Henschel M. Passing the Trash: Absence of State Laws Allows for Continued Sexual Abuse of K-12 Students by School Employees. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:84-104. [PMID: 29893638 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2018.1483460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"Passing the trash," enabling teachers who sexually abuse students to pursue another job with no record of their sexual misconduct, is common practice for K-12 school district administrators who fear legal liability and tarnished reputations. The "Prohibition on Aiding and Abetting Sexual Abuse" provision in the United States Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015 aims to eliminate passing the trash. This study explores states' progress toward developing and implementing relevant law and policy to comply with the provision. Researchers collected data from representatives of state departments of education, asking whether representatives were aware of the provision and what progress their state had made toward complying with it. Overall, researchers found that just four states had fully complied; several others were in the process of creating relevant policy and legislation and a few began the process in response to researchers' queries. However, the overwhelming majority of states-39-had no plans to create relevant legislation or policy, either because they were unaware of the provision or because they believed, erroneously, that existing laws fulfilled the ESSA mandate. Passing the trash is clearly an unacceptable practice, yet research suggests it still occurs, and state-level laws and policies to prevent it are slow to emerge. The lack of knowledge or awareness exhibited by many state representatives suggests a need to educate policymakers and education leaders about what aiding and abetting sexual offenders consists of, what consequences it can have for vulnerable students, and what provisions states can enact to prohibit it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie-Jo Grant
- a Department of Statistics , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , CA, USA
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Liang B, Hu M. A Typology of Sex Offending Against Minors: An Empirical Study of Rape and Molestation Cases in China. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:951-974. [PMID: 28671025 DOI: 10.1177/1079063217715017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to classify sexual offending and offenders continued to evolve over the years based on criteria such as offender and victim characteristics, offender-victim relationships, the nature of sexual offenses, and other situational factors. This current study draws up a typology of sexual offending against minors based on 436 adjudicated rape and child molestation cases in China. Specifically, sexual offending against minors is classified into six major categories, including opportunistic offenses, serial offenses, dating couple offenses, educator abuses, gang/party offenses, and incest offenses. Based on this empirical typology, a number of crime prevention measures are suggested. These suggestions aim at involving multiple players and institutions to focus on education, target hardening, and crime investigation. This study makes a significant contribution to comparative studies in this field, and the results could be potentially applied in other cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- 1 Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- 2 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Tang K, Qu X, Li C, Tan S. Childhood sexual abuse, risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes among Chinese college students. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 84:123-130. [PMID: 30086418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious public health problem worldwide. OBJECTIVES We reported the prevalence of CSA and examined its association with risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes among college students in China. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 17,966 college students from 130 colleges in Eastern, Central, and Western China, who completed the online questionnaire in January-August 2015. METHODS Data were obtained from a cluster-random Internet-based survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed: risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes were outcome variables, and various types of CSA were predictor variables, while adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS The overall prevalence of any type of CSA was 27.5%. Most perpetrators were friends/acquaintances (34.6%) or intimate partners (24.7%) of the victims. Respondents who reported penetrative CSA were strongly associated with regular unprotected sex (odds ratio (OR): 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2-4.0), early sexual debut (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3-9.1), having genital tract symptoms in the last 12 months (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 4.1-6.0), unintended pregnancy (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 4.2-9.0), and induced abortion (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.7-8.2) (for boys, the survey asked about history of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion of their sexual partners). A dose-response relationship was found across non-contact, contact, and penetrative CSA. CONCLUSIONS CSA experience may increase the likelihood of risky sexual behaviors and adverse reproductive health outcomes in victims' early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueqi Qu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Giroux ME, Chong K, Coburn PI, Connolly DA. Differences in child sexual abuse cases involving child versus adolescent complainants. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:224-233. [PMID: 29482109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While adolescents report the highest rates of sexual abuse victimization, few studies have investigated how child sexual abuse (CSA) cases involving adolescent complainants may differ from cases involving child complainants. The current study draws on 3,430 allegations of CSA in Canada to compare abuse characteristics and judicial outcomes in cases involving adolescent complainants to cases involving child complainants. Adolescent complainants were more likely than child complainants to be abused by a stranger or a person with a community connection to the complainant, while children were more likely than adolescents to be abused by a parent or other relative. Furthermore, compared to child complainants, adolescent complainants were more frequently involved in the most intrusive offenses and their cases were more likely to involve violence. Both groups were most likely to disclose the abuse to a parent, though a greater proportion of children disclosed the abuse to a parent. There were no differences in the delay to disclosure. Accused were equally likely to plead "guilty" and to be convicted in cases involving child and adolescent complainants. However, offenders convicted of the most intrusive offenses received longer probation sentences when the complainant was a child than when the complainant was an adolescent. These findings have implications for ensuring appropriate support and services to adolescent victims of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Giroux
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Kristin Chong
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Boost Child and Youth Advocacy Centre, 890 Yonge St., Toronto, ON M4W 3P4, Canada
| | - Patricia I Coburn
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Deborah A Connolly
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
The objective of the current study was to explore the estimated prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in China. We conducted a meta-analysis that used the data from 36 articles. A total of 125 independent samples and 131,734 participants were included. The results revealed no significant difference in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse between Chinese men (9.1%) and women (8.9%). The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in studies from mainland areas was significantly higher than that from Hong Kong/Taiwan. The estimated prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in China also differed according to the definition of child sexual abuse, data collection method, year of data collection, and the mean age of participants at the time of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Ma
- a Department of Psychology , Leshan Normal University , Leshan , China
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Childhood Abuse, Religious Involvement, and Substance Abuse Among Latino-American Men in the United States. Int J Behav Med 2017; 23:764-775. [PMID: 27098665 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood abuse/victimization and subsequent substance abuse are significant behavioral health problems among developed countries. In the United States (U.S.), however, few studies have examined whether this early trauma exacerbates adulthood substance abuse, viewed as a negative coping strategy, among Latino-American men. Furthermore, little is known about how collectivist cultural factors (i.e., ethnic identity, social support, and religious involvement), indicating potentially positive coping resources, were related to substance abuse in this largest minority-male population. METHOD We investigated Latino-American men (N = 1127) in a nationally representative U.S. sample, using logistic regression analysis adjusting known demographic and acculturation correlates. RESULTS The results identified considerably elevated rates of childhood physical abuse/victimization (35.7 %) and lifetime substance abuse (17.3 %). Childhood physical (not sexual) abuse/victimization was positively associated with lifetime substance abuse, alongside age, being U.S.-born, and perceived discrimination. Latino-American men with lifetime substance abuse reported more religious coping. CONCLUSION Findings may contribute to the design of culturally competent behavioral care.
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Cheung M, Leung CA, Liu ESC. Advocacy Journey Promoting Child Sexual Abuse Prevention in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2017; 26:957-969. [PMID: 28753119 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2017.1349854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a country without a mandatory child abuse reporting system, advocacy for child welfare law can be a tedious and difficult process. This article documents a 10-year advocacy journey based on the capacity-building concept in social sustainability theory which aims to: raise public awareness of child sexual abuse, provide an idea for branding an inquiry column, and connect advocacy efforts to law reforms. Over the past decade in Hong Kong, a total of 336 public inquiries were anonymously sent to Wu Miu Column and published in three local major newspapers. Among these inquiries, 131 inquiries involved child sexual abuse that the "affected individuals" were molested in school or at home and knew the abusers but did not report their cases to child protection services. Inquirers reported more male than female abusers. Proportionally and significantly, female abusers tended to abuse younger children, compared to male abusers who tended to abuse older children. Many abusers were minors who abused younger children, which explains people's reluctance to report the abuse to child protection services. The discovery of this underage phenomenon motivated child advocates to challenge the common law presumption that a boy under the age of 14 is incapable of sexual intercourse. Social workers in this advocacy journey must sustain continuous efforts to prevent youth from becoming future perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monit Cheung
- a Graduate College of Social Work , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Carol A Leung
- b Luskin School of Public Affairs , University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Elaine Suk-Ching Liu
- c Department of Applied Social Studies , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , China
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21
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Chen L, Xu L, You W, Zhang X, Ling N. Prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among adult prisoners in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:287. [PMID: 28768497 PMCID: PMC5541430 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prison is an extremely stressful environment and prisoners have an increasing risk of suffering from alexithymia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among prisoners in China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in five main jails of the district of Zhejiang province in China, and a total of 1705 adult prisoners ultimately took part in the study. Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale and several short demographic questions were applied. RESULTS Over 30% of prisoners were classified as alexithymics and as high as 96.2% of prisoners suffered from at least one traumatic experience in their childhood, meanwhile, 81.5%, 53.4% and 85.8% were found to be positive for depression, anxiety and hopelessness symptoms respectively. Education, childhood trauma, negative emotional symptoms including depression, anxiety and hopelessness of the respondents, were negatively or positively associated with alexithymia among prisoners. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that high prevalence of alexithymia among prisoners is linked with their level of education, experience of childhood trauma and symptoms of negative emotions. Accordingly, the findings in our study can be used for prevention and intervention of alexithymia among prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Applied Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Linna Xu
- 0000 0001 2151 7947grid.265850.cDepartment of Economics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY USA
| | - Weimin You
- Public Security Sub-Bureau of Huangyan, Taizhou Public Security Bureau, Huangyan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- 0000 0004 1764 2632grid.417384.dDepartment of Children’s Health Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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22
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Hu M, Liang B, Huang S. Sex Offenses Against Minors in China: An Empirical Comparison. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2017; 61:1099-1124. [PMID: 26615041 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x15616220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, due to a number of notorious sex offense cases against minors, a new punitive public attitude emerged in China and pressed for harsher crackdown and punishment against sex offenders. In particular, an "engagement in prostitution with a minor" law (Article 360 of the Criminal Law) was targeted as "unjust" based on the belief that offenders of such crimes often received "lenient" punishment, and many called for its abolition. In this study, based on 440 adjudicated sex offense cases, we examine potential differences across three sex offenses (including rape, child molestation, and engagement in prostitution with a minor) in the demographics of defendants and victims, offending characteristics, and trials and sentences of convicted offenders. Our empirical inquiry pointed to the unique nature of engagement in prostitution with a minor. Offenders of such crimes seemingly carried a different profile, compared with offenders of the other two sex crimes. Moreover, our data casted some doubt on the "lenient" punishment received by offenders of engagement in prostitution with a minor. Policy implications were also drawn based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- 1 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liang
- 2 Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, USA
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23
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Lemaigre C, Taylor EP, Gittoes C. Barriers and facilitators to disclosing sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 70:39-52. [PMID: 28551460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Children and young people often choose not to disclose sexual abuse, thus preventing access to help and allowing perpetrators to continue undetected. A nuanced understanding of the barriers (and facilitators) to disclosure is therefore of great relevance to practitioners and researchers. The literature was systematically searched for studies related to child and adolescent disclosures of sexual abuse. Thirteen studies were reviewed and assessed for methodological quality. Results of the review illustrate the heterogeneous nature of these empirical studies. Findings demonstrate that young people face a number of different barriers such as limited support, perceived negative consequences and feelings of self-blame, shame and guilt, when choosing to disclose. Being asked or prompted, through provision of developmentally appropriate information, about sexual abuse facilitates disclosure. The review highlights the need for robust, longitudinal studies with more sophisticated methodology to replicate findings. The review identifies the need for developmentally appropriate school-based intervention programmes that facilitate children's disclosure by reducing feelings of responsibility, self-blame, guilt and shame. In addition, prevention programmes should encourage family members, friends and frontline professionals to identify clues of sexual abuse, to explicitly ask children about the possibility of sexual abuse and also to respond supportively should disclosures occur. Facilitating disclosure in this way is key to safeguarding victims and promoting better outcomes for child and adolescent survivors of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lemaigre
- School of Health and Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
| | - Emily P Taylor
- Centre for Applied Developmental Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Gittoes
- Children's Wellbeing Duty Social Work Team, Randall House, Macmerry Business Park, EH33 1RW, United Kingdom.
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24
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Xu W, Zheng L, Zheng Y. Prevalence of non-contact and contact childhood sexual abuse: An Internet-based sample of men who have sex with men in China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175444. [PMID: 28394934 PMCID: PMC5386252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is high among Western men who have sex with men (MSM), and CSA is associated with certain socio-demographic variables and with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Little is known about CSA among Chinese MSM; therefore, we explored the prevalence and frequency of non-contact (e.g., sexual invitations, exhibitionism) and contact (e.g., intercourse, genital contact) forms of CSA in an Internet-based sample of MSM in China. We also examined the associations between the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and HIV status, and their histories of CSA. Methods We surveyed MSM from 30 Chinese provinces in 2014–2015; 1,030 (mean age = 25.15 years, SD = 6.32) and 1,020 (mean age = 25.05 years, SD = 5.95) respondents were eligible for inclusion in the non-contact and contact CSA groups, respectively. Results Prevalence of non-contact and contact CSA was 36.2% and 29.8%, respectively; 20.4% and 15.0% had experienced non-contact and contact CSA ≥ 3 times, respectively. Most respondents were young adults, well educated, single, had never “come out,” and self-identified as gay or bisexual men. Univariate analyses showed that respondents who had experienced contact CSA were more likely to be HIV-positive than those who had never experienced contact CSA. Multivariate analyses showed that non-contact CSA was associated with less education, being in a relationship with a woman or a man, and having “come out.” Contact CSA was associated with less education, higher income, and being in a relationship with a man. Respondents who had experienced non-contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated, “out,” and to be in a relationship with a woman or a man. Respondents who had experienced contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated and to be in a relationship with a man. Conclusions It is necessary to pay closer attention to CSA among MSM and other sexual minorities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Leach C, Powell MB, Sharman SJ, Anglim J. The Relationship Between Children's Age and Disclosures of Sexual Abuse During Forensic Interviews. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2017; 22:79-88. [PMID: 27784813 DOI: 10.1177/1077559516675723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Children's disclosures of sexual abuse during forensic interviews are fundamental to the investigation of cases. Research examining the relationship between age and disclosure has shown mixed results; the aim of the current study was to clarify and extend our knowledge by modeling linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of age on disclosure. Child sexual abuse reports made by children, their caregivers, or mandated reporters over a 12-month period to police in one state of Australia were examined. Of the 527 children (age range 3-16 years) offered a forensic interview, 81% disclosed abuse during it. The other 19% did not disclose or refused the interview. Age had both linear and quadratic effects, whereby disclosure increased with age until 11 years, after which disclosure decreased with age to 16 years. The effect of age on disclosure was moderated by five variables: abuse severity, the child-suspect relationship, suspects' violence histories, delay of report to police, and children's previous disclosures. Particular groups of children had lower likelihoods of disclosing abuse in forensic interviews than others, such as adolescents who alleged abuse against suspects with histories of violent offending. By identifying these groups, targeted strategies may be developed to help increase their disclosure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Leach
- 1 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martine B Powell
- 1 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jeromy Anglim
- 1 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Satapathy S, Choudhary V, Sagar R. Tools to assess psychological trauma & its correlates in child sexual abuse: A review & current needs in Asia. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 25:60-73. [PMID: 28262176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Absence of visible physical symptoms and limited capacity to express trauma directly, pose significant challenges in assessment of its exact nature of trauma and its correlates in child sexual abuse. There are numerous assessment tools however, deciding upon the appropriateness is often challenging in Asian socio-cultural and health care set up. A review would provide a ready reference to the practioner regarding the exact clinically utility of the tools and also would guide them in the direction of culture specific modifications. Computerized databases namely Medline, PsycINFO, Health and Psychosocial Instruments, and Social Sciences Citation Index were used. 52 scales were obtained and analysed in terms of scale characteristics, reference to theory and DSM, and cultural competency. Despite of a wide variety of methods, and newer instruments, many of the traditionally used techniques of child's internal thinking and emotional assessment appear outdated while reviewing the recent theories of CSA related psychological trauma. An integrated format, incroporating child-parent-clinicain rating, with multiple domain speciafic items and verbal and non-verbal tasks, is the current need in the Asian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Satapathy
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Vandana Choudhary
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Chan TMS, Teram E, Shaw I. Balancing Methodological Rigor and the Needs of Research Participants: A Debate on Alternative Approaches to Sensitive Research. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:260-270. [PMID: 26386026 DOI: 10.1177/1049732315605272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing consideration of the needs of research participants in studies related to sensitive issues, discussions of alternative ways to design sensitive research are scarce. Structured as an exchange between two researchers who used different approaches in their studies with childhood sexual abuse survivors, in this article, we seek to advance understanding of methodological and ethical issues in designing sensitive research. The first perspective, which is termed protective, promotes the gradual progression of participants from a treatment phase into a research phase, with the ongoing presence of a researcher and a social worker in both phases. In the second perspective, which is termed minimalist, we argue for clear boundaries between research and treatment processes, limiting the responsibility of researchers to ensuring that professional support is available to participants who experience emotional difficulties. Following rebuttals, lessons are drawn for ethical balancing between methodological rigor and the needs of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Simon Chan
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eli Teram
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Shaw
- Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
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Sexual Problems in the Hong Kong Chinese Community. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-016-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Zhang H, Wong WCW, Ip P, Lai GWF, Lam TH, Lam KF, Fan S, Lee A, Cheung DYT, Zhang Y, Yip PSF. A Study of Violence Among Hong Kong Young Adults and Associated Substance Use, Risky Sexual Behaviors, and Pregnancy. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2016; 31:985-996. [PMID: 27523605 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the self-reported prevalence of violence perpetration and victimization among Hong Kong youths and the associated health risk behaviors using a representative sample of 1,126 young adults aged 18-27 years. Perpetrating physical and emotional violence was common in Hong Kong, with prevalences ranging from 20.8% to 38.3% in males and from 6.4% to 21.3% in females. Victimization of physical and emotional violence was also common for both sexes, with prevalences ranging from 16.4% to 36.3% in males and from 6.6% to 19.2% in females. Perpetration of sexual harassment and sexual violence was less prevalent, whereas victimization of sexual harassment and sexual violence ranged from 0.6% to 3.6% in males and from 2.3% to 13.2% in females. Both violence perpetration and victimization among youths were significantly associated with substance use, risky sexual behaviors, and pregnancy. The implications of this study for violence prevention programs are discussed.
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Jin Y, Chen J, Yu B. Knowledge and Skills of Sexual Abuse Prevention: A Study on School-Aged Children in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:686-696. [PMID: 27561123 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To examine the level of child sexual abuse prevention knowledge and skills in a sample of school-aged children, a total of 559 children from first to fifth grade were recruited from one primary school in Beijing, China. Participants were asked to finish a questionnaire surveying their knowledge and skills of child sexual abuse prevention. Results showed that accurate rate of knowledge on child sexual abuse prevention were between 44.0% and 80.0%. Percentage of participants having applied the self-protection skills of "saying 'no,'" "going away," and "telling adults" properly in hypothetical situations was 57.4%, 28.3%, and 48.3%, respectively. Third-to-fifth graders had a better performance than first-to-second graders, and girls performed better than boys. Findings suggest that Chinese school-aged children are in need of knowledge and skills related to child sexual abuse prevention, and education programs should be developed as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Jin
- a Institute of Child and Adolescent Heath, School of Public Health, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- a Institute of Child and Adolescent Heath, School of Public Health, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Buyi Yu
- a Institute of Child and Adolescent Heath, School of Public Health, Peking University , Beijing , China
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Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Childhood physical and sexual abuse, and adult health risk behaviours among university students from 24 countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2016.1163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
- HIV/AIDS/STIs/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
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Shen L, Zhang Y, Liang W, Zhang Y. Investigation of child maltreatment: survey among junior school pupils in Henan province of China. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2015; 7:85-90. [PMID: 24123898 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study is to examine the prevalence of child maltreatment and its association with attachment and self-esteem among junior schools students in Henan province of China. METHODS Seven hundred thirty-six pupils were selected from two public schools. Data were collected with the self-reported questionnaires of the basic demographic information, the Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. RESULT In this study, the prevalence of emotional neglect, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse were 22.8%, 38.0%, 11.0%, 10.6%, and 7.1%, respectively. There was a significant difference between male and female pupils in the prevalence of the physical neglect (Pearson χ(2) = 16.27, P < 0.01), sexual abuse (χ(2) = 15.38, P < 0.01), and physical abuse (χ(2) = 11.55, P < 0.01). In addition, physical neglect was the most common reported by pupils in the child maltreatment. Drinking habit of the mother was a significantly risk factor for emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. CONCLUSION Child abuse is still a severe social and psychological problem, and child neglect is more common than child abuse. It is noteworthy that mothers with drinking habit were more likely to abuse their own children than fathers with drinking habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shen
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zhu Q, Gao E, Cheng Y, Chuang YL, Zabin LS, Emerson MR, Lou C. Child Sexual Abuse and Its Relationship With Health Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Taipei. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015; 27:643-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539515573075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the association of child sexual abuse (CSA) with subsequent health risk behaviors among a cross-section of 4354 adolescents and young adults surveyed in urban and rural Taipei. Descriptive analysis and logistic regressions were employed. The overall proportion of CSA was 5.15%, with more females (6.14%) than males (4.16%) likely to experience CSA. CSA was differently associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, after adjusting other factors, such as age, residence, economic status, education, employment status, and household instability. Both males and females with CSA experience were more likely to report drinking, gambling, and suicidal ideation compared with those who had no history of CSA. However, the significant association between CSA and smoking, fighting, and suicidal attempt was not observed among females. Effective interventions are needed to reduce CSA and its adverse effects on adolescent well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ersheng Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Chuang
- Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laurie S. Zabin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark R. Emerson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chaohua Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a universal problem with grave life-long outcomes. The estimates vary widely depending on the country under study, the definitions used, the type of CSA studied, the extent of coverage, and quality of data. This study intended to assess the magnitude and the issues related to CSA. We searched databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, web (newspaper reports), and government websites. The relevant data was extracted from these sources for gathering evidence on CSA and secondary data analysis was done. The prevalence of CSA was found to be high in India as well as throughout the world. CSA is an extensive problem and even the lowest prevalence includes a huge number of victims. It also has various adverse effects on the psychological, physical, behavioral, and interpersonal well-being of the victim. Hence, stringent measures should be taken for the prevention and control of this hidden public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannat Mohanjeet Singh
- Department of Statistics, Public Health Evidence South Asia, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shradha S Parsekar
- Department of Statistics, Public Health Evidence South Asia, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreekumaran N Nair
- Department of Statistics, Public Health Evidence South Asia, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Fang X, Fry DA, Ji K, Finkelhor D, Chen J, Lannen P, Dunne MP. The burden of child maltreatment in China: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93:176-85C. [PMID: 25838613 PMCID: PMC4371492 DOI: 10.2471/blt.14.140970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the health and economic burdens of child maltreatment in China. METHODS We did a systematic review for studies on child maltreatment in China using PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL-EBSCO, ERIC and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We did meta-analyses of studies that met inclusion criteria to estimate the prevalence of child neglect and child physical, emotional and sexual abuse. We used data from the 2010 global burden of disease estimates to calculate disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost as a result of child maltreatment. FINDINGS From 68 studies we estimated that 26.6% of children under 18 years of age have suffered physical abuse, 19.6% emotional abuse, 8.7% sexual abuse and 26.0% neglect. We estimate that emotional abuse in childhood accounts for 26.3% of the DALYs lost because of mental disorders and 18.0% of those lost because of self-harm. Physical abuse in childhood accounts for 12.2% of DALYs lost because of depression, 17.0% of those lost to anxiety, 20.7% of those lost to problem drinking, 18.8% of those lost to illicit drug use and 18.3% of those lost to self-harm. The consequences of physical abuse of children costs China an estimated 0.84% of its gross domestic product - i.e. 50 billion United States dollars - in 2010. The corresponding losses attributable to emotional and sexual abuse in childhood were 0.47% and 0.39% of the gross domestic product, respectively. CONCLUSION In China, child maltreatment is common and associated with large economic losses because many maltreated children suffer substantial psychological distress and might adopt behaviours that increase their risk of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Fang
- Department of Applied Economics, College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghuadong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deborah A Fry
- Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kai Ji
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, United States of America
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, United States of America
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Patricia Lannen
- Child Protection Program, UBS Optimus Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Dunne
- The Children and Youth Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Li XB, Liu JT, Zhu XZ, Zhang L, Tang YL, Wang CY. Childhood trauma associates with clinical features of bipolar disorder in a sample of Chinese patients. J Affect Disord 2014; 168:58-63. [PMID: 25036010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood trauma is a major public health problem which has a long-term consequence, a few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and clinical features of bipolar disorder, most in western culture, with no such studies done in Chinese culture. METHODS The CTQ-SF was administered to 132 Chinese patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder. Participants also completed the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q), the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The CTQ-SF cut-off scores for exposure were used to calculate the prevalence of trauma. The relationship between childhood trauma and clinical features of bipolar disorder were examined. RESULTS The internal consistency of CTQ-SF was good (Cronbach׳s α=0.826) and four week test-retest reliability was high (r=0.755). 61.4% of this sample reported physical neglect (PN) in childhood, followed by emotional neglect (EN, 49.6%), sexual abuse (SA, 40.5%), emotional abuse (EA, 26.0%) and physical abuse (PA,13.1%). Significant negative correlations existed between age of onset and EA and EN score (r=-0.178~-0.183, p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between EA, CTQ-SF total score and intrusion and hyper-arousal scores of IES-R (r=0.223~0.309, p<0.05). Similarly, significant positive correlations were found between EN, PN, CTQ-SF total and STAI score (r=0.222~0.425, p<0.05). LIMITATIONS Data on childhood trauma were derived from a retrospective self-report questionnaire without independent corroboration. A number of potential patients (more severe or chronic patients) was excluded because they were either refused to participate or inappropriate to participate in research. CONCLUSIONS Significant number of subjects in patients with BD reported experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with age of onset of illness, co morbid PTSD and anxiety symptoms. To study the pathogenesis of childhood trauma on bipolar disorder and explanation the interaction between childhood trauma and susceptibility genes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jin-Tong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiong-Zhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Chuan-Yue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
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Dunne MP. Main Themes and Missing Elements in Psychological Research into Child Maltreatment in Africa. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2009.10820271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Gwirayi P, Shumba A. Childhood Sexual Abuse Experiences of Female Student Teachers in Zimbabwe. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2008.10820199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li X, Wang Z, Hou Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang C. Effects of childhood trauma on personality in a sample of Chinese adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:788-796. [PMID: 24161247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma is a major public health problem which has an impact on personality development, yet no studies have examined the association between exposure to trauma and personality in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Four hundred eighty-five students completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The CTQ-SF cut-off scores for exposure were used to calculate the prevalence of trauma. The possible associations between specific types of trauma and the EPQ subscale scores were examined. The rates of emotional abuse (EA), physical abuse (PA), sexual abuse (SA), emotional neglect (EN), and physical neglect (PN) were 18.76%, 11.13%, 27.01%, 49.48%, and 68.66%, respectively. Individuals subjected to EA, PA, and SA had significantly higher neuroticism (EPQ-N) and psychoticism (EPQ-P) scores on the EPQ compared with those who had not experienced EA, PA, or SA (all p values<0.05). Significant positive correlations existed between CTQ-SF subscale scores for EA, SA, CTQ-SF total scores, and EPQ-N, EPQ-P scores (all p values<0.05). Significant number of subjects in this adolescent sample reported experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with personality development in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianBin Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - ZhiMin Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - YeZhi Hou
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - JinTong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - ChuanYue Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
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40
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Pattern and Predictors of Interpersonal Violence Among Adolescent Female Students in Egypt. J Community Health 2014; 39:1085-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Finkelhor D, Ji K, Mikton C, Dunne M. Explaining lower rates of sexual abuse in China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:852-860. [PMID: 23958110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that rates of child sexual abuse are comparatively low in China. This commentary is an effort to evaluate whether it reflects a true lower prevalence or alternatively the effect of inhibited disclosure by victims. We conclude that while some estimates have almost certainly been affected by inhibited disclosure, the overall magnitude of the contrast between Chinese and international rates, particularly for girls, and its consistency with other indicators do suggest a true lower prevalence, although the evidence is equivocal. We discuss some factors that could account for such lower rates including Confucian family values, definitions of masculinity and a collectivist culture that may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Finkelhor
- University of New Hampshire, 126 Horton Social Science Center, Durham, NH 03857, USA
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Ji K, Finkelhor D, Dunne M. Child sexual abuse in China: a meta-analysis of 27 studies. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:613-622. [PMID: 23643201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether Chinese studies of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the general population show lower prevalence rates than other international studies, and whether certain features of these studies may help to account for variation in estimates. METHODS A meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted on 27 studies found in the English and Chinese language peer reviewed journals that involved general populations of students or residents, estimated CSA prior to age 18, and specified rates for males or females individually. RESULTS Estimates for Chinese females were lower than the international composites. For total CSA for females, the Chinese pooled estimate was 15.3% (95% CI=12.6-18.0) based on the meta-analysis of 24 studies, lower than the international estimate (Stoltenborgh, van IJzendoorn, Euser, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2011) but not significantly. For contact CSA for females, the pooled estimate was 9.5% (95% CI=7.5-11.5), based on 16 studies, significantly lower than the international prevalence. For penetrative CSA for females, the pooled estimate was 1% (95% CI=0.7-1.3), based on 15 studies, significantly lower than the international estimate of 15.1%. Chinese men reported significantly less penetrative CSA but significantly more total CSA than international estimates; while contact CSA reported by Chinese and international males appeared to be roughly equivalent. Chinese CSA prevalence estimates were lower in studies from urban areas and non-mainland areas (Hong Kong and Taiwan), and in surveys with larger and probability samples, multiple sites, face-to-face interview method and when using less widely used instruments. CONCLUSIONS The findings to date justify further research into possible cultural and sociological reasons for lower risk of contact and penetrative sexual abuse of girls and less penetrative abuse of boys in China. Future research should examine sociological explanations, including patterns of supervision, sexual socialization and attitudes related to male sexual prowess. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings suggest that future general population studies in China should use well validated instruments, avoid face-to-face interview formats and be careful to maintain methodological standards when sampling large populations over multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ji
- University of New Hampshire, 126 Horton Social Science Center, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Zhang W, Chen J, Feng Y, Li J, Zhao X, Luo X. Young children's knowledge and skills related to sexual abuse prevention: a pilot study in Beijing, China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:623-630. [PMID: 23768932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To examine the level of knowledge and skills related to prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA) in a sample of Chinese preschoolers in Beijing and to explore the associations between children's scores on the knowledge and skills and their parents' reports on the knowledge and communication with children about CSA prevention. One hundred and thirty-six preschoolers were interviewed by researchers using the Chinese versions of Personal Safety Questionnaire and the "What If" Situation Test, and one parent of each child was invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire regarding parental knowledge and parent-child communication about CSA prevention. Less than half children knew that strangers were not the only perpetrators and only 16% thought that children should report secret touching. In 3 inappropriate touching requests, less than 30% of the children were aware of using verbal response to definitely refuse the inappropriate touching and less than 20% of the children were aware of definitely removing themselves from the abusive situations. Parent-child communication about CSA and parental educational level were the significant factors for children's self-protection skills. Preschool children lack CSA prevention knowledge and related self-protection skills. Culturally relevant primary CSA prevention programs in China need to be developed and parental education should be a part of CSA prevention. Parents need to be informed about CSA knowledge concepts and need to be encouraged to communicate with their children about sexual abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Zhai F, Waldfogel J, Brooks-Gunn J. Estimating the Effects of Head Start on Parenting and Child Maltreatment. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2013; 35:1119-1129. [PMID: 23788823 PMCID: PMC3684447 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effects of Head Start participation on parenting and child maltreatment in a large and diverse sample of low-income families in large U.S. cities (N = 2,807), using rich data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). To address the issue of selection bias, we employ several analytic approaches, including logistic regressions with a rich set of pretreatment controls as well as propensity score matching models, comparing the effects of Head Start to any other arrangements as well as specific types of other arrangements. We find that compared to children who did not attend Head Start, children who did attend Head Start are less likely to have low access to learning materials and less likely to experience spanking by their parents at age five. Moreover, we find that the effects of Head Start vary depending on the specific type of other child care arrangements to which they are compared, with the most consistently beneficial protective effects seen when Head Start is compared to being home in exclusively parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Zhai
- School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, L2-093 Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, Phone: 631-444-3176,
| | - Jane Waldfogel
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, Phone: 212-851-2408,
| | - Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
- Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, Phone: 212-678-3369,
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Li N, Zabin LS, Ahmed S. The childhood sexual abuse among youth in three Asian cities: Taipei, Shanghai, and Hanoi. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013; 27:NP1566-77. [PMID: 23343644 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512471968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The article describes the prevalence and risk factors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among youth in Hanoi, Shanghai, and Taipei. Data used in this study are from the Three-City Asian Study of Adolescents and Youth, 2006-2007. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression models were used. The self-reported lifetime prevalence of CSA was 5.2% in Taipei, 1.3% in Shanghai, and 0.5% in Hanoi. The overall prevalence was 2.2% for females and 1.7% for males. The average age of first CSA was 10.5 years. Household instability, migration before age 14, and low maternal warmth were found to be positively associated with CSA, whereas discussing problems with father and being close to mother were negatively associated with CSA, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Our findings suggested the importance of prevention programs for preteen aged children, public education to raise awareness, and further prospective studies to identify various risk markers for CSA in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie S Zabin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saifuddin Ahmed
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ortega EG, Baz BO, Sánchez FL. Professionals' Criteria for Detecting and Reporting Child Sexual Abuse. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 15:1325-38. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Professionals who are likely to come into contact with children play an essential role in the protection of children, thus we aimed to study the criteria they use to identify and report child sexual abuse cases. Based on the Factorial Survey design, we presented 974 Spanish (90%) and Latin American professionals from six fields (Psychology, Social Services, Education, Health, Law and Security) with hypothetical situations of sexual interaction with minors (systematically varying the type of sexual act, the child's and the other person's sex and age, the use of coercion and the type of strategy employed to involve the child), in order to examine their perception of abuse and willingness to report. According to results, the factors or criteria that most impact assessments are age asymmetry and use of coercion. Specifically, professionals are significantly more likely to perceive abuse and intend to report it if the other person involved in the interaction is much older than the minor and/or uses a coercive strategy, especially force, drugs or blackmail. Another relevant criterion is the type of sexual act, since acts involving intercourse, digital penetration or oral sex are significantly more likely to be deemed as abuse and reported.
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Berber G, Karapirli M, Kantarci N, Kandemir E, Varkal MD, Sahin E, Emül M. Attitudes among judiciary and junior clerks toward the survivors of childhood sexual abuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:41-45. [PMID: 23219700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse is a growing concern throughout the world, although the legal sequelae of this phenomenon are frequently neglected. We aimed to reveal and compare the attitudes of judiciary and junior clerks toward sexually abused children that might contribute to these sequelae. We divided 302 study participants into two groups of judiciary members and junior clerks. All the participants were asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire about stigmatization, including questions assessing social distance, dangerousness and skillfulness. In their responses, 51.2% of the judiciary and 64.0% of the junior clerks displayed a negative attitude toward "asking a childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivor to supervise their child for few hours" (p=0.029). When asked "What would you think if your child wanted to marry a CSA survivor?" 76.5% of the judiciary and 84.1% of the junior clerks were opposed to the idea (p=0.095). Interestingly, significantly more judiciary than junior clerks believed that a "CSA survivor can control his/her rage" (p=0.001), and significantly more of the junior clerks did not believe that "CSA survivors do not behave impulsively" (p=0.034). Both groups of legal professionals in this study appear to distance themselves from or have negative thoughts about CSA survivors, particularly when the issue involves their own children and/or social situations. Along with other factors, these negative assumptions might also contribute to lower prosecution rates and retestifying procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürol Berber
- Forensic Medicine Specialist in Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Ministry of Justice, Turkey.
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Huang J, Yang Y, Wu J, Napolitano LA, Xi Y, Cui Y. Childhood abuse in Chinese patients with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2012; 26:238-54. [PMID: 22486453 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2012.26.2.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined (1) the relative prevalence of childhood abuse and other pathological childhood experiences in China reported by outpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), with other personality disorders, and without personality disorders; and, (2) whether the primary predictors of BPD in North America are associated with the development of BPD in China. The childhood experiences of 203 outpatients with BPD, 109 outpatients with other personality disorders, and 70 outpatients without Axis II diagnoses were assessed with the Chinese version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q). Patients with BPD reported significantly more physical, emotional, and sexual abuse than either comparison group. Four types of childhood experiences were significant predictors of BPD: maternal neglect, paternal antipathy, sexual abuse, and maternal physical abuse. The findings suggest that maternal physical abuse is as strong a predictor of BPD in China as sexual abuse, a finding not replicated in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Huang
- Department of Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Victimization experiences of adolescents in Malaysia. J Adolesc Health 2011; 49:627-34. [PMID: 22098774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been little community-based research regarding multiple-type victimization experiences of young people in Asia, and none in Malaysia. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, explore gender differences, as well as describe typical perpetrators and family and social risk factors among Malaysian adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1,870 students was conducted in 20 randomly selected secondary schools in Selangor state (mean age: 16 years; 58.8% female). The questionnaire included items on individual, family, and social background and different types of victimization experiences in childhood. RESULTS Emotional and physical types of victimization were most common. A significant proportion of adolescents (22.1%) were exposed to more than one type, with 3% reporting all four types. Compared with females, males reported more physical, emotional, and sexual victimization. The excess of sexual victimization among boys was due to higher exposure to noncontact events, whereas prevalence of forced intercourse was equal for both genders (3.0%). Although adult male perpetrators predominate, female adults and peers of both genders also contribute substantially. Low quality of parent-child relationships and poor school and neighborhood environments had the strongest associations with victimization. Family structure (parental divorce, presence of step-parent or single parent, or household size), parental drug use, and rural/urban location were not influential in this sample. CONCLUSION This study extends the analysis of multiple-type victimization to a Malaysian population. Although some personal, familial, and social factors correlate with those found in western nations, there are cross-cultural differences, especially with regard to the nature of sexual violence based on gender and the influence of family structure.
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Lin D, Li X, Fang X, Lin X. Childhood sexual abuse and sexual risks among young rural-to-urban migrant women in Beijing, China. AIDS Care 2011; 23 Suppl 1:113-9. [PMID: 21660757 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2010.534434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) has substantial impact on women. The current study aims to explore the patterns of CSA in migrant women in China. Moreover, a relationship between experience of CSA and increased sexual risks was also examined among this vulnerable population. METHODS A final sample of 478 rural-to-urban migrant women was recruited from different work places in two urban districts of Beijing, China. RESULTS About 17% (n=80) of migrant women reported ever experienced any kind of CSA before 16 years of age. Participants who had multiple sexual partners, drank before sex and had early age of sexual debut reported higher rate of overall CSA (45.7% vs. 23%, p<0.01; 41.2% vs. 24%, p<0.05; and 47.8% vs. 24.4%, p<0.05) and contact CSA (37.1% vs. 15.6%, p<0.01; 32.4% vs. 16.8%, p<0.05; and 39.1% vs. 17%, p<0.05) compared to their counterparts. The multivariate analysis confirmed the results of bivariate analysis that a history of CSA was associated with increased sexual risks in adulthood. CONCLUSION The current study suggests that health-related prevention intervention programs (i.e., HIV-related sexual risks prevention intervention) targeting the migrant women population needs to take in consideration the possible experience of CSA. Moreover, effective school-based or community-based CSA prevention intervention should be conducted to reduce CSA rate and improve attention to CSA issues in rural communities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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