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Yu S, Niu X, Song Z, Huang X, Peng Y, Li J. Improvement of Al 2O 3 on the multi-pollutant control performance of NO x and chlorobenzene in vanadia-based catalysts. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133156. [PMID: 34864012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We compared the influences of Al2O3 and SiO2 on a traditional V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 for the simultaneous removal of NOx and chlorobenzene (CB). The Al2O3 doping catalyst considerably broadens the active temperature window with higher NOx reduction and CB oxidation efficiencies than the SiO2 doping one and the V2O5-MoO3/TiO2. Furthermore, its resistance to SO2 was preserved and the quantities of polychlorinated byproducts also decreased. The increase in activity at low temperatures could be due to the promotion of vanadia reducibility via interactions between V2O5 and Al2O3. Moreover, the high temperature activity could be due to the additional surface acidities provided by Al2O3, in which the Lewis acid sites played the predominant role in both NH3 adsorptions and CB de-chlorination compared to the Brønsted acid sites. Finally, we proposed that Al2O3 is an effective addition for vanadia-based catalyst in NOx and CB simultaneous removal from stationary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xiaowei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Zijian Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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Zhang Z, Zhou M, He J, Shi T, Zhang S, Tang N, Chen W. Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans exposure and altered lung function: The mediating role of oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105521. [PMID: 32007688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lung has been reported to be one of the target organs of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) in many toxicological studies. While the associations between PCDD/Fs exposure and lung function levels have not been investigated thoroughly. This study aimed to explore these associations and the potential mediating role of oxidative stress. In this study, 201 foundry workers and 222 non-exposed general residents were recruited from central China, and their lung function parameters were measured. Air and food samples were collected to determine the PCDD/Fs levels for individual PCDD/Fs exposure estimation. Serum PCDD/Fs levels were determined in a subgroup of individuals randomly selected from the study population to reflect the body burden. It was found that each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed concentration of PCDD/Fs exposure (fg TEQ/bw/day) was associated with a 0.47 L decrease in FVC and a 0.25 L decrease in FEV1. Each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed concentration of serum PCDD/Fs (fg TEQ/g lipid) was associated with a 0.36 L decrease in FVC and a 0.24 L decrease in FEV1. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was not only positively related to PCDD/Fs exposure, but also inversely associated with FVC and FEV1 are FVC (β = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.08) and FEV1 (β = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.02). Mediation analysis revealed that urinary 8-OHdG mediated 12.22% of the associations of external PCDD/Fs exposure with FVC levels, 28.61% and 27.87% of the associations of serum PCDD/Fs with FVC and FEV1 levels respectively. Our findings suggested that PCDD/Fs exposure was associated with decreased lung function levels by a mechanism partly involving oxidatively generated damage to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jintong He
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Zhuhai Center for Chronic Disease Control, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519060, China
| | - Tingming Shi
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Sukun Zhang
- Center for Research on Urban Environment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Naijun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Stachowicz-Kuśnierz A, Seidler T, Rogalska E, Korchowiec J, Korchowiec B. Lung surfactant monolayer - A good natural barrier against dibenzo-p-dioxins. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124850. [PMID: 31561163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with interaction of two air pollutants: dibenzodioxin, DD, and its' monochlorinated derivative, 2-chlorodibenzodioxin, 2CLDD, with models of the lung surfactant (LS) system. A monolayer composed of DPPC and POPC in 1:1 molar ratio was used as a model of LS. One component monolayers of DPPC and POPC were also examined, to model the interiors of LC and LE domains in LS, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations and measurements of surface pressure isotherms, as well as polarization modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectra were employed to study the influence of dioxins on the monolayers. We demonstrate, that both dioxins adsorb and accumulate in the hydrophobic parts of all three monolayers. DD molecules prefer flat orientation on the surface at large areas. Upon compression, they lift and orient perpendicularly to the monolayer. Flat orientation of DD molecules leads to their large surface area. In consequence they preferentially locate in vicinity of unsaturated chains of POPC - they are small enough to fill void spaces created by kinks in unsaturated chains. 2CLDD orient along monolayer normal already at the largest areas and preference for POPC was not observed for them. In laterally relaxed states, a condensing effect, connected with reduction of surface area available to the lipids was observed for both dioxins. In the case of 2CLDD, additional locally ordering influence of dioxin molecules was detected. In compressed states, the presence of dioxin molecules hinders alignment and uniform ordering of lipid chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachowicz-Kuśnierz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Seidler
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Rogalska
- UMR 7053 CNRS-UL, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Jacek Korchowiec
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Korchowiec
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Dai X, Wang X, Long Y, Pattisson S, Lu Y, Morgan DJ, Taylor SH, Carter JH, Hutchings GJ, Wu Z, Weng X. Efficient Elimination of Chlorinated Organics on a Phosphoric Acid Modified CeO 2 Catalyst: A Hydrolytic Destruction Route. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12697-12705. [PMID: 31577126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient technologies to prevent the emission of hazardous chlorinated organics from industrial sources without forming harmful byproducts, such as dioxins, is a major challenge in environmental chemistry. Herein, we report a new hydrolytic destruction route for efficient chlorinated organics elimination and demonstrate that phosphoric acid-modified CeO2 (HP-CeO2) can decompose chlorobenzene (CB) without forming polychlorinated congeners under the industry-relevant reaction conditions. The active site and reaction pathway were investigated, and it was found that surface phosphate groups initially react with CB and water to form phenol and HCl, followed by deep oxidation. The high on-stream stability of the catalyst was due to the efficient generation of HCl, which removes Cl from the catalyst surface and ensures O2 activation and therefore deep oxidation of the hydrocarbons. Subsequent density functional theory calculations revealed a distinctly decreased formation energy of an oxygen vacancy at nearest (VO-1) and next-nearest (VO-2) surface sites to the bonded phosphate groups, which likely contributes to the high rate of oxidation observed over the catalyst. Significantly, no dioxins, which are frequently formed in the conventional oxidation route, were observed. This work not only reports an efficient route and corresponding phosphate active site for chlorinated organics elimination but also illustrates that the rational design of the reaction route can solve some of the most important challenges in environmental catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel Pattisson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | | | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - James H Carter
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control , 388 Yuhangtang Road , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Weng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Industrial Boiler & Furnace Flue Gas Pollution Control , 388 Yuhangtang Road , Hangzhou 310058 , P. R. China
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Khedidji S, Croes K, Yassaa N, Ladji R, Denison MS, Baeyens W, Elskens M. Assessment of dioxin-like activity in PM 10 air samples from an industrial location in Algeria, using the DRE-CALUX bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11868-11877. [PMID: 26611627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When compared to the European guidelines, PM10 (particulate matter up to 10-μm size) concentrations in Algeria are often exceeding the maximum limits, and in general, no information exists on the compounds bound on its surface. The objective of this study was to measure the dioxin-like activity of polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the PM10 fraction at the Sour El Ghozlane cement plant in Algeria. PM10 samples (n = 23) were taken between 24 March and 15 April 2013, using a medium volume sampler and 47-mm PTFE filters. The 24-h samples were dried to determine the PM10 content and afterward extracted, cleaned up, and analyzed with the dioxin-responsive element-chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (DRE-CALUX) bioassay. Our results showed that the measured bioanalytical equivalents (BEQs) were similar to those in other international industrial sites worldwide. The PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) were positively correlated (rho = 0.6, p = 0.002), indicating that they have similar sources. Furthermore, samples from March showed higher PCDD/F and dl-PCB BEQs and humidity but lower temperatures compared to samples from April, while there was no difference in the PM10 concentrations between the two months. These results reveal that PM10 alone is not a good proxy and that meteorological conditions are an important factor in assessing dioxin-like pollution in the atmosphere. It seems that, at present, there is no health hazard through direct airborne human exposure to dioxin-like pollutants in PM10 from this site. However, it is important to monitor these POPs for a longer period of time and also to gain more insight in their distribution between the particulate and gas phase in relation to meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidali Khedidji
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akli Mohand Oulhadj, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Noureddine Yassaa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Centre de Dévelopement des Energies Renouvelable (CDER), EPST, BP 62, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, Algeria
| | - Riad Ladji
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Research Unit on Analysis and Technological Development in Environment - Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Miniero R, Ingelido AM, Abballe A, di Domenico A, Valentini S, Marra V, Barbieri PG, Garattini S, Speziani F, De Felip E. Occupational exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs in metallurgical plants of the Brescia (Lombardy Region, northern Italy) area. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:418-421. [PMID: 27705828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration values of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCBs) in blood serum samples (pools) of metallurgical workers in the area of the city of Brescia (northern Italy) were statistically processed. As to workers' exposure characteristics, pools were divided into 34 professionally exposed (PE) and 11 non-professionally exposed (NPE). A further subdivision of PE pools was according to workplaces in which ferrous (N = 24) and non-ferrous (N = 10) materials were handled. To evaluate the aforesaid differences we applied the age-adjusted Generalized Linear Models. We identified significant (P ≤ 0.05) exposure models of the classification groups. The first subdivision was confirmed by the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDF, DL-PCB 105, and DL-PCB 189; the second was confirmed by the concentrations of PCDF TEQ97, PCDD + PCDF + DL-PCB (TEQTOT) TEQ97, 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-H6CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD, and PCB 189. Based on the literature, all mentioned congeners have been found in stack gas and fly ash samples of metallurgical plants: therefore, these indicators indicate the exposure to such work environments. Specifically, the concentrations measured in the workers' blood serum appear to depend on the type of material processed during work.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miniero
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Ingelido
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Abballe
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A di Domenico
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - V Marra
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P G Barbieri
- Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Garattini
- Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Speziani
- Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E De Felip
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Lindholm-Lehto PC, Knuutinen JS, Ahkola HSJ, Herve SH. Refractory organic pollutants and toxicity in pulp and paper mill wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6473-99. [PMID: 25647495 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review describes medium and high molecular weight organic material found in wastewaters from pulp and paper industry. The aim is to review the versatile pollutants and the analysis methods for their determination. Among other pollutants, biocides, extractives, and lignin-derived compounds are major contributors to harmful effects, such as toxicity, of industrial wastewaters. Toxicity of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills is briefly evaluated including the methods for toxicity analyses. Traditionally, wastewater purification includes mechanical treatment followed by chemical and/or biological treatment processes. A variety of methods are available for the purification of industrial wastewaters, including aerobic and anaerobic processes. However, some fractions of organic material, such as lignin and its derivatives, are difficult to degrade. Therefore, novel chemical methods, including electrochemical and oxidation processes, have been developed for separate use or in combination with biological treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Lindholm-Lehto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland,
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Park H, Park E, Chang YS. Ten-year time trend of dioxins in human serum obtained from metropolitan populations in Seoul, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1338-1345. [PMID: 24001684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were measured in 954 and 539 human serum samples obtained, respectively, from incinerator workers and residents living near and far from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) during a 10-year period from 2001 to 2011 in Seoul, Korea. The mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 9.29 and 5.39 pg TEQ/g lipid, respectively. All populations exhibited similar concentrations and profiles, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and PCB126 were identified as major contributors to TEQs. However, the levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were found to have positive associations with age when considering stratified age groups and showed a slight trend toward reduction. Differences in concentrations of these compounds among age groups slightly but continuously decreased from 2001 to 2011. The measured PCDD/F levels were compared to the predicted concentrations by using a single-compartment pharmacokinetic model on the basis of the daily intake of PCDD/Fs. The predicted concentration was 5.24 pg TEQ/g lipid, which was approximately half of the measured concentration, reflecting the present exposures. These results suggest that current data on the levels of PCDD/Fs in foodstuffs might be useful to predict the future levels of dioxins in humans, which are expected to decline with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Park
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), San 14-1, Nongseo-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-712, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea.
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Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and moss from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jackson K, Aries E, Fisher R, Anderson DR, Parris A. Assessment of exposure to PCDD/F, PCB, and PAH at a basic oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) and an iron ore sintering plant in the UK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 56:37-48. [PMID: 21989166 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
An assessment was carried out at a UK integrated steelworks to investigate the exposure of workers via inhalation to dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/F)], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Investigations focused on a basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) plant and an iron ore sintering plant. The highest concentrations of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were found at the BOS vessels and sinter strand area at the BOS and sinter plant, respectively. A risk assessment was carried out by comparing the daily intake of PCDD/F and PCB via inhalation with the recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). For the most exposed category of worker in this study (i.e. sinter plant workers inside the strand area), the estimated daily intake via inhalation was estimated to be 0.25 pg WHO-toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) kg(-1) body weight (bw). Considering that the average UK adult exposure to PCDD/F from the diet is 1.8 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) bw day(-1), the results indicated that the estimated daily intake of PCDD/F and PCB via inhalation for sinter plant workers would not result in the recommended range of the TDI (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) bw day(-1)) being exceeded. Cancer risks for a 40-year occupational exposure period were determined by multiplying the estimated intake by the inhalation cancer potency factor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. For the most exposed category of worker, cancer risks from exposure to PCDD/F and PCB ranged from 2.5 × 10(-6) to 5.2 × 10(-5). Under most regulatory programmes, excess cancer risks between 1.0 × 10(-6) and 1.0 × 10(-4) indicate an acceptable range of cancer risk, suggesting a limited risk from PCDD/F and PCB exposure for workers in the sinter plant. With regard to PAH, B[a]P concentrations were typically <10 ng m(-3) at all locations at both the sinter plant and the BOS plant. In several cases, particularly at the sinter plant, B[a]P concentrations were well below or only marginally above the target value of 1 ng m(-3) specified in ambient air by the European Commission in the fourth 'Daughter' Directive of the Air Quality Framework Directive suggesting a very low risk of exposure for workers. For PAH, excess cancer risks ranged from 2.4 × 10(-6) to 7.3 × 10(-6) for BOS plant workers and from for 5.3 × 10(-7) to 1.5 × 10(-5) for sinter plant workers, well within the acceptable range proposed by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jackson
- Tata Steel, Group Environment, Swinden Technology Centre, Moorgate, Rotherham S60 3AR, UK.
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de Vos J, Gorst-Allman P, Rohwer E. Establishing an alternative method for the quantitative analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for developing countries. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Vos J, Dixon R, Vermeulen G, Gorst-Allman P, Cochran J, Rohwer E, Focant JF. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for environmental forensic investigations in developing countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1230-1239. [PMID: 21236466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The disposal and dumping of toxic waste is a matter of growing concern in developing countries, including South Africa. Frequently these countries do not possess access to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This publication describes an alternative approach to the investigation of toxic waste using comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The technology permits both comprehensive screening of toxic samples for numerous classes of organic pollutants and also quantitative analysis for the individual compounds. This paper describes the use of this technique by analysing samples obtained from a hazardous waste treatment facility in South Africa. After sampling and extraction the samples were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and four dioxin-like non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The quantitative values, as well as detection limits, obtained using the GC×GC-TOFMS methodology compares well with those obtained using GC-HRMS; the accepted benchmark technology for this analysis. Although GC×GC-TOFMS is not a target compound analytical technique (as is GC-HRMS), it is possible to obtain information on numerous other classes of organic pollutants present in the samples in one analytical run. This is not possible with GC-HRMS. Several different column combinations have been investigated for handling very complex waste samples and suggestions are presented for the most suitable combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne de Vos
- Organic and Bio-Analysis Group, Metrology in Chemistry Area, National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Private Bag X34, Lynnwood Ridge 0040, South Africa.
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Wang IC, Lee WJ. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in farmed fish, water, sediment, and feed. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:201-210. [PMID: 20390860 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903429873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to determine the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dizenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in farmed grouper tissues and environmental medium samples, including sediment, water, and feed. The water concentrations of DL-PCBs were low at 4.33-7.63 pg/L, and those of PCDD/Fs were 0.399-0.794 pg/L. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in sediment samples were 21.4-35.3 pg/g, and those of PCBs were 54.7-100 pg/g. To identify changes in PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels in fish throughout growth, the tissue samples from hatchlings, 2-month, 15-month, 24-month, and 36-month-old orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) were analyzed. In grouper tissue samples, the total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of the total PCBs were 0.129-0.745 pg World Health Organization- toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ/g) wet weight (w.w.), while total PCDD/Fs TEQ were 0.022-0.073 pg WHO-TEQ/g w.w The DL-PCBs were contributed more to the TEQ than PCDD/Fs in all fish tissue samples. Both PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations increase as grouper age increased. Results of this study demonstrate that PCDD/Fs and PCBs accumulate in fish tissues, and diet is the main source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Exposure Assessment of Workers to Airborne PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs at an Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Plant in the UK. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:213-25. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/men011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Mari M, Borrajo MA, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Monitoring PCDD/Fs and other organic substances in workers of a hazardous waste incinerator: a case study. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:574-81. [PMID: 17126883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure, 6 years after regular operations, the concentrations of a number of organic substances in blood and urine of 19 workers employed at a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Spain, and to establish the temporal variation with respect to baseline data and previously performed surveys. This facility was the first, and so far the only HWI in that country. The levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in six composite plasma samples, while concentrations of di-, tri, and pentachlorophenols, as well those of 1-hydroxypyrene were measured in the urine of these workers. The current mean PCDD/F concentration, 10.4 ng I-TEQ/kg lipid, was significantly lower than that found in the baseline survey, 26.7 ng I-TEQ/kg lipid and similar to that found in the previous (2004) study (7.7 ng I-TEQ/kg lipid). PCDD/F levels in plasma were similar or even lower than those recently reported for various non-exposed populations. For the remaining analyzed substances in plasma and urine, there was not any significant increase in comparison with the levels found in the baseline survey. On the other hand, no marked differences between the concentrations of organic substances in plasma or urine were found according to the respective workplace (plant, laboratory and administration). The results of the present survey indicate that after 6 years of regular operation, the workers at the HWI are not occupationally exposed to PCDD/Fs and other organic substances in their workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Rovira i Virgili University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Low-Temperature Catalytic Combustion of Trichloroethylene over La, Ce, and Pt Catalysts Supported on MCM-41. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(06)60026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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