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Huenul E, Salazar L, Frias D, Videka M, Luna D, Dwyer DM, Figueroa J. Effects of flavour variety on the intake and palatability of commercial feed in nursery pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1218198. [PMID: 37711435 PMCID: PMC10498925 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1218198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory-specific satiety (SSS) could negatively affect pigs' feed intake, even when diets satisfy their nutritional requirements. We evaluated the short-term effects of SSS on feed intake and palatability. Thirty-two nursery pigs (tested in pairs) were exposed to short-term feeding trials for 6 days. In Trial 1, animals received for 90 min over three consecutive days three feeders: with different flavours (VAR); the same flavour (MON); or a mixture of the three flavours (MIX) in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. In Trial 2, with the same animals and different flavours, the three feeders were delivered successively (1 feeder every 30 min). In Trial 1, there was a day-by-diet interaction (F 4,36 = 2.98; p = 0.032), where the VAR diet was least consumed on the first day but most consumed subsequently. In Trial 2 a triple interaction between diet, day and delivery order modified pig's intake (F 12,15 = 3.33; p = 0.015), and consumption patterns (F 12,15 = 3.52; p = 0.012); where VAR diet presented the highest values in the last delivery order on the third experimental day. Flavour variety may decrease the effect of SSS, increasing feed intake and hedonic value in nursery pigs when there was a previous experience with those flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huenul
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Salazar
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Frias
- Escuela de Ingeniería y recursos Naturales, Instituto Profesional DuocUC, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milivoy Videka
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Luna
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dominic M. Dwyer
- School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
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Arieli E, Gerbi R, Shein‐Idelson M, Moran A. Temporally‐precise basolateral amygdala activation is required for the formation of taste memories in gustatory cortex. J Physiol 2020; 598:5505-5522. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elor Arieli
- Department of Neurobiology The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ron Gerbi
- Department of Neurobiology The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Mark Shein‐Idelson
- Department of Neurobiology The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Anan Moran
- Department of Neurobiology The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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3
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Ramos JM. Perirhinal cortex supports both taste neophobia and its attenuation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Figueroa J, Marchant I, Morales P, Salazar LC. Do Prenatally-Conditioned Flavor Preferences Affect Consumption of Creep Feed by Piglets? Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110944. [PMID: 31717648 PMCID: PMC6912572 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets can prefer flavors that are presented to pregnant sows, hence this study intended to estimate the effect of prenatal exposure of piglets to flavors on the intake of flavored creep feed and performance. Gestational sows were fed either a flavored (garlic or aniseed; n24) or an unflavored diet (n24) from days 90 to 114 of gestation. Their litters were offered either garlic, aniseed, or unflavored creep feed during the suckling period, and its intake was measured as well as animal's final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG). Data was analyzed taking into account the diet offered to both sows and piglets, as well as the interaction between these variables. As previous experiments have shown, flavor learning did not affect a piglet's performance during the suckling period, finding no differences for creep feed intake, ADG, or BW according to diets (p > 0.05). Repeated exposure of piglets to previously learned flavors without clear post-ingestive benefits could nullify the strategies proposed. Moreover, milk and creep feed diets show a great reward contrast that may accelerate learning extinction. Results of the present and previous experiments suggest that current flavor continuity strategies that are proposed for pig production systems need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Figueroa
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-22-3544092
| | - Ignacio Marchant
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820000, Chile;
| | - Pía Morales
- Floramatic S.A, Av. Marathon 1989, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile;
| | - Laura C. Salazar
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
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5
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Fredericksen KE, McQueen KA, Samuelsen CL. Experience-Dependent c-Fos Expression in the Mediodorsal Thalamus Varies With Chemosensory Modality. Chem Senses 2019; 44:41-49. [PMID: 30388214 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediodorsal thalamus is a higher order thalamic nucleus critical for many cognitive behaviors. Defined by its reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex, the mediodorsal thalamus receives strong projections from chemosensory cortical areas for taste and smell, gustatory cortex and piriform cortex. Recent studies indicate the mediodorsal thalamus is involved in experience-dependent chemosensory processes, including olfactory attention and discrimination and the hedonic perception of odor-taste mixtures. How novel and familiar chemosensory stimuli are represented within this structure remains unclear. Here, we compared the expression of c-Fos in the mediodorsal thalami of rats familiar with an odor, a taste, or an odor-taste mixture with those that sampled the stimuli for the first time. We found that familiar tastes or odor-taste mixtures induced significantly greater c-Fos expression in the mediodorsal thalamus than novel tastes or odor-taste mixtures, whereas novel odors induced greater c-Fos expression than familiar odors. These experience-dependent and modality-specific differences in c-Fos expression may relate to the behavioral relevance of the chemosensory stimulus, including odor neophobia. In a two-bottle brief-access preference task, rats preferred water to isoamyl acetate-odorized water over multiple days. However, after experience with isoamyl acetate mixed with sucrose (odor-taste mixture), the preference for water was eliminated. These findings demonstrate that experience with chemosensory stimuli modulates responses in the mediodorsal thalamus, suggesting this structure plays an integral role in communicating behaviorally relevant chemosensory information to higher order areas to guide food-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Fredericksen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kelsey A McQueen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chad L Samuelsen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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6
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Shinohara K, Yasoshima Y. Inactivation of the basolateral amygdala suppresses the expression of taste neophobia but not the retrieval process in attenuation of neophobia. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Har-Paz I, Roisman N, Michaelson DM, Moran A. Extra-Hippocampal Learning Deficits in Young Apolipoprotein E4 Mice and Their Synaptic Underpinning. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:71-82. [PMID: 31561365 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The E4 allele of apolipoprotein (apoE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the exact manner in which apoE4 leads to the development of AD is undetermined. Human and animal studies report that apoE4-related memory deficits appear earlier than the AD clinical manifestation, thus suggesting the existence of early, pre-pathological, apoE4 impairments that may later lead to AD onset. While current research regards the hippocampus as the initial and primary effected locus by apoE4, we presently investigate the possibility that apoE4 innately impairs any brain area that requires synaptic plasticity. To test this hypothesis, we trained young (3-4-month-old) target-replacement apoE3 and apoE4 mice in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) acquisition and extinction learnings- hippocampus-independent learnings that are easily performed at a young age. Synaptic vesicular markers analysis was conducted in the gustatory cortex (GC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and hippocampal CA3 to reveal underlying apoE4-related impairments. We have found that young apoE4 mice are severely impaired in CTA acquisition and extinction learning. CTA acquisition impairments were correlated with reduced vGat and vGlut levels in the BLA and GC, but not in the CA3. CTA extinction was correlated with lower synaptophysin and vGlut levels in the mPFC, a central region in CTA extinction. Our results support apoE4-related early-life plasticity impairments that precede the AD clinical manifestations and affect any brain area that depends on extensive plasticity; early impairments that may promote the development of AD pathologies later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Har-Paz
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicole Roisman
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel M Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anan Moran
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Bamji-Stocke S, Biggs BT, Samuelsen CL. Experience-dependent c-Fos expression in the primary chemosensory cortices of the rat. Brain Res 2018; 1701:189-195. [PMID: 30244018 PMCID: PMC6289795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eating a new food is a unique event that guides future food choices. A key element for these choices is the perception of flavor (odor-taste associations), a multisensory process dependent upon taste and smell. The two primary cortical areas for taste and smell, gustatory cortex and piriform cortex, are thought to be crucial regions for processing and responding to odor-taste mixtures. To determine how previous experience impacts the primary chemosensory cortices, we compared the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, between rats presented with a taste, an odor, or an odor-taste mixture for the first-time with rats that had many days of prior experience. Compared to rats with prior experience, we found that first-time sampling of all three chemosensory stimuli led to significantly greater c-Fos expression in gustatory cortex. In piriform cortex, only the novel chemosensory stimuli containing odors showed greater c-Fos expression. These results indicate that prior experience with taste, odor, or odor-taste stimuli habituates responses in the primary chemosensory cortices and adds further evidence supporting gustatory cortex as a fundamental node for the integration of gustatory and olfactory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaya Bamji-Stocke
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Bradley T Biggs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Chad L Samuelsen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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9
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Flores VL, Moran A, Bernstein M, Katz DB. Preexposure to salty and sour taste enhances conditioned taste aversion to novel sucrose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:221-8. [PMID: 27084929 PMCID: PMC4836633 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040360.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an intensively studied single-trial learning paradigm whereby animals are trained to avoid a taste that has been paired with malaise. Many factors influence the strength of aversion learning; prominently studied among these is taste novelty—the fact that preexposure to the taste conditioned stimulus (CS) reduces its associability. The effect of exposure to tastes other than the CS has, in contrast, received little investigation. Here, we exposed rats to sodium chloride (N) and citric acid (C), either before or within a conditioning session involving novel sucrose (S). Presentation of this taste array within the conditioning session weakened the resultant S aversion, as expected. The opposite effect, however, was observed when exposure to the taste array was provided in sessions that preceded conditioning: such experience enhanced the eventual S aversion—a result that was robust to differences in CS delivery method and number of tastes presented in conditioning sessions. This “non-CS preexposure effect” scaled with the number of tastes in the exposure array (experience with more stimuli was more effective than experience with fewer) and with the amount of exposure sessions (three preexposure sessions were more effective than two). Together, our results provide evidence that exposure and experience with the realm of tastes changes an animal's future handling of even novel tastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Flores
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Anan Moran
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA Volen Center for Complex Systems, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Max Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Donald B Katz
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA Volen Center for Complex Systems, Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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10
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Ramos JM. Differential contribution of perirhinal cortex and hippocampus to taste neophobia: Effect of neurotoxic lesions. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Gámiz F, Recio SA, Iliescu AF, Gallo M, de Brugada I. Effects of dietary choline availability on latent inhibition of flavor aversion learning. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:275-80. [PMID: 24840626 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been previously reported that dietary choline supplementation might affect latent inhibition (LI) using a conditioned suppression procedure in rats. We have assessed the effect of dietary choline on LI of flavor aversion learning. METHOD Adult male Wistar rats received a choline supplemented (5 g/kg), deficient (0 g/kg), or standard (1.1 g/kg) diet for 3 months. After this supplementation period, all rats went through a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure, half of them being pre-exposed to the conditioned stimulus before the conditioning. RESULTS The results indicated that choline deficiency prevents LI of conditioned flavor aversion to cider vinegar (3%) induced by a LiCl (0.15 M; 2% body weight) intraperitoneal injection, while choline supplementation enhances CTA leading to slower extinction. DISCUSSION The role of the brain systems modulating attentional processes is discussed.
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12
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Monk KJ, Rubin BD, Keene JC, Katz DB. Licking microstructure reveals rapid attenuation of neophobia. Chem Senses 2013; 39:203-13. [PMID: 24363269 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals hesitate when initially consuming a novel food and increase their consumption of that food between the first and second sessions of access-a process termed attenuation of neophobia (AN). AN has received attention as a model of learning and memory; it has been suggested that plasticity resulting from an association of the novel tastant with "safe outcome" results in a change in the neural response to the tastant during the second session, such that consumption increases. Most studies have reported that AN emerges only an hour or more after the end of the first exposure to the tastant, consistent with what is known of learning-related plasticity. But these studies have typically measured consumption, rather than real-time behavior, and thus the possibility exists that a more rapidly developing AN remains to be discovered. Here, we tested this possibility, examining both consumption and individual lick times in a novel variant of a brief-access task (BAT). When quantified in terms of consumption, data from the BAT accorded well with the results of a classic one-bottle task-both revealed neophobia/AN specific to higher concentrations (for instance, 28mM) of saccharin. An analysis of licking microstructure, however, additionally revealed a real-time correlate of neophobia-an explicit tendency, similarly specific for 28-mM saccharin, to cut short the initial bout of licks in a single trial (compared with water). This relative hesitancy (i.e., the shortness of the first lick bout to 28-mM saccharin compared with water) that constitutes neophobia not only disappeared between sessions but also gradually declined in magnitude across session 1. These data demonstrate that the BAT accurately measures AN, and that aspects of AN-and the processes underlying familiarization-begin within minutes of the very first taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Monk
- Department of Psychology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, MS 013, 415 South Street, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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13
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Figueroa J, Solà-Oriol D, Vinokurovas L, Manteca X, Pérez J. Prenatal flavour exposure through maternal diets influences flavour preference in piglets before and after weaning. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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De la Casa L, Díaz E. Contextual control of flavor neophobia. Physiol Behav 2013; 118:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Figueroa J, Solà-Oriol D, Guzmán-Pino S, Borda E, Pérez JF. Flavor preferences conditioned by postingestive effect of sucrose and porcine digestive peptides in postweaning pigs1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:381-3. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.51308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Figueroa
- Grup de Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - D. Solà-Oriol
- Grup de Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - S. Guzmán-Pino
- Grup de Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - E. Borda
- Bioibérica, Palafolls, Barcelona 08389, Spain
| | - J. F. Pérez
- Grup de Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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Figueroa J, Solà-Oriol D, Borda E, Sclafani A, Pérez JF. Flavour preferences conditioned by protein solutions in post-weaning pigs. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Neath KN, Limebeer CL, Reilly S, Parker LA. Increased liking for a solution is not necessary for the attenuation of neophobia in rats. Behav Neurosci 2010; 124:398-404. [PMID: 20528084 DOI: 10.1037/a0019505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that liking and wanting of food rewards can be experimentally dissociated (e.g., Berridge, 1996); this dissociation extends to attenuated neophobia in the present study. Rats tend to eat less of a novel food than a familiar food, a phenomenon called neophobia. The present experiments evaluated whether attenuation of neophobia by prior exposure reflects enhanced liking of the flavor using the Taste Reactivity (TR) test. In Experiment 1, rats given five 10-s TR trials with water or various concentrations of saccharin solution (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%) did not show a change in the number of hedonic reactions displayed across trials. However, in a subsequent consumption test from a bottle containing 0.25% saccharin solution, rats with no prior saccharin exposure (group water) consumed less than rats with prior saccharin exposure; that is they displayed neophobia. In Experiment 2, whether rats received five 10-s TR trials with water or 0.5% saccharin solution, they did not display a difference in hedonic reactions to 0.25% saccharin solution in two 5-min TR test trials. These results suggest that the attenuation of neophobia is evidenced as an increase in the tendency to approach a bottle containing the flavored solution (wanting), but not as an enhanced liking of that solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly N Neath
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONT, N1G 2W1, Canada
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18
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Pineño O. Failure of serial taste–taste compound presentations to produce overshadowing of extinction of conditioned taste aversion. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Brunton CFA. Neophobia and its effect on the macro-structure and micro-structure of feeding in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin JY, Roman C, St Andre J, Reilly S. Taste, olfactory and trigeminal neophobia in rats with forebrain lesions. Brain Res 2008; 1251:195-203. [PMID: 19059225 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether lesions of the insular cortex (IC; Experiment 1), the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or medial amygdala (MeA; Experiment 2) influence the neophobic reactions to orally consumed liquid stimuli. Three different types of stimuli were used: taste (0.5% saccharin), olfactory (0.1% amyl acetate), and trigeminal (0.01 mM capsaicin). Rats with IC, BLA and MeA lesions showed normal responses to the olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. Each type of lesion, however, disrupted the initial occurrence of neophobia to the taste stimulus. The significance of these findings to conditioned taste aversion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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21
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Pineño O, Zilski-Pineno JM, Miller RR. Habituation of unconditioned fear can be attenuated by the presence of a safe stimulus: assessment using the neophobic response of the rat. Behav Processes 2007; 77:55-60. [PMID: 17640828 PMCID: PMC2214831 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protection from extinction of conditioned fear has been demonstrated when a conditioned inhibitor of fear is presented during extinction treatment. The present study assessed if similar results could be obtained during the analogous habituation of unconditioned fear. The neophobic response typically elicited by the presentation of a novel flavor was used as a model of unconditioned fear. Consumption by rats was used to ascertain the impact of nonreinforced exposure to a novel flavor either alone, in compound with another novel flavor, or in compound with a safe flavor (i.e., a flavor previously trained as a conditioned inhibitor for illness). The presentation of the novel flavor alone in the absence of illness reduced neophobia. However, exposure to the novel flavor in compound with the safe flavor reduced habituation of neophobia. This effect was not observed when the novel flavor was exposed in compound with another novel flavor. These results suggest that removing safe stimuli from the therapeutical environment might improve the effectiveness of exposure therapy in the treatment of unconditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Pineño
- Dpto. de Psicología Experimental, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Seville, Spain.
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Choleris E, Thomas AW, Ossenkopp K, Kavaliers M, Valsecchi P, Prato FS. Sex differences in conditioned taste aversion and in the effects of exposure to a specific pulsed magnetic field in deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus. Physiol Behav 2000; 71:237-49. [PMID: 11150555 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although conditioned taste aversion (CTA) has been investigated and described in laboratory rodents and domestic animals, less is known regarding wild rodents. Here, we describe CTA in males and females of a "wild" species of rodent, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). In addition, as CTA has often been induced by exposure to intense electromagnetic, X or gamma, radiation, in a second study, we also investigated the effects of a specifically designed, pulsed extremely low-frequency and low-intensity magnetic field on the flavor preferences of male and female deer mice. The results of these investigations showed that: (i) deer mice quickly developed a marked CTA for a novel flavor after a single pairing with LiCl; (ii) although the intensity of the CTA was the same in males and females, there was a sex difference in the duration of the flavor aversion, with males displaying it for a longer period (4 days) than females (3 days); (iii) both males and females showed a rapid and complete extinction of the aversion, in contrast to what has been reported for laboratory rodents; (iv) there was no recovery of CTA on re-test 10 days after extinction; (v) neither male or female deer mice developed a taste aversion as a consequence of exposure to a weak electromagnetic field; and (vi) there was a sex difference in response to the magnetic field, with exposure to the magnetic field significantly enhancing novel taste preference in male but not in female deer mice. Overall, our results show that there are several sex differences in the behavior of deer mice, both in the characteristics of the CTA and in the response to magnetic field exposure. The sex differences are discussed in terms of a sexually dimorphic sensitivity to experimental manipulation and the induction of stress and/or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Choleris
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Magnetic Resonance, Lawson Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Center and University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, N6A 4L6, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Brunton C, Macdonald D, Buckle A. Behavioural resistance towards poison baits in brown rats, Rattus norvegicus. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90063-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Idebenone (6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a benzoquinone that has been shown to improve cognitive function in animals subjected to cerebral ischemia and in rats with lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Because the cognitive deficits observed in aged rats have been associated with decreased cerebral blood flow and basal forebrain cholinergic dysfunction, it was hypothesized that IDE might improve cognition in aged animals. In the present study, the effects of idebenone on cognitive function in aged Long-Evans rats were assessed using a battery of tests that evaluated attention, habituation, and spatial learning. Selective attention was assessed using an overshadowing paradigm, where IDE (30 mg/kg, IP) was injected 30 min prior to compound cue exposure. IDE enhanced the overshadowing effect in aged rats. The Morris water maze was used to assess spatial learning, where IDE (3 mg/kg, IP) was injected daily throughout the course of training. IDE did not improve the impaired performance of aged rats in the Morris task. Habituation was tested by measuring recovery from gustatory neophobia. IDE (30 mg/kg, IP) was injected 30 min prior to the first exposure to the novel taste. IDE normalized habituation rate in aged rats. It was concluded that IDE improves some forms of acquisition in aged rats, and may do so by decreasing general reactivity to novel stimuli.
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Rabin BM, Hunt WA. Relationship between vomiting and taste aversion learning in the ferret: studies with ionizing radiation, lithium chloride, and amphetamine. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1992; 58:83-93. [PMID: 1333765 DOI: 10.1016/0163-1047(92)90291-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between emesis and taste aversion learning was studied in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) following exposure to ionizing radiation (50-200 cGy) or injection of lithium chloride (1.5-3.0 mEq/kg, ip). When 10% sucrose or 0.1% saccharin was used as the conditioned stimulus, neither unconditioned stimulus produced a taste aversion, even when vomiting was produced by the stimulus (Experiments 1 and 2). When a canned cat food was used as the conditioned stimulus, lithium chloride, but not ionizing radiation, produced a taste aversion (Experiment 3). Lithium chloride was effective in producing a conditioned taste aversion when administration of the toxin was delayed by up to 90 min following the ingestion of the canned cat food, indicating that the ferrets are capable of showing long-delay learning (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 examined the capacity of amphetamine, which is a qualitatively different stimulus than lithium chloride or ionizing radiation, to produce taste aversion learning in rats and cats as well as in ferrets. Injection of amphetamine (3 mg/kg, ip) produced a taste aversion in rats and cats but not in ferrets which required a higher dose (> 5 mg/kg). The results of these experiments are interpreted as indicating that, at least for the ferret, there is no necessary relationship between toxin-induced illness and the acquisition of a CTA and that gastrointestinal distress is not a sufficient condition for CTA learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Rabin
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5145
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Franchina JJ, Slank KL. Role of telereceptive and interoceptive (taste) cues in ingestional neophobia in chicks (Gallus domesticus). BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1989; 52:116-22. [PMID: 2757580 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(89)90230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Experiment 1 investigated the influence of telereceptive (visual) and interoceptive (taste) cues on neophobia by measuring the intakes of clear water and novel solutions of red-colored water, clear 4.0% vinegar, or red-colored 4.0% vinegar in chicks (Gallus domesticus) on 5 test days. Neophobia was reliably greater the more numerous the novel stimuli in testing (i.e., red-colored vinegar) but was similar in magnitude for novel visual and novel taste cues alone. In Experiment 2 chicks received zero, one, or five preexposures to red-colored water or to clear 4.0% vinegar and were tested for neophobia to red-colored 4.0% vinegar. Intake of red vinegar reliably increased with the number of preexposures. However, preexposure to red-colored water facilitated intake of red vinegar more than preexposure to clear 4.0% vinegar did. These results suggest that the familiarity of telereceptive (visual) stimuli attenuates the demonstration of taste neophobia.
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Franchina JJ, Slank KL. Salience and the effects of CS preexposure on aversion conditioning. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1988; 50:367-73. [PMID: 2849411 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(88)91114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rats (n = 84) received preexposure to distilled water or to one of two differently salient flavors, 5.0% casein or 10.0% sucrose, casein being the more salient. Each preexposure group then received aversion conditioning to a 5.0% casein or a 10.0% sucrose CS. Aversion effects were reliably more enduring to casein than to sucrose. Relative to water-preexposed groups, preexposure to casein attenuated aversion effects to the casein CS reliably less than preexposure to sucrose attenuated aversion effects to the sucrose CS. During preexposure, neophobia was reliably greater to casein than to sucrose, suggesting that the demonstration of salience in taste aversion learning may be based on the inherent aversive properties of novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Franchina
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Wesierska M, Buresová O, Bures J. Differential effect of prior paradoxical sleep deprivation on conditioned taste aversion, neophobia and attenuation of neophobia to solid food in rats. Behav Brain Res 1988; 27:115-21. [PMID: 3358848 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(88)90037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) on subsequent acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to liquid diets is confounded by the uncertain level of thirst when using the water tank procedure. This difficulty is eliminated when examining CTA and attenuation of neophobia (AN) to solid diets. Adult male rats (n = 100) were habituated to receive their daily ration of food during a 30-min stay in a box equipped with a row of 10 feeders baited with 2-3 g pieces of moist standard diet. 24-h PSD increased neophobic rejection of novel sweet food (with added 5% saccharose), but did not influence intensity of CTA elicited by LiCl poisoning. Addition of a bitter tasting red food dye to the sweet food caused marked neophobia which was enhanced by preceding PSD. Association of this unpalatable food with LiCl elicited strong CTA which extinguished faster in the PSD-pretreated animals. On the other hand, preacquisition PSD did not influence AN to the same stimulus. Sweet food with added blue dye elicited only mild neophobia which was enhanced by preceding 24-h PSD. Preacquisition PSD did not influence AN but significantly increased CTA to blue sweet food. It is concluded that PSD can either enhance or weaken CTA and that this complex effect on food selection learning cannot be explained by PSD-induced reduction of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wesierska
- Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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Abstract
Taste aversion learning was investigated in two inbred strains of rats known to differ in amount of ethanol (EtOH) they will self-administer orally. The "low EtOH preference" strain, WKYs, acquired an aversion to an EtOH solution during self-administration; but a "high preference" strain, M520s, did not. It was shown that a lower dose of EtOH will condition saccharin aversion in WKYs than in M520s, suggesting EtOH is a more effective US in the low preference strain. Analysis of patterns of EtOH self-administration indicates the pattern of the low preference strain is more likely to result in taste aversion learning. The implications of these results for the presumed relation between EtOH preference and other EtOH-related phenotypes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Cannon
- Psychology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
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Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) oral self-administration studies using rats have had inconsistent outcomes: studies in which rats are fluid deprived report decreasing EtOH intake over trials, whereas studies not employing fluid deprivation report increasing intake over trials. The present study supports the hypothesis that differential taste aversion learning may account for some of this discrepancy. This study indicates that taste aversion learning is maximized under fluid deprivation conditions and that "latent inhibition," i.e., exposure to non-intoxicating amounts of the EtOH solution prior to conditioning, reduces taste aversion learning. It is suggested that the effect of fluid deprivation on taste aversion resulting from EtOH self-administration may be at least in part due to the development of latent inhibition in non-deprived animals during initial exposure to the EtOH solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Cannon
- Psychology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
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Abstract
The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicultatus) is suggested as a model for aging research because of its unique physiological attributes, ease of handling, and because of data previously collected. Factors that demonstrate the gerbils' suitability in fulfulling practical and scientific considerations important in determining a model for aging research are listed. Additionally, several unique physiological attributes of gerbils are described. Based on these attributes and on review of research in gerbils, it is suggested that gerbils can serve as animal models for behavioral and biological processes, and for normative and pathological aspects for aging.
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Abstract
Non-deprived rats, injected SC with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), showed flavour-dependent alterations in fluid consumption during 2-h tests. The consumption of water, quinine, citric acid or saline was increased by 5-HT, whereas the consumption of sucrose, saccharin or milk was decreased. There were dose-dependent decreases in saccharin and milk consumption with maximal suppression of intake at 2 mg/kg. Two-bottle preference tests (flavour versus water) revealed that 5-HT increased saline consumption without changing saline preference and reduced consumption of, and preference for, both saccharin and sucrose. These results are discussed in terms of the characteristics which identify substances as being "food-like" rather than "water-like", and it is suggested that peripheral 5-HT plays a role in the control of both water and food intake. This latter function may be fulfilled through an alteration in the incentive value of food-related stimuli.
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Gilley DW, Franchina JJ. Effects of preexposure flavor concentration on conditioned aversion and neophobia. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 44:503-8. [PMID: 3002318 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In Experiment 1, 128 experimentally naive, water-deprived rats (Rattus norvegicus) received pretraining access to either 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin, distilled water, or 2.0% saline, followed either by a pairing of 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 M lithium chloride (LiCl) or by a pairing of distilled water with LiCl. Preexposure to either saccharin concentration reliably reduced conditioned aversion effects to 0.25% saccharin, relative to that for preexposure to distilled water or saline. But only preexposure to 1.5% saccharin reduced aversion effects to that concentration. In Experiment 2, 48 naive, water-deprived rats received preexposure procedures as in Experiment 1. Afterwards, the rats were tested for neophobia to 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin. Neophobia was reliably greater to the 1.5% concentration. However, preexposure to either saccharin concentration obliterated evidence for neophobia to saccharin, relative to that following preexposure to distilled water or saline.
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Franchina JJ, Dyer AB. Aversion conditioning and enhanced neophobia: role of test stimuli. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 44:122-31. [PMID: 3834916 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In Experiment 1, 100 rats (Rattus norvegicus) received 10% sucrose or 5% casein hydrolysate followed, after 10 min, by a LiCl or saline injection or, after 12 h, by a LiCl injection. Subsequently, rats received aversion testing to the CS or neophobia testing to the opposite novel flavor. Aversion effects were reliably greater to casein than to sucrose. However, conditioning with sucrose yielded a reliably greater increase in neophobia to casein (relative to controls) than conditioning with casein yielded to sucrose. In Experiment 2, 60 rats received distilled water followed, after 10 min, by LiCl or saline injection or, after 12 h, by LiCl injection. Aversion effects occurred to distilled water. Neophobia testing to casein and sucrose showed that, relative to controls, neophobia increased reliably more to casein. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 were not attributable to differences in baseline intakes between casein and sucrose flavors. Together, these experiments indicated that the demonstration of conditioning-enhanced neophobia may depend more on the characteristics of the neophobia test flavor than on the strength of aversion established because of CS characteristics.
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Cheal M. L-Dopa and piribedil alter different components of attentional behavior dependent on dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983; 80:345-50. [PMID: 6414004 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
L-Dopa (3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg) given SC after carbidopa, and piribedil (10, 30, 100, 300 mg/kg) had biphasic effects on investigation of a novel cup. Gerbils given a low dose of L-Dopa (10 mg/kg) or piribedil (10 or 30 mg/kg) investigated the cup more than did vehicle-injected gerbils, whereas those gerbils given a high dose of L-Dopa (100 mg/kg) or piribedil (300 mg/kg) investigated it less. L-Dopa, but not piribedil, also had biphasic effects on investigation of conspecific odors. The increase in duration with no increase in frequency of investigation suggested an inability to shift attention normally. High-dose attenuation of investigation is considered nonspecific, as many other drugs have the same effect. Locomotor activity scores showed no concomitant increase following low doses, but only a dose-dependent decrease. In addition, L-Dopa (100 mg/kg), but not piribedil at any dose tested, prevented the normal decrement in response to the cup 24 h after injection. As a high response is normally only shown when the stimulus is novel, the data suggest that L-Dopa at the high dose, but not piribedil, interfered with selective attention. Thus, the different dopamine agonists affected different aspects of attention. The data are discussed in relation to neural effects of the drugs as reported in the literature.
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