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Sethi P, Mehan S, Khan Z, Maurya PK, Kumar N, Kumar A, Tiwari A, Sharma T, Das Gupta G, Narula AS, Kalfin R. The SIRT-1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis: Guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders. Behav Brain Res 2024; 476:115280. [PMID: 39368713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions through nucleoplasmic transfer and is present in nearly all mammalian tissues. SIRT1 is believed to deacetylate its protein substrates, resulting in neuroprotective actions, including reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, increased autophagy, increased nerve growth factors, and preserved neuronal integrity in aging or neurological disease. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the genes responsible for oxidative stress response and substance detoxification. The activation of Nrf2 guards cells against oxidative damage, inflammation, and carcinogenic stimuli. Several neurological abnormalities and inflammatory disorders have been associated with variations in Nrf2 activation caused by either pharmacological or genetic factors. Recent evidence indicates that Nrf2 is at the center of a complex cellular regulatory network, establishing it as a transcription factor with genuine pleiotropy. HO-1 is most likely a component of a defense mechanism in cells under stress, as it provides negative feedback for cell activation and mediator synthesis. This mediator is upregulated by Nrf2, nitric oxide (NO), and other factors in various inflammatory states. HO-1 or its metabolites, such as CO, may mitigate inflammation by modulating signal transduction pathways. Neurological diseases may be effectively treated by modulating the activity of HO-1. Multiple studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 and Nrf2 share an important connection. SIRT1 enhances Nrf2, activates HO-1, protects against oxidative injury, and decreases neuronal death. This has been associated with numerous neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway may help treat various neurological disorders. This review focuses on the current understanding of the SIRT1 and Nrf2/HO-1 neuroprotective processes and the potential therapeutic applications of their target activators in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranshul Sethi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Maurya
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India
| | - Aakash Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Aarti Tiwari
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Tarun Sharma
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar), Moga, Punjab 144603, India
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; Department of Healthcare, South-West University "NeofitRilski", Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad 2700, Bulgaria
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Provenzano F, Torazza C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Milanese M. The Key Role of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Their Commitment to Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15430. [PMID: 37895110 PMCID: PMC10607805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been increasing evidence supporting non-neuronal cells as active contributors to neurodegenerative disorders. Among glial cells, astrocytes play a pivotal role in driving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, leading the scientific community to focus on the "astrocytic signature" in ALS. Here, we summarized the main pathological mechanisms characterizing astrocyte contribution to MN damage and ALS progression, such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy metabolism impairment, miRNAs and extracellular vesicles contribution, autophagy dysfunction, protein misfolding, and altered neurotrophic factor release. Since glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most relevant ALS features, we focused on the specific contribution of ALS astrocytes in this aspect, highlighting the known or potential molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in increasing the extracellular glutamate level in ALS and, conversely, undergo the toxic effect of the excessive glutamate. In this scenario, astrocytes can behave as "producers" and "targets" of the high extracellular glutamate levels, going through changes that can affect themselves and, in turn, the neuronal and non-neuronal surrounding cells, thus actively impacting the ALS course. Moreover, this review aims to point out knowledge gaps that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Torazza C, Provenzano F, Gallia E, Cerminara M, Balbi M, Bonifacino T, Tessitore S, Ravera S, Usai C, Musante I, Puliti A, Van Den Bosch L, Jafar-nejad P, Rigo F, Milanese M, Bonanno G. Genetic Downregulation of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 Dampens the Reactive and Neurotoxic Phenotype of Adult ALS Astrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:1952. [PMID: 37566031 PMCID: PMC10416852 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs). Astrocytes display a toxic phenotype in ALS, which results in MN damage. Glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play a pathological role in the disease progression. We previously demonstrated that in vivo genetic ablation or pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 reduced astrocyte activation and MN death, prolonged survival and ameliorated the clinical progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. This study aimed to investigate in vitro the effects of mGluR5 downregulation on the reactive spinal cord astrocytes cultured from adult late symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. We observed that mGluR5 downregulation in SOD1G93A astrocytes diminished the cytosolic Ca2+ overload under resting conditions and after mGluR5 simulation and reduced the expression of the reactive glial markers GFAP, S100β and vimentin. In vitro exposure to an anti-mGluR5 antisense oligonucleotide or to the negative allosteric modulator CTEP also ameliorated the altered reactive astrocyte phenotype. Downregulating mGluR5 in SOD1G93A mice reduced the synthesis and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and ameliorated the cellular bioenergetic profile by improving the diminished oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis and by lowering the excessive lactate dehydrogenase activity. Most relevantly, mGluR5 downregulation hampered the neurotoxicity of SOD1G93A astrocytes co-cultured with spinal cord MNs. We conclude that selective reduction in mGluR5 expression in SOD1G93A astrocytes positively modulates the astrocyte reactive phenotype and neurotoxicity towards MNs, further supporting mGluR5 as a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Elena Gallia
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Cerminara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.)
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Tessitore
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Musante
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Paolo Daneo, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.)
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- VIB-Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA; (P.J.-n.); (F.R.)
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (C.T.); (F.P.); (E.G.); (M.B.); (T.B.); (S.T.); (G.B.)
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Brunori M, Gianni S. An Outlook on the Complexity of Protein Morphogenesis in Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:909567. [PMID: 35769915 PMCID: PMC9234464 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.909567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the mechanisms whereby proteins achieve their native functionally competent conformation has been a key issue in molecular biosciences over the last 6 decades. Nevertheless, there are several debated issues and open problems concerning some aspects of this fundamental problem. By considering the emerging complexity of the so-called “native state,” we attempt hereby to propose a personal account on some of the key topics in the field, ranging from the relationships between misfolding and diseases to the significance of protein disorder. Finally, we briefly describe the recent and exciting advances in predicting protein structures from their amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Brunori
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli” and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università, Rome, Italy
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maurizio Brunori,
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli” and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università, Rome, Italy
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Bonifacino T, Rebosio C, Provenzano F, Torazza C, Balbi M, Milanese M, Raiteri L, Usai C, Fedele E, Bonanno G. Enhanced Function and Overexpression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1 and 5 in the Spinal Cord of the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis during Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184552. [PMID: 31540330 PMCID: PMC6774337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and our previous work highlighted that abnormal Glu release may represent a leading mechanism for excessive synaptic Glu. We demonstrated that group I metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR1, mGluR5) produced abnormal Glu release in SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord at a late disease stage (120 days). Here, we studied this phenomenon in pre-symptomatic (30 and 60 days) and early-symptomatic (90 days) SOD1G93A mice. The mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) concentration dependently stimulated the release of [3H]d-Aspartate ([3H]d-Asp), which was comparable in 30- and 60-day-old wild type mice and SOD1G93A mice. At variance, [3H]d-Asp release was significantly augmented in 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice and both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were involved. The 3,5-DHPG-induced [3H]d-Asp release was exocytotic, being of vesicular origin and mediated by intra-terminal Ca2+ release. mGluR1 and mGluR5 expression was increased in Glu spinal cord axon terminals of 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice, but not in the whole axon terminal population. Interestingly, mGluR1 and mGluR5 were significantly augmented in total spinal cord tissue already at 60 days. Thus, function and expression of group I mGluRs are enhanced in the early-symptomatic SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord, possibly participating in excessive Glu transmission and supporting their implication in ALS. Please define all abbreviations the first time they appear in the abstract, the main text, and the first figure or table caption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Raiteri
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Bonifacino T, Provenzano F, Gallia E, Ravera S, Torazza C, Bossi S, Ferrando S, Puliti A, Van Den Bosch L, Bonanno G, Milanese M. In-vivo genetic ablation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 slows down disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ravera S, Bonifacino T, Bartolucci M, Milanese M, Gallia E, Provenzano F, Cortese K, Panfoli I, Bonanno G. Characterization of the Mitochondrial Aerobic Metabolism in the Pre- and Perisynaptic Districts of the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9220-9233. [PMID: 29656361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscle wasting, weakness, and spasticity due to a progressive degeneration of cortical, brainstem, and spinal motor neurons. The etiopathological causes are still largely obscure, although astrocytes definitely play a role in neuronal damage. Several mechanisms have been proposed to concur to neurodegeneration in ALS, including mitochondrial dysfunction. We have previously shown profound modifications of glutamate release and presynaptic plasticity in the spinal cord of the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. In this work, we characterized, for the first time, the aerobic metabolism in two specific compartments actively involved in neurotransmission (i.e. the presynaptic district, using purified synaptosomes, and the perisynaptic astrocyte processes, using purified gliosomes) in SOD1G93A mice at different stages of the disease. ATP/AMP ratio was lower in synaptosomes isolated from the spinal cord, but not from other brain areas, of SOD1G93A vs. control mice. The energy impairment was linked to altered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and increment of lipid peroxidation. These metabolic dysfunctions were present during disease progression, starting at the very pre-symptomatic stages, and did not depend on a different number of mitochondria or a different expression of OxPhos proteins. Conversely, gliosomes showed a reduction of the ATP/AMP ratio only at the late stages of the disease and an increment of oxidative stress also in the absence of a significant decrement in OxPhos activity. Data suggest that the presynaptic neuronal moiety plays a pivotal role for synaptic energy metabolism dysfunctions in ALS. Changes in the perisynaptic compartment seem subordinated to neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gallia
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148, Genoa, Italy. .,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Bonifacino T, Musazzi L, Milanese M, Seguini M, Marte A, Gallia E, Cattaneo L, Onofri F, Popoli M, Bonanno G. Altered mechanisms underlying the abnormal glutamate release in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at a pre-symptomatic stage of the disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:122-33. [PMID: 27425885 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Glu release occurs in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice, a transgenic animal model for human ALS. Here we studied the mechanisms underlying Glu release in spinal cord nerve terminals of SOD1(G93A) mice at a pre-symptomatic disease stage (30days) and found that the basal release of Glu was more elevated in SOD1(G93A) with respect to SOD1 mice, and that the surplus of release relies on synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Exposure to high KCl or ionomycin provoked Ca(2+)-dependent Glu release that was likewise augmented in SOD1(G93A) mice. Equally, the Ca(2+)-independent hypertonic sucrose-induced Glu release was abnormally elevated in SOD1(G93A) mice. Also in this case, the surplus of Glu release was exocytotic in nature. We could determine elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, increased phosphorylation of Synapsin-I, which was causally related to the abnormal Glu release measured in spinal cord synaptosomes of pre-symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice, and increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 at the inhibitory sites, an event that favours SNARE protein assembly. Western blot experiments revealed an increased number of SNARE protein complexes at the nerve terminal membrane, with no changes of the three SNARE proteins and increased expression of synaptotagmin-1 and β-Actin, but not of an array of other release-related presynaptic proteins. These results indicate that the abnormal exocytotic Glu release in spinal cord of pre-symptomatic SOD1(G93A) mice is mainly based on the increased size of the readily releasable pool of vesicles and release facilitation, supported by plastic changes of specific presynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Mara Seguini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Elena Gallia
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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Spalloni A, Longone P. Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, clues from the SOD1 mouse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 60:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Xu X, Denic A, Jordan LR, Wittenberg NJ, Warrington AE, Wootla B, Papke LM, Zoecklein LJ, Yoo D, Shaver J, Oh SH, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. A natural human IgM that binds to gangliosides is therapeutic in murine models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:831-42. [PMID: 26035393 PMCID: PMC4527295 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, fatal neurological disease that primarily affects spinal cord anterior horn cells and their axons for which there is no treatment. Here we report the use of a recombinant natural human IgM that binds to the surface of neurons and supports neurite extension, rHIgM12, as a therapeutic strategy in murine models of human ALS. A single 200 µg intraperitoneal dose of rHIgM12 increases survival in two independent genetic-based mutant SOD1 mouse strains (SOD1G86R and SOD1G93A) by 8 and 10 days, delays the onset of neurological deficits by 16 days, delays the onset of weight loss by 5 days, and preserves spinal cord axons and anterior horn neurons. Immuno-overlay of thin layer chromatography and surface plasmon resonance show that rHIgM12 binds with high affinity to the complex gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. Addition of rHIgM12 to neurons in culture increases α-tubulin tyrosination levels, suggesting an alteration of microtubule dynamics. We previously reported that a single peripheral dose of rHIgM12 preserved neurological function in a murine model of demyelination with axon loss. Because rHIgM12 improves three different models of neurological disease, we propose that the IgM might act late in the cascade of neuronal stress and/or death by a broad mechanism. Summary: A single peripheral dose of a recombinant natural human IgM increases lifespan and delays neurological deficits in mouse models of human ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Louisa M Papke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Daehan Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonah Shaver
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Milanese M, Bonifacino T, Fedele E, Rebosio C, Cattaneo L, Benfenati F, Usai C, Bonanno G. Exocytosis regulates trafficking of GABA and glycine heterotransporters in spinal cord glutamatergic synapses: a mechanism for the excessive heterotransporter-induced release of glutamate in experimental amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:314-24. [PMID: 25497732 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of synaptic vesicle endo-exocytosis on the trafficking of nerve terminal heterotransporters was studied by monitoring membrane expression and function of the GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) and of type-1/2 glycine (Gly) transporters (GlyT-1/2) at spinal cord glutamatergic synaptic boutons. Experiments were performed by inducing exocytosis in wild-type (WT) mice, in amphiphysin-I knockout (Amph-I KO) mice, which show impaired endocytosis, or in mice expressing high copy number of mutant human SOD1 with a Gly93Ala substitution (SOD1(G93A)), a model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showing constitutively excessive Glu exocytosis. Exposure of spinal cord synaptosomes from WT mice to a 35mM KCl pulse increased the expression of GAT-1 at glutamatergic synaptosomal membranes and enhanced the GAT-1 heterotransporter-induced [(3)H]d-aspartate ([(3)H]d-Asp) release. Similar results were obtained in the case of GlyT-1/2 heterotransporters. Preventing depolarization-induced exocytosis normalized the excessive GAT-1 and GlyT-1/2 heterotransporter-induced [(3)H]d-Asp release in WT mice. Impaired endocytosis in Amph-I KO mice increased GAT-1 membrane expression and [(3)H]GABA uptake in spinal cord synaptosomes. Also the GAT-1 heterotransporter-evoked release of [(3)H]d-Asp was augmented in Amph-I KO mice. The constitutively excessive Glu exocytosis in SOD1(G93A) mice resulted in augmented GAT-1 expression at glutamatergic synaptosomal membranes and GAT-1 or GlyT-1/2 heterotransporter-mediated [(3)H]d-Asp release. Thus, endo-exocytosis regulates the trafficking of GAT-1 and GlyT-1/2 heterotransporters sited at spinal cord glutamatergic nerve terminals. As a consequence, it can be hypothesized that the excessive GAT-1 and GlyT-1/2 heterotransporter-mediated Glu release, in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice, is due to the heterotransporter over-expression at the nerve terminal membrane, promoted by the excessive Glu exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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12
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Wootla B, Denic A, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Need for a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches to CNS injury. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:409-20. [PMID: 22449213 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible damage to the nervous system can result from many causes including trauma, disruption of blood supply, pathogen infection or neurodegenerative disease. Common features following CNS injury include a disruption of axons, neuron death and injury, local B-cell and microglial activation, and the synthesis of pathogenic autoantibodies. CNS injury results in a pervasive inhibitory microenvironment that hinders regeneration. Current approaches to eliminate the inhibitory environment have met with limited success. These results argue for a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches to CNS injury. Targeting CNS cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) themselves may drive CNS repair. For example, our group and others have demonstrated that autoreactive antibodies can participate in aspects of CNS regeneration, including remyelination. We have developed recombinant autoreactive natural human IgM antibodies with the therapeutic potential for CNS repair in several neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Wong-Riley MTT, Besharse JC. The kinesin superfamily protein KIF17: one protein with many functions. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:267-282. [PMID: 23762210 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2011-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are ATP-dependent molecular motors that carry cargos along microtubules, generally in an anterograde direction. They are classified into 14 distinct families with varying structural and functional characteristics. KIF17 is a member of the kinesin-2 family that is plus end-directed. It is a homodimer with a pair of head motor domains that bind microtubules, a coiled-coil stalk, and a tail domain that binds cargos. In neurons, KIF17 transports N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit, kainate receptor GluR5, and potassium Kv4.2 channels from cell bodies exclusively to dendrites. These cargos are necessary for synaptic transmission, learning, memory, and other functions. KIF17's interaction with NXF2 enables the transport of mRNA bidirectionally in dendrites. KIF17 or its homolog OSM-3 also mediates intraflagellar transport of cargos to the distal tips of flagella or cilia, thereby aiding in ciliogenesis. In many invertebrate and vertebrate sensory cells, KIF17 delivers cargos that contribute to chemosensory perception and signal transduction. In vertebrate photoreceptors, KIF17 is necessary for outer segment development and disc morphogenesis. In the testis, KIF17 (KIF17b) mediates microtubule-independent delivery of ACT from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and microtubule-dependent transport of Spatial-ε, both are presumably involved in spermatogenesis. KIF17 is also implicated in epithelial polarity and morphogenesis, placental transport and development, and the development of specific brain regions. The transcriptional regulation of KIF17 has recently been found to be mediated by nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), which also regulates NR2B as well as energy metabolism in neurons. Dysfunctions of KIF17 are linked to a number of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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14
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Giribaldi F, Milanese M, Bonifacino T, Anna Rossi PI, Di Prisco S, Pittaluga A, Tacchetti C, Puliti A, Usai C, Bonanno G. Group I metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors induce abnormal glutamate exocytosis in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:253-63. [PMID: 22634363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity plays a major role in ALS and reduced astrocytic glutamate transport was suggested as a cause. Based on previous work we have proposed that abnormal release may represent another source of excessive glutamate. In this line, here we studied the modulation of glutamate release in ALS by Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, that comprise mGlu1 and mGlu5 members. Synaptosomes from the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1/G93A mice, a widely used murine model for human ALS, and controls were used in release, confocal or electron microscopy and Western blot experiments. Concentrations of the mGlu1/5 receptor agonist 3,5-DHPG >0.3 μM stimulated the release of [(3)H]d- aspartate, used to label the releasing pools of glutamate, both in control and SOD1/G93A mice. At variance, ≤0.3 μM 3,5-DHPG increased [(3)H]d-aspartate release in SOD1/G93A mice only. Experiments with selective antagonists indicated the involvement of both mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors, mGlu5 being preferentially involved in the high potency effects of 3,5-DHPG. High 3,5-DHPG concentrations increased IP3 formation in both mouse strains, whereas low 3,5-DHPG did it in SOD1/G93A mice only. Release experiments confirmed that 3,5-DHPG elicited [(3)H]d-aspartate exocytosis involving intra-terminal Ca(2+) release through IP3-sensitive channels. Confocal microscopy indicated the co-existence of both receptors presynaptically in the same glutamatergic nerve terminal in SOD1/G93A mice. To conclude, activation of mGlu1/5 receptors produced abnormal glutamate release in SOD1/G93A mice, suggesting that these receptors are implicated in ALS and that selective antagonists may be predicted for new therapeutic approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giribaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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15
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Gerber YN, Sabourin JC, Rabano M, Vivanco MDM, Perrin FE. Early functional deficit and microglial disturbances in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36000. [PMID: 22558300 PMCID: PMC3338492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective motoneurons degeneration. There is today no clear-cut pathogenesis sequence nor any treatment. However growing evidences are in favor of the involvement, besides neurons, of several partners such as glia and muscles. To better characterize the time course of pathological events in an animal model that recapitulates human ALS symptoms, we investigated functional and cellular characteristics of hSOD1(G93A) mice. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have evaluated locomotor function of hSOD1(G93A) mice through dynamic walking patterns and spontaneous motor activity analysis. We detected early functional deficits that redefine symptoms onset at 60 days of age, i.e. 20 days earlier than previously described. Moreover, sequential combination of these approaches allows monitoring of motor activity up to disease end stage. To tentatively correlate early functional deficit with cellular alterations we have used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry approaches to characterize neuromuscular junctions, astrocytes and microglia. We show that (1) decrease in neuromuscular junction's number correlates with motor impairment, (2) astrocytes number is not altered at pre- and early-symptomatic ages but intraspinal repartition is modified at symptoms onset, and (3) microglia modifications precede disease onset. At pre-symptomatic age, we show a decrease in microglia number whereas at onset of the disease two distinct microglia sub-populations emerge. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, precise motor analysis updates the onset of the disease in hSOD1(G93A) mice and allows locomotor monitoring until the end stage of the disease. Early functional deficits coincide with alterations of neuromuscular junctions. Importantly, we identify different sets of changes in microglia before disease onset as well as at early-symptomatic stage. This finding not only brings a new sequence of cellular events in the natural history of the disease, but it may also provide clues in the search for biomarkers of the disease, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Pathophysiology and Therapy of Sensory and Motor Deficits, Saint Elio Hospital, Montpellier, France
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Charles Sabourin
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miriam Rabano
- CIC bioGUNE, Cell Biology & Stem Cells Unit, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Maria d M Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Cell Biology & Stem Cells Unit, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Pathophysiology and Therapy of Sensory and Motor Deficits, Saint Elio Hospital, Montpellier, France
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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16
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Clos AL, Kayed R, Lasagna-Reeves CA. Association of skin with the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative amyloidosis. Front Neurol 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22319507 PMCID: PMC3262151 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis are a large group of conformational diseases characterized by abnormal protein folding and assembly which results in the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates that may accumulate systemically or locally in certain organs or tissue. In local amyloidosis, amyloid deposits are restricted to a particular organ or tissue. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are some examples of neurodegenerative amyloidosis. Local manifestation of protein aggregation in the skin has also been reported. Brain and skin are highly connected at a physiological and pathological level. Recently several studies demonstrated a strong connection between brain and skin in different amyloid diseases. In the present review, we discuss the relevance of the “brain–skin connection” in different neurodegenerative amyloidosis, not only at the pathological level, but also as a strategy for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra L Clos
- Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Sensorimotor and cognitive functions in a SOD1G37R transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Boutahar N, Wierinckx A, Camdessanche JP, Antoine JC, Reynaud E, Lassabliere F, Lachuer J, Borg J. Differential effect of oxidative or excitotoxic stress on the transcriptional profile of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutant SOD1 cultured neurons. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1439-50. [PMID: 21647936 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The causes of most cases of ALS are as yet undefined. In a previous study, it was shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and H(2)O(2) stimuli reduce neuronal survival in cortical neurons in culture (Boutahar et al., 2008). To identify variations in gene expression in response to these neurotoxins in transgenic vs. control cortical neurons cultures, both microarray and RT-PCR analysis were performed. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays showed changes in the expression of about 600 genes involved in protein degradation, neurotrophic factors pathway, cell cycle, inflammation, cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, transcription, or signalling. The most up-regulated genes following H(2)O(2) treatment were involved in cytoskeletal organization and axonal transport, such as ARAP2, KIF17, and DKK2, or in trophic factors pathways, such as insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), FGF17, and serpin2. The most down-regulated genes were involved in ion transport, such as TRPV1. After NMDA treatment, the most up-regulated genes were involved in protein degradation, such as ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I and cathepsin H, and the most down-regulated genes were involved in ion transport, such as SCN7A. We conclude that these neurotoxins act through different transcriptional inductions, and these changes may reflect an adaptative cellular response to the cellular stress induced by the neurotoxins involved in ALS in the presence of mutant human SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Boutahar
- Laboratoire de Neurobiochimie, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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19
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Berger JV, Deumens R, Goursaud S, Schäfer S, Lavand'homme P, Joosten EA, Hermans E. Enhanced neuroinflammation and pain hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury in rats expressing mutated superoxide dismutase 1. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:33. [PMID: 21489258 PMCID: PMC3090736 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and nitroxidative stress are implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. In view of both processes, microglial and astroglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn play a predominant role. The present study investigated the severity of neuropathic pain and the degree of glial activation in an inflammatory- and nitroxidative-prone animal model. Methods Transgenic rats expressing mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1G93A) are classically used as a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Because of the associated inflammatory- and nitroxidative-prone properties, this model was used to study thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity following partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Next to pain hypersensitivity assessment, microglial and astroglial activation states were moreover characterized, as well as inflammatory marker gene expression and the glutamate clearance system. Results PSNL induced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in both wild-type (WT) and transgenic rats. However, the degree of thermal hypersensitivity was found to be exacerbated in transgenic rats while mechanical hypersensitivity was only slightly and not significantly increased. Microglial Iba1 expression was found to be increased in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord after PSNL but such Iba1 up-regulation was enhanced in transgenic rats as compared WT rats, both at 3 days and at 21 days after injury. Moreover, mRNA levels of Nox2, a key enzyme in microglial activation, but also of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TLR4) were not modified in WT ligated rats at 21 days after PSNL as compared to WT sham group while transgenic ligated rats showed up-regulated gene expression of these 3 targets. On the other hand, the PSNL-induced increase in GFAP immunoreactivity spreading that was evidenced in WT rats was unexpectedly found to be attenuated in transgenic ligated rats. Finally, GLT-1 gene expression and uptake activity were shown to be similar between WT sham and WT ligated rats at 21 days after injury, while both parameters were significantly increased in the ipsilateral dorsal region of the lumbar spinal cord of hSOD1G93A rats. Conclusions Taken together, our findings show that exacerbated microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory and nitroxidative processes are associated with the severity of neuropathic pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Berger
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Milanese M, Zappettini S, Onofri F, Musazzi L, Tardito D, Bonifacino T, Messa M, Racagni G, Usai C, Benfenati F, Popoli M, Bonanno G. Abnormal exocytotic release of glutamate in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2011; 116:1028-42. [PMID: 21175617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity plays a major role in the degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and reduced astrocytary glutamate transport, which in turn increases the synaptic availability of the amino acid neurotransmitter, was suggested as a cause. Alternatively, here we report our studies on the exocytotic release of glutamate as a possible source of excessive glutamate transmission. The basal glutamate efflux from spinal cord nerve terminals of mice-expressing human soluble superoxide dismutase (SOD1) with the G93A mutation [SOD1/G93A(+)], a transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, was elevated when compared with transgenic mice expressing the wild-type human SOD1 or to non-transgenic controls. Exposure to 15 mM KCl or 0.3 μM ionomycin provoked Ca(2+)-dependent glutamate release that was dramatically increased in late symptomatic and in pre-symptomatic SOD1/G93A(+) mice. Increased Ca(2+) levels were detected in SOD1/G93A(+) mouse spinal cord nerve terminals, accompanied by increased activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and increased phosphorylation of synapsin I. In line with these findings, release experiments suggested that the glutamate release augmentation involves the readily releasable pool of vesicles and a greater capability of these vesicles to fuse upon stimulation in SOD1/G93A(+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milanese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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21
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Nutini M, Frazzini V, Marini C, Spalloni A, Sensi SL, Longone P. Zinc pre-treatment enhances NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons from SOD1(G93A) mouse, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1200-8. [PMID: 21056589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zn²+ is co-released at glutamatergic synapses throughout the central nervous system and acts as a neuromodulator for glutamatergic neurotransmission, as a key modulator of NMDA receptor functioning. Zn²+ is also implicated in the neurotoxicity associated with several models of acute brain injury and neurodegeneration. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord and cortex. In this study, we have investigated the modulatory role exerted by Zn²+ in NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity in either near-pure or mixed cortical cultured neurons obtained from either mice over-expressing the G93A mutant form of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) human gene, a gene linked to familial ALS, or wild type (WT) mice. To that aim, SOD1(G93A) or WT cultures were exposed to either NMDA by itself or to Zn²+ prior to a toxic challenge with NMDA, and neuronal loss evaluated 24 h later. While we failed to observe any significant difference between NMDA and Zn²+/NMDA-mediated toxicity in mixed SOD1(G93A) or WT cortical cultures, different vulnerability to these toxic paradigms was found in near-pure neuronal cultures. In the WT near-pure neuronal cultures, a brief exposure to sublethal concentrations of Zn²+-enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated cell death, an effect that was far more pronounced in the SOD1(G93A) cultures. This increased excitotoxicity in SOD1(G93A) near-pure neuronal cultures appears to be mediated by a significant increase in NMDA-dependent rises of intraneuronal Ca²+ levels as well as enhanced production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species, while the injurious process seems to be unrelated to activation of nNOS or ERK1/2 pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Nutini
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Neuroscience, University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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22
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Milanese M, Zappettini S, Jacchetti E, Bonifacino T, Cervetto C, Usai C, Bonanno G. In vitroactivation of GAT1 transporters expressed in spinal cord gliosomes stimulates glutamate release that is abnormally elevated in the SOD1/G93A(+) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2010; 113:489-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Glutamate release from astrocytic gliosomes under physiological and pathological conditions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 85:295-318. [PMID: 19607977 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)85021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Glial subcellular particles (gliosomes) have been purified from rat cerebral cortex or mouse spinal cord and investigated for their ability to release glutamate. Confocal microscopy showed that gliosomes are enriched with glia-specific proteins, such as GFAP and S-100 but not neuronal proteins, such as PSD-95, MAP-2, and beta-tubulin III. Furthermore, gliosomes exhibit labeling neither for integrin-alphaM nor for myelin basic protein, specific for microglia and oligodendrocytes, respectively. The gliosomal fraction contains proteins of the exocytotic machinery coexisting with GFAP. Consistent with ultrastructural analysis, several nonclustered vesicles are present in the gliosome cytoplasm. Finally, gliosomes represent functional organelles that actively export glutamate when subjected to releasing stimuli, such as ionomycin, high KCl, veratrine, 4-aminopyridine, AMPA, or ATP by mechanisms involving extracellular Ca2+, Ca2+ release from intracellular stores as well as reversal of glutamate transporters. In addition, gliosomes can release glutamate also by a mechanism involving heterologous transporter activation (heterotransporters) located on glutamate-releasing and glutamate transporter-expressing (homotransporters) gliosomes. This glutamate release involves reversal of glutamate transporters and anion channel opening, but not exocytosis. Both the exocytotic and the heterotransporter-mediated glutamate release were more abundant in gliosomes prepared from the spinal cord of transgenic mice, model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, than in controls; suggesting the involvement of astrocytic glutamate release in the excitotoxicity proposed as a cause of motor neuron degeneration. The results support the view that gliosomes may represent a viable preparation that allows to study mechanisms of astrocytic transmitter release and its regulation in healthy animals and in animal models of brain diseases.
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Johnson FO, Atchison WD. The role of environmental mercury, lead and pesticide exposure in development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:761-5. [PMID: 19632272 PMCID: PMC2761528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to an environmental toxicant as a risk factor in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was first hinted at (demonstrated) in the Chamorro indigenous people of Guam. During the 1950s and 1960s these indigenous people presented an extremely high incidence of ALS which was presumed to be associated with the consumption of flying fox and cycad seeds. No other strong association between ALS and environmental toxicants has since been reported, although circumstantial epidemiological evidence has implicated exposure to heavy metals such as lead and mercury, industrial solvents and pesticides especially organophosphates and certain occupations such as playing professional soccer. Given that only approximately 10% of all ALS diagnosis have a genetic basis, a gene-environmental interaction provides a plausible explanation for the other 90% of cases. This mini-review provides an overview of our current knowledge of environmental etiologies of ALS with emphasis on the effects of mercury, lead and pesticides as potential risk factors in developing ALS. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence from animal models investigating the possible association between exposure to environmental toxicant and ALS disease has proven inconclusive. Nonetheless, there are indications that there may be causal links, and a need for more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank O Johnson
- Center for Integrative Toxicology and Neuroscience Program and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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25
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Specific electron transport chain abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 2009; 256:774-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Elman LB, McCluskey L, Grossman M. Motor neuron disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a tale of two disorders linked to TDP-43. Neurosignals 2007; 16:85-90. [PMID: 18097163 DOI: 10.1159/000109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative condition long thought to be associated only with motor weakness. Recent work now shows that cognitive difficulties are present in up to half of the patients with this disorder. About 5-10% of patients with MND have a frank dementia that resembles frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Imaging studies show quantitative abnormalities that resemble FTLD. Moreover, biochemical studies of ubiquinated histopathologic abnormalities in MND and FTLD reveal identical inclusions of TDP-43. These findings underline a fundamental link between MND and FTLD. This paper reviews this body of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Elman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Sorarù G, Vergani L, Fedrizzi L, D'Ascenzo C, Polo A, Bernazzi B, Angelini C. Activities of mitochondrial complexes correlate with nNOS amount in muscle from ALS patients. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:204-11. [PMID: 17359361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is poorly understood. Increased levels of free radicals derived from nitric oxide (NO), the product of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), may damage mitochondrial function leading to motor neurone death. Previous studies demonstrated a specific impairment of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of ALS patients. In order to verify a pathogenetic relationship between neuronal NOS (nNOS) and mitochondrial function, we studied nNOS expression by Western blot and mitochondrial enzyme activity by spectrophotometric assays in muscle biopsies of 16 sporadic ALS patients and 16 controls subjects. We observed a reduced activity of respiratory chain complexes with mitochondrial encoded subunits and a lower nNOS amount in ALS muscles. There was a direct correlation between levels of nNOS and values of mitochondrial enzymes function. In ALS muscles we found normal levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) that is assumed as related to mitochondrial DNA abnormalities. Our data suggest a beneficial role for NO to mitochondrial function and lead to the hypothesis of a common oxidative damage in motor neurones and skeletal muscle in sporadic ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sorarù
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences - University of Padova, Italy.
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Tankersley CG, Haenggeli C, Rothstein JD. Respiratory impairment in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:926-32. [PMID: 17110520 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00193.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neuromuscular disease that is associated with the degeneration of cortical and spinal motoneurons, leading to atrophy of limb, axial, and respiratory muscles. Patients with ALS invariably develop respiratory muscle weakness and most die from pulmonary complications. Overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations in mice recapitulates several of the clinical and pathological characteristics of ALS and is therefore a valuable tool to study this disease. The present study is intended to evaluate an age-dependent progression of respiratory complications in SOD1(G93A) mutant mice. In each animal, baseline measurements of breathing pattern [i.e., breathing frequency and tidal volume (VT)], minute ventilation (VE), and metabolism (i.e., oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production) were repeatedly sampled at variable time points between 10 and 20 wk of age with the use of whole-body plethysmographic chambers. To further characterize the neurodegeneration of breathing, VE was also measured during 5-min challenges of hypercapnia (5% CO(2)) and hypoxia (10% O(2)). At baseline, breathing characteristics and metabolism remained relatively unchanged from 10 to 14 wk of age. From 14 to 18 wk of age, there were significant (P < 0.05) increases in baseline VT, VE, and the ventilatory equivalent (VE/oxygen consumption). After 18 wk of age, there was a rapid decline in VE due to significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both breathing frequency and VT. Whereas little change in hypoxic VE responses occurred between 10 and 18 wk, hypercapnic VE responses were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated at 18 wk due to an augmented VT response. Like baseline breathing characteristics, hypercapnic VE responses also declined rapidly after 18 wk of age. The phenotypic profile of SOD1(G93A) mutant mice was apparently unique because similar changes in respiration and metabolism were not observed in SOD1 controls. The present results outline the magnitude and time course of respiratory complications in SOD1(G93A) mutant mice as the progression of disease occurs in this mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke G Tankersley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Bendotti C, Bao Cutrona M, Cheroni C, Grignaschi G, Lo Coco D, Peviani M, Tortarolo M, Veglianese P, Zennaro E. Inter- and intracellular signaling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 2:128-34. [PMID: 16909017 DOI: 10.1159/000089617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic processes underlying the selective motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are complex and still not completely understood even in the cases of inherited disease caused by mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-dependent (SOD1) gene. Recent evidence supports the view that ALS is not a cell-autonomous disease and that glial-neuron cross-talk, throughout cytokines and other toxic factors like the nitric oxide and superoxide, is a crucial determinant for the induction of motor neuron death. This cell-cell interaction may determine the progression of the disease through processes that are likely independent of the initial trigger and that may converge on the activation of intracellular death pathways in the motor neurons. In this review we provide support to the hypothesis that aberrant expression and activity of p38 mitogen protein-activated kinases cascade (p38MAPK) in motor neurons and glial cells may play a role in the development and progression of ALS. Increased activation of p38MAPK may phosphorylate neuron-specific substrates altering their physiological properties and it may turn on responsive genes leading to neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milano, Italy.
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Attarian S, Vedel JP, Pouget J, Schmied A. Cortical versus spinal dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33:677-90. [PMID: 16506152 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the possible link between cortical and spinal motor neuron dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We correlated the characteristics of the responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the electromechanical properties and firing pattern of single motor units (MUs) tested in nine ALS patients, three patients with Kennedy's disease, and 15 healthy subjects. In Kennedy's disease, 19 of 22 MUs were markedly enlarged with good electromechanical coupling and discharged with great variability. Their excitatory responses increased with MU size. In ALS, 17 of 34 MUs with excitatory responses behaved as in Kennedy's disease. By contrast, 28 MUs with nonsignificant responses showed poor electromechanical coupling and high firing rates, whereas 28 MUs with inhibitory responses showed moderate functional alterations. This result indicates that in ALS as in Kennedy's disease, sprouting of corticospinal axons may occur on surviving motoneurons. A clear relationship exists between the responsiveness of MUs to TMS and their functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Attarian
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, CHU La Timone, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France. sattarian@@ap-hm.fr
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31
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Stephens B, Guiloff RJ, Navarrete R, Newman P, Nikhar N, Lewis P. Widespread loss of neuronal populations in the spinal ventral horn in sporadic motor neuron disease. A morphometric study. J Neurol Sci 2006; 244:41-58. [PMID: 16487542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytopathology and loss of neurons was studied in 7670 neurons from the ventral horn of the third lumbar segment of the spinal cord of six sporadic motor neuron disease (MND) patients compared with 7568 neurons in seven age matched control subjects. A modified Tomlinson et al. [Tomlinson BE, Irving D, Rebeiz JJ. Total numbers of limb motor neurones in the human lumbosacral cord and an analysis of the accuracy of various sampling procedures. J Neurol Sci 1973;20:313-27] sampling procedure was used for neuronal counts. The ventral horn was divided in quadrants. Neuronal populations were also classified by the maximum cell diameter through the nucleolus. There was widespread loss of neurons in all quadrants of the ventral horn in MND. Size distribution histograms showed similar neuron loss across all populations of neurons. The dorsomedial quadrant contains almost exclusively interneurons and the ventrolateral quadrant mostly motor neurons. The cytopathology of neurons in the dorsomedial quadrant and of large motorneurons in the ventrolateral quadrant MND was similar. In the dorsomedial quadrant, neuron loss (56.7%) was similar to the loss of large motor neurons in the ventrolateral quadrant (64.4%). The loss of presumed motor neurons and interneurons increased with increased disease duration. There was no evidence that loss of presumed interneurons occurred prior, or subsequent, to loss of motor neurons. We conclude that, in sporadic MND, all neuronal populations in the ventral horn are affected and that interneurons are involved to a similar extent and in parallel with motor neurons, as reported in the G86R transgenic mouse model of familial MND. The increasing evidence of loss of neurons other than motor neurons in MND suggests the need for revising the concept of selective motor neuron vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stephens
- Neuromuscular Unit, West London Neurosciences Centre, Imperial College London, UK
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Raiteri L, Zappettini S, Stigliani S, Paluzzi S, Raiteri M, Bonanno G. Glutamate release induced by activation of glycine and GABA transporters in spinal cord is enhanced in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:883-92. [PMID: 15885796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease, involving both upper and lower motor neurons, the cause of which is obscure, although glutamate (GLU)-induced excitotoxicity has been suggested to play a major role. We studied the release of [3H]d-aspartate ([3H]d-ASP) and endogenous glutamate evoked by glycine (GLY) or GABA from spinal cord synaptosomes in mice expressing a mutant form of human SOD1 with a Gly93Ala substitution ([SOD1-G93A(+)]), a transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in mice expressing the non-mutated form of human SOD1 [SOD1+], and in non-transgenic littermates [SOD1(-)/G93A(-)]. In parallel experiments, we also studied the release of [3H]GABA evoked by GLY and that of [3H]GLY evoked by GABA. Mutant mice were killed at advanced phase of pathology or during the pre-symptomatic period. In SOD1(-)/G93A(-) or SOD1(+) mice GLY evoked [3H]d-ASP and [3H]GABA release, while GABA caused [3H]d-ASP, but not [3H]GLY, release. The GLY-evoked release of [3H]d-ASP, but not that of [3H]GABA, and the GABA-evoked [3H]d-ASP release, but not that of [3H]GLY, were more pronounced in SOD1-G93A(+) than in SOD1(+) or SOD1(-)/G93A(-) mice. Furthermore, the excessive potentiation of [3H]d-ASP by GLY or GABA was already present in asymptomatic 30-40 day-old SOD1-G93A(+) mice. The releases of endogenous glutamate and GABA also were enhanced by GLY and the GLY-evoked release of endogenous glutamate, but not of endogenous GABA, was higher in SOD1-G93A(+) than in control animals. Potentiation of the spontaneous amino acid release is likely to be mediated by activation of a GLY or a GABA transporter, since the effect of GLY was counteracted by the GLY transporter blocker glycyldodecylamide but not by the GLY receptor antagonists strychnine and 5,7-dichlorokynurenate while the effect of GABA was diminished by the GABA transporter blocker SKF89976-A but not by the GABA receptor antagonists SR9531 and CGP52432. It is concluded that the glutamate release machinery seems excessively functional in SOD1-G93A(+) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Raiteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
Unphysiologically high levels of nitric oxide (NO*) are mutagenic and may contribute to carcinogenesis. Proapoptotic and anitiapoptotic functions of NO* have been reported in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models. The complexity of biological responses induced is a consequence of the multiple chemical pathways through which NO* causes damage to critical cellular macromolecules. The extent and kinetics of apoptotic and other responses are highly dependent on steady-state NO* levels, cumulative total dose and cell type. Steady-state and total dose thresholds have been defined, both of which must be exceeded for the induction of apoptosis and other responses in human lymphoblastoid cells. DNA damage, protein modifications, p53 activation and mitochondrial respiratory inhibition contribute to NO*-mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial and Fas receptor pathways. Multifaceted cellular defense systems including glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling participate in protective responses to mitigate damage by toxic levels of NO*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qi Li
- Biological Engineering Division and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Room 26-009, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lalonde R, Dumont M, Paly E, London J, Strazielle C. Characterization of hemizygous SOD1/wild-type transgenic mice with the SHIRPA primary screen and tests of sensorimotor function and anxiety. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64:251-8. [PMID: 15464862 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SOD1 is one of several overexpressed genes in Down's syndrome. In order to dissect genetic causes of the syndrome, hemizygous human wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice were compared to FVB/N non-transgenic controls at 3 months of age in the SHIRPA primary screen of neurologic function as well as in tests of motor activity and coordination. The responsiveness of SOD1/wt transgenic mice to visual and somatosensory stimuli was reduced in placing, pinna, corneal, and toe-pinch tests. In addition, SOD1/wt transgenic mice crossed fewer segments on a stationary beam. On the contrary, there was no intergroup difference for motor activity and anxiety in open-field and emergence tests and for latencies before falling on the stationary beam, coat-hanger, and rotorod. These results indicate mild deficits in sensorimotor responsiveness in a mouse model expressing human SOD1 and that the overexpressed gene may be responsible for some Down symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, INSERM U614, Bâtiment de Recherche, 22 bld Gambetta, Salle 1D18, 76183 Rouen, Cedex, France.
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Choi JS, Cho S, Park SG, Park BC, Lee DH. Co-chaperone CHIP associates with mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase proteins linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and promotes their degradation by proteasomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:574-83. [PMID: 15358145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the molecular chaperones are implicated to play an important role in pathogenesis of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) caused by mutations in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), the mechanism underlying the causes of this fatal disease is still poorly understood. Here we found that co-chaperone CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein), together with molecular chaperones Hsc70/Hsp70 and Hsp90, associates with FALS-linked mutant SOD1 proteins in cultured human cells. S5a subunit of 26S proteasomes, which recognizes polyubiquitylated proteins, also interacts with mutant SOD1 proteins. Over-expression of CHIP leads to the reduction in cellular levels of mutant SOD1 as well as the suppression of cytotoxicity induced by mutant SOD1. Unusually, rather than increasing the level of poly-ubiquitylated SOD1, over-expressed CHIP alters the ubiquitylation pattern of mutant SOD1 proteins. Both down-regulation and ubiquitylation of mutant SOD1 are greatly reduced by a mutant CHIP protein lacking U-box domain. Taken together, these results suggest that co-chaperone CHIP, possibly with another E3 ligase(s), modulates the ubiquitylation of mutant SOD1 and renders them more susceptible for proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Choi
- Systemic Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, Republic of Korea
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36
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Rossi L, Lombardo MF, Ciriolo MR, Rotilio G. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases associated with copper imbalance. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:493-504. [PMID: 15038597 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000014820.99232.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential transition metal ion for the function of key metabolic enzymes, but its uncontrolled redox reactivity is source of reactive oxygen species. Therefore a network of transporters strictly controls the trafficking of copper in living systems. Deficit, excess, or aberrant coordination of copper are conditions that may be detrimental, especially for neuronal cells, which are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. Indeed, the genetic disturbances of copper homeostasis, Menkes' and Wilson's diseases, are associated with neurodegeneration. Furthermore, copper interacts with the proteins that are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion diseases, and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In all cases, copper-mediated oxidative stress is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a common feature of neurodegeneration. In particular we recently demonstrated that in copper deficiency, mitochondrial function is impaired due to decreased activity of cytochrome c oxidase, leading to production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptotic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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37
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Raiteri L, Stigliani S, Zappettini S, Mercuri NB, Raiteri M, Bonanno G. Excessive and precocious glutamate release in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2004; 46:782-92. [PMID: 15033338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2003.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The release of [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-ASP) or [3H]GABA evoked by glycine and that of [3H]D-ASP or [3H]glycine evoked by GABA from spinal cord synaptosomes were studied in SOD1-G93A(+) mice, a transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, SOD1(+) mice and SOD1(-)/G93A(-) animals. Mutant mice were killed at advanced phase of pathology or during the presymptomatic period. In SOD1(-)/G93A(-) or SOD1(+) mice glycine evoked [(3)H]d-ASP and [(3)H]GABA release, while GABA caused [3H]D-ASP, but not [3H]glycine, release. The glycine-evoked release of [3H]D-ASP, but not that of [3H]GABA, and the GABA-evoked [3H]D-ASP release, but not that of [3H]glycine, were more pronounced in SOD1-G93A(+) than in SOD1(+) mice. Furthermore, these potentiations were already present in asymptomatic 30- to 40-day-old mice. Basal [3H]D-ASP release was also higher in SOD1-G93A(+) than SOD1(+) or SOD1(-)/G93A(-) mice. The release of endogenous glutamate and GABA was also enhanced in asymptomatic animals; the glycine-evoked release of endogenous glutamate, but not of endogenous GABA, was higher in SOD1-G93A(+) than in SOD1(+) animals. The effects of glycine and GABA were insensitive to receptor blockers, but sensitive to transporter inhibitors, indicating coexistence of glutamate and glycine transporters and of glutamate and GABA transporters on glutamate-releasing terminals. The glutamate release machinery seems excessively functional in SOD1-G93A(+) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Raiteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa 16148, Italy
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Neurobehavioral characteristics of mice with modified intermediate filament genes. Rev Neurosci 2003; 14:369-85. [PMID: 14640321 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2003.14.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate proteins comprise cytoskeletal elements that preserve the shape and structure of neurons. These proteins have been proposed to be involved in the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), mainly characterized by motoneuron atrophy and paresis. In support of this hypothesis are the findings that genetically modified mice for intermediate filaments successfully mimic certain neuropathological aspects of ALS, such as reduced axonal caliber and retarded conduction speed in peripheral nerves, although often without leading to paresis. Nevertheless, even in those models with no overt phenotype, the involvement of intermediate proteins in motor function is underlined by the deficits in tests of balance and equilibrium revealed in mice containing transgenes for neurofilament of heavy molecular weight (NFH), alpha-internexin, peripherin, and vimentin. In addition, spatial learning was impaired in transgenic mice expressing transgenes for NFH and NFM, similar to the memory deficits reported in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Université de Rouen, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, INSERM, Rouen, France.
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Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Scontrini A, Tremante E, Caridi I, Brunetti E, Buttarelli FR, Pontieri FE. Adrenal dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26:RC23-5. [PMID: 15055464 DOI: 10.1007/bf03349149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by weakness, muscle wasting, fasciculations and increased reflexes, with conserved intellect and higher function. The disease is due to degeneration of the motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brainstem nuclei and anterior horns of the spinal cord. Although ALS poses an extreme burden on individual condition, data are missing concerning the regulation of adrenal function in the disease. In the present study we investigated cortisol levels in saliva of ALS patients as compared to healthy subjects. The results showed the loss of circadian rhythm of cortisol levels in ALS; in particular, levels of cortisol in the evening sample were significantly increased in ALS patients with respect to controls. Moreover, ALS patients did not show any physiological increase of cortisol levels following an unexpected mild stress (color-word Stroop test). These findings indicate the dysregulation of adrenal activity in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Patacchioli
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia V. Erspamer, Roma, Italy.
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Aquilano K, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Proteasome activation and nNOS down-regulation in neuroblastoma cells expressing a Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutant involved in familial ALS. J Neurochem 2003; 85:1324-35. [PMID: 12753090 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have emerged as predominant effectors of neurodegeneration. We demonstrated that expression of the fully active G93A Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutant in neuroblastoma cells is associated with an increased level of oxidatively modified proteins, in terms of carbonylated residues. A parallel increase in proteasome activity was detected and this was mandatory in order to assure cell viability. In fact, proteasome inhibition by lactacystin or MG132 resulted in programmed cell death. Nitrosative stress was not involved in the oxidative unbalance, as a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide production and down-regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) level were detected. The nNOS down-regulation was correlated to increased proteolytic degradation by proteasome, because comparable levels of nNOS were detected in G93A and parental cells upon treatment with lactacystin. The altered rate of proteolysis observed in G93A cells was specific for nNOS as Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD) degradation by proteasome was influenced neither by its mutation nor by increased proteasome activity. Treatment with the antioxidant 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide resulted in inhibition of protein oxidation and decrease in proteasome activity to the basal levels. Overall these results confirm the pro-oxidant activity of G93A Cu,Zn SOD mutant and, at the same time, suggest a cross-talk between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species via the proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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41
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Raiteri L, Paolucci E, Prisco S, Raiteri M, Bonanno G. Activation of a glycine transporter on spinal cord neurons causes enhanced glutamate release in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1021-5. [PMID: 12684256 PMCID: PMC1573752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of [(3)H]D-aspartate ([(3)H]D-ASP) or [(3)H]GABA evoked by glycine from spinal cord synaptosomes was compared in mice expressing mutant human SOD1 with a Gly(93) Ala substitution ([SOD1-G93A(+)]), a transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and in control mice. Mice expressing mutated SOD1 were killed at the advanced phase of the pathology, when they showed signs of ingestion disability, because of paralysis of the posterior limbs. In control mice glycine concentration-dependently evoked [(3)H]D-ASP and [(3)H]GABA release. Potentiation of the spontaneous release of both amino acids is likely to be mediated by activation of a glycine transporter, since the effects of glycine were counteracted by the glycine transporter blocker glycyldodecylamide but not by the glycine receptor antagonists strychnine and 5,7-dichlorokynurenate. The glycine-evoked release of [(3)H]D-ASP, but not that of [(3)H]GABA, was significantly more pronounced in SOD1-G93A(+) than in control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Raiteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Egle Paolucci
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina, 306 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Prisco
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina, 306 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Raiteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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42
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Mariotti R, Cristino L, Bressan C, Boscolo S, Bentivoglio M. Altered reaction of facial motoneurons to axonal damage in the presymptomatic phase of a murine model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience 2003; 115:331-5. [PMID: 12421599 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In transgenic mice carrying the G93A human mutation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which provide a model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we investigated, before the onset of symptoms, two parameters of the response of facial motoneurons to nerve transection, i.e. nitric oxide synthase induction and motoneuron loss. Axotomy elicited after 2 and 3 weeks high nitric oxide synthase expression in facial motoneurons of wild-type mice, whereas the induction was very weak or absent in transgenic mice. At 1 month post-axotomy, loss of facial motoneurons was significantly higher in mutant mice than in wild-type littermates. Thus, SOD1 mutation interferes with the oxidative cascade elicited by axonal injury in cranial motoneurons. The results also indicate that the adverse gain of function of the mutant SOD1 enhances the vulnerability of motoneurons to peripheral stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mariotti
- Department of Morphological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, Faculty of Medicine, Strada Le Grazie 8, Italy
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43
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Cardoso RMF, Thayer MM, DiDonato M, Lo TP, Bruns CK, Getzoff ED, Tainer JA. Insights into Lou Gehrig's disease from the structure and instability of the A4V mutant of human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. J Mol Biol 2002; 324:247-56. [PMID: 12441104 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in human superoxide dismutase (HSOD) have been linked to the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in humans. In ALS patients, selective killing of motor neurons leads to progressive paralysis and death within one to five years of onset. The most frequent FALS mutation in HSOD, Ala4-->Val, is associated with the most rapid disease progression. Here we identify and characterize key differences in the stability between the A4V mutant protein and its thermostable parent (HSOD-AS), in which free cysteine residues were mutated to eliminate interferences from cysteine oxidation. Denaturation studies reveal that A4V unfolds at a guanidine-HCl concentration 1M lower than HSOD-AS, revealing that A4V is significantly less stable than HSOD-AS. Determination and analysis of the crystallographic structures of A4V and HSOD-AS reveal structural features likely responsible for the loss of architectural stability of A4V observed in the denaturation experiments. The combined structural and biophysical results presented here argue that architectural destabilization of the HSOD protein may underlie the toxic function of the many HSOD FALS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M F Cardoso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Maildrop MB4, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1027, USA
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44
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a characteristic of pathologically affected tissue in several neurodegenerative disorders. These changes can be observed in the brainstem and spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases and in mouse models of the disease. They include an accumulation of large numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes, as well as small numbers of T cells, mostly adhering to postcapillary venules. Accompanying biochemical alterations include the appearance of numerous molecules characteristic of free-radical attack, the occurrence of proteins associated with activation of the complement cascade, and a sharp upregulation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Anti-inflammatory agents may have a role to play in treating ALS. COX-2 is a particularly attractive target because of its marked increase in ALS spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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45
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Halliwell B. Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs Aging 2002; 18:685-716. [PMID: 11599635 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200118090-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1011] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and other so-called 'reactive species' are constantly produced in the brain in vivo. Some arise by 'accidents of chemistry', an example of which may be the leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain to generate superoxide radical (O2*-). Others are generated for useful purposes, such as the role of nitric oxide in neurotransmission and the production of O2*- by activated microglia. Because of its high ATP demand, the brain consumes O2 rapidly, and is thus susceptible to interference with mitochondrial function, which can in turn lead to increased O2*- formation. The brain contains multiple antioxidant defences, of which the mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione seem especially important. Iron is a powerful promoter of free radical damage, able to catalyse generation of highly reactive hydroxyl, alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides, respectively. Although most iron in the brain is stored in ferritin, 'catalytic' iron is readily mobilised from injured brain tissue. Increased levels of oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins have been detected by a range of assays in post-mortem tissues from patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and at least some of these changes may occur early in disease progression. The accumulation and precipitation of proteins that occur in these diseases may be aggravated by oxidative damage, and may in turn cause more oxidative damage by interfering with the function of the proteasome. Indeed, it has been shown that proteasomal inhibition increases levels of oxidative damage not only to proteins but also to other biomolecules. Hence, there are many attempts to develop antioxidants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and decrease oxidative damage. Natural antioxidants such as vitamin E (tocopherol), carotenoids and flavonoids do not readily enter the brain in the adult, and the lazaroid antioxidant tirilazad (U-74006F) appears to localise in the blood-brain barrier. Other antioxidants under development include modified spin traps and low molecular mass scavengers of O2*-. One possible source of lead compounds is the use of traditional remedies claimed to improve brain function. Little is known about the impact of dietary antioxidants upon the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. Several agents already in therapeutic use might exert some of their effects by antioxidant action, including selegiline (deprenyl), apomorphine and nitecapone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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46
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Yamamoto M, Kobayashi Y, Li M, Niwa H, Mitsuma N, Ito Y, Muramatsu T, Sobue G. In vivo gene electroporation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) into skeletal muscle of SOD1 mutant mice. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1201-7. [PMID: 11874201 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013959121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurons degenerate with intracellular vacuolar change and eventually disappear in spinal cords of SOD1 mutant mice, resembling human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The GDNF gene was electroporatically transferred into the leg muscles of SOD1 mutant mice and expressed in muscle cells. This gene therapy with GDNF delayed the deterioration of motor performance, being retrogradely transported into spinal motor neurons. However, the number of the motor neurons and survival of the mutant mice were not improved by GDNF treatment. These results indicate that in vivo gene electroporation of GDNF into muscles could be an appropriate therapeutic approach to ameliorate an early dysfunction of motor neurons in SOD1 mutant mice, but further improvement is needed to use this gene transfer as an effective treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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47
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Abstract
Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and neurons. The transporter proteins represent the only (significant) mechanism for removal of glutamate from the extracellular fluid and their importance for the long-term maintenance of low and non-toxic concentrations of glutamate is now well documented. In addition to this simple, but essential glutamate removal role, the glutamate transporters appear to have more sophisticated functions in the modulation of neurotransmission. They may modify the time course of synaptic events, the extent and pattern of activation and desensitization of receptors outside the synaptic cleft and at neighboring synapses (intersynaptic cross-talk). Further, the glutamate transporters provide glutamate for synthesis of e.g. GABA, glutathione and protein, and for energy production. They also play roles in peripheral organs and tissues (e.g. bone, heart, intestine, kidneys, pancreas and placenta). Glutamate uptake appears to be modulated on virtually all possible levels, i.e. DNA transcription, mRNA splicing and degradation, protein synthesis and targeting, and actual amino acid transport activity and associated ion channel activities. A variety of soluble compounds (e.g. glutamate, cytokines and growth factors) influence glutamate transporter expression and activities. Neither the normal functioning of glutamatergic synapses nor the pathogenesis of major neurological diseases (e.g. cerebral ischemia, hypoglycemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and schizophrenia) as well as non-neurological diseases (e.g. osteoporosis) can be properly understood unless more is learned about these transporter proteins. Like glutamate itself, glutamate transporters are somehow involved in almost all aspects of normal and abnormal brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Danbolt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Yamakura F, Matsumoto T, Fujimura T, Taka H, Murayama K, Imai T, Uchida K. Modification of a single tryptophan residue in human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase by peroxynitrite in the presence of bicarbonate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1548:38-46. [PMID: 11451436 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human recombinant Cu,Zn-SOD was reacted with peroxynitrite in a reaction mixture containing 150 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) 25 mM sodium bicarbonate, and 0.1 mM diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. Disappearance of fluorescence emission at 350 nm, which could be attributed to modification of a single tryptophan residue, was observed in the modified enzyme with a pH optimum of around 8.4. A fluorescence decrease with the same pH optimum was also observed without sodium bicarbonate, but with less efficiency. Amino acid contents of the modified enzyme showed no significant difference in all amino acids except the loss of a single tryptophan residue of the enzyme. The peroxynitrite-modified enzyme showed an increase in optical absorption around 350 nm and 30% reduced enzyme activity based on the copper contents. The modified enzyme showed the same electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum as that of the control enzyme. The modified Cu,Zn-SOD showed a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS--PAGE) and five protein bands in non-denaturing PAGE. From this evidence, we conclude that nitration and/or oxidation of the single tryptophan 32 and partial inactivation of the enzyme activity of Cu,Zn-SOD is caused by a peroxynitrite-carbon dioxide adduct without perturbation of the active site copper integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yamakura
- Department of Chemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Inba, Chiba, Japan.
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49
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Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, De Martino A, Carrì MT, Rotilio G. Differential role of superoxide and glutathione in S-nitrosoglutathione-mediated apoptosis: a rationale for mild forms of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with less active Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutants. J Neurochem 2001; 77:1433-43. [PMID: 11413228 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the enzymatically inactive Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutant H46R were more resistant to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-induced apoptosis. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase 3 activation, p53 up-regulation, p21 cleavage and Bcl-2 modulation, all involved in the apoptotic process, were significantly less altered with respect to untransfected cells. The H46R resistance to NO was associated with a higher content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and was abolished by blockage of glutathione synthesis. On the other hand, H46R cells were as sensitive as SH-SY5Y cells to puromycin-induced apoptosis; furthermore, they were more susceptible to apoptosis elicited by the superoxide-generating drug paraquat and to cell necrosis provoked by t-butyl hydroperoxide. These results confirm that the level of superoxide dismutase activity is fundamental for protecting cells against oxygen free radical challenge. Its impairment is not detrimental to cells exposed to NO, as long as the overall reducing power represented by GSH is assured. These results are relevant to explain a milder progression of the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease when associated with the H46R mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ciriolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chieti 'G. D'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy.
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50
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Rossi L, Marchese E, Lombardo MF, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Increased susceptibility of copper-deficient neuroblastoma cells to oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:1177-87. [PMID: 11369509 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with the copper chelator triethylene tetramine tetrahydrochloride induced intracellular decrease of copper content paralleled by diminished activity of the enzymes Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, and cytochrome c oxidase. This effect appears to be specific for copper-enzymes and the treatment affects neither viability nor growth capability of cells. However, molecular markers of apoptosis Bcl-2, p53, and caspase-3 were slightly affected in these cells. When copper-deficient cells were challenged with oxidative stress generated by paraquat or puromycin, they underwent a higher degree of apoptosis with respect to copper-adequate control cells. The mechanism underlying paraquat-triggered apoptosis implies dramatic activation of caspase-3 and induction of the transcription factor p53. These results demonstrate that impairment of copper balance predisposes neuronal cells to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Overall findings represent a contribution to the comprehension of the link between copper-imbalance and neurodegeneration, which has recently been repeatedly suggested for the most invalidating pathologies of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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