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Morris SSJ, Timmons A, Musser ED. An Individualized, Data-Driven Biological Approach to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Heterogeneity. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1565-1579. [PMID: 37542616 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder in childhood, however, there is well-established heterogeneity in both the presentation of ADHD symptoms and secondary characteristics across the literature. Existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) nosology has been ineffective in explaining such heterogeneity in terms of both pathophysiology and clinical trajectories. The current study investigated ADHD heterogeneity via a biologically-based, data-driven approach (k-Means algorithm). Specifically, unique biological profiles (derived from patterns of parasympathetic and sympathetic functioning) were identified and utilized as predictors of clinical presentations. Two hundred eighty-nine participants (167 youth with ADHD), ages 5 to 13 years, completed an emotion-based task while indexes of parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) and sympathetic (i.e., electrodermal activity [EDA]) activity were obtained. Overall, results suggest that three distinct biological profiles among youth with ADHD are evident, with biological profiles differing in regulation and arousal levels during emotionally evocative contexts: (Profile 1) underregulated, hyperaroused (negative contexts only), (Profile 2) typically regulated, underaroused, and (Profile 3) overregulated (positive contexts only), hyperaroused. Results are supported by several dopaminergic- and reward-based theories, integrating differing concepts across the literature, and adds biological support for existing models. Behaviorally, results may translate into differing clinical presentations, however, further work is needed. In general, youth with ADHD are heterogenous in autonomic functioning, which could have implications for synthesizing across differing theories within the literature, predicting clinical presentations, and developing targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adela Timmons
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, USA
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2
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Hosseini Z, Jafari M, Homayuni A, Rafati S, Nikparvar M. Differences between smokers and non-smokers in personality traits: the role of sensation seeking and core self-evaluations. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2144501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hosseini
- Health Education and Health Promotion, Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafari
- Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Atefeh Homayuni
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shideh Rafati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nikparvar
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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3
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Lees T, White R, Zhang X, Ram N, Gatzke-Kopp LM. Decision-making in uncertain contexts: The role of autonomic markers in resolving indecision. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:220-229. [PMID: 35640857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although impulsivity is associated with an increased willingness to make risky decisions, uncertainty intolerance may also contribute to maladaptive decision-making behavior, where individuals neglect to pursue potential rewards even when probabilities for success are in their favor. Several theories have sought to explain the neural systems that guide decision-making in this context, with evidence supporting a role for increased sympathetic activation. However, it remains unclear whether the sympathetic system is associated with greater apprehension in response to uncertain outcomes, or whether it serves to guide behavioral decisions in the context of this uncertainty. Furthermore, although postulated as a within-person process, most research has examined the association between decision behavior and sympathetic activation at the between-person level. We hypothesize that in the context of uncertainty between-person differences in skin conductance will be associated with longer deliberation times; whereas within-person trial-level increases in skin conductance will be associated with a tendency to reject uncertain options. Data were collected from n = 56 children aged 7-11 years, using a computerized card game in which children chose to accept or reject cards of varying point value at varying levels of probability. Skin conductance level (SCL) was recorded throughout the task. No significant between-person associations emerged. However, within-person analyses indicated that momentary deliberation time moderated the association between momentary skin-conductance and decision outcome. This moderation was such that for trials during which the individual deliberated longer (i.e., was more indecisive), a concurrent increase in skin conductance was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of rejecting the card. The within-person nature of these results suggests that skin conductance may help in resolving indecision in the context of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Lees
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Roisin White
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xutong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, West 5th Campus, Administration B3, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7, Canada.
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Communication and Psychology, Stanford University, Building 120, Room 110, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Health & Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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4
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Tully J, Frey A, Fotiadou M, Kolla NJ, Eisenbarth H. Psychopathy in women: insights from neuroscience and ways forward for research. CNS Spectr 2021; 28:1-13. [PMID: 34906266 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852921001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a severe form of personality disturbance, resulting in a detrimental impact on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Until relatively recently, most research in psychopathy has focused on male samples, not least because of its link with criminal behavior and the large proportion of violent crime committed by men. However, psychopathy in women also leads to considerable problems at an individual and societal level, including substance misuse, poor treatment outcomes, and contribution to ever-increasing numbers of female prisoners. Despite this, due to relative neglect, most research into adult female psychopathy is underpowered and outdated. We argue that the field needs revitalizing, with a focus on the developmental nature of the condition and neurocognitive research. Recent work international consortia into conduct disorder in female youth-a precursor of psychopathy in female adults-gives cause for optimism. Here, we outline key strategies for enriching research in this important field with contemporary approaches to other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tully
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Frey
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Research and Academics, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hedwig Eisenbarth
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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5
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Park IJ, Kim J, Kim SS, Lee JC, Giroux M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travelers' preference for crowded versus non-crowded options. TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2021; 87:104398. [PMID: 36540850 PMCID: PMC9755871 DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Crowding is a critical determinant of consumers' satisfaction with and preferences for different shopping and travel situations. When considering a selection of travel and hospitality options, travelers are influenced by perceived crowding. This research examined how the current health crisis (i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic) affects travelers' preferences for crowded and non-crowded options. Specifically, we predicted that travelers would have a diminished preference for crowded (vs. non-crowded) travel and hospitality options when the ongoing pandemic is salient. We demonstrated that the primary effect of the salience of the threat was persistent across different travel categories and contexts. We also found that travelers with high levels of sensation seeking and a high need for uniqueness show the opposite pattern, suggesting a possible recovery strategy from the pandemic. Five experimental studies provide several theoretical and managerial implications for travel and hospitality business marketers.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Jo Park
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, 1 Jinming St., Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Jungkeun Kim
- Department of Marketing, Auckland University of Technology, 120 Mayoral Drive, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Seongseop Sam Kim
- School of Hotel & Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 17 Science Museum Road, TST East, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jacob C Lee
- Dongguk Business School, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marilyn Giroux
- Department of Marketing, Auckland University of Technology, 120 Mayoral Drive, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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6
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Linares IMP, Nardi AE, Guimarães FS, Arrais KC, Chagas MH, Osório FL, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Coimbra NC, Crippa JA. Increased body sway in phobic patients exposed to images of spiders. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020; 43:477-483. [PMID: 33331404 PMCID: PMC8555649 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the body sway response in specific phobia (SP) patients and healthy controls while viewing neutral, phobic, and disgusting images. Methods: The participants’ heart rate (HR) and skin conductance were also recorded during the procedure. Nineteen patients with arachnophobia and 19 healthy volunteers matched by age, gender, and years of education underwent a postural control test on a stabilometric platform. Results: The platform recorded increased body sway in the SP group when exposed to spider images (SPI). The SP group presented increases in most parameters (SD, velocity, frequency, area, p ≤ 0.05) when viewing pictures of the SPI category. Psychometric measures of subjective anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) and physiological states (HR; skin conductance responses; spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance) showed increased anxiety (p ≤ 0.05) in the SP group compared to healthy volunteers. High anxiety levels were observed throughout the assessment, including the task of exposure to SPI (p ≤ 0.05). No significant effect or correlation was found between skin conductance and body sway measures (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of the postural control test suggest the occurrence of a defensive escape response in SP, in agreement with previous evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila M P Linares
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Laboratório de Pânico e Respiração, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia C Arrais
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Chagas
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia L Osório
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Hallak
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio W Zuardi
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto C Coimbra
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurobiologia das Emoções, Núcleos de Apoio à Pesquisa, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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7
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Behavioral Inhibition System function as the mediator in the pathway from electrodermal fear conditioning to antisocial behavior: Integrating the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Fishbein DH, Dariotis JK. Personalizing and Optimizing Preventive Intervention Models via a Translational Neuroscience Framework. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 20:10-20. [PMID: 29101644 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of research, building upon developmental psychopathology (Luthar et al. 1997; Luthar et al. (Child Development, 71, 543-562, 2000)), provides evidence that individual differences in risk for behavioral health problems result from intrapersonal and environmental modulation of neurophysiologic and genetic substrates. This transdisciplinary model suggests that, in any given individual, the number of genetic variants implicated in high-risk behavior and the way in which they are assorted and ultimately suppressed or activated in the brain by experiential and contextual factors help to explain behavioral orientations. Implications are that behavioral health problems can be amplified or reduced based on characteristics of an individual and socio-contextual influences on those characteristics. This emerging research has extraordinary implications for the design of prevention programs that more precisely target the malleable mechanisms that underlie behavioral health problems and, hence, more effectively prevent behavioral problems and promote resilience. A detailed, theory-driven examination of all evidence-based interventions is called for to identify the active ingredients that specifically impact these underlying mechanisms. Such an approach will enhance the ability of preventive interventions to achieve effect sizes indicative of beneficial impacts for a greater number of recipients. This paper presents the significant implications of this collective knowledge base for the next generation of precision-based, prevention-focused personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 218 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jacinda K Dariotis
- College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, Evaluation Services Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Paul ES, Sher S, Tamietto M, Winkielman P, Mendl MT. Towards a comparative science of emotion: Affect and consciousness in humans and animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:749-770. [PMID: 31778680 PMCID: PMC6966324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The componential view of human emotion recognises that affective states comprise conscious, behavioural, physiological, neural and cognitive elements. Although many animals display bodily and behavioural changes consistent with the occurrence of affective states similar to those seen in humans, the question of whether and in which species these are accompanied by conscious experiences remains controversial. Finding scientifically valid methods for investigating markers for the subjective component of affect in both humans and animals is central to developing a comparative understanding of the processes and mechanisms of affect and its evolution and distribution across taxonomic groups, to our understanding of animal welfare, and to the development of animal models of affective disorders. Here, contemporary evidence indicating potential markers of conscious processing in animals is reviewed, with a view to extending this search to include markers of conscious affective processing. We do this by combining animal-focused approaches with investigations of the components of conscious and non-conscious emotional processing in humans, and neuropsychological research into the structure and functions of conscious emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Paul
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Shlomi Sher
- Department of Psychology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael T Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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10
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The impact of Yohimbine-induced arousal on facets of behavioural impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1783-1795. [PMID: 30635680 PMCID: PMC6602985 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE State-dependent changes in physiological arousal may influence impulsive behaviours. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between arousal and impulsivity, we assessed the effects of yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, which increases physiological arousal via noradrenaline release) on performance on established laboratory-based impulsivity measures in healthy volunteers. METHODS Forty-three participants received a single dose of either yohimbine hydrochloride or placebo before completing a battery of impulsivity measures. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS Participants in the yohimbine group showed higher blood pressure and better response inhibition in the Stop Signal Task, relative to the placebo group. Additionally, individual changes in blood pressure were associated with performance on Delay Discounting and Information Sampling tasks: raised blood pressure following drug ingestion was associated with more far-sighted decisions in the Delay Discounting Task (lower temporal impulsivity) yet reduced information gathering in the Information Sampling Task (increased reflection impulsivity). CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that impulsive behaviour is dependent upon state physiological arousal; however, distinct facets of impulsivity are differentially affected by physiological changes.
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11
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. Risk-Taking and Impulsivity: The Role of Mood States and Interoception. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1625. [PMID: 30210421 PMCID: PMC6123387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The consequences of impulsive decisions and actions represent a major source of concern to the health and well-being of individuals and society. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the factors which contribute to impulsive behaviors. Here, we examined how personality traits of behavioral tendencies, interoceptive sensibility as well as transient mood states predict behavioral performance on impulsivity and risk-taking tasks. Method: 574 (121 males; age 18–45) individuals completed self-report personality measures of impulsivity, reward sensitivity, punishment avoidance as well as interoceptive sensibility, undertook a mood assessment and performed a set of cognitive tasks: delay discounting (temporal impulsivity), probability discounting (risk-taking), and reflection impulsivity task. Data were interrogated using principal component analysis, correlations and regression analyses to test mutual relationships between personality traits, interoceptive sensibility, mood state and impulsive behaviors. Results: We observed a clear separation of measures used, both trait and behavioral. Namely, sensation-seeking, reward sensitivity and probability discounting reflected risk-taking. These were separate from measures associated with impulsivity, both trait (negative and positive urgency, premeditation, perseverance) and behavioral (delayed discounting and reflection impulsivity). This separation was further highlighted by their relationship with the current emotional state: positive affect was associated with increased risk-taking tendencies and risky decision-making, while negative emotions were related to heightened impulsivity measures. Interoceptive sensibility was only associated with negative emotions component. Conclusion: Our findings support the proposal that risk-taking and impulsivity represent distinct constructs that are differentially affected by current mood states. This novel insight enhances our understanding of impulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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12
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Balconi M, Vanutelli ME. Alpha brain oscillations, approach attitude, and locus of control affect self-perception of social efficacy in cooperative joint-action. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2018.1465858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elide Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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13
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. The role of emotions and physiological arousal in modulating impulsive behaviour. Biol Psychol 2018; 133:30-43. [PMID: 29391179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity received considerable attention in the context of drug misuse and certain neuropsychiatric conditions. Because of its great health and well-being importance, it is crucial to understand factors which modulate impulsive behaviour. As a growing body of literature indicates the role of emotional and physiological states in guiding our actions and decisions, we argue that current affective state and physiological arousal exert a significant influence on behavioural impulsivity. As 'impulsivity' is a heterogeneous concept, in this paper, we review key theories of the topic and summarise information about distinct impulsivity subtypes and their methods of assessment, pointing out to the differences between the various components of the construct. Moreover, we review existing literature on the relationship between emotional states, arousal and impulsive behaviour and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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14
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Fishbein DH, Dariotis JK. Personalizing and Optimizing Preventive Intervention Models via a Translational Neuroscience Framework. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 29101644 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0851-8.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of research, building upon developmental psychopathology (Luthar et al. 1997; Luthar et al. (Child Development, 71, 543-562, 2000)), provides evidence that individual differences in risk for behavioral health problems result from intrapersonal and environmental modulation of neurophysiologic and genetic substrates. This transdisciplinary model suggests that, in any given individual, the number of genetic variants implicated in high-risk behavior and the way in which they are assorted and ultimately suppressed or activated in the brain by experiential and contextual factors help to explain behavioral orientations. Implications are that behavioral health problems can be amplified or reduced based on characteristics of an individual and socio-contextual influences on those characteristics. This emerging research has extraordinary implications for the design of prevention programs that more precisely target the malleable mechanisms that underlie behavioral health problems and, hence, more effectively prevent behavioral problems and promote resilience. A detailed, theory-driven examination of all evidence-based interventions is called for to identify the active ingredients that specifically impact these underlying mechanisms. Such an approach will enhance the ability of preventive interventions to achieve effect sizes indicative of beneficial impacts for a greater number of recipients. This paper presents the significant implications of this collective knowledge base for the next generation of precision-based, prevention-focused personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 218 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jacinda K Dariotis
- College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, Evaluation Services Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Craig AN, Peterson ZD, Janssen E, Goodrich D, Heiman JR. Affect and Sexual Responsivity in Men With and Without a History of Sexual Aggression. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:984-993. [PMID: 28388245 PMCID: PMC5647836 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to understanding risk factors for sexual aggression, knowledge regarding the emotional and sexual arousal patterns of sexually aggressive men remains limited. The current study examined whether sexually aggressive men exhibit unique profiles of affective responsivity, in particular to negatively valenced stimuli, as well as sexual arousal patterns that differentiate them from nonaggressive men. We presented 78 young men (38 sexually aggressive; 40 nonaggressive) with a series of videos designed to induce positive, sad, or anxious affect. Affect and subjective sexual arousal were assessed following each film and erectile responses were measured continuously. Sexually aggressive men reported significantly higher levels of sexual arousal following both the positive and negative conditions as compared to nonaggressive men. Erectile responses of sexually aggressive men were significantly greater than nonaggressive men's following the positive affect induction. Self-reported positive affect, but not negative affect, was a significant predictor of subjective sexual arousal for both groups of men. Compared to nonaggressive men, sexually aggressive men showed significantly weaker correlations between subjective and physiological sexual arousal. Findings suggest that generalized heightened propensity for sexual arousal may be a risk factor for sexually aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Craig
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Indiana University; and The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
| | - Zoë D Peterson
- b The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University; and Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri
| | - Erick Janssen
- c The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University; and Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, University of Leuven
| | | | - Julia R Heiman
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Indiana University; and The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
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Balconi M, Venturella I, Finocchiaro R. Evidences from Rewarding System, FRN and P300 Effect in Internet-Addiction in Young People SHORT TITLE: Rewarding System and EEG in Internet-Addiction. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E81. [PMID: 28704978 PMCID: PMC5532594 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research explored rewarding bias and attentional deficits in Internet addiction (IA) based on the IAT (Internet Addiction Test) construct, during an attentional inhibitory task (Go/NoGo task). Event-related Potentials (ERPs) effects (Feedback Related Negativity (FRN) and P300) were monitored in concomitance with Behavioral Activation System (BAS) modulation. High-IAT young participants showed specific responses to IA-related cues (videos representing online gambling and videogames) in terms of cognitive performance (decreased Response Times, RTs; and Error Rates, ERs) and ERPs modulation (decreased FRN and increased P300). Consistent reward and attentional biases was adduced to explain the cognitive "gain" effect and the anomalous response in terms of both feedback behavior (FRN) and attentional (P300) mechanisms in high-IAT. In addition, BAS and BAS-Reward subscales measures were correlated with both IAT and ERPs variations. Therefore, high sensitivity to IAT may be considered as a marker of dysfunctional reward processing (reduction of monitoring) and cognitive control (higher attentional values) for specific IA-related cues. More generally, a direct relationship among reward-related behavior, Internet addiction and BAS attitude was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| | - Irene Venturella
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Finocchiaro
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy.
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Borgomaneri S, Vitale F, Avenanti A. Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity enhances motor cortex suppression when watching fearful body expressions. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3267-3282. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarchiapone M, Iosue M, Carli V, Amore M, Baca-Garcia E, Batra A, Cosman D, Courtet P, Di Sciascio G, Gusmao R, Parnowski T, Pestality P, Saiz P, Thome J, Tingström A, Wojnar M, Zeppegno P, Thorell LH. EUDOR-A multi-centre research program: A naturalistic, European Multi-centre Clinical study of EDOR Test in adult patients with primary depression. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:108. [PMID: 28330446 PMCID: PMC5363034 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrodermal reactivity has been successfully used as indicator of interest, curiosity as well as depressive states. The measured reactivity depends on the quantity of sweat secreted by those eccrine sweat glands that are located in the hypodermis of palmar and plantar regions. Electrodermal hyporeactive individuals are those who show an unusual rapid habituation to identical non-significant stimuli. Previous findings suggested that electrodermal hyporeactivity has a high sensitivity and a high specificity for suicide. The aims of the present study are to test the effectiveness and the usefulness of the EDOR (ElectroDermal Orienting Reactivity) Test as a support in the suicide risk assessment of depressed patients and to assess the predictive value of electrodermal hyporeactivity, measured through the EDOR Test, for suicide and suicide attempt in adult patients with a primary diagnosis of depression. METHODS AND DESIGN 1573 patients with a primary diagnosis of depression, whether currently depressed or in remission, have been recruited at 15 centres in 9 different European countries. Depressive symptomatology was evaluated through the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale. Previous suicide attempts were registered and the suicide intent of the worst attempt was rated according to the first eight items of the Beck Suicide Intent Scale. The suicide risk was also assessed according to rules and traditions at the centre. The EDOR Test was finally performed. During the EDOR Test, two fingers are put on gold electrodes and direct current of 0.5 V is passed through the epidermis of the fingers according to standards. A moderately strong tone is presented through headphones now and then during the test. The electrodermal responses to the stimuli represent an increase in the conductance due to the increased number of filled sweat ducts that act as conductors through the electrically highly resistant epidermis. Each patient is followed up for one year in order to assess the occurrence of intentional self-harm. DISCUSSION Based on previous studies, expected results would be that patients realizing a suicide attempt with a strong intent or committing suicide should be electrodermally hyporeactive in most cases and non-hyporeactive patients should show only few indications of death intent or suicides. TRIAL REGISTRATION The German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00010082 . Registered May 31st, 2016. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sarchiapone
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. .,National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP), Rome, Italy.
| | - Miriam Iosue
- 0000000122055422grid.10373.36Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vladimir Carli
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental lll-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Amore
- 0000 0001 2151 3065grid.5606.5Clinica Psichiatrica, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrique Baca-Garcia
- 0000000119578126grid.5515.4Department of Psychiatry, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anil Batra
- 0000 0001 0196 8249grid.411544.1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Doina Cosman
- 0000 0004 0571 5814grid.411040.0Clinical Psychology and Mental Health Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Philippe Courtet
- 0000 0000 9961 060Xgrid.157868.5Department of psychiatry and medical psychology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guido Di Sciascio
- 0000 0001 0120 3326grid.7644.1Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ricardo Gusmao
- 0000 0001 1009 677Xgrid.414462.1Centro Hospitalar de LisboaOcidental (CHLO), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tadeusz Parnowski
- 0000 0001 2237 2890grid.418955.42nd Psychiatric Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Pestality
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pilar Saiz
- 0000 0001 2164 6351grid.10863.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Johannes Thome
- 0000000121858338grid.10493.3fKlinikfür Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anders Tingström
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,0000 0004 0623 9987grid.412650.4Psychiatric Neuromodulation Unit (PNU), Department of Clinical Neuroscienses, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- 0000000113287408grid.13339.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrizia Zeppegno
- 0000000121663741grid.16563.37Department of Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Lars-Håkan Thorell
- EMOTRA AB, Sävedalen, Sweden ,0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Harjunen V, Spapé M, Ahmed I, Jacucci G, Ravaja N. Individual differences in affective touch: Behavioral inhibition and gender define how an interpersonal touch is perceived. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antisocial behavior, psychopathic features and abnormalities in reward and punishment processing in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 17:125-56. [PMID: 24357109 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-013-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of what leads youth to initially engage in antisocial behavior (ASB) and more importantly persist with such behaviors into adulthood has significant implications for prevention and intervention efforts. A considerable number of studies using behavioral and neuroimaging techniques have investigated abnormalities in reward and punishment processing as potential causal mechanisms underlying ASB. However, this literature has yet to be critically evaluated, and there are no comprehensive reviews that systematically examine and synthesize these findings. The goal of the present review is twofold. The first aim is to examine the extent to which youth with ASB are characterized by abnormalities in (1) reward processing; (2) punishment processing; or (3) both reward and punishment processing. The second aim is to evaluate whether aberrant reward and/or punishment processing is specific to or most pronounced in a subgroup of antisocial youth with psychopathic features. Studies utilizing behavioral methods are first reviewed, followed by studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging. An integration of theory and research across multiple levels of analysis is presented in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of reward and punishment processing in antisocial youth. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental and contextual considerations, proposed future directions and implications for intervention.
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Balconi M, Finocchiaro R, Canavesio Y. Left Hemispheric Imbalance and Reward Mechanisms Affect Gambling Behavior: The Contribution of the Metacognition and Cortical Brain Oscillations. Clin EEG Neurosci 2015; 46:197-207. [PMID: 24677014 DOI: 10.1177/1550059413513261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present research used the Iowa Gambling Task to test the effect of the reward-sensitivity Behavioral Activation System-Reward (BAS-Reward) construct on the ability to distinguish between high- and low-risk decisions. To elucidate the individual differences that influence the decisional processes, making the strategies more or less advantageous, we considered the impact of the BAS motivational system and the frontal left and right cortical activity on subjects' decisions. More specifically, the lateralization effect, which is related to the increased activation of the left (BAS-Reward-related) hemisphere, was explored by using frequency band analysis. Specifically, behavioral responses (gain/loss options), metacognition, and delta, theta, alpha, and beta band modulation (asymmetry index) were considered. Thirty subjects were divided into high-BAS and low-BAS groups. In comparison with low-BAS, the high-BAS group showed an increased tendency to opt in favor of the immediate reward (losing strategy) instead of the long-term option (winning strategy), and members of this group were more impaired in metacognitive monitoring of their strategies and showed an increased left hemisphere activation when they responded to losing choices. A "reward bias" effect was hypothesized to act for high BAS, based on a left-hemisphere hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Finocchiaro
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Canavesio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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22
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Pfabigan DM, Seidel EM, Wucherer AM, Keckeis K, Derntl B, Lamm C. Affective empathy differs in male violent offenders with high- and low-trait psychopathy. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:42-61. [PMID: 24932875 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated affective and cognitive empathic processes in incarcerated violent offenders with lower and higher psychopathic traits and healthy controls. Participants witnessed painful expressions of others displayed on video clips. Skin conductance responses (SCR) were recorded to assess autonomic emotional arousal, and various empathy ratings were used as measures of self-reported vicarious responses. Reduced SCRs occurred during the observation of pain in others in lower and higher psychopathic-trait participants alike, compared to controls. Despite these diminished autonomic responses indicating reduced vicarious responses, only inmates with higher psychopathic traits provided empathy ratings comparable to those of the controls. These findings indicate that violent offenders display reduced autonomic arousal in response to distress cues of others, irrespective of psychopathy. However, only higher psychopathic-trait offenders were able to provide self-report in a way that let them appear to be as empathic as controls-enabling them to know, yet not to feel, what others feel.
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Masi G, Milone A, Pisano S, Lenzi F, Muratori P, Gemo I, Bianchi L, Mazzone L, Postorino V, Sanges V, Williams R, Vicari S. Emotional reactivity in referred youth with disruptive behavior disorders: the role of the callous-unemotional traits. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:426-32. [PMID: 25110316 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotional reactivity are frequently reported in Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs). A deficit in prosocial emotions, namely the callous unemotional traits (CU), may be a mediator of emotional reactivity. Our aim is to investigate subjective emotional reactivity towards visual stimuli with different affective valence in youths with DBDs and healthy controls. The clinical sample included 62 youths with DBDs (51 males, 8 to 16 years, mean 11.3±2.1 years), the control group 53 subjects (36 males, 8 to 16 years, mean 10.8±1.5 years). The groups were compared using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), and the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), which explores the affective (pleasant/unpleasant emotional reaction) and arousal (low/high intensity of emotion) dimensions. The DBD group presented higher scores in externalizing and internalizing CBCL scores, and in ICU callous and indifferent subscales. At the IAPS, DBD patients differed from controls in the affective valence of the images, rating less unpleasant neutral and negative images. The CU traits were the only predictor of emotional reactivity in the DBD sample. A less aversive way to interpret neutral and negative stimuli may explain why DBD patients are less responsive to negative reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Pisano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lenzi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Clinical-Experimental Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina Italy
| | - Pietro Muratori
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gemo
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I.R.C.C.S. Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Postorino
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I.R.C.C.S. Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Sanges
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I.R.C.C.S. Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Williams
- University of Rome Sapienza, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, I.R.C.C.S. Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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Balconi M, Finocchiaro R, Canavesio Y, Messina R. Reward bias and lateralization in gambling behavior: behavioral activation system and alpha band analysis. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:570-6. [PMID: 25017618 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research explored the main factors that can influence subjects' choices in the case of decisions. In order to elucidate the individual differences that influence the decisional processes, making their strategies more or less advantageous, we tested the effect of a reward sensitivity in the behavioral activation system (BAS-Reward) constructed on the ability to distinguish between high- and low-risk decisions. Secondly, the lateralization effect, related to increased activation of the left (BAS-related) hemisphere, was explored. Thirty-one subjects were tested using the Iowa Gambling Task, and the BAS-Reward measure was applied to distinguish between high-BAS and low-BAS groups. Behavioral responses (gain/loss options) and alpha-band modulation were considered. It was found that high-BAS group increased their tendency to opt in favor of the immediate reward (loss strategy) rather than the long-term option (win strategy). Secondly, high-BAS subjects showed an increased left-hemisphere activation in response to losing (with immediate reward) choices in comparison with low-BAS subjects. A "reward bias" effect was supposed to explain both the bad strategy and the unbalanced hemispheric activation for high-BAS and more risk-taking subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberta Finocchiaro
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Ylenia Canavesio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Messina
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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25
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Balconi M, Cobelli C. Motivational mechanisms (BAS) and prefrontal cortical activation contribute to recognition memory for emotional words. rTMS effect on performance and EEG (alpha band) measures. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 137:77-85. [PMID: 25190327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present research addressed the question of where memories for emotional words could be represented in the brain. A second main question was related to the effect of personality traits, in terms of the Behavior Activation System (BAS), in emotional word recognition. We tested the role of the left DLPFC (LDLPFC) by performing a memory task in which old (previously encoded targets) and new (previously not encoded distractors) positive or negative emotional words had to be recognized. High-BAS and low-BAS subjects were compared when a repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied on the LDLPFC. We found significant differences between high-BAS vs. low-BAS subjects, with better performance for high-BAS in response to positive words. In parallel, an increased left cortical activity (alpha desynchronization) was observed for high-BAS in the case of positive words. Thus, we can conclude that the left approach-related hemisphere, underlying BAS, may support faster recognition of positive words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cobelli
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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26
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Patrick CJ. For distinguished contributions to psychophysiology: Don C. Fowles. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:715-7. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Balconi M, Pagani S. Personality correlates (BAS-BIS), self-perception of social ranking, and cortical (alpha frequency band) modulation in peer-group comparison. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:207-15. [PMID: 24907694 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The perception and interpretation of social hierarchies are a key part of our social life. In the present research we considered the activation of cortical areas, mainly the prefrontal cortex, related to social ranking perception in conjunction with some personality components (BAS - Behavioral Activation System - and BIS - Behavioral Inhibition System). In two experiments we manipulated the perceived superior/inferior status during a competitive cognitive task. Indeed, we created an explicit and strongly reinforced social hierarchy based on incidental rating in an attentional task. Specifically, a peer group comparison was undertaken and improved (Experiment 1) or decreased (Experiment 2) performance was artificially manipulated by the experimenter. For each experiment two groups were compared, based on a BAS and BIS dichotomy. Alpha band modulation in prefrontal cortex, behavioral measures (performance: error rate, ER; response times, RTs), and self-perceived ranking were considered. Repeated measures ANOVAs and regression analyses showed in Experiment 1 a significant improved cognitive performance (decreased ER and RTs) and higher self-perceived ranking in high-BAS participants. Moreover, their prefrontal activity was increased within the left side (alpha band decreasing). Conversely, in Experiment 2 a significant decreased cognitive performance (increased ER and RTs) and lower self-perceived ranking was observed in higher-BIS participants. Their prefrontal right activity was increased in comparison with higher BAS. The regression analyses confirmed the significant predictive role of alpha band modulation with respect of subjects' performance and self-perception of social ranking, differently for BAS/BIS components. The present results suggest that social status perception is directly modulated by cortical activity and personality correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy; Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience.
| | - Silvia Pagani
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
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Peterson ZD, Janssen E, Goodrich D, Heiman JR. Physiological reactivity in a community sample of sexually aggressive young men: a test of competing hypotheses. Aggress Behav 2014; 40:152-64. [PMID: 24310818 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Men's sexually aggressive behavior potentially could relate to either physiological hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity, and these two different physiological profiles could be associated with different underlying causes of sexual aggression. Thus, measurement of physiological reactivity could provide insight into mechanisms relevant to the etiology of sexual aggression. The relationship between sexual aggression and physiological reactivity was investigated in 78 community men (38 sexually aggressive and 40 non-aggressive men). In a laboratory protocol, the men were exposed to neutral, negative-affect-inducing, and positive-affect-inducing stimuli. Men's salivary cortisol concentrations and electrodermal activity (EDA) were measured throughout the laboratory procedure. Sexually aggressive men demonstrated (1) lower overall cortisol levels and (2) lower EDA reactivity in some conditions as compared to non-aggressive men. Results of this study were consistent with the idea that men's sexual aggression is associated with physiological hyporeactivity, a physiological profile that has been found to be associated with externalizing behaviors and psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë D. Peterson
- Department of Psychology; University of Missouri-St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Erick Janssen
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
| | - David Goodrich
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
| | - Julia R. Heiman
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana
- Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis Indiana
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Ruiz-Robledillo N, Moya-Albiol L. Lower Electrodermal Activity to Acute Stress in Caregivers of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Adaptive Habituation to Stress. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 45:576-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Barros DM, Dias AM, Serafim ADP, Castellana GB, Achá MFF, Busatto GF. Dimensional assessment of psychopathy and its relationship with physiological responses to empathic images in juvenile offenders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:147. [PMID: 24294206 PMCID: PMC3827584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many psychophysiological studies investigate whether psychopaths present low levels of electrodermal activity (EDA). However, despite evidence that varying degrees of psychopathy are normally distributed in the population, there is a paucity of EDA studies evaluating dimensionally. Moreover, although lack of empathy is a cornerstone of psychopathy, there has been a lack of studies using pictures of empathic emotional content to assess psychophysiological responses. METHOD We studied a population of young male delinquents (n = 30) from a detention center, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) to determine if higher levels of psychopathy were related to lesser degrees of EDA in response to emotion-eliciting pictures of empathic content. RESULTS There were significant correlations (p < 0.05) between latency and peak of EDA responses to unpleasant pictures and factor 1 scores, as well as between lability of EDA responses and factor 2 scores. CONCLUSION These results extend previous findings indicating direct relationship between EDA and psychopathy, and suggest that separate investigations of the two PCL-R factors have the potential to unravel more complex relationships between EDA and psychopathy. Also, by demonstrating such associations using emotion-provoking stimuli with empathic content, our results provide a link between levels of psychopathy and biological indices of empathic detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins de Barros
- Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences: NAPNA , São Paulo , Brazil
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The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: altered functioning in three mental domains. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 25:193-207. [PMID: 22800761 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses neurobiological studies of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder within the conceptual framework of three interrelated mental domains: punishment processing, reward processing, and cognitive control. First, impaired fear conditioning, reduced cortisol reactivity to stress, amygdala hyporeactivity to negative stimuli, and altered serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmission suggest low punishment sensitivity, which may compromise the ability of children and adolescents to make associations between inappropriate behaviors and forthcoming punishments. Second, sympathetic nervous system hyporeactivity to incentives, low basal heart rate associated with sensation seeking, orbitofrontal cortex hyporeactiviy to reward, and altered dopamine functioning suggest a hyposensitivity to reward. The associated unpleasant emotional state may make children and adolescents prone to sensation-seeking behavior such as rule breaking, delinquency, and substance abuse. Third, impairments in executive functions, especially when motivational factors are involved, as well as structural deficits and impaired functioning of the paralimbic system encompassing the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex, suggest impaired cognitive control over emotional behavior. In the discussion we argue that more insight into the neurobiology of oppositional defiance disorder and conduct disorder may be obtained by studying these disorders separately and by paying attention to the heterogeneity of symptoms within each disorder.
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Isen JD, Iacono WG, Malone SM, McGue M. Examining electrodermal hyporeactivity as a marker of externalizing psychopathology: a twin study. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1039-48. [PMID: 22646690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Literature suggests that reduced electrodermal reactivity (EDR) is related to externalizing problems. However, the genetic and environmental etiology of this association is unknown. Using a standard habituation paradigm, we measured responses to 15 loud tones in four cohorts of adolescent twins (N = 2,129). We quantified EDR as the average size of elicited responses (amplitude) and by counting the number of skin conductance responses (frequency). Externalizing liability was indexed through a general factor underlying substance-related problems and antisocial behavior. Response frequency, but not mean amplitude, was inversely associated with externalizing liability in each twin cohort. Biometric modeling revealed that most of the overlap between response frequency and externalizing liability was due to genetic influences common to both phenotypes. It is argued that neurological mechanisms involved in habituation may shed light on the etiology of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Isen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Bobadilla L, Wampler M, Taylor J. Proactive and Reactive Aggression are Associated with Different Physiological and Personality Profiles. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2012.31.5.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Oliveira DCG, Zuardi AW, Graeff FG, Queiroz RHC, Crippa JAS. Anxiolytic-like effect of oxytocin in the simulated public speaking test. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:497-504. [PMID: 21555332 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is known to be involved in anxiety, as well as cardiovascular and hormonal regulation. The objective of this study was to assess the acute effect of intranasally administered OT on subjective states, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine parameters, in healthy volunteers (n = 14) performing a simulated public speaking test. OT or placebo was administered intranasally 50 min before the test. Assessments were made across time during the experimental session: (1) baseline (-30 min); (2) pre-test (-15 min); (3) anticipation of the speech (50 min); (4) during the speech (1:03 h), post-test time 1 (1:26 h), and post-test time 2 (1:46 h). Subjective states were evaluated by self-assessment scales. Cortisol serum and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured. Additionally, heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and the number of spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance were measured. Compared with placebo, OT reduced the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) anxiety index during the pre-test phase only, while increasing sedation at the pre-test, anticipation, and speech phases. OT also lowered the skin conductance level at the pre-test, anticipation, speech, and post-test 2 phases. Other parameters evaluated were not significantly affected by OT. The present results show that OT reduces anticipatory anxiety, but does not affect public speaking fear, suggesting that this hormone has anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C G de Oliveira
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
This study examined the relationship between psychopathy and traumatic stress. First, a sample of 48 male patients in a security hospital was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist (Hare, 2003) and the Stanford Acute Stress Reactions Questionnaire (SASRQ; Cardena, Classen, Koopman, & Spiegel, 1996). Linear regression analyses suggested that the affect deficit component of psychopathy was the best negative predictor of avoidance, dissociation, and re-experiencing symptoms. The 13 highest-scoring psychopathy participants were then compared to the 13 lowest-scoring participants. Psychopaths differed from controls in terms of number but not type of traumatic events. They obtained significantly lower SASRQ total score, reflecting a lower level of traumatic symptomatology. The results are discussed in connection with the emotional deficit component of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry H Pham
- Centre de Recherche en Defense Sociale, 94 rue Despars, Tournai, Belgium.
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Differentiating adolescent self-injury from adolescent depression: possible implications for borderline personality development. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:45-57. [PMID: 22016199 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-inflicted injury (SII) in adolescence marks heightened risk for suicide attempts, completed suicide, and adult psychopathology. Although several studies have revealed elevated rates of depression among adolescents who self injure, no one has compared adolescent self injury with adolescent depression on biological, self-, and informant-report markers of vulnerability and risk. Such a comparison may have important implications for treatment, prevention, and developmental models of self injury and borderline personality disorder. We used a multi-method, multi-informant approach to examine how adolescent SII differs from adolescent depression. Self-injuring, depressed, and typical adolescent females (n = 25 per group) and their mothers completed measures of psychopathology and emotion regulation, among others. In addition, we assessed electrodermal responding (EDR), a peripheral biomarker of trait impulsivity. Participants in the SII group (a) scored higher than depressed adolescents on measures of both externalizing psychopathology and emotion dysregulation, and (b) exhibited attenuated EDR, similar to patterns observed among impulsive, externalizing males. Self-injuring adolescents also scored higher on measures of borderline pathology. These findings reveal a coherent pattern of differences between self-injuring and depressed adolescent girls, consistent with theories that SII differs from depression in etiology and developmental course.
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Swann AC. Antisocial personality and bipolar disorder: interactions in impulsivity and course of illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:599-610. [PMID: 22235235 DOI: 10.2217/npy.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and bipolar disorder are both characterized by impulsive behavior, increased incarceration or arrest, addictive disorders and suicidal behavior. These characteristics appear more severe in the combined disorders. Individuals with ASPD who also have bipolar disorder have higher rates of addictive disorders and suicidal behavior and are more impulsive, as measured by questionnaires or behavioral laboratory tests. Those with bipolar disorder who have ASPD have higher rates of addictive, criminal and suicidal behavior, earlier onset of bipolar disorder with a more recurrent and predominately manic course and increased laboratory-measured, but not questionnaire-rated, impulsivity. These characteristics may result in part from differential impulsivity mechanisms in the two disorders, with bipolar disorder driven more by excessive catecholamine sensitivity and ASPD by deficient serotonergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Swann
- Department of Psychiatry, Houston Health Science Center, 1300 Moursund Street, Room 270, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Grapperon J, Pignol AC, Vion-Dury J. [The measurement of electrodermal activity]. Encephale 2011; 38:149-55. [PMID: 22516273 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrodermal activity (EDA) is an early physiological index and the subject of constant interest, in spite of the bad reputation attached to "lie detectors". This interest is expected to increase in the future, following the development of research related to the neurobiological aspect of emotions of which it is an index. Recent data provided by functional cerebral imaging has added to the significance of this index and should result in further interest. AIM The authors thus re-examined the various notions related to measuring EDA, and its practical aspect as well as its mechanisms. EDA should be useful both for authors wishing to use this variable and for readers wishing to form their own critical point of view. LITERATURE FINDINGS The article first defines the various terms used to qualify EDA. Then, it analyses the mechanisms occurring at the sweat glands' level, showing that a distinct innervation of the sweat glands causes sweat to be released in the excretory channels, thereby allowing the recording of a negative surface potential in parallel to the lowering of skin conductance. Arguments are then pointed out to illustrate that the potential's positive phase following this first answer occurs in the case of high intensity stimulations. The study of the central command of sudation demonstrates that, several areas are involved and that different functions such as thermal regulation and motricity may interfere with emotive reactions. Difficulties regarding the mode of measurement of these answers as to their number and amplitude are also brought to light. DISCUSSION A particular interest of measuring EDA is its ability to highlight individual characteristic and unconscious emotional reactivity. Subjects who constitutionally present many spontaneous and therefore habitual EDA can indeed be opposed to subjects whose EDA reflexes are very few and hardly habitual. A theory suggests that for the first category, whose subjects are named labiles, emotional control may be at the origin of EDA. This characteristic brings to mind the case of antisocial subjects whose rate of EDA is also reduced, although for the latter a primitive drop in behavioral inhibition is involved. The production of EDA in response to non-conscious emotive stimulations can be objectified in the rare cases of prosopagnosia. These subjects who are unable to recognize familiar faces can produce EDA when presented faces with an emotional load. These cases contrast with the delusional denial of the Capgras syndrome where subjects do not present EDA, suggesting that the dysfunction of visual analysis occurs at a different level. There are other rare cases represented by cortical blindness where EDA shows that an unconscious emotional analysis is preserved. These subjects are known however to be capable of unconscious visual discriminations, which are possibly accompanied by EDA. This possibility of a "blind vision" is experimentally studied via subliminal vision testing (backward masking tests). These demonstrate that a rudimentary visual analysis is carried out in the subcortical circuits while taking into account the affective aspect of stimulations. CONCLUSION Present or future data should allow a greater comprehension of electrodermal signals, making it possible to overcome the difficulties related to their interpretation and facilitate their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grapperon
- Unité de neurophysiologie et psychophysiologie, pôle de psychiatrie universitaire, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 274, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Yeh MT, Chen P, Raine A, Baker LA, Jacobson KC. Child psychopathic traits moderate relationships between parental affect and child aggression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:1054-64. [PMID: 21961779 PMCID: PMC3185247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies show that children with psychopathic traits may be less responsive to parenting. Although harsh/inconsistent parenting is associated with increased problem behaviors in children low on psychopathic traits, children high on psychopathic traits show consistently high levels of problem behavior regardless of negative parenting. Moderating effects of child psychopathic traits on positive dimensions of parenting have not been explored. METHOD We applied multi-level regression models to test for interactions between child psychopathic traits and both positive and negative parental affect on individual differences in both reactive and proactive aggression, in a community-based sample of 1,158 children aged 9 through 10 years of age. RESULTS There were significant associations between child psychopathic traits and positive and negative parental affect with both forms of aggression. Child psychopathic traits also moderated effects of positive and negative parental affect. Children low on psychopathic traits showed decreasing reactive aggression as positive parental affect increased, and increasing levels of reactive aggression as negative parental affect increased, but children high on psychopathic traits showed more stable levels of reactive aggression regardless of levels of parental affect. Proactive aggression was more strongly associated with negative parental affect among children with higher levels of psychopathic traits. CONCLUSIONS In a community sample of preadolescent children, child psychopathic traits were shown to moderate the effects of parental affect on aggression. Reactive aggression in children high on psychopathic traits appears less responsive to variations in either positive or negative parenting. In contrast, child psychopathic traits may exacerbate the effects of high levels of negative parental effect on proactive aggression.
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BIS and BAS correlates with psychophysiological and cortical response systems during aversive and appetitive emotional stimuli processing. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-011-9244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Krahé B, Möller I, Huesmann LR, Kirwil L, Felber J, Berger A. Desensitization to media violence: links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011; 100:630-46. [PMID: 21186935 DOI: 10.1037/a0021711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krahé
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Leue A, Brocke B, Hoyer J. Reinforcement sensitivity of sex offenders and non-offenders: An experimental and psychometric study of reinforcement sensitivity theory. Br J Psychol 2010; 99:361-78. [PMID: 17662171 DOI: 10.1348/000712607x228519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study tested predictions of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) in subgroups of sex offenders and male non-offenders using an experimental choice task consisting of a reward and a non-reward phase. In addition, RST-related psychometric measures were used. Both experimental and psychometric data were of interest to determine whether sex offenders could be reliably differentiated from non-offenders. Paraphilic (N=50) and impulse control-disordered (N=48) sex offenders showed greater sensitivity to continuous reward than male non-offenders (N=51). Impulse control-disordered sex offenders showed less behavioural adaptation under non-reward than both paraphilic sex offenders and male non-offenders. In addition, reward sensitivity, rash-spontaneous impulsivity, and anxiety measures discriminated sex offenders from male non-offenders. The results suggest that reinforcement sensitivity is a promising personality trait for differentiating subgroups of sex offenders from non-offenders. The experimental and psychometric results illustrate that predictive accuracy in forensic settings could be improved by combining several types of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Leue
- Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
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Doberenz S, Roth WT, Wollburg E, Breuninger C, Kim S. Twenty-four hour skin conductance in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1137-47. [PMID: 20537349 PMCID: PMC2937198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin conductance, physical activity, ambient temperature and mood were recorded for 24 h in 22 panic disorder (PD) patients and 29 healthy controls. During the day, subjects performed standardized relaxation tests (ARTs). We hypothesized that tonically elevated anticipatory anxiety in PD during waking and sleeping would appear as elevated skin conductance level (SCL) and greater skin conductance (SC) variability. Mean SCL was higher during both usual waking activities and sleeping in PD, but not during the ARTs. Group SC variability differences did not reach significance, perhaps because of variance unrelated to anxiety. Analyses indicated that in the PD group, antidepressant medication reduced mean SCL whereas state anxiety had the opposite effect during the day. Depressive symptoms reported during the day were related to elevated mean SCL on the night of the recording. The rate and extent of SCL deactivation over the night was equal in the two groups. However, PD patients had more frequent interruptions of deactivation that could have arisen from conditioned arousal in response to threat cues during sleep.
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Associations between trait anxiety and psychopathological characteristics of children at high risk for severe antisocial development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:185-93. [PMID: 21432605 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-010-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that among children at a high risk for antisocial personality disorder, the level of individual anxiety might constitute an important marker with respect to symptomatology and prognosis. The aim of the present study was to examine whether associations between anxiety and subtypes of aggression (proactive and reactive) exist in boys with early-onset subtype of conduct disorder (CD) and co-morbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A detailed psychometric characterization of boys with ADHD and the early-onset subtype of CD (n = 33) compared to healthy controls (n = 33) was performed. The assessment included trait anxiety, internalizing and externalizing problems, symptoms of psychopathy and temperament traits, as well as subtypes of aggressive behavior. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and group comparisons were calculated. The clinical group was characterized by higher levels of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Individual anxiety was positively associated with harm avoidance, symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and by trend with reactive aggression. In contrast, boys with reduced levels of anxiety exhibited more callous-unemotional traits. Our results indicate that children with the early-onset subtype of CD and ADHD constitute a psychopathological heterogeneous group. The associations between individual levels of trait anxiety, temperament traits, and subtypes of aggressive behavior in children with ADHD and severe antisocial behavior emphasize the impact of anxiety as a potential key factor that might also be crucial for improvement in therapeutic strategies and outcome measures. Anxiety should be considered carefully in children with ADHD and the early-onset subtype of CD in order to optimize current therapeutic interventions.
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Balconi M, Crivelli D. Veridical and false feedback sensitivity and punishment-reward system (BIS/BAS): ERP amplitude and theta frequency band analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1502-1510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gao Y, Raine A, Venables PH, Dawson ME, Mednick SA. The development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children from ages 3 to 8 years. Dev Sci 2010; 13:201-12. [PMID: 20121876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although fear conditioning is an important psychological construct implicated in behavioral and emotional problems, little is known about how it develops in early childhood. Using a differential, partial reinforcement conditioning paradigm, this longitudinal study assessed skin conductance conditioned responses in 200 children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years. Results demonstrated that in both boys and girls: (1) fear conditioning increased across age, particularly from ages 5 to 6 years, (2) the three components of skin conductance fear conditioning that reflect different degrees of automatic and controlled cognitive processes exhibited different developmental profiles, and (3) individual differences in arousal, orienting, and the unconditioned response were associated with individual differences in conditioning, with the influence of orienting increasing at later ages. This first longitudinal study of the development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children both demonstrates that children as young as age 3 years evidence fear conditioning in a difficult acquisition paradigm, and that different sub-components of skin conductance conditioning have different developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Departments of Criminology, McNeil Building, Suite 483, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6286, USA.
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Balconi M, Crivelli D. FRN and P300 ERP effect modulation in response to feedback sensitivity: The contribution of punishment-reward system (BIS/BAS) and Behaviour Identification of action. Neurosci Res 2010; 66:162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Balconi M, Falbo L, Brambilla E. BIS/BAS responses to emotional cues: Self report, autonomic measure and alpha band modulation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Balconi M, Mazza G. Brain oscillations and BIS/BAS (behavioral inhibition/activation system) effects on processing masked emotional cues. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 74:158-65. [PMID: 19709636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huertas E, Ponce G, Koeneke MA, Poch C, España-Serrano L, Palomo T, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Hoenicka J. The D2 dopamine receptor gene variant C957T affects human fear conditioning and aversive priming. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 9:103-9. [PMID: 19900188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of DRD2 and ANKK1 have been associated with psychiatric syndromes where there is believed to be an underlying learning process deficit such as addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychopathy. We investigated the effects of the DRD2 C957T and ANKK1 TaqIA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which have been associated with psychopathic traits in alcoholic patients, on fear conditioning and aversive priming in healthy volunteers. We found that the DRD2 C957T SNP, but not the ANKK1 TaqIA SNP, was associated with both differential conditioning of the skin conductance response and the aversive priming effect. There were no differences between the genotype groups with respect to the extinction of the skin-conductance conditioned response. These results suggest that the C957T SNP could be related to learning differences associated with the risk of developing psychiatric disorders in individuals that are carriers of the C homozygous genotype. Our genetic data raise the possibility that the dopaminergic system functional variations determined by this SNP could affect fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Huertas
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid 28223, Spain
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