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Yen YH, Kuo FY, Eng HL, Liu YW, Yong CC, Wang CC, Li WF, Lin CY. Patients undergoing liver resection for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma and those for viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma have similar survival outcomes. Updates Surg 2024; 76:879-887. [PMID: 38582796 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have compared outcomes of liver resection (LR) of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to those of patients with non-NAFLD-related HCC. However, results have been inconsistent. We aim to clarify this issue. We enrolled 801 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC, 433 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC, and 128 patients with NAFLD-related HCC undergoing LR. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with different etiologies of chronic liver disease was compared using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank test after propensity score matching (PSM). After PSM, 83 patients remained in each group. The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, the proportion of patients with pathological American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 1, tumor size > 50 mm, receipt of major resection, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥ 20 ng/ml, presence of cirrhosis, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. The five-year OS of patients with HBV-, HCV-, and NAFLD-related HCC was 78%, 75%, and 78%, respectively (p = 0.789). The five-year DFS of the HBV, HCV, and NAFLD groups was 60%, 45%, and 54%, respectively (p = 0.159). Perioperative morbidity was noted in 17 (20.5%) in the HBV group, 22 (26.5%) in the HCV group, and 15 (18.1%) in the NAFLD group (p = 0.398). The five-year OS, DFS, and perioperative morbidity of patients undergoing LR for NAFLD-related HCC and those for viral hepatitis-related HCC was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Yen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Ying Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hock-Liew Eng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Wei Liu
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Chien Yong
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Feng Li
- Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yun Lin
- Biostatistics Center of Kaohsiung Chang, Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Patmore LA, van Eekhout KMA, Buti M, Koc ÖM, Agarwal K, de Knegt RJ, Janssen HLA, van der Valk M, Lieveld FI, Hansen BE, Kramer M, de Bruijne J, Claassen MAA, Smit C, de Man RA, Takkenberg B, Carey I, Sonneveld MJ. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in sub-Saharan African and Afro-Surinamese individuals with chronic hepatitis B living in Europe. J Hepatol 2024; 80:243-250. [PMID: 37898348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sub-Saharan African (SSA) ethnicity has been associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among individuals with chronic hepatitis B in cross-sectional studies. However, the incidence of HCC and performance of HCC risk scores in this population are unknown. METHODS We conducted an international multicenter retrospective cohort study of all consecutive HBV-monoinfected individuals of SSA or Afro-Surinamese (AS) ethnicity managed at sites in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Spain. We assessed the 5- and 10-year cumulative incidences of HCC in the overall study population, among different clinically relevant subgroups and across (m)PAGE-B subgroups. Next, we explored the different risk factors for HCC. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8 years, we analyzed 1,473 individuals of whom 34 developed HCC. The 5- and 10-year cumulative incidences of HCC were 1% and 2.4%. The 10-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 0.7% among individuals without advanced fibrosis at baseline, compared to 12.1% among individuals with advanced fibrosis (p <0.001). Higher age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.05), lower platelet count (aHR 0.98), lower albumin level (aHR 0.90) and higher HBV DNA log10 (aHR 1.21) were significantly associated with HCC development. The 10-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 0.5% among individuals with a low PAGE-B score, compared to 2.9% in the intermediate- and 15.9% in the high-risk groups (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this unique international multicenter cohort of SSA and AS individuals with chronic hepatitis B, we observed 5- and 10-year cumulative HCC risks of 1% and 2.4%, respectively. The risk of HCC was negligible for individuals without advanced fibrosis at baseline, and among individuals with low baseline (m)PAGE-B scores. These findings can be used to guide HCC surveillance strategies. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Sub-Saharan African ethnicity has been associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among individuals with chronic hepatitis B. In this international multicenter cohort study of sub-Saharan African and Afro-Surinamese individuals living with chronic hepatitis B in Europe, we observed 5- and 10-year cumulative incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma of 1% and 2.4%, respectively. The risk was negligible among individuals without advanced fibrosis and a low baseline (m)PAGE-B score. These findings can be used to guide HCC surveillance strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Patmore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsi M A van Eekhout
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital University Valle d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Özgur M Koc
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kosh Agarwal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc van der Valk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Infectious Disease, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Hiv Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Faydra I Lieveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht UMC, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Deperatment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; IHPME, University of Toronto & Toronto Centre for Liver disease, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthijs Kramer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Bruijne
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht UMC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A A Claassen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Smit
- Hiv Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Carey
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milan J Sonneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang J, Fang Y, Fu Y, Jalukar S, Ma J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Yeast polysaccharide mitigated oxidative injury in broilers induced by mixed mycotoxins via regulating intestinal mucosal oxidative stress and hepatic metabolic enzymes. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102862. [PMID: 37419049 PMCID: PMC10466245 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of yeast polysaccharides (YPS) on growth performance, intestinal health, and aflatoxin metabolism in livers of broilers fed diets naturally contaminated with mixed mycotoxins (MYCO). A total of 480 one-day-old Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly allocated into a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (8 replicates with 10 birds per replicate) for 6 wk to assess the effects of 3 levels of YPS (0, 1, or 2 g/kg) on the broilers fed diets contaminated with or without MYCO (95 μg/kg aflatoxin B1, 1.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, and 490 μg/kg zearalenone). Results showed that mycotoxins contaminated diets led to significant increments in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, mRNA expressions of TLR4 and 4EBP1 associated with oxidative stress, mRNA expressions of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 associated with hepatic phase Ⅰ metabolizing enzymes, mRNA expressions of p53 associated with hepatic mitochondrial apoptosis, and AFB1 residues in the liver (P < 0.05); meanwhile dietary MYCO decreased the jejunal villus height (VH), villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD), the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), mRNA expressions of jejunal HIF-1α, HMOX, and XDH associated with oxidative stress, mRNA expressions of jejunal CLDN1, ZO1, and ZO2, and mRNA expression of GST associated with hepatic phase Ⅱ metabolizing enzymes of broilers (P < 0.05). Notably, the adverse effects induced by MYCO on broilers were mitigated by supplementation with YPS. Dietary YPS supplementation reduced the concentrations of serum MDA and 8-OHdG, jejunal CD, mRNA expression of jejunal TLR2, and 4EBP1, hepatic CYP1A2, and p53, and the AFB1 residues in the liver (P < 0.05), and elevated the serum T-AOC and SOD, jejunal VH, and VH/CD, and mRNA expression of jejunal XDH, hepatic GST of broilers (P < 0.05). There were significant interactions between MYCO and YPS levels on the growth performance (BW, ADFI, ADG, and F/G) at d 1 to 21, d 22 to 42, and d 1 to 42, serum GSH-Px activity, and mRNA expression of jejunal CLDN2 and hepatic ras of broilers (P < 0.05). In contrast with MYCO group, the addition of YPS increased BW, ADFI, and ADG, the serum GSH-Px activity (14.31%-46.92%), mRNA levels of jejunal CLDN2 (94.39%-103.02%), decreased F/G, and mRNA levels of hepatic ras (57.83%-63.62%) of broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplements with YPS protected broilers from mixed mycotoxins toxicities meanwhile keeping normal performance of broilers, presumably via reducing intestinal oxidative stress, protecting intestinal structural integrity, and improving hepatic metabolic enzymes to minimize the AFB1 residue in the liver and enhance the performance of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yutong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sangita Jalukar
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Mason City, IA 50401, USA
| | - Jinglin Ma
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Yanrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Choudhary HB, Mandlik SK, Mandlik DS. Role of p53 suppression in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2023; 14:46-70. [PMID: 37304923 PMCID: PMC10251250 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the top 10 most prevalent malignancies. HCC formation has indeed been linked to numerous etiological factors, including alcohol usage, hepatitis viruses and liver cirrhosis. Among the most prevalent defects in a wide range of tumours, notably HCC, is the silencing of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. The control of the cell cycle and the preservation of gene function are both critically important functions of p53. In order to pinpoint the core mechanisms of HCC and find more efficient treatments, molecular research employing HCC tissues has been the main focus. Stimulated p53 triggers necessary reactions that achieve cell cycle arrest, genetic stability, DNA repair and the elimination of DNA-damaged cells’ responses to biological stressors (like oncogenes or DNA damage). To the contrary hand, the oncogene protein of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a significant biological inhibitor of p53. MDM2 causes p53 protein degradation, which in turn adversely controls p53 function. Despite carrying wt-p53, the majority of HCCs show abnormalities in the p53-expressed apoptotic pathway. High p53 in-vivo expression might have two clinical impacts on HCC: (1) Increased levels of exogenous p53 protein cause tumour cells to undergo apoptosis by preventing cell growth through a number of biological pathways; and (2) Exogenous p53 makes HCC susceptible to various anticancer drugs. This review describes the functions and primary mechanisms of p53 in pathological mechanism, chemoresistance and therapeutic mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena B Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, BVDU, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Owumi SE, Ajakaiye B, Akinwunmi AO, Nwozo SO, Oyelere AK. The Hydrophobic Extract of Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) Enriched in Apigenin-Protected Rats against Aflatoxin B1-Associated Hepatorenal Derangement. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073013. [PMID: 37049776 PMCID: PMC10095839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a recalcitrant metabolite produced by fungi species, and due to its intoxications in animals and humans, it has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen in humans. Preserving food products with Sorghum bicolor sheath can minimise the contamination of agricultural products and avert ill health occasioned by exposure to AFB1. The current study investigated the ameliorating effect of Sorghum bicolor sheath hydrophobic extract (SBE-HP) enriched in Apigenin (API) on the hepatorenal tissues of rats exposed to AFB1. The SBE-HP was characterised using TLC and LC-MS and was found to be enriched in Apigenin and its methylated analogues. The study used adult male rats divided into four experimental cohorts co-treated with AFB1 (50 µg/kg) and SBE-HP (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Biochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and histological staining were used to examine biomarkers of hepatorenal function, oxidative status, inflammation and apoptosis, and hepatorenal tissue histo-architectural alterations. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.0, an independent t-test, and a one-way analysis of variance. Co-treatment with SBE-HP ameliorated an upsurge in the biomarkers of hepatorenal functionality in the sera of rats, reduced the alterations in redox balance, resolved inflammation, inhibited apoptosis, and preserved the histological features of the liver and kidney of rats exposed to AFB1. SBE-HP-containing API is an excellent antioxidant regiment. It can amply prevent the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hepatorenal system of rats. Therefore, supplementing animal feeds and human foods with SBE-HP enriched in Apigenin may reduce the burden of AFB1 intoxication in developing countries with a shortage of effective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E. Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (S.E.O.); (A.K.O.)
| | - Blessing Ajakaiye
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Adenike O. Akinwunmi
- Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti 360001, Nigeria
| | - Sarah O. Nwozo
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: (S.E.O.); (A.K.O.)
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6
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Gan T, Bambrick H, Ebi KL, Hu W. Does global warming increase the risk of liver cancer in Australia? Perspectives based on spatial variability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160412. [PMID: 36427742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Australia has experienced an astonishing increase in liver cancer over the past few decades and the epidemiological reasons behind this are puzzling. The existing recognized risk factors for liver cancer, viral hepatitis, and alcohol consumption, are inconsistent with the trend in liver cancer. Behind the effects of migration and metabolic disease lies a potential contribution of climate change to an increase in liver cancer. This study explored the climate-associated distribution of high-risk areas for liver cancer by comparing liver cancer to lung cancer and finds that the incidence of liver cancer is more pronounced in hot and humid areas. This study showed the risk of liver cancer was higher in the equatorial region and tropical regions. These results will extend the study on the health consequences of climate change and provide more ideas and directions for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gan
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary Bambrick
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia.
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7
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GOLM1 depletion modifies cellular sphingolipid metabolism and adversely affects cell growth. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100259. [PMID: 35948172 PMCID: PMC9475319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) is a Golgi-resident type 2 transmembrane protein known to be overexpressed in several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as in viral infections. However, the role of GOLM1 in lipid metabolism remains enigmatic. In this study, we employed siRNA-mediated GOLM1 depletion in Huh-7 HCC cells to study the role of GOLM1 in lipid metabolism. Mass spectrometric lipidomic analysis in GOLM1 knockdown cells showed an aberrant accumulation of sphingolipids, such as ceramides, hexosylceramides, dihexosylceramides, sphinganine, sphingosine, and ceramide phosphate, along with cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in phosphatidylethanolamines and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. In addition, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis indicated a reduction in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate upon GOLM1 depletion. Finally, alterations in Golgi structure and distribution were observed both by electron microscopy imaging and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. Importantly, we found that GOLM1 depletion also affected cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in Huh-7 HCC cells. The Golgi structural defects induced by GOLM1 reduction might potentially affect the trafficking of proteins and lipids leading to distorted intracellular lipid homeostasis, which may result in organelle dysfunction and altered cell growth. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GOLM1 depletion affects sphingolipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, Golgi structure, and proliferation of HCC cells.
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8
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Zhang J, Su D, Liu Q, Yuan Q, Ouyang Z, Wei Y, Xiao C, Li L, Yang C, Jiang W, Guo L, Zhou T. Gasdermin D-mediated microglial pyroptosis exacerbates neurotoxicity of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in mouse primary microglia and neuronal cultures. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:305-320. [PMID: 35716928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) disrupts the blood-brain barrier by poisoning the vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes that maintain it. It is important to examine whether aflatoxin B1 or its metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), affect microglia, which as the "immune cells" in the brain may amplify their damaging effects. Here we evaluated the toxicity of AFB1 and AFM1 against primary microglia and found that both aflatoxins decreased the viability of primary microglia and increased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-H2AX expression, nuclear lysis, necrosis and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The potential contribution of microglia to the toxic effects of aflatoxins was assessed in transwell co-culture experiments involving microglia, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or neural stem/precursor cells. And we found that the toxic effects of both aflatoxins on various types of nervous system cells were greater in the presence of microglia than in their absence. We also found that both aflatoxins induced gasdermin D-mediated microglial pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Blockade of gasdermin D activity in AFB1- or AFM1-treated primary microglia using dimethyl fumarate (DMF) reduced the release of IL-1β, IL-18 and nitric oxide, as well as the neurotoxicity of microglia-conditioned medium to neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neural stem/precursor cells. These data suggested that the toxicity of AFB1 and AFM1 on various cells of the central nervous system is due, remarkably, the gasdermin D-mediated microglial pyroptosis exacerbates their neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhang
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dapeng Su
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingsong Yuan
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202013, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202013, China
| | - Chenghong Xiao
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Liangyuan Li
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Changgui Yang
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weike Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Abstract
This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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10
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Sabir S, Rehman K, Fiayyaz F, Kamal S, Akash MSH. Role of Aflatoxins as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS AND ASSOCIATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Suresh D, Srinivas AN, Kumar DP. Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease. Front Oncol 2020; 10:601710. [PMID: 33330100 PMCID: PMC7734960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with mortality running parallel to its incidence and has limited therapeutic options. Chronic liver inflammation and injury contribute significantly to the development and progression of HCC. Several factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and demographic regions increase the HCC incidence rates and the major risk factors are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), carcinogens (food contaminants, tobacco smoking, and environmental toxins), and inherited diseases. In recent years evidence highlights the association of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity), excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease), and high-calorie intake (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) to be the prime causes for HCC in countries with a westernized sedentary lifestyle. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (80%), however, 20% of the cases have been known in patients with non-cirrhotic liver. It is widely believed that there exist possible interactions between different etiological agents leading to the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and progression is imperative in developing effective targeted therapies to combat this deadly disease. Noteworthy, a detailed understanding of the risk factors is also critical to improve the screening, early detection, prevention, and management of HCC. Thus, this review recapitulates the etiology of HCC focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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12
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Genome Profiling for Aflatoxin B 1 Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals a Role for the CSM2/SHU Complex in Tolerance of Aflatoxin B 1-Associated DNA Damage. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3929-3947. [PMID: 32994210 PMCID: PMC7642924 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) strongly correlates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). P450 enzymes convert AFB1 into a highly reactive epoxide that forms unstable 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-N 7-Gua) DNA adducts, which convert to stable mutagenic AFB1 formamidopyrimidine (FAPY) DNA adducts. In CYP1A2-expressing budding yeast, AFB1 is a weak mutagen but a potent recombinagen. However, few genes have been identified that confer AFB1 resistance. Here, we profiled the yeast genome for AFB1 resistance. We introduced the human CYP1A2 into ∼90% of the diploid deletion library, and pooled samples from CYP1A2-expressing libraries and the original library were exposed to 50 μM AFB1 for 20 hs. By using next generation sequencing (NGS) to count molecular barcodes, we initially identified 86 genes from the CYP1A2-expressing libraries, of which 79 were confirmed to confer AFB1 resistance. While functionally diverse genes, including those that function in proteolysis, actin reorganization, and tRNA modification, were identified, those that function in postreplication DNA repair and encode proteins that bind to DNA damage were over-represented, compared to the yeast genome, at large. DNA metabolism genes also included those functioning in checkpoint recovery and replication fork maintenance, emphasizing the potency of the mycotoxin to trigger replication stress. Among genes involved in postreplication repair, we observed that CSM2, a member of the CSM2 (SHU) complex, functioned in AFB1-associated sister chromatid recombination while suppressing AFB1-associated mutations. These studies thus broaden the number of AFB1 resistance genes and have elucidated a mechanism of error-free bypass of AFB1-associated DNA adducts.
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Abstract
Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krys Bottrill
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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14
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Qin W, Han C, Mai R, Yu T, Shang L, Ye X, Zhu G, Su H, Liao X, Liu Z, Yu L, Liu X, Yang C, Wang X, Peng M, Peng T. Establishment of a prognostic model for predicting short-term disease-free survival in cases of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma with the TP53 249Ser mutation in southern China. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:4517-4533. [PMID: 35117817 PMCID: PMC8798450 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-19-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary aflatoxin exposure are two major and synergistic carcinogenic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in southern China. Mutation of the TP53 gene at codon 249 (TP53 249Ser) is recognized as a fingerprint of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure. Methods A total of 485 HCC patients positive for serum hepatitis B surface antigen were enrolled. The clinicopathological information and survival time were collected. TP53 249Ser mutations in HCC were detected by Sanger DNA sequencing after PCR amplification. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate TP53 expression. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox proportional hazards regression (CPHR) were conducted to identify independent risk factors for prognosis that were incorporated into the nomogram. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare differences in clinical factors between the TP53 249Ser mutation group and the non-mutation group. A Kaplan-Meier plot, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. Results After PSM, a total of 322 cases were included in the analysis of clinical prognosis. Results of CPHR showed that the mutation group had a relatively higher risk of tumor recurrence within 2 years after undergoing hepatectomy (P=0.039, HR =1.47, 95% CI: 1.02–2.18). The prognostic model performed better in terms of 2-year DFS prediction than BCLC stage. Patients who had a nomogram score of more than 160 were considered to have a higher risk of recurrence within 2 years. Conclusions Our study found that the TP53 249Ser mutation may be a high risk factor of HBV-related HCC recurrence in the short term. And we initially established a nomogram scoring system for predicting 2-year recurrence in HBV-related HCC patients in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongyun Mai
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liming Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Minhao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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15
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Mungamuri SK, Mavuduru VA. Role of epigenetic alterations in aflatoxin‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/lci2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) ‐ National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad Telangana India
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16
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Benkerroum N. Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E423. [PMID: 31936320 PMCID: PMC7013914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity-which are the best known-still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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18
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Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:589-604. [PMID: 31439937 PMCID: PMC6813818 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2311] [Impact Index Per Article: 462.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C, alcohol addiction, metabolic liver disease (particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and exposure to dietary toxins such as aflatoxins and aristolochic acid. All these risk factors are potentially preventable, highlighting the considerable potential of risk prevention for decreasing the global burden of HCC. HCC surveillance and early detection increase the chance of potentially curative treatment; however, HCC surveillance is substantially underutilized, even in countries with sufficient medical resources. Early-stage HCC can be treated curatively by local ablation, surgical resection or liver transplantation. Treatment selection depends on tumour characteristics, the severity of underlying liver dysfunction, age, other medical comorbidities, and available medical resources and local expertise. Catheter-based locoregional treatment is used in patients with intermediate-stage cancer. Kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to be effective treatment options in patients with advanced-stage HCC. Together, rational deployment of prevention, attainment of global goals for viral hepatitis eradication, and improvements in HCC surveillance and therapy hold promise for achieving a substantial reduction in the worldwide HCC burden within the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Dong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Tumor Molecular Biology and Biomarkers Group, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amina Amadou
- Tumor Molecular Biology and Biomarkers Group, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209 CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amelie Plymoth
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Zhang Z, Tang D, Wang B, Wang Z, Liu M. Analysis of miRNA-mRNA regulatory network revealed key genes induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure in primary human hepatocytes. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e971. [PMID: 31502424 PMCID: PMC6825861 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure is a crucial factor to initiate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, comprehensive microRNA (miRNA)‐message RNA (mRNA) regulatory network regarding AFB1‐associated HCC is still lacking. This work was aimed to identify miRNA‐mRNA network in primary human hepatocytes after AFB1 exposure. Methods A miRNA expression dataset GSE71540 obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) after AFB1 exposure using GEO2R. Target genes of these DEMs were identified using TargetScan V_7.2, miRDB, PITA, miRanda, and miRTarBase. Gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed at Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network was established by analyzing three enriched KEGG pathways significantly correlated with HCC onset and then visualized at CytoScape. Results In this work, nine upregulated and nine downregulated DEMs were identified. Functional enrichment analyses showed that these predicted target genes were significantly associated with cancer development. Analysis of three enriched pathways related to the onset of HCC identified 13 and nine target genes for upregulated DEMs and downregulated DEMs, respectively. Subsequently, the miRNA‐mRNA regulatory networks were constructed. Conclusions In conclusion, miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network was established, which will help to understand the mechanism underlying the AFB1‐induced onset of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Dongyang Tang
- Department of Experimental Management Center, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Experimental Management Center, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Mingjiu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R. China
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20
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Wang H, Liao P, Zeng SX, Lu H. It takes a team: a gain-of-function story of p53-R249S. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:277-283. [PMID: 30608603 PMCID: PMC6487778 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF), the most malicious oncogenic activity of a cancer-promoting protein, is well illustrated to three hotspot p53 mutations at R248, R175, and R273 with distinct molecular mechanisms. Yet, less is known about another hotspot p53 mutant, R249S (p53-R249S). p53-R249S is the sole hotspot mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is highly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Its GOF is suggested by the facts that this mutant is associated with earlier onset of HCC and poorer prognosis of cancer patients and that its overexpression drives HCC proliferation and tumorigenesis. By contrast, simply knocking in this mutant in normal mice did not show apparent GOF activity. Hence, the GOF activity for p53-R249S and its underlying mechanisms have been elusive until recent findings offered some new insights. This review will discuss these findings as well as their clinical significance and implications for the development of a strategy to target multiple molecules as a therapy for p53-R249S-harboring HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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21
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Ferreira RG, Cardoso MV, de Souza Furtado KM, Espíndola KMM, Amorim RP, Monteiro MC. Epigenetic alterations caused by aflatoxin b1: a public health risk in the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Res 2019; 204:51-71. [PMID: 30304666 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is currently the most commonly studied mycotoxin due to its great toxicity, its distribution in a wide variety of foods such as grains and cereals and its involvement in the development of + (hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC). HCC is one of the main types of liver cancer, and has become a serious public health problem, due to its high incidence mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa. Studies show that AFB1 acts in synergy with other risk factors such as hepatitis B and C virus leading to the development of HCC through genetic and epigenetic modifications. The genetic modifications begin in the liver through the biomorphic AFB1, the AFB1-exo-8.9-Epoxy active, which interacts with DNA to form adducts of AFB1-DNA. These adducts induce mutation in codon 249, mediated by a transversion of G-T in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, causing HCC. Thus, this review provides an overview of the evidence for AFB1-induced epigenetic alterations and the potential mechanisms involved in the development of HCC, focusing on a critical analysis of the importance of severe legislation in the detection of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseane Guimarães Ferreira
- Neurosciences and Cell Biology Post-Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Magda Vieira Cardoso
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Neurosciences and Cell Biology Post-Graduation Program, Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Jindal A, Thadi A, Shailubhai K. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Etiology and Current and Future Drugs. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 9:221-232. [PMID: 31024205 PMCID: PMC6477125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is swiftly increasing in prevalence globally with a high mortality rate. The progression of HCC in patients is induced with advanced fibrosis, mainly cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The absence of proper preventive or curative treatment methods encouraged extensive research against HCC to develop new therapeutic strategies. The Food and Drug Administration-approved Nexavar (sorafenib) is used in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. In 2017, Stivarga (regorafenib) and Opdivo (nivolumab) got approved for patients with HCC after being treated with sorafenib, and in 2018, Lenvima (lenvatinib) got approved for patients with unresectable HCC. But, owing to the rapid drug resistance development and toxicities, these treatment options are not completely satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systemic combination therapies that target different signaling mechanisms, thereby decreasing the prospect of cancer cells developing resistance to treatment. In this review, HCC etiology and new therapeutic strategies that include currently approved drugs and other potential candidates of HCC such as Milciclib, palbociclib, galunisertib, ipafricept, and ramucirumab are evaluated.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- BMF, Bcl2 modifying factor
- BMI, body mass index
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EFGR, endothelial growth factor receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GFG, fibroblast growth factor
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antibody
- HBsAg, HBV surface antigen
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis B virus
- HDV, hepatitis D virus
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IGFR, insulin-like growth factor
- JAK, janus kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T cell
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PAPSS1, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand1
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PUMA, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- Rb, retinoblastoma protein
- SCF, stem cell factor
- SHP1, src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolization
- TGF 1, transforming growth factor-1
- TK, tyrosine kinase
- TKI, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- combination therapy
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- hepatology
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jindal
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Address for correspondence: Aastha Jindal, Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Kunwar Shailubhai
- Research and Development Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Research & Development, Tiziana Lifesciences, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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Engin AB, Engin A. DNA damage checkpoint response to aflatoxin B1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:90-96. [PMID: 30594067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although most countries regulate the aflatoxin levels in food by legislations, high amounts of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA adducts can still be detected in normal and tumorous tissue obtained from cancer patients. AFB1 cannot directly interact with DNA unless it is biotransformed to AFB1-8, 9-epoxide via cytochrome p450 enzymes. This metabolite spontaneously and irreversibly attaches to guanine residues to generate highly mutagenic DNA adducts. AFB1-induced mutation of ATM kinase results in the deterioration of the cell cycle checkpoint activation at the G2/M checkpoint site. Genomic instability and increased cancer risk due to A-T mutation is the result of diminished repair of DNA double strand breaks. The major point mutation caused by AFB1 is G-to-T transversion that is related with the high frequency of p53 mutation. Majority of AFB1 associated hepatocellular cancer cases carry TP53 mutant DNA, which is an indicator of AFB1 exposure, as well as hepatocellular cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
A large number of chemicals and several physical agents, such as UV light and γ-radiation, have been associated with the etiology of human cancer. Generation of DNA damage (also known as DNA adducts or lesions) induced by these agents is an important first step in the process of carcinogenesis. Evolutionary processes gave rise to DNA repair tools that are efficient in repairing damaged DNA; yet replication of damaged DNA may take place prior to repair, particularly when they are induced at a high frequency. Damaged DNA replication may lead to gene mutations, which in turn may give rise to altered proteins. Mutations in an oncogene, a tumor-suppressor gene, or a gene that controls the cell cycle can generate a clonal cell population with a distinct advantage in proliferation. Many such events, broadly divided into the stages of initiation, promotion, and progression, which may occur over a long period of time and transpire in the context of chronic exposure to carcinogens, can lead to the induction of human cancer. This is exemplified in the long-term use of tobacco being responsible for an increased risk of lung cancer. This mini-review attempts to summarize this wide area that centers on DNA damage as it relates to the development of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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25
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Moore MM, Schoeny RS, Becker RA, White K, Pottenger LH. Development of an adverse outcome pathway for chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma: case study of AFB1, a human carcinogen with a mutagenic mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:312-337. [PMID: 29431554 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1423462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are frameworks starting with a molecular initiating event (MIE), followed by key events (KEs) linked by KE relationships (KERs), ultimately resulting in a specific adverse outcome. Relevant data for the pathway and each KE/KER are evaluated to assess biological plausibility, weight-of-evidence, and confidence. We aimed to describe an AOP relevant to chemicals directly inducing mutation in cancer critical gene(s), via the formation of chemical-specific pro-mutagenic DNA adduct(s), as an early critical step in tumor etiology. Such chemicals have mutagenic modes-of-action (MOA) for tumor induction. To assist with developing this AOP, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was selected as a case study because it has a rich database and is considered to have a mutagenic MOA. AFB1 information was used to define specific KEs, KERs, and to inform development of a generic AOP for mutagen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In assessing the AFB1 information, it became clear that existing data are, in fact, not optimal and for some KEs/KERs, the definitive data are not available. In particular, while there is substantial information that AFB1 can induce mutations (based on a number of mutation assays), the definitive evidence - the ability to induce mutation in the cancer critical gene(s) in the tumor target tissue - is not available. Thus, it is necessary to consider the patterns of results in the weight-of-evidence for KEs and KERs. It was important to determine whether there was sufficient evidence that AFB1 can induce the necessary critical mutations early in the carcinogenic process, which was the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Moore
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Little Rock , AR , USA
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26
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A. Protective effects of curcumin against aflatoxicosis: A comprehensive review. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3552-3577. [PMID: 29034472 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxicosis is a deleterious medical condition that results from aflatoxins (AFs) or ochratoxins (OTs). Contamination with these toxins exerts detrimental effects on the liver, kidneys, reproductive organs, and also on immunological and cardiovascular systems. Aflatoxicosis is closely associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key contributors to oxidative and nitrosative stress responses, and subsequent damages to lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA. The main target organ for AF toxicity is the liver, where DNA adducts, degranulation of endoplasmic reticulum, increased hepatic lipid peroxide, GSH depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are manifestations of aflatoxicosis. Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a medicinal plant widely utilized all over the world for culinary and phytomedical purposes. Considering the antioxidant characteristic of curcumin, the main active component of turmeric, this review is intended to critically summarize the available evidence supporting possible effectiveness of curcumin against aflatoxicosis. Curcumin can serve as a promising candidate for attenuation of the adverse consequences of aflatoxicosis, acting mainly through intrinsic antioxidant effects aroused from its structure, modulation of the immune system as reflected by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β, and interfering with AF's biotransformation by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP1A, CYP3A, CYP2A, CYP2B, and CYP2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Weng MW, Lee HW, Choi B, Wang HT, Hu Y, Mehta M, Desai D, Amin S, Zheng Y, Tang MS. AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis is via lipid peroxidation that inhibits DNA repair, sensitizes mutation susceptibility and induces aldehyde-DNA adducts at p53 mutational hotspot codon 249. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18213-18226. [PMID: 28212554 PMCID: PMC5392321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in the food chain is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 60% of AFB1 related HCC carry p53 codon 249 mutations but the causal mechanism remains unclear. We found that 1) AFB1 induces two types of DNA adducts in human hepatocytes, AFB1-8,9-epoxide-deoxyguanosine (AFB1-E-dG) induced by AFB1-E and cyclic α-methyl-γ-hydroxy-1,N2-propano-dG (meth-OH-PdG) induced by lipid peroxidation generated acetaldehyde (Acet) and crotonaldehyde (Cro); 2) the level of meth-OH-PdG is >30 fold higher than the level of AFB1-E-dG; 3) AFB1, Acet, and Cro, but not AFB1-E, preferentially induce DNA damage at codon 249; 4) methylation at -CpG- sites enhances meth-OH-PdG formation at codon 249; and 5) repair of meth-OH-PdG at codon 249 is poor. AFB1, Acet, and Cro can also inhibit DNA repair and enhance hepatocyte mutational sensitivity. We propose that AFB1-induced lipid peroxidation generated aldehydes contribute greatly to hepatocarcinogenesis and that sequence specificity of meth-OH-PdG formation and repair shape the codon 249 mutational hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Wen Weng
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Bongkun Choi
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Yu Hu
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Manju Mehta
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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28
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Fasullo M, Freedland J, St John N, Cera C, Egner P, Hartog M, Ding X. An in vitro system for measuring genotoxicity mediated by human CYP3A4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:217-227. [PMID: 28436563 PMCID: PMC5479318 DOI: 10.1002/em.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
P450 activity is required to metabolically activate many chemical carcinogens, rendering them highly genotoxic. CYP3A4 is the most abundantly expressed P450 enzyme in the liver, accounting for most drug metabolism and constituting 50% of all hepatic P450 activity. CYP3A4 is also expressed in extrahepatic tissues, including the intestine. However, the role of CYP3A4 in activating chemical carcinogens into potent genotoxins is unclear. To facilitate efforts to determine whether CYP3A4, per se, can activate carcinogens into potent genotoxins, we expressed human CYP3A4 in the DNA-repair mutant (rad4 rad51) strain of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and tested the novel, recombinant yeast strain for ability to report CYP3A4-mediated genotoxicity of a well-known genotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ). Yeast microsomes containing human CYP3A4, but not those that do not contain CYP3A4, were active in hydroxylation of diclofenac, a known CYP3A4 substrate drug, a result confirming CYP3A4 activity in the recombinant yeast strain. In cells exposed to AFB1 , the expression of CYP3A4 supported DNA adduct formation, chromosome rearrangements, cell death, and expression of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, Rnr3, a marker of DNA damage. Expression of CYP3A4 also conferred sensitivity in rad4 rad51 mutants exposed to colon carcinogen, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). These data confirm the ability of human CYP3A4 to mediate the genotoxicity of AFB1 , and illustrate the usefulness of the CYP3A4-expressing, DNA-repair mutant yeast strain for screening other chemical compounds that are CYP3A4 substrates, for potential genotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:217-227, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fasullo
- College of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12205
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12209
| | - Julian Freedland
- College of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12205
| | | | - Cinzia Cera
- College of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12205
| | - Patricia Egner
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Matt Hartog
- College of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12205
| | - Xinxin Ding
- College of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York 12205
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29
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Li C, Wu M, Zong G, Wan C, Liu Q, Zhou H, Hua L, Chen Y, Chen X, Lu C. Overexpression of Protein Phosphatase 1γ (PP1γ) Is Associated with Enhanced Cell Proliferation and Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:133-142. [PMID: 27921263 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphatase 1γ (PP1γ), as a member of the protein phosphatase 1 family, may be involved in regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms by which PP1γ regulates hepatocellular carcinoma development. AIM We investigated the expression profile of PP1γ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and human HCC specimens, as well as its potential prognostic significance in HCC. METHODS PP1γ expression profile was detected in 94 HCC specimens using immunohistochemistry. PP1γ levels in HCC cells were downregulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Cell cycle progression and proliferation status of HCC cells and the effectiveness of doxorubicin were evaluated by flow cytometry and CCK-8 assay. The levels of PP1γ, CyclinD1, PCNA, Mdmx, p53, p21, and active caspase-3 were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS PP1γ was upregulated in tumorous specimens, compared with adjacent nontumorous tissues. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted to determine the prognostic significance of PP1γ in HCC. The expression pattern of PP1γ was positively correlated with tumor size, histological grade, Ki-67 expression, and poor prognosis in HCC. In addition, depletion of PP1γ by siRNA could inhibit cell proliferation, resulted in G1 phase arrest, and attenuated resistance to doxorubicin in Huh7 cells. CONCLUSIONS PP1γ is upregulated in HCC cell lines and HCC specimens, promotes cancer cell proliferation through regulation of p53, and may be a potential target for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, 30 North Tongyang Road, Pingchao, Nantong, 226361, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Digestion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guijuan Zong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, 30 North Tongyang Road, Pingchao, Nantong, 226361, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunhua Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Digestion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Hua
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Class 2 Grade 13, Clinical Medicine, Medical college, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, 30 North Tongyang Road, Pingchao, Nantong, 226361, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Digestion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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30
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Fan X, Ma X, Cui L, Dang S, Qu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Mao Z. CARF activates beta-catenin/TCF signaling in the hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80404-80414. [PMID: 27829235 PMCID: PMC5348329 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of Ras signaling is very common in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its constitutive active mutation, which makes it a big challenge to target Ras signaling. Therefore, identifying effectors downstream of Ras signaling would benefit the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, it was found that the expression of CARF (collaborate of ARF) was induced by oncogenic RasV12. The expression of CARF was up-regulated in both HCC mouse model (Alb-Cre; P53f/f; Loxp-Stop-Loxp-RasG12D) and human HCC clinical samples. Overexpression of CARF promoted the growth and migration of HCC cells, while knocking down the expression of CARF inhibited the growth and migration of HCC cells. In the mechanism study, CARF was found to interact with beta-catenin, impaired the interaction between beta-catenin and ICAT, and activated beta-catenin/TCF signaling. Moreover, knocking down the expression of CARF inhibited the tumorigenesis in the HCC mouse model. Taken together, this study revealed the oncogenic functions of CARF in the tumorigenesis of HCC by activating beta-catenin/TCF signaling, and suggested CARF might be a therapeutic target in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shengchun Dang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianguo Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xuqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhengfa Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Ajiboye TO, Yakubu MT, Oladiji AT. Lophirones B and C prevent aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in rat hepatocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1962-1970. [PMID: 26841338 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1137603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Despite the reported anticarcinogenic activity of lophirones B and C, no scientific information exists for its activity in rat hepatocytes. Objective Effect of lophirones B and C on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced oxidative stress, and DNA fragmentation in rat hepatocytes was investigated. Materials and methods Wistar rat hepatocytes were incubated with lophirones B and C (1 mg/mL) or sylimarin (1 mg/mL) in the presence or absence of AFB1. For an in vivo study, rats were orally administered with lophirones B and C, and/or AFB1 (20 μg/d) for 9 weeks. Results Lophirones B and C lowered AFB1-mediated increase in nitric oxide, superoxide anion radicals, caspase-3 and fragmented DNA. Lophirones B and C attenuated AFB1-mediated decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione. Also, lophirones B and C attenuated AFB1-mediated increase in conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde in rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, AFB1-mediated alterations in alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, total bilirubin and globulin in rat serum were significantly annulled in lophirones B and C-treated rats. Conclusion This study revealed that lophirones B and C prevented AFB1-induced oxidative damage in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeek Olakunle Ajiboye
- a Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Al-Hikmah University , Ilorin , Nigeria
| | - Musa Toyin Yakubu
- b Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , University of Ilorin , Ilorin , Nigeria
| | - Adenike Temidayo Oladiji
- b Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , University of Ilorin , Ilorin , Nigeria
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Li L, Brown KL, Ma R, Stone MP. DNA Sequence Modulates Geometrical Isomerism of the trans-8,9- Dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)- 9-hydroxy Aflatoxin B1 Adduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 28:225-37. [PMID: 25587868 PMCID: PMC4332041 DOI: 10.1021/tx5003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Aflatoxin
B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin produced
by Aspergillus flavus, is oxidized
by cytochrome P450 enzymes to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide,
which alkylates DNA at N7-dG. Under basic conditions,
this N7-dG adduct rearranges to yield the trans-8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxy
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1–FAPY) adduct. The
AFB1–FAPY adduct exhibits geometrical isomerism
involving the formamide moiety. NMR analyses of duplex oligodeoxynucleotides
containing the 5′-XA-3′, 5′-XC-3′, 5′-XT-3′,
and 5′-XY-3′ sequences (X = AFB1–FAPY;
Y = 7-deaza-dG) demonstrate that the equilibrium between E and Z isomers is controlled by major groove hydrogen
bonding interactions. Structural analysis of the adduct in the 5′-XA-3′
sequence indicates the preference of the E isomer
of the formamide group, attributed to formation of a hydrogen bond
between the formyl oxygen and the N6 exocyclic amino group
of the 3′-neighbor adenine. While the 5′-XA-3′
sequence exhibits the E isomer, the 5′-XC-3′
sequence exhibits a 7:3 E:Z ratio
at equilibrium at 283 K. The E isomer is favored
by a hydrogen bond between the formyl oxygen and the N4-dC exocyclic amino group of the 3′-neighbor cytosine. The
5′-XT-3′ and 5′-XY-3′ sequences cannot
form such a hydrogen bond between the formyl oxygen and the 3′-neighbor
T or Y, respectively, and in these sequence contexts the Z isomer is favored. Additional equilibria between α and β
anomers and the potential to exhibit atropisomers about the C5–N5 bond do not depend upon sequence. In each
of the four DNA sequences, the AFB1–FAPY adduct
maintains the β deoxyribose configuration. Each of these four
sequences feature the atropisomer of the AFB1 moiety that
is intercalated above the 5′-face of the damaged guanine. This
enforces the Ra axial conformation for
the C5–N5 bond.
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Homocystinuria: Therapeutic approach. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:55-62. [PMID: 27059523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is a disorder of sulfur metabolism pathway caused by deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). It is characterized by increased accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in the cells and plasma. Increased homocysteine results in various vascular and neurological complications. Present strategies to lower cellular and plasma homocysteine levels include vitamin B6 intake, dietary methionine restriction, betaine supplementation, folate and vitamin B12 administration. However, these strategies are inefficient for treatment of homocystinuria. In recent years, advances have been made towards developing new strategies to treat homocystinuria. These mainly include functional restoration to mutant CBS, enhanced clearance of Hcy from the body, prevention of N-homocysteinylation-induced toxicity and inhibition of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress. In this review, we have exclusively discussed the recent advances that have been achieved towards the treatment of homocystinuria. The review is an attempt to help clinicians in developing effective therapeutic strategies and designing novel drugs against homocystinuria.
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Histone methyltransferase SETDB1 regulates liver cancer cell growth through methylation of p53. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8651. [PMID: 26471002 PMCID: PMC5426523 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SETDB1 is a histone H3K9 methyltransferase that has a critical role in early development. It is located within a melanoma susceptibility locus and facilitates melanoma formation. However, the mechanism by which SETDB1 regulates tumorigenesis remains unknown. Here we report the molecular interplay between SETDB1 and the well-known hotspot gain-of-function (GOF) TP53 R249S mutation. We show that in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SETDB1 is overexpressed with moderate copy number gain, and GOF TP53 mutations including R249S associate with this overexpression. Inactivation of SETDB1 in HCC cell lines bearing the R249S mutation suppresses cell growth. The TP53 mutation status renders cancer cells dependent on SETDB1. Moreover, SETDB1 forms a complex with p53 and catalyses p53K370 di-methylation. SETDB1 attenuation reduces the p53K370me2 level, which subsequently leads to increased recognition and degradation of p53 by MDM2. Together, we provide both genetic and biochemical evidence for a mechanism by which SETDB1 regulates cancer cell growth via methylation of p53. SETDB1 is a histone methyltransferase and a role for the protein has been proposed in cancer. Here, the authors show that SETDB1 contributes to hepatocellular cancer by preferably forming a complex with mutant p53, resulting in di-methylation of a critical lysine residue and stabilization of the protein.
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Lu J, Yin J, Dong R, Yang T, Yuan L, Zang L, Xu C, Peng B, Zhao J, Du X. Targeted sequencing of cancer-associated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma using next generation sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4678-4682. [PMID: 26096009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-associated mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major histological subtype among types of primary liver cancer. China is an area of high incidence of HCC, and >50% of the cases of HCC worldwide are in China. At present, the mechanism underlying the development of HCC remains to be fully elucidated, and previous studies have predominantly focused on HCC in southern and eastern China, with molecular data of the HCC cases in Western China remains limited. In the present study, a panel of 372 cancer‑associated genes were screened using a next generation sequencing platform, which included a total of 12 cases from western China. The results confirmed mutations in previously identified HCC drivers, including p53 and Kras. Additionally, mutations in several cancer genes, which had not been previously associated with HCC, were identified, including RUNX1 and JAK3. The present study provided a mutation spectrum of HCC tissue in cases from western China, assisting in the investigation of the mechanism of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Du
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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Keshteli AH, Baracos VE, Madsen KL. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a potential contributor of colorectal cancer development in inflammatory bowel diseases: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1081-1090. [PMID: 25632180 PMCID: PMC4306151 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is an amino acid generated metabolically by the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylation pathway. In addition to being a well-known independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, is also a risk factor for cancer. Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer in comparison to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the risk of hyperhomocysteinaemia is significantly higher in IBD patients when compared with controls. In the present article, we review the mechanisms in which hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to increased risk of colorectal cancer in IBD patients.
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37
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Zou S, Li J, Zhou H, Frech C, Jiang X, Chu JSC, Zhao X, Li Y, Li Q, Wang H, Hu J, Kong G, Wu M, Ding C, Chen N, Hu H. Mutational landscape of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5696. [PMID: 25526346 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a fatal primary liver cancer (PLC) that affects 5-10% of all PLCs. Here we sequence tumour and matching control sample pairs of a large cohort of 103 ICC patients in China, resulting in the identification of an ICC-specific somatic mutational signature that is associated with liver inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis. We further uncover 25 significantly mutated genes including eight potential driver genes (TP53, KRAS, IDH1, PTEN, ARID1A, EPPK1, ECE2 and FYN). We find that TP53-defective ICC patients are more likely to be HBsAg-seropositive, whereas mutations in the oncogene KRAS are nearly exclusively found in HBsAg-seronegative ICC patients. Three pathways (Ras/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase signalling, p53/cell cycle signalling and transforming growth factor-β/Smad signalling), genes important for epigenetic regulation and oxidative phosphorylation are substantially affected in ICC. We reveal mutations in this study that may be valuable for designing further studies, better diagnosis and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada [2] Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huabang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Christian Frech
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jeffrey S C Chu
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co. Ltd, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Xinyin Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yuqiong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiaomei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- School of Medicine, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guanyi Kong
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics Co. Ltd, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Mengchao Wu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nansheng Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Heping Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Ajiboye TO, Yakubu MT, Oladiji AT. Lophirones B and C Extenuate AFB1-Mediated Oxidative Onslaught on Cellular Proteins, Lipids, and DNA through Nrf-2 Expression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:558-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taofeek O. Ajiboye
- Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Al-Hikmah University; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Musa T. Yakubu
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Adenike T. Oladiji
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
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39
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Poon SL, McPherson JR, Tan P, Teh BT, Rozen SG. Mutation signatures of carcinogen exposure: genome-wide detection and new opportunities for cancer prevention. Genome Med 2014; 6:24. [PMID: 25031618 PMCID: PMC4062065 DOI: 10.1186/gm541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental mutagens is an important cause of human cancer, and measures to reduce mutagenic and carcinogenic exposures have been highly successful at controlling cancer. Until recently, it has been possible to connect the chemical characteristics of mutagens to actual mutations observed in human tumors only indirectly. Now, next-generation sequencing technology enables us to observe in detail the DNA-sequence-level effects of well-known mutagens, such as ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke, as well as endogenous mutagenic processes, such as those involving activated DNA cytidine deaminases (APOBECs). We can also observe the effects of less well-known but potent mutagens, including those recently found to be present in some herbal remedies. Crucially, we can now tease apart the superimposed effects of several mutational exposures and processes and determine which ones occurred during the development of individual tumors. Here, we review advances in detecting these mutation signatures and discuss the implications for surveillance and prevention of cancer. The number of sequenced tumors from diverse cancer types and multiple geographic regions is growing explosively, and the genomes of these tumors will bear the signatures of even more diverse mutagenic exposures. Thus, we envision development of wide-ranging compendia of mutation signatures from tumors and a concerted effort to experimentally elucidate the signatures of a large number of mutagens. This information will be used to link signatures observed in tumors to the exposures responsible for them, which will offer unprecedented opportunities for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling Poon
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - John R McPherson
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Steven G Rozen
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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LE PH, Huang SC, Lim SN, Chou CH, Yeh TS, Chen TC, Yen TH, Su MY, Chiu CT, Yeh CT, Lin WR. Complex IV subunit 1 defect predicts postoperative survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1430-1438. [PMID: 24765151 PMCID: PMC3997697 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is responsible for adenosine triphosphate synthesis and OXPHOS deficiency plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. The defects of mitochondrial-encoded OXPHOS subunits have been found in normal and cirrhotic liver, however their contributions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not clear. The present study aimed to examine these defects in resected HCC tissues. In total, 102 human HCC tissues were collected from patients undergoing curative resection, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess tissue expression of complex I subunit 6, complex III subunit 3, complex IV subunit 1 (CIV-1) and complex V subunit 6. Cox proportional hazard model analysis was performed, including all clinicopathological factors, to postoperatively estimate the overall survival rate. The results showed that the majority of HCC tissues contained various degrees of expression defects for OXPHOS subunits. Among these, the major CIV-1 defect (expression defect area of >25% of the examined area) (P<0.001) and early distant metastasis (P<0.001) were independently associated with the overall survival rate. Kaplan-Meier analysis also demonstrated that the major CIV-1 defect was significantly associated with a poor overall survival rate (log-rank, P=0.002). The findings in the present study clearly indicate that the major CIV-1 expression defect may serve as an independent negative prognostic factor in HCC patients following curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puo-Hsien LE
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chang-Hua Chou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Yao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Tang Chiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Fasullo M, Smith A, Egner P, Cera C. Activation of aflatoxin B1 by expression of human CYP1A2 polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 761:18-26. [PMID: 24472830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human susceptibility to environmental carcinogens is highly variable and depends on multiple genetic factors, including polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes. Although epidemiological studies have identified individual polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes that may alter cancer risk, there is often conflicting data about whether such polymorphisms alter the genotoxicity of environmental carcinogens. This is particularly true of the CYP1A2 polymorphisms that confer differential activation of multiple human carcinogens. To determine whether a single cytochrome P450 polymorphism confers higher levels of carcinogen-associated genotoxicity, we chose an organism that lack enzymes to metabolically activate aflatoxins and expressed individual human P450 genes in budding yeast. We measured the frequencies of recombination, Rad51 foci formation, 7-methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activities, and the concentrations of carcinogen-associated DNA adducts in DNA repair proficient yeast expressing P450 polymorphisms after exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).We measured growth of rad4 rad51 cells expressing CYP1A2 polymorphisms while exposed to AFB1. We observed that there was significantly less AFB1-associated genotoxicity in yeast expressing CYP1A2 I386F, while yeast expressing CYP1A2 C406Y exhibited intermediate levels of genotoxicity compared to yeast expressing CYP1A2 D348N or wild type. We conclude that differences in carcinogen genotoxicity can be observed in yeast expressing different CYP1A2 alleles. This is the first report that carcinogen-associated P450 polymorphisms can be studied in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fasullo
- Ordway Research Institute, Center for Medical Sciences, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12209, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Medical Sciences, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY, USA.
| | - Autumn Smith
- Ordway Research Institute, Center for Medical Sciences, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12209, USA
| | - Patricia Egner
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cinzia Cera
- Ordway Research Institute, Center for Medical Sciences, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12209, USA
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Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK, Naik SR. Models of hepatotoxicity and the underlying cellular, biochemical and immunological mechanism(s): a critical discussion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:118-133. [PMID: 24322620 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a primary organ involved in biotransformation of food and drugs. Hepatic diseases are a major worldwide problem. Hepatic disorders are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (alcohol), xenobiotics (carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons and gases CO₂ and O₂) anticancer (azathioprine, doxorubicin, cisplatin), immunosuppressant (cyclosporine), analgesic anti-inflammatory (paracetamol, thioacetamide), anti-tubercular (isoniazid, rifampicin) drugs, biologicals (Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin vaccine), radiations (gamma radiations), heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic), mycotoxin (aflatoxin), galactosamine, lipopolysaccharides, etc. Various risk factors for hepatic injury include concomitant hepatic diseases, age, gender, alcoholism, nutrition and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes have also been emphasized. The present review enumerates various in vivo animal models and in vitro methods of hepatic injury using diverse toxicants, their probable metabolic pathways, and numerous biochemical changes viz. serum biomarkers enzymes, liver function, oxidative stress associated events like free radicals formation, lipid peroxidation, enzyme antioxidants and participation of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand), and other biomolecules (Fas and C-jun N-terminal kinase) are also discussed. The underlying cellular, molecular, immunological, and biochemical mechanism(s) of action responsible for liver damage (toxicity) are also been discussed. This review should be immensely useful for researchers especially for phytochemists, pharmacologists and toxicologists working on hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxic chemicals and drugs, hepatoprotective agents and drug research organizations involved especially in phytopharmaceuticals and other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa K Ingawale
- Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S. No. 309/310, Off Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Kusgaon (Bk.), Lonavala, Pune 410 401, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, S. No. 44/1, Vadgaon (Bk.), Off Sinhgad Road, Pune 411 041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh R Naik
- Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S. No. 309/310, Off Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Kusgaon (Bk.), Lonavala, Pune 410 401, Maharashtra, India.
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43
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Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes XRCC4 and XRCC5 and aflatoxin B1-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiology 2013; 24:671-81. [PMID: 23788213 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31829d2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may influence individual variation in DNA repair capacity and may play an important role in carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of genetic polymorphisms at XRCC4 codon 247 (rs3734091, XRCC4P) and XRCC5 codon 180 (rs80309960, XRCC5P) in liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) caused by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). METHODS A hospital-based case-control study, including 1499 liver cancer cases and 2045 controls without any liver disease, was conducted in a high aflatoxin exposure area in the Guangxi region of China to assess the relationship between these two polymorphisms and aflatoxin-related liver cancer risk and prognosis. Genotypes, mRNA levels, and the hot-spot mutation of TP53 gene (TP53M) related to AFB1 exposure was tested using TaqMan-PCR technique. XRCC4 protein level was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS For XRCC4P and XRCC5P, only XRCC4P modified liver cancer risk. Compared with the homozygote of XRCC4 codon 247 Ala alleles (XRCC4-AA), the genotypes of XRCC4 codon 247 Ser alleles (namely XRCC4-AS or -SS) increased liver cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35 and 2.02, respectively). Significant interactive effects between risk genotypes (OR > 1) and aflatoxin exposure status were also observed in the joint effects analysis. Moreover, this polymorphism was associated not only with lower XRCC4 expression levels but also with higher AFB1-DNA adduct levels and increasing TP53M and portal vein tumor risk. Additionally, XRCC4P modified the recurrence-free survival and overall survival of cases, especially under conditions of high aflatoxin exposure. CONCLUSION XRCC4P may be a genetic modifier for the risk and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by AFB1 exposure.
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44
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Ajiboye T, Raji H, Muritala H, Ojewuyi O, Yakubu M. Anthocyanin extract of Lannea microcarpa fruits stall oxidative rout associated with aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis. FOOD BIOSCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Yeh CT, Huang YH, Liang KH, Chang ML, Hsu CW, Chen YC, Chen TC, Yeh TS, Lee WC. Segregation of signaling proteins as prognostic predictors for local recurrence and distant metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:491-504. [PMID: 24297625 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is presented as local recurrence (LR) or extrahepatic metastasis (EHM). Recent studies indicated that EHM requires additional cellular alterations. This study aimed to examine the clinical and molecular prognostic predictors of these two events. HCC patients (289) [training cohort (n=160) and verification cohort (n=129)] receiving surgical resection of hepatomas were included. The expression levels of six signaling molecules were quantitatively assessed for prognostic analysis. Clustering analysis revealed similar expression profiles between cancer (T) and non-cancer (N) liver tissues in the same individuals. Univariate analysis showed that phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-T was associated with LR-free survival (P=0.002), whereas extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK2)-T (P=0.005), AKT-T (P=0.001) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-T/N ratio (P=0.008) were associated with EHM-free survival. When clinical predictors were added for multivariate analysis, only prolonged prothrombin time (P=0.003) and tumor number (P=0.031) was independently associated with LR-free survival, whereas age (P=0.019), creatinine levels (P=0.001) and AKT-T (P=0.004) were associated with EHM-free survival. These factors were further examined in the verification cohort. In conclusion, postoperative LR and EHM in HCC were associated with separable sets of clinical and molecular predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kung-Hao Liang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Wei Hsu
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Medical Center, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Medical Center, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Medical Center, Taipei 105, Taiwan, R.O.C
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46
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Jetten M, Kleinjans J, Claessen S, Chesné C, van Delft J. Baseline and genotoxic compound induced gene expression profiles in HepG2 and HepaRG compared to primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2031-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Long XD, Yao JG, Zeng Z, Ma Y, Huang XY, Wei ZH, Liu M, Zhang JJ, Xue F, Zhai B, Xia Q. Polymorphisms in the coding region of X-ray repair complementing group 4 and aflatoxin B1-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 58:171-81. [PMID: 23390017 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED X-ray repair complementing group 4 (XRCC4) is very important in maintaining overall genome stability and may play an important role in carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate the role of polymorphisms in the coding region of this gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). A hospital-based case-control study, including 1,499 HCC cases and 2,045 controls without any liver diseases or tumors, was conducted in a high AFB1 exposure area (the Guangxi region) to assess the relationship between 21 polymorphisms in the coding region of XRCC4 and AFB1-related HCC risk and prognosis. Among these 21 polymorphisms, only rs28383151 modified HCC risk. These individuals with the genotypes of rs28383151 A alleles (rs28383151-GA/AA), compared with the homozygote of rs28383151 G alleles (rs28383151-GG), faced increasing risk of HCC (odds ratio [OR]: 2.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.77-2.67). Significant interactive effects between risk genotypes (OR, >1) and AFB1 exposure status were also observed in the joint-effects analysis. Furthermore, this polymorphism was correlated not only with lower XRCC4-expressing levels, but also with higher AFB1-DNA adducts levels and increasing TP53M and portal vein tumor risk. The rs28383151 polymorphism modified the recurrence-free survival and overall survival of HCC patients, especially under high AFB1 exposure conditions. Additionally, this polymorphism multiplicatively interacted with the glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism with respect to HCC risk (ORinteraction = 2.13). CONCLUSION Genetic polymorphisms in the coding region of XRCC4 may be risk and prognostic biomarkers of AFB1-related HCC, and rs28383151 is such a potential candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Dai Long
- Department of Liver Surgery, the Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lu X, Hu B, Shao L, Tian Y, Jin T, Jin Y, Ji S, Fan X. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabonomics profiles in aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:444-55. [PMID: 23385219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify mechanisms and potential biomarkers for predicting the development and progression of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced acute hepatotoxicity. In this study, microarray analysis and metabolites profiles were used to identify shifts in gene expression and metabolite levels associated with the affected physiological processes of rats treated with AFB1. Histopathological examinations and serum biochemical analysis were simultaneously performed; the results indicated that hepatotoxicity occurred in higher dosage groups. However, gene expression analysis and metabolite profiles are more sensitive than general toxicity studies for detecting AFB1-induced acute hepatotoxicity as the patterns of low-dose AFB1-treated rats in these two technique platforms were more similar to the rats in higher dosage groups than to the control rats. Integrated analysis of the results from general toxicity studies, transcriptomics and metabonomics profiles suggested that p53 signaling pathway induced by oxidative damage was the crucial step in AFB1-induced acute hepatotoxicity, whereas gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism disorder were found to be the major metabolic effects after acute AFB1 exposure. The genes and metabolites significantly affected in common in rat liver or serum of three doses AFB1 treatments served as potential biomarkers for detecting AFB1-induced acute hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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49
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Cruz A, Madruga C, Mallmann C, Moreira E, Botura M, Silva G, Batatinha M. Investigação do gene p53 de frangos expostos às aflatoxinas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000600036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identificou-se o efeito das aflatoxinas (AFs) sobre o gene p53 de frangos de corte, de linhagem comercial, separados em: grupo experimental, tratado (GT) com ração comercial contendo 2,8ppm de AFs totais durante 21 dias consecutivos, e grupo-controle (GC), sem exposição às AFs. Macroscopicamente, as alterações caracterizaram-se por hepatomegalia e aspecto pálido-amarelado com alguns focos hemorrágicos e, histologicamente, por desarranjo trabecular, pleomorfismo hepatocítico com cariomegalia, degeneração vacuolar intracitoplasmática, necrose com infiltração linfocítica e hiperplasia de ductos biliares. A PCR com os primers GSPT53c-1 com base no gene candidato a p53 (GenBank XM_424937.2) gerou um produto de aproximadamente 350 pares de base. O amplicon sequenciado a partir do DNA dos frangos do GT não apresentou mutação ou deleção, assim como padrão de bandas do PCR-RFLP não foi distinto entre ambos os grupos experimentais e a sequência depositada no banco de genes. Os resultados sugerem que não ocorreu transversão devido à exposição às AFs no fragmento amplificado. Conclui-se que a PCR-RFLP e o sequenciamento do produto da PCR não são ferramentas apropriadas para diagnóstico da exposição de frangos às AFs nas condições experimentais empregadas.
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50
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Gouas DA, Villar S, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Legros P, Ferro G, Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Bah E, Friesen MD, Groopman J, Chemin I, Hainaut P. TP53 R249S mutation, genetic variations in HBX and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in The Gambia. Carcinogenesis 2012. [PMID: 22759751 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In regions with high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) exposure, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) often contain TP53 mutation at codon 249 (R249S). Furthermore, a C-terminal truncated HBx protein expressed from hepatocyte integrated HBV is associated with HCC development. This study evaluates the association between R249S and HBX status in relation to HCC in West African population. HBX (complete or 3'-truncated) and HBS genes were assessed by PCR in cell-free DNA (CFDNA) from plasma of subjects recruited in a hospital-based case-control study (325 controls, 78 cirrhotic patients and 198 HCC cases) conducted in The Gambia. These samples had been previously analyzed for R249S and HBV serological status. Complete HBX sequence was frequently detected in CFDNA of HCC-R249S positive (77%, 43/56) compared with HCC-R249S-negative cases (44%, 22/50). Conversely, the proportion of 3'-truncated HBX gene was significantly higher in HCC-R249S negative than positive cases (34%, 17/50, compared with 12%, 7/56) (χ(2) = 12.12; P = 0.002; distribution of R249S negative and positive according to HBX status). Occult HBV infection (detected by PCR) was present in 24% of HCC previously considered as negative by HBV serology. Moreover, HBV mutation analysis revealed that double mutation at nucleotides 1762(T)/1764(A) was associated with diagnosis of cirrhosis or HCC {cirrhosis: odds ratio (OR): 9.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-60.11]; HCC: OR: 11.29 [95% CI 2.07-61.47]}. These findings suggest that in HCC from The Gambia, complete HBX sequences are often associated with the presence of TP53 R249S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane A Gouas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Lyon, France
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