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Wium M, Jonker HI, Olivier AJ, Bellstedt DU, Botes A. DNA Vaccines Against Mycoplasma Elicit Humoral Immune Responses in Ostriches. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1061. [PMID: 31139188 PMCID: PMC6527592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In ostriches, the population densities resulting from intensive rearing increases susceptibility to pathogens such as mycoplasmas. In addition to good management practices, vaccination offers an attractive alternative for controlling mycoplasma infections in food animals, instead of using antibiotics, which often leave unacceptable residues. The use of live attenuated vaccines, however, carry the concern of reversion to virulence or genetic recombination with field strains. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines against ostrich-infecting mycoplasmas and this study therefore set out to develop and evaluate the use of a DNA vaccine against mycoplasma infections in ostriches using an OppA protein as antigen. To this end, the oppA gene of “Mycoplasma nasistruthionis sp. nov.” str. Ms03 was cloned into two DNA vaccine expression vectors after codon correction by site-directed mutagenesis. Three-months-old ostriches were then vaccinated intramuscularly at different doses followed by a booster vaccination after 6 weeks. The ability of the DNA vaccines to elicit an anti-OppA antibody response was evaluated by ELISA using the recombinant OppA protein of Ms03 as coating antigen. A statistically significant anti-OppA antibody response could be detected after administration of a booster vaccination indicating that the OppA protein was successfully immunogenic. The responses were also both dose and vector dependent. In conclusion, the DNA vaccines were able to elicit an immune response in ostriches and can therefore be viewed as an option for the development of vaccines against mycoplasma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Wium
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - Dirk Uwe Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Annelise Botes
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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2
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Toxoplasma gondii : Immunological response of sheep to injections of recombinant SAG1, SAG2, GRA1 proteins coupled to the non-toxic microparticle muramyl dipeptide. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Bagley K, Xu R, Ota-Setlik A, Egan M, Schwartz J, Fouts T. The catalytic A1 domains of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin are potent DNA adjuvants that evoke mixed Th1/Th17 cellular immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2228-40. [PMID: 26042527 PMCID: PMC4635876 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1026498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA encoded adjuvants are well known for increasing the magnitude of cellular and/or humoral immune responses directed against vaccine antigens. DNA adjuvants can also tune immune responses directed against vaccine antigens to better protect against infection of the target organism. Two potent DNA adjuvants that have unique abilities to tune immune responses are the catalytic A1 domains of Cholera Toxin (CTA1) and Heat-Labile Enterotoxin (LTA1). Here, we have characterized the adjuvant activities of CTA1 and LTA1 using HIV and SIV genes as model antigens. Both of these adjuvants enhanced the magnitude of antigen-specific cellular immune responses on par with those induced by the well-characterized cytokine adjuvants IL-12 and GM-CSF. CTA1 and LTA1 preferentially enhanced cellular responses to the intracellular antigen SIVmac239-gag over those for the secreted HIVBaL-gp120 antigen. IL-12, GM-CSF and electroporation did the opposite suggesting differences in the mechanisms of actions of these diverse adjuvants. Combinations of CTA1 or LTA1 with IL-12 or GM-CSF generated additive and better balanced cellular responses to both of these antigens. Consistent with observations made with the holotoxin and the CTA1-DD adjuvant, CTA1 and LTA1 evoked mixed Th1/Th17 cellular immune responses. Together, these results show that CTA1 and LTA1 are potent DNA vaccine adjuvants that favor the intracellular antigen gag over the secreted antigen gp120 and evoke mixed Th1/Th17 responses against both of these antigens. The results also indicate that achieving a balanced immune response to multiple intracellular and extracellular antigens delivered via DNA vaccination may require combining adjuvants that have different and complementary mechanisms of action.
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Yang A, Jeang J, Cheng K, Cheng T, Yang B, Wu TC, Hung CF. Current state in the development of candidate therapeutic HPV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:989-1007. [PMID: 26901118 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies creates the opportunity to control these cancers through vaccination. Currently, available preventive HPV vaccines have not yet demonstrated strong evidences for therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. Furthermore, HPV infections remain extremely common. Thus, there is urgent need for therapeutic vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Therapeutic vaccines differ from preventive vaccines in that they are aimed at generating cell-mediated immunity rather than neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, especially oncoproteins E6 and E7, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccines since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignancies and precancerous lesions, playing crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review will cover various therapeutic vaccines in development for the treatment of HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Furthermore, we review strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy and the latest clinical trials on therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jessica Jeang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ting Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Benjamin Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - T-C Wu
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Inclusion of the bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 3 with glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1 in a DNA vaccine modulates immune responses of mice and cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:463-77. [PMID: 24451331 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00696-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) causes recurrent respiratory and genital infections in cattle and predisposes them to lethal secondary infections. While modified live and killed BoHV-1 vaccines exist, these are not without problems. Development of an effective DNA vaccine for BoHV-1 has the potential to address these issues. As a strategy to enhance DNA vaccine immunity, a plasmid encoding the bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 3 (BNBD3) as a fusion with truncated glycoprotein D (tgD) and a mix of two plasmids encoding BNBD3 and tgD were tested in mice and cattle. In mice, coadministration of BNBD3 on the separate plasmid enhanced the tgD-induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response but not the antibody response. BNBD3 fused to tgD did not affect the antibody levels or the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells but increased the induction of tgD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In cattle, the addition of BNBD3 as a fusion construct also modified the immune response. While the IgG and virus-neutralizing antibody levels were not affected, the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells was increased after BoHV-1 challenge, specifically the CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells, including CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) CD25(+) CTLs. While reduced virus shedding, rectal temperature, and weight loss were observed, the level of protection was comparable to that observed in pMASIA-tgD-vaccinated animals. These data show that coadministration of BNBD3 with a protective antigen as a fusion in a DNA vaccine strengthened the Th1 bias and increased cell-mediated immune responses but did not enhance protection from BoHV-1 infection.
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Jamali A, Holtrop M, de Haan A, Hashemi H, Shenagari M, Memarnejadian A, Roohvand F, Sabahi F, Kheiri MT, Huckriede A. Cationic influenza virosomes as an adjuvanted delivery system for CTL induction by DNA vaccination. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Li H, Xu JB, Holec-Gąsior L, Kur J, Sedcole R, Bickerstaffe R, Stankiewicz M. Modulation of immune response to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep by immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding ROP1 antigen as a fusion protein with ovine CD154. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Akhtar M, Kay GW, Holec-Gąsior L, Bickerstaffe R, Kur J, Stankiewicz M. The immune responses of sheep after DNA immunization with, Toxoplasma gondii MAG1 antigen—with and without co-expression of ovine interleukin 6. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Comparison of immune response in sheep immunized with DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA7 antigen in different adjuvant formulations. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ohlschläger P, Spies E, Alvarez G, Quetting M, Groettrup M. The combination of TLR-9 adjuvantation and electroporation-mediated delivery enhances in vivo antitumor responses after vaccination with HPV-16 E7 encoding DNA. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:473-81. [PMID: 20309939 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic DNA vaccination is an attractive adjuvant option to conventional methods in the fight against cancer, like surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite strong antitumor effects that were observed in small animals with different antigens, DNA-based vaccines remain weakly immunogenic in large animals and primates compared to protein-based vaccines. Here, we sought to enhance the immunogenicity of a therapeutic nontransforming cervical cancer DNA vaccine (HPV-16 E7SH) by introduction of a highly optimized CpG cassette into the plasmid backbone as well as by an optimized DNA delivery using an advanced electroporation (EP) technology. By integrating the means for agent administration and EP into a single device, this technology enables a simple, one-step procedure that facilitates reproducibility. We found that highly optimized CpG motifs alone triggers an enhanced IFN-γ and granzyme B response in Elispot assays as well as stronger tumor regression. Furthermore, these effects could be dramatically enhanced when the CpG cassette containing plasmid was administered via the newly developed EP technology. These data suggest that an optimized application of CpG-enriched DNA vaccines may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of cancer. Collectively, these results provide a basis for the transfer of preclinical therapeutic DNA-based immunization studies into successful clinical cancer trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ohlschläger
- Department of Immunology, University of Constance, 78457 Constance, Germany.
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Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with several human cancers, including cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal and anal cancer, and a subset of head and neck cancers. Thus effective vaccination against HPV provides an opportunity to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HPV. The Food and Drug Administration of the United States has approved two preventive vaccines to limit the spread of HPV. However, these are unlikely to impact upon HPV prevalence and cervical cancer rates for many years. Furthermore, preventive vaccines do not exert therapeutic effects on pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions. In order to further impact upon the burden of HPV infections worldwide, therapeutic vaccines are being developed. These vaccines aim to generate a cell-mediated immune response to infected cells. This review discusses current preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines and their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
DNA vaccines represent a new frontier in vaccine technology. One important application of this technology is in the veterinary arena. DNA vaccines have already gained a foothold in certain fields of veterinary medicine. However, several important questions must be addressed when developing DNA vaccines for animals, including whether or not the vaccine is efficacious and cost effective compared with currently available options. Another important question to consider is how to apply this developing technology in a wide range of different situations, from the domestic pet to individual fish in fisheries with several thousand animals, to wildlife programs for disease control. In some cases, DNA vaccines represent an interesting option for vaccination, while in others, currently available options are sufficient. This review will examine a number of diseases of veterinary importance and the progress being made in DNA vaccine technology relevant to these diseases, and we compare these with the conventional treatment options available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Redding
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,
| | - David B Werner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard – 505 SCL, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel.: +1 215 349 8365, Fax: +1215 573 9436,
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Ohlschläger P, Quetting M, Alvarez G, Dürst M, Gissmann L, Kaufmann AM. Enhancement of immunogenicity of a therapeutic cervical cancer DNA-based vaccine by co-application of sequence-optimized genetic adjuvants. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:189-98. [PMID: 19358269 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with cervical cancer by conventional methods (mainly surgery, but also radiotherapy and chemotherapy) results in a significant loss in quality of life. A therapeutic DNA vaccine directed to tumor-specific antigens of the human papilloma virus (HPV) could be an attractive treatment option. We have developed a nontransforming HPV-16 E7-based DNA vaccine containing all putative T cell epitopes (HPV-16 E7SH). DNA vaccines, however, are less immunogenic than protein- or peptide-based vaccines in larger animals and humans. In this study, we have investigated an adjuvant gene support of the HPV-16 E7SH therapeutic cervical cancer vaccine. DNA encoded cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma) and the chemokine MIP1-alpha were co-applied either simultaneously or at different time points pre- or post-E7SH vaccination. In addition, sequence-optimized adjuvant genes were compared to wild type genes. Three combinations investigated lead to an enhanced IFN-gamma response of the induced T cells in mice. Interestingly, IFN-gamma secretion of splenocytes did not strictly correlate with tumor response in tumor regression experiments. Gene-encoded MIP-1alpha applied 5 days prior to E7SH-immunization combined with IFN-gamma or IL-12 (3 days) or IL-2 (5 days) postimmunization lead to a significantly enhanced tumor response that was clearly associated with granzyme B secretion and target cells lysis. Our results suggest that a conditioning application and combination with adjuvant genes may be a promising strategy to enhance synergistically immune responses by DNA immunization for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Arcuri M, Cappelletti M, Zampaglione I, Aurisicchio L, Nicosia A, Ciliberto G, Fattori E. Synergistic effect of gene-electro transfer and adjuvant cytokines in increasing the potency of hepatitis C virus genetic vaccination. J Gene Med 2008; 10:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Use of genetic immunization to generate a high-level antibody against rat dicarboxylate transporter. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 41:171-8. [PMID: 18690549 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat dicarboxylate transporter (SDCT1), expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells, plays a key role in regulating blood and urinary citrate level by reabsorbing citrate from the lumen. Antibodies against this transporter are very important for investigating its expression and function. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages compared with current methods. This study aimed, by genetic immunization, to produce a high-specificity antibody against SDCT1. METHODS We fused a high-antigenicity fragment of SDCT1 to the plasmid pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin. Mice were immunized by gene-gun immunization with recombinant plasmid and two other adjuvant plasmids that express granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, respectively. The titer of the antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specificity of the antibody was identified with SDCT1 native protein in rat kidney by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, and with SDCT1 protein expressed on Xenopus oocytes plasma membranes by immunofluorescence. RESULTS ELISA measurements showed that the antibody titer was 1:32,000. The native protein of SDCT1 in rat kidney can be recognized by this antibody with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence showed that this antibody also recognized SDCT1 protein targeted to Xenopus oocytes plasma membranes into which SDCT1 full-length cRNA was injected. CONCLUSION Generation of a high-specificity immunoglobulin G antibody against SDCT1 by genetic immunization has provided an important tool for the study of citrate transport.
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Xu R, Megati S, Roopchand V, Luckay A, Masood A, Garcia-Hand D, Rosati M, Weiner DB, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Sidhu MK, Eldridge JH, Egan MA. Comparative ability of various plasmid-based cytokines and chemokines to adjuvant the activity of HIV plasmid DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2008; 26:4819-29. [PMID: 18657584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines can be improved by the co-delivery of plasmid-encoded molecular adjuvants. We evaluated pDNAs encoding GM-CSF, Flt-3L, IL-12 alone, or in combination, for their relative ability to serve as adjuvants to augment humoral and cell-mediated immune responses elicited by prototype pDNA vaccines. In Balb/c mice we found that co-administration of plasmid-based murine GM-CSF (pmGM-CSF), murine Flt-3L (pmFlt-3L) or murine IL-12 (pmIL-12) could markedly enhance the cell-mediated immune response elicited by an HIV-1 env pDNA vaccine. Plasmid mGM-CSF also augmented the immune response elicited by DNA vaccines expressing HIV-1 Gag and Nef-Tat-Vif. In addition, the use of pmGM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant appeared to markedly increase antigen-specific proliferative responses and improved the quality of the resulting T-cell response by increasing the percentage of polyfunctional memory CD8(+) T cells. Co-delivery of pmFlt-3L with pmGM-CSF did not result in a further increase in adjuvant activity. However, the co-administration of pmGM-CSF with pmIL-12 did significantly enhance env-specific proliferative responses and vaccine efficacy in the murine vaccinia virus challenge model relative to mice immunized with the env pDNA vaccine adjuvanted with either pmGM-CSF or pmIL-12 alone. These data support the testing of pmGM-CSF and pmIL-12, used alone or in combination, as plasmid DNA vaccine adjuvants in future macaque challenge studies.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, Pearl River, NY 10992, United States
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Tonheim TC, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. What happens to the DNA vaccine in fish? A review of current knowledge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:1-18. [PMID: 18448358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of DNA vaccines, a bacterial plasmid DNA containing a construct for a given protective antigen, is to establish specific and long-lasting protective immunity against diseases where conventional vaccines fail to induce protection. It is acknowledged that less effort has been made to study the fate, in terms of cellular uptake, persistence and degradation, of DNA vaccines after in vivo administration. However, during the last year some papers have given new insights into the fate of DNA vaccines in fish. By comparing the newly acquired information in fish with similar knowledge from studies in mammals, similarities with regard to transport, blood clearance, cellular uptake and degradation of DNA vaccines have been found. But the amount of DNA vaccine redistributed from the administration site after intramuscular administration seems to differ between fish and mammals. This review presents up-to-date and in-depth knowledge concerning the fate of DNA vaccines with emphasis on tissue distribution, cellular uptake and uptake mechanism(s) before finally describing the intracellular hurdles that DNA vaccines need to overcome in order to produce their gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Christian Tonheim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Modifying the HIV-1 env gp160 gene to improve pDNA vaccine-elicited cell-mediated immune responses. Vaccine 2008; 26:5083-94. [PMID: 18485543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines are effective at eliciting immune responses in a wide variety of animal model systems, however, pDNA vaccines have generally been incapable of inducing robust immune responses in clinical trials. Therefore, to identify means to improve pDNA vaccine performance, we compared various post-transcriptional and post-translational genetic modifications for their ability to improve antigen-specific CMI responses. Mice vaccinated using a sub-optimal 100 mcg dose of a pDNA encoding an unmodified primary isolate HIV-1(6101) env gp160 failed to demonstrate measurable env-specific CMI responses. In contrast, significant env-specific CMI responses were seen in mice immunized with pDNA expression vectors encoding env genes modified by RNA optimization or codon optimization. Further modification of the RNA optimized env gp160 gene by the addition of (i) a simian retrovirus type 1 constitutive RNA transport element; (ii) a murine intracisternal A-particle derived RNA transport element; (iii) a tissue plasminogen activator protein signal leader sequences; (iv) a beta-catenin derived ubiquitination target sequence; or (v) a monocyte chemotactic protein-3 derived signal sequence failed to further improve the induction of env-specific CMI responses. Therefore, modification of the env gp160 gene by RNA or codon optimization alone is necessary for high-level rev-independent expression and results in robust env-specific CMI responses in immunized mice. Importantly, further modification(s) of the env gene to alter cellular localization or increase proteolytic processing failed to result in increased env-specific immune responses. These results have important implications for the design and development of an efficacious vaccine for the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Scheerlinck JPY, Snibson KJ, Bowles VM, Sutton P. Biomedical applications of sheep models: from asthma to vaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:259-66. [PMID: 18353472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although rodent models are very popular for scientific studies, it is becoming more evident that large animal models can provide unique opportunities for biomedical research. Sheep are docile in nature and large in size, which facilitates surgical manipulation, and their physiology is similar to humans. As a result, for decades they have been chosen for several models and continue to be used to study an ever-increasing array of applications. Despite this, their full potential has not been exploited. Here, we review the use of sheep as an animal model for human vaccine development, asthma pathogenesis and treatment, the study of neonatal development, and the optimization of drug delivery and surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rodríguez-Cortés A, Ojeda A, López-Fuertes L, Timón M, Altet L, Solano-Gallego L, Sánchez-Robert E, Francino O, Alberola J. Vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding KMPII, TRYP, LACK and GP63 does not protect dogs against Leishmania infantum experimental challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:7962-71. [PMID: 17942199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, is the best method for controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. This strategy would reduce the incidence of disease in both the canine and, indirectly, the human population. Different vaccination approaches have been investigated against canine leishmaniasis (CaL) but to date there is only one licensed vaccine against this disease in dogs, in Brazil. DNA immunization is a promising method for inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses against this parasitic disease. Here, we report the results of a multiantigenic plasmid DNA vaccine encoding KMPII, TRYP, LACK and GP63 L. infantum antigens against experimentally induced CaL. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to two groups receiving, at a 15 days interval, either four doses of plasmid DNA or similar injections of PBS. After vaccination, dogs were intravenously challenged with 5 x 10(7) promastigotes of L. infantum. The vaccine showed to be safe and well-tolerated. Neither cellular immune response nor antibodies directed against whole Leishmania antigen were detected after immunization in vaccinated dogs, although anti-LACK-specific antibodies were sporadically detected in two vaccinated dogs before challenge, thus suggesting that antigens were indeed expressed. A delay in the development of detectable specific immune response and parasite multiplication in vaccinated dogs was observed after challenge. Nevertheless, the multiantigenic Leishmania DNA vaccine was unable to induce protection against parasite dissemination or disease. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen DNA vaccines in order to obtain effective immune responses in models other than the murine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapeutica i Toxicologia Veterinaria, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Yin J, Jin H, Yang F, Ding Z, Huang C, Zhu Q, Wang B. Synergistic Effects of Adjuvants Interferon-γ and Levamisole on DNA Vaccination against Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:288-99. [PMID: 17603845 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important to protect animals from initial acute viral infection and establishment of chronic infection. Adjuvants for DNA vaccines can influence the balance between humoral and cell-mediated immunities. In this study, a DNA vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) incorporated with chicken interferon(provax-chIFN-gamma) cDNA as a molecular adjuvant and levamisole (LMS) as a chemical adjuvant was tested for its efficacy in protection against NDV lethal challenge. Compared with DNA vaccine alone, the DNA vaccine with provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS induced significantly higher humoral and cell-mediated responses, as shown by higher levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and T cell proliferation. In addition, the DNA vaccine with provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS formulation increased the expression of IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-13, suggesting that the effectiveness of the IFN-gamma and LMS formulation is partly due to the enhancement of balanced cytokine production. Furthermore, the two adjuvants yielded 80% protection in chickens against challenge with a lethal dose of the virulent NDV strain. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of provax-chIFN-gamma plus LMS as the adjuvants in NDV DNA vaccination could be used to improve protective efficacy in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource, and Application of MOA, College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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22
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Luckay A, Sidhu MK, Kjeken R, Megati S, Chong SY, Roopchand V, Garcia-Hand D, Abdullah R, Braun R, Montefiori DC, Rosati M, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Mathiesen I, Israel ZR, Eldridge JH, Egan MA. Effect of plasmid DNA vaccine design and in vivo electroporation on the resulting vaccine-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2007; 81:5257-69. [PMID: 17329330 PMCID: PMC1900241 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00055-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses are critical in the early control and resolution of HIV infection and correlate with postchallenge outcomes in rhesus macaque challenge experiments, we sought to identify a plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine design capable of eliciting robust and balanced CMI responses to multiple HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-derived antigens for further development. Previously, a number of two-, three-, and four-vector pDNA vaccine designs were identified as capable of eliciting HIV-1 antigen-specific CMI responses in mice (M. A. Egan et al., Vaccine 24:4510-4523, 2006). We then sought to further characterize the relative immunogenicities of these two-, three-, and four-vector pDNA vaccine designs in nonhuman primates and to determine the extent to which in vivo electroporation (EP) could improve the resulting immune responses. The results indicated that a two-vector pDNA vaccine design elicited the most robust and balanced CMI response. In addition, vaccination in combination with in vivo EP led to a more rapid onset and enhanced vaccine-specific immune responses. In macaques immunized in combination with in vivo EP, we observed a 10- to 40-fold increase in HIV-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses compared to those for macaques receiving a 5-fold higher dose of vaccine without in vivo EP. This increase in CMI responses translates to an apparent 50- to 200-fold increase in pDNA vaccine potency. Importantly, in vivo EP enhanced the immune response against the less immunogenic antigens, resulting in a more balanced immune response. In addition, in vivo EP resulted in an approximate 2.5-log(10) increase in antibody responses. The results further indicated that in vivo EP was associated with a significant reduction in pDNA persistence and did not result in an increase in pDNA associated with high-molecular-weight DNA relative to macaques receiving the pDNA without EP. Collectively, these results have important implications for the design and development of an efficacious vaccine for the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara Luckay
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Bldg. 180/216-10, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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23
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Nakamura J, Fumoto S, Kawanami R, Kodama Y, Nishi J, Nakashima M, Sasaki H, Nishida K. Spleen-Selective Gene Transfer Following the Administration of Naked Plasmid DNA onto the Spleen Surface in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:941-5. [PMID: 17473439 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to examine spleen-selective gene transfer following the administration of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) onto the spleen surface in mice. Gene expression in the spleen and other tissues was evaluated based on firefly luciferase activity. Six hours after spleen surface instillation of naked pDNA, high gene expression in the spleen was observed. On the contrary, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of naked pDNA resulted in no detectable gene expression. After instilling naked pDNA onto the spleen surface, gene expression in the spleen was significantly higher than those in other tissues. Six hours after instillation of naked pDNA onto the spleen surface, gene expression in the spleen reached the peak value, and thereafter decreased gradually. By utilizing a glass-made diffusion cell that is able to limit the contact dimension between the spleen surface and naked pDNA solution administered, site-specific gene expression in the spleen was found. This novel gene transfer method is expected to be a safe and effective strategy for DNA vaccine against serious infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzo Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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24
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Xu G, Chen X, Wu D, Shi S, Wang J, Ding R, Hong Q, Feng Z, Lin S, Lu Y. Development of High-specificity Antibodies against Renal Urate Transporters Using Genetic Immunization. BMB Rep 2006; 39:696-702. [PMID: 17129404 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.6.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently three proteins, playing central roles in the bidirectional transport of urate in renal proximal tubules, were identified: two members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, OAT1 and OAT3, and a protein that designated renal urate-anion exchanger (URAT1). Antibodies against these transporters are very important for investigating their expressions and functions. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages including high specificity and high recognition to the native protein compared with current methods. We fused high antigenicity fragments of the three transporters to the plasmids pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin, respectively. Gene gun immunization with these recombinant plasmids and two other adjuvant plasmids, which express granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, induced high level immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively. The native corresponding proteins of URAT1, OAT1 and OAT3, in human kidney can be recognized by their specific antibodies, respectively, with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Besides, URAT1 expression in Xenopus oocytes can also be recognized by its corresponding antibody with immuno-fluorescence. The successful production of the antibodies has provided an important tool for the study of UA transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology & Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
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25
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Ruiz LM, Orduz S, López ED, Guzmán F, Patarroyo ME, Armengol G. Immune response in mice and cattle after immunization with a Boophilus microplus DNA vaccine containing bm86 gene. Vet Parasitol 2006; 144:138-45. [PMID: 17055651 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid pBMC2 encoding antigen Bm86 from a Colombian strain of cattle tick Boophilus microplus, was used for DNA-mediated immunization of BALB/c mice, employing doses of 10 and 50microg, delivered by intradermic and intramuscular routes. Anti-Bm86 antibody levels were significantly higher compared to control mice treated with PBS. In the evaluation of immunoglobulin isotypes, significant levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were observed in mice immunized with 50microg of pBMC2. Measurement of interleukine (IL) levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-12(p40)) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the sera of mice immunized with pBMC2 indicated high levels of IL-4 and IL-5, although there were also significant levels of IFN-gamma. Mice immunized with pBMC2 showed antigen-specific stimulation of splenocytes according to the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and IFN-gamma secretion. In all trials, mice injected intramuscularly with 50microg of pBMC2 presented the highest immune response. Moreover, cattle immunized with this DNA vaccine showed antibody production significantly different to the negative control. In conclusion, these results suggest the potential of DNA immunization with pBMC2 to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against B. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Ruiz
- Unidad de Biotecnología y Control Biológico, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
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26
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Caipang CMA, Takano T, Hirono I, Aoki T. Genetic vaccines protect red seabream, Pagrus major, upon challenge with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:130-8. [PMID: 16359871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the protective effect of immunization of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major, with DNA plasmids encoding the viral major capsid protein (MCP) and an open reading frame (ORF) containing a transmembrane domain against red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). The expression of the MHC class I transcript in the DNA-vaccinated fish was significantly upregulated at the 15th day post-vaccination and the relative level of expression was maintained until the 30th day post-vaccination. This pattern of expression was similar in fish vaccinated with a commercially prepared formalin-inactivated RSIV vaccine. In vaccine efficiency tests, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of fish receiving the DNA vaccines and their combination ranged from 42.8 to 71.4% in two experimental runs, and these were significantly different from the control groups. Our results clearly demonstrate that DNA vaccines are able to induce robust protection in fish against RSIV infection, and a cellular immune response as shown by the upregulation of the MHC class I transcript after vaccination, which may be associated with such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marlowe A Caipang
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Egan MA, Megati S, Roopchand V, Garcia-Hand D, Luckay A, Chong SY, Rosati M, Sackitey S, Weiner DB, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Israel ZR, Eldridge JH, Sidhu MK. Rational design of a plasmid DNA vaccine capable of eliciting cell-mediated immune responses to multiple HIV antigens in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:4510-23. [PMID: 16140439 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of the HIV-specific cell-mediated immune response in the early control and resolution of HIV infection and the observed correlation between pre-challenge vaccine elicited CTL responses and post challenge outcome in SHIV/rhesus macaque experiments, we sought to identify several candidate plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine designs capable of eliciting robust and balanced cell-mediated immune responses to multiple HIV-1 derived antigens in mice for further vaccine development. To rationally construct candidate vaccines for immunogenicity testing, we determined the relative immunogenicity of the individual HIV-derived vaccine antigens (env, gag, pol, nef, tat and vif) and the relative strength of various transcriptional control elements (HCMV, SCMV, HSV Lap1) in Balb/c mice. Next, a number of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-vector pDNA vaccine designs were tested for their ability to elicit HIV-1 antigen-specific CMI responses. For these studies, Balb/c mice were immunized with a fixed total pDNA vaccine dose of 100 mcg in combination with 25 mcg plasmid-based murine IL-12 and tested for the induction of HIV-1 antigen-specific CMI responses by IFN-gamma ELISpot analysis. The results of this study indicate that all pDNA vaccine designs were capable of eliciting CMI responses to multiple HIV-1 antigens. As a result of this iterative comparative analysis, we have identified a number of pDNA vaccine candidates capable of eliciting potent, balanced CMI responses to multiple HIV-1 derived antigens. These results have important implications for the design and development of an efficacious vaccine for the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Egan
- Vaccine Discovery, Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd, Bldg. 180/216-10, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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28
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Saldarriaga OA, Travi BL, Park W, Perez LE, Melby PC. Immunogenicity of a multicomponent DNA vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. Vaccine 2006; 24:1928-40. [PMID: 16310897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania chagasi, could not only decrease the burden of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL), but could also indirectly reduce the incidence of human VL. Intramuscular vaccination of foxhounds with a Leishmania multicomponent (10 antigen) DNA vaccine resulted in antigen-induced lymphoproliferative and IFN-gamma (but not IL-4) responses. This response was not augmented by co-administration of canine IL-12 or GM-CSF DNA adjuvants. The multicomponent DNA vaccine also induced a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to viable L. donovani promastigotes and led to a reduction of parasite burden in an in vitro intracellular infection model, and in the draining lymph node of dogs early after cutaneous challenge. Thus, the multicomponent DNA vaccine was effective in priming dogs for a parasite-specific type 1 cellular immune response, which was able to restrict parasite growth.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- Disease Reservoirs
- Dog Diseases/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania infantum/genetics
- Leishmania infantum/growth & development
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Saldarriaga
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Dr., Mailstop 151, San Antonio 78229-4404, TX, USA
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29
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Toussaint JF, Letellier C, Paquet D, Dispas M, Kerkhofs P. Prime-boost strategies combining DNA and inactivated vaccines confer high immunity and protection in cattle against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vaccine 2005; 23:5073-81. [PMID: 16024138 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have frequently been associated with poor efficacy in large animals. In the present study, one administration of an inactivated marker vaccine to cattle considerably boosted both humoral and cellular arms of the immune response primed with Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) DNA vaccines encoding glycoprotein D (gD) or gC+gD. Calves vaccinated according to the DNA prime-inactivated boost also showed significantly enhanced virological protection as compared to controls. The 4-logarithms reduction of virus shedding observed in primed-boosted animals was comparable to the one previously reported in calves immunized twice with marker vaccines. Intradermal immunization of cattle with DNA vaccines promoted a Th2-biased immune response but also primed a cellular component that was further boosted by the inactivated vaccine. Individual IgG2 titers of vaccinated calves were significantly correlated to IFN-gamma production. The immunization protocol described in the present study demonstrates the complementarity between DNA and conventional marker vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Toussaint
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Virology, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Rao SS, Gomez P, Mascola JR, Dang V, Krivulka GR, Yu F, Lord CI, Shen L, Bailer R, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Vaccine 2005; 24:367-73. [PMID: 16194587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although plasmid DNA vaccines induce potent cell-mediated immune responses and prime for antibody responses in experimental laboratory animals, their immunogenicity in humans has been less remarkable. A number of strategies have been proposed to improve the immunogenicity of these vaccines, including using novel means of vaccine delivery. In the present study, the immunogenicity of three different methods of intramuscular plasmid DNA administration was compared in cynomolgus monkeys: needle and syringe, Biojector 2000, and Mini-Ject. The elicited cellular and humoral immune responses were comparable in monkeys immunized using these different delivery techniques, suggesting that the needle-free approaches to vaccine administration do not significantly improve the immunogenicity of the plasmid DNA vaccine used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Egan MA, Chong SY, Megati S, Montefiori DC, Rose NF, Boyer JD, Sidhu MK, Quiroz J, Rosati M, Schadeck EB, Pavlakis GN, Weiner DB, Rose JK, Israel ZR, Udem SA, Eldridge JH. Priming with plasmid DNAs expressing interleukin-12 and simian immunodeficiency virus gag enhances the immunogenicity and efficacy of an experimental AIDS vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:629-43. [PMID: 16060834 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various approaches being developed as prophylactic HIV vaccines, those based on a heterologous plasmid DNA prime, live vector boost vaccination regimen appear especially promising in the nonhuman primate/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge model. In this study, we sought to determine whether a series of intramuscular priming immunizations with a plasmid DNA vaccine expressing SIVgag p39, in combination with plasmid expressed rhesus IL-12, could effectively enhance the immunogenicity and postchallenge efficacy of two intranasal doses of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vectors expressing HIV-1 env 89.6P gp160 and SIVmac239 gag p55 in rhesus macaques. In macaques receiving the combination plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen we observed significantly increased SIVgag- specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and significantly lower viral loads postintravenous SHIV89.6P challenge relative to macaques receiving only the rVSV vectored immunizations. In addition, the plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen also tended to increase the preservation of peripheral blood CD4+ cells and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SHIV89.6P infection. An analysis of immune correlates of protection after SHIV89.6P challenge revealed that the prechallenge SHIV-specific IFN-gamma ELISpot response elicited by vaccination and the ability of the host to mount a virus-specific neutralizing antibody response postchallenge correlated with postchallenge clinical outcome. The correlation between vaccine-elicited cell-mediated immune responses and an improved clinical outcome after SHIV challenge provides strong justification for the continued development of a cytokine-enhanced plasmid DNA prime, rVSV vector boost immunization regimen for the prevention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Egan
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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32
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33
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Barfoed AM, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Jensen MH, Bøtner A, Kamstrup S. DNA vaccination of pigs with open reading frame 1-7 of PRRS virus. Vaccine 2004; 22:3628-41. [PMID: 15315842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We cloned all open reading frames of a Danish isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in DNA vaccination vectors. Pigs were vaccinated using a gene gun with each single construct (ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5, ORF6, or ORF7) or combinations thereof. Vaccination with ORF7 consistently induced antibodies after three vaccinations, while antibodies were only sporadically detected in the remaining groups. After six vaccinations, all pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus and the post-inoculation antibody response was studied. Pigs vaccinated with ORF1 or ORF4 were primed for antibody response against NSP2 or GP4, respectively. Neutralising antibodies were detected in all pigs, with ORF5 vaccinated pigs showing the highest titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Malene Barfoed
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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34
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March JB, Clark JR, Jepson CD. Genetic immunisation against hepatitis B using whole bacteriophage lambda particles. Vaccine 2004; 22:1666-71. [PMID: 15068849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice and rabbits have been vaccinated with whole bacteriophage lambda particles containing a DNA vaccine expression cassette under the control of the CMV promoter (enhanced green fluorescent protein [lambda-EGFP] or hepatitis B surface antigen [lambda-HBsAg]). Mice were vaccinated twice intramuscularly (i.m.) with 5x10(9) of lambda-EGFP phage (containing 250 ng DNA) and exhibited specific anti-EGFP responses 28 days post-vaccination. Rabbits were vaccinated i.m. with 4x10(10) of lambda-HBsAg phage (2 microg DNA) or recombinant HBsAg protein. Following two vaccinations with lambda-HBsAg, one out of four rabbits exhibited high level anti-HBsAg responses (comparable to those seen using the recombinant HBsAg protein). Following a third vaccination with lambda-HBsAg, all four rabbits showed similar high level responses which have not decreased after more than 6 months. High anti-phage responses were observed in all animals following the first immunization with lambda-HBsAg, indicating that a high antibody titre against the phage carrier did not prevent a subsequent immune response against the DNA vaccine component. Compared to results in mice using equivalent lambda-HBsAg doses, anti-HBsAg responses were much higher in rabbits, which could indicate a swamping effect in mice. Since phage lambda DNA is approximately 50 kb in size (tenfold larger than most plasmid vectors used for naked DNA immunisation), a comparable dose of phage lambda DNA given as intact phage particles actually delivers tenfold less vaccine DNA on a per gene copy (molar) basis. Thus the efficiency of the technique may be even higher than the data at first suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B March
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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35
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Barfoed AM, Kristensen B, Dannemann-Jensen T, Viuff B, Bøtner A, Kamstrup S, Blixenkrone Møller M. Influence of routes and administration parameters on antibody response of pigs following DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2004; 22:1395-405. [PMID: 15063562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using the nucleoprotein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as model antigen, we optimised parameters for gene gun vaccination of pigs, including firing pressure and vaccination site. As criteria for optimisation, we characterised particle penetration and local tissue damage by histology. For selected combinations, vaccination efficiency in terms of antibody response was studied. Gene gun vaccination on ear alone was as efficient as a multi-site (ear, thorax, inguinal area, tongue mucosa) gene gun approach, and more efficient than combined intramuscular (i.m.)/intradermal (i.d.) injection of plasmid DNA. This indicates, that the ear is an attractive site for gene gun vaccination of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Malene Barfoed
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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36
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Moreno S, López-Fuertes L, Vila-Coro AJ, Sack F, Smith CA, Konig SA, Wittig B, Schroff M, Juhls C, Junghans C, Timón M. DNA immunisation with minimalistic expression constructs. Vaccine 2004; 22:1709-16. [PMID: 15068854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The low efficacy obtained in large animals makes plasmid-based DNA vaccines commercially unviable. Another concern is the presence of antibiotic resistance markers on virtually all conventional plasmids. Here we describe the use of minimalistic, immunogenically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors for DNA vaccination. MIDGE are linear, covalently-closed vectors containing all the essential information for gene expression and none of the non-essential and potentially dangerous plasmid backbone sequences. MIDGE vectors can also be chemically modified on both ends at defined positions allowing targeting of the DNA to specific cell types or cellular compartments. Immunisation of mice with simple and end-modified MIDGE vectors showed that they are efficacious tools to generate and/or manipulate antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moreno
- Mologen Molecular Medicines S L, C/Antonio de Cabezón 83, Piso 2, 28034 Fuencarral, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Scheerlinck JPY, Karlis J, Tjelle TE, Presidente PJA, Mathiesen I, Newton SE. In vivo electroporation improves immune responses to DNA vaccination in sheep. Vaccine 2004; 22:1820-5. [PMID: 15068866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electroporation was utilised to enhance plasmid DNA expression in sheep muscle to improve the immune response to DNA vaccination. DNA encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein expressed at higher levels in sheep muscle following in vivo electroporation which caused minimal muscle damage. Groups of seven sheep were then given three intramuscular injections of plasmids encoding two Haemonchus contortus Ag, with and without electroporation at 0, 3 and 7 weeks. Humoral responses were enhanced in electroporated sheep. Four weeks after vaccination, all groups were injected subcutaneously with recombinant Ag formulated in Quil A. Induction of vaccine-specific immune memory was demonstrated in DNA-vaccinated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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38
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Smooker PM, Rainczuk A, Kennedy N, Spithill TW. DNA vaccines and their application against parasites--promise, limitations and potential solutions. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2004; 10:189-236. [PMID: 15504707 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(04)10007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA or nucleic acid vaccines are being evaluated for efficacy against a range of parasitic diseases. Data from studies in rodent model systems have provided proof of principle that DNA vaccines are effective at inducing both humoral and T cell responses to a variety of candidate vaccine antigens. In particular, the induction of potent cellular responses often gives DNA vaccination an immunological advantage over subunit protein vaccination. Protection against parasite challenge has been demonstrated in a number of systems. However, application of parasite DNA vaccines in large animals including ruminants, primates and humans has been compromised by the relative lack of immune responsiveness to the vaccines, but the reasons for this hyporesponsiveness are not clear. Here, we review DNA vaccines against protozoan parasites, in particular vaccines for malaria, and the use of genomic approaches such as expression library immunization to generate novel vaccines. The application of DNA vaccines in ruminants is reviewed. We discuss some of the approaches being evaluated to improve responsiveness in large animals including the use of cytokines as adjuvants, targeting molecules as delivery ligands, electroporation and CpG oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Smooker
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
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39
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Baek KM, Ko SY, Lee M, Lee JS, Kim JO, Ko HJ, Lee JW, Lee SH, Cho SN, Kang CY. Comparative analysis of effects of cytokine gene adjuvants on DNA vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 65. Vaccine 2003; 21:3684-9. [PMID: 12922098 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA-based vaccines generate potent cellular immunity as well as humoral immunity. It seems evident that cytokines play a crucial role in generation of effector T cell subsets and in determining the magnitude of the response by DNA vaccines. In this study, we compared the effects of several TH1 cytokine genes as adjuvant in DNA vaccination using mycobacterial Hsp65 as a model antigen. Our results demonstrated that although the overall immune response to Hsp65 was enhanced by co-injection of Hsp65 DNA with cytokine genes, each cytokine gene was shown to affect different immune response elements. Co-injection of Hsp65 DNA with IL-12 or GM-CSF led to an increase in IFN-gamma production and represented potent protections against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, while that with Eta-1, IL-12 or IL-18 gene led to an elevated IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Interestingly, co-administration of Flt3L gene was shown to enhance the Ag-specific CTL response. These results show that the direction and magnitude of immune response in DNA vaccination against Hsp65 of M. tuberculosis could be modulated in different ways by co-injection of an appropriate cytokine gene as adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Baek
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shillimdong, Kwanakgu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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40
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Chambers RS, Johnston SA. High-level generation of polyclonal antibodies by genetic immunization. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:1088-92. [PMID: 12910245 DOI: 10.1038/nbt858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are important tools for investigating the proteome, but current methods for producing them have become a rate-limiting step. A primary obstacle in most methods for generating antibodies or antibody-like molecules is the requirement for at least microgram quantities of purified protein. We have developed a technology for producing antibodies using genetic immunization. Genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages, including high throughput and high specificity. Moreover, antibodies produced from genetically immunized animals are more likely to recognize the native protein. Here we show that a genetic immunization-based system can be used to efficiently raise useful antibodies to a wide range of antigens. We accomplished this by linking the antigen gene to various elements that enhance antigenicity and by codelivering plasmids encoding genetic adjuvants. Our system, which was tested by immunizing mice with >130 antigens, has shown a final success rate of 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Chambers
- Center for Biomedical Inventions, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9185, USA.
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41
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Mutwiri G, Pontarollo R, Babiuk S, Griebel P, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Mena A, Tsang C, Alcon V, Nichani A, Ioannou X, Gomis S, Townsend H, Hecker R, Potter A, Babiuk LA. Biological activity of immunostimulatory CpG DNA motifs in domestic animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 91:89-103. [PMID: 12543546 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial DNA contains a much higher frequency of CpG dinucleotides than are present in mammalian DNA. Furthermore, bacterial CpG dinucleotides are often not methylated. It is thought that these two features in combination with specific flanking bases constitute a CpG motif that is recognized as a "danger" signal by the innate immune system of mammals and therefore an immune response is induced when these motifs are encountered. These immunostimulatory activities of bacterial CpG DNA can also be achieved with synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Recognition of CpG motifs by the innate immune system requires engagement of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), which induces cell signaling and subsequently triggers a pro-inflammatory cytokine response and a predominantly Th1-type immune response. CpG ODN-induced innate and adaptive immune responses can result in protection in various mouse models of disease. Based on these observations, clinical trials are currently underway in humans to evaluate CpG ODN therapies for cancer, allergy and infectious disease. However, potential applications for immunostimulatory CpG ODN in species of veterinary importance are just being explored. In this review, we will highlight what is presently known about the immunostimulatory effects of CpG ODN in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mutwiri
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3.
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42
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Abstract
Inoculation of naked DNA represents a novel approach to vaccine and immune therapeutic development. DNA vaccines or genetic immunization offers several advantages over the conventional vaccines for specific immune activation. Although a large number of vaccines have been made and are being used in the poultry industry, there have been no major advances in vaccine technology for this animal industry sector for decades. The potential advantages of DNA vaccines, such as over coming maternal immunity, in ovo delivery and absence of requirement for a cold-chain, combined with immunological efficacy make this new vaccine technology very attractive for the poultry industry. This review lists all of the published reports of experimental DNA vaccines developed for use in poultry and focuses on the trends, potentials and remaining barriers in the development of this new revolution in poultry vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Oshop
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA
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43
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Totté P, Esteves I, Gunter N, Martinez D, Bensaida A. Evaluation of several flow cytometric assays for the analysis of T-cell responses in goats. CYTOMETRY 2002; 49:49-55. [PMID: 12357459 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry (FCM) provides an alternative to radioactive methods for the analysis of T-cell responses. However, a comparative study of common FCM assays in an outbred ruminant model is lacking, which motivated this work. METHODS Goats immunized with the obligate intracellular bacterium Cowdria ruminantium, inactivated and emulsified in oil-based adjuvants, were used as a model to study T-cell recall responses in vitro. FCM-based methods to measure Cowdria-induced lymphoblastogenesis, DNA synthesis, and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression by T-cell subsets were compared. RESULTS IL-2R expression was the most sensitive and reliable method provided that the number of molecules per cell was analyzed and not simply the percentage of positive cells of a given phenotype. Despite high background due to adjuvant and low proliferation, this method could detect antigen-specific activation of immune CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS FCM-based measurement of lymphoblastogenesis and DNA synthesis are not the most appropriate methods to analyze T-lymphocyte activation during vaccination of outbred animals. On several occasions, analysis of IL-2R expression was the only assay capable of discriminating between vaccinated and naive animals in this model.
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44
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Johansson E, Wallgren P, Fuxler L, Domeika K, Lefèvre F, Fossum C. The DNA vaccine vector pcDNA3 induces IFN-alpha production in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 87:29-40. [PMID: 12052340 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine inducing capacity of the vaccine vector pcDNA3, a methylated form of the plasmid, and pcDNA3 encoding porcine interleukin (IL)-6 or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was studied in pigs, using a model with tissue chambers implanted subcutaneously. The production of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6 and GM-CSF was studied at local (tissue chamber fluid (TCF)) and systemic (serum) levels during 3 days post-injection. All forms of the plasmid, except the methylated, induced a transient local production of IFN-alpha but no plasmid-induced production of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF or IL-6 could be detected after injection of the plasmids. The IFN-alpha response increased markedly at repeated injections of pcDNA3. This IFN-alpha inducing capacity of the plasmid is likely to affect immune responses at DNA vaccination of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Johansson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, SLU, BMC, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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45
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Egan MA, Israel ZR. The use of cytokines and chemokines as genetic adjuvants for plasmid DNA vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1049(02)00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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46
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Ren S, Li M, Smith JM, DeTolla LJ, Furth PA. Low-volume jet injection for intradermal immunization in rabbits. BMC Biotechnol 2002; 2:10. [PMID: 12028591 PMCID: PMC115865 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2001] [Accepted: 05/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested a low-volume (20-30 microl/20-30 microg DNA) jet injection method for intradermal delivery of a DNA vaccine. Jet injection offers the advantages of a needle-less system, low-cost, rapid preparation of the injected DNA solution, and a simple delivery system. More than one construct can be injected simultaneously and the method may be combined with adjuvants. RESULTS Low-volume jet injection targeted delivery of a DNA solution exclusively to the dermis and epidermis of rabbits. A three injection series of plasmid DNA, encoding the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen stimulated a humoral immune response in 2/5 rabbits. One rabbit developed a significant rise in antibody titer after 1 injection and one following 2 injections. There were no significant differences between jet injection and particle bombardment in the maximal antibody titers or number of injections before response. A three injection series of the same plasmid DNA by particle bombardment elicited a significant rise in antibody titer in 3/5 rabbits. One rabbit developed antibody after 1 injection and two after 3 injections. In contrast, 0/5 rabbits receiving DNA by needle and syringe injection responded. In the jet injection and particle bombardment groups, gene expression levels in the skin did not predict response. While immune responses were similar, luciferase gene expression levels in the skin following particle bombardment were 10-100 times higher than jet injection. CONCLUSION Low-volume jet injection is a simple, effective methodology for intradermal DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Ren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Minglin Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joanne M Smith
- Comparative Medicine Program and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Louis J DeTolla
- Comparative Medicine Program and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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47
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Larsen DL, Olsen CW. Effects of DNA dose, route of vaccination, and coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 DNA on results of DNA vaccination against influenza virus infection in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:653-9. [PMID: 12013464 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of DNA dose, site of vaccination, and coadministration of a cytokine DNA adjuvant on efficacy of H1-subtype swine influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccination of pigs. ANIMALS 24 eight-week-old mixed-breed pigs. PROCEDURE 2 doses of DNA were administered 27 days apart by use of a particle-mediated delivery system (gene gun). Different doses of HA DNA and different sites of DNA administration (skin, tongue) were studied, as was coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 (pIL-6) DNA as an adjuvant. Concentrations of virus-specific serum and nasal mucosal antibodies were measured throughout the experiment, and protective immunity was assessed after intranasal challenge with homologous H1N1 swine influenza virus. RESULTS Increasing the dose of HA DNA, but not coadministration of pIL6 DNA, significantly enhanced virus-specific serum antibody responses. Pigs that received DNA on the ventral surface of the tongue stopped shedding virus 1 day sooner than pigs vaccinated in the skin of the ventral portion of the abdomen, but none of the vaccinated pigs developed detectable virus-specific antibodies in nasal secretions prior to challenge, nor were they protected from challenge exposure. Vaccinated pigs developed high virus-specific antibody concentrations after exposure to the challenge virus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Co-administration of pIL-6 DNA did not significantly enhance immune responses to HA DNA vaccination or protection from challenge exposure. However, HA DNA vaccination of pigs, with or without coadministration of pIL-6 DNA, induced strong priming of the humoral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Larsen
- Department of Pathological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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48
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Tudor D, Riffault S, Carrat C, Lefèvre F, Bernoin M, Charley B. Type I IFN modulates the immune response induced by DNA vaccination to pseudorabies virus glycoprotein C. Virology 2001; 286:197-205. [PMID: 11448172 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have the capacity to induce strong Th1-biased immune responses that are of major importance to providing protection against intracellular pathogens. In the present study we have focused on the role played by type I IFN in immune responses induced after DNA vaccination. Mice lacking the IFNAR1 chain of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR K/O mice) were immunized with a plasmid encoding glycoprotein C of pseudorabies virus (PRV-gC). After DNA vaccination, wild-type (WT) mice showed features characteristic of Th1 immune responses, such as high IgG2a:IgG1 anti-PRV Ab ratio and antigen-specific IFN-gamma production by spleen cells. In contrast, IFNAR K/O mice showed a significantly lower IgG2a:IgG1 Ab ratio and IFN-gamma production. In addition, the percentage of CD8(+) and B lymph-node cells expressing CD69 after PRV-gC DNA vaccination was lower in IFNAR K/O than in WT mice. These results support a major role played by type I IFN in shaping Th1 immune responses after DNA vaccination. Codelivery of plasmids encoding IL-12 and IL-18 along with the plasmid encoding PRV-gC restored Th1 responses in IFNAR K/O mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tudor
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
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49
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Scheerlinck JP, Casey G, McWaters P, Kelly J, Woollard D, Lightowlers MW, Tennent JM, Chaplin PJ. The immune response to a DNA vaccine can be modulated by co-delivery of cytokine genes using a DNA prime-protein boost strategy. Vaccine 2001; 19:4053-60. [PMID: 11427282 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed in sheep to investigate whether co-delivery of the cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, GM-CSF or IFN-gamma could modulate the immune response generated to an antigen, in a DNA prime-recombinant protein boost regime. Vaccination with the recombinant EG95 protein has been shown to induce protection in sheep from Echinococcus granulosus infection, the causative agent of hydatid disease. Here we demonstrate that vaccination with DNA encoding EG95 effectively primed the humoral response, as judged by high IgG anti-EG95 titres detected one-week after a boost with the recombinant protein. However, by two weeks after protein-boost the titres in the control group had reached levels similar to the groups primed with EG95 DNA. Priming with two doses of DNA vaccine followed by boosting with recombinant protein induced a predominantly IgG1 response. In contrast, priming and boosting with the protein vaccine generated a strong IgG2 response. Co-delivery of the EG95 DNA vaccine with DNA encoding GM-CSF enhanced the antibody titre to EG95 while co-delivery of IFN-gamma or IL-4 encoding DNA appeared to reduce the ability of the DNA vaccine to prime an IgG antibody response. This study has demonstrated the efficacy of the co-delivery of cytokines to modulate immune responses generated in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Base Sequence
- COS Cells
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Echinococcosis/immunology
- Echinococcosis/prevention & control
- Echinococcosis/veterinary
- Echinococcus/genetics
- Echinococcus/immunology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/administration & dosage
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-5/genetics
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases/immunology
- Sheep Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scheerlinck
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology Unit, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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50
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Abstract
This review deals briefly with some key developments in veterinary vaccinology, lists the types of vaccines that are used for vaccinations commonly performed in food animals as well as in companion animals, and indicates that the practising veterinarian can select the best vaccine by comparing the results of efficacy studies. Diva (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals; also termed marker) vaccines and companion diagnostic tests have been developed that can be used for progammes aimed to control or eradicate virus infections. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, which can be measured relatively easily when diva vaccines are used, is a crucial issue in such programmes. Current vaccine research follows many routes towards novel vaccines, which can be divided into non-replicating ('killed') and replicating ('live') vaccines. Promising trends are the development of DNA vaccination, vector vaccines, and attenuation of DNA and RNA viruses by DNA technology. The lack of (in vitro) correlates of vaccine protection markedly hampers progress in vaccine research. Various characteristics of an 'ideal' vaccine are listed, such as multivalency and the induction of lifelong immunity after one non-invasive administration in animals with maternal immunity. Future research should be aimed at developing vaccines that approach the ideal as closely as possible and which are directed against diseases not yet controlled by vaccination and against newly emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T van Oirschot
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), The Netherlands
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