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Guo HW, Lai HJ, Long BQ, Xu LX, Wang EHC, Shapiro J, McElwee KJ. Increased CRHR1 expression on monocytes from patients with AA enables a pro-inflammatory response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15182. [PMID: 39367575 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Stress may play a key role in alopecia areata (AA), though the exact interactions of stress with AA remain undefined. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the proximal regulator of the stress axis, has been recognized as an immunomodulatory factor in tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We used multicolour flow cytometry to identify receptor CRHR1 expression on PBMC subsets in AA patients (n = 54) and controls (n = 66). We found that CRHR1 was primarily expressed by circulating monocytes. CRHR1 expression on monocytes was enhanced in AA compared with controls (3.17% vs. 1.44%, p = 0.002, chi-squared test). AA incidence was correlated to elevated CD14+ monocyte numbers (R = 0.092, p = 0.036) and markedly independently correlated with increased CRHR1 expression (R = 0.215, p = 0.027). High CRHR1 expression was significantly related to chronic AA (disease duration >1 year; p = 0.003, chi-squared test), and large lesion area (AA area >25%; p = 0.049, chi-squared test). We also observed enhanced percentages of active monocytes and reduced CD16+ CD3- NK cell numbers in AA patients' PBMCs (p = 0.010; 0.025, respectively). In vitro CRH treatment of PBMCs and human monocyte cell line THP-1 promoted CD86 upregulation. The findings imply that stress-related factors CRH and CRHR1 contribute to AA development and progression where higher CRHR1 expression is associated with chronic AA and larger lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Guo
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Jun Lai
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo-Quan Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- Flow Core Facility, Children and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eddy Hsi Chun Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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2
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Karagianni E, Rassouli O, Poulaki S, Dermitzaki E, Liapakis G, Margioris AN, Venihaki M. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency results in impaired analgesic response during CFA-induced inflammation. Hormones (Athens) 2024; 23:535-545. [PMID: 38740711 PMCID: PMC11436445 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays an important role in relief of pain by releasing analgesia-associated molecules in several inflammatory states. During inflammation, peripheral CRH acts on cells of the immune system to stimulate the local expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and the production of β-endorphin, which in turn binds to opioid receptors on sensory neurons to produce antinociception. In the present study, we further investigated the role of endogenous CRH in inflammatory pain by determining the effects of Crh-deficiency on this process. METHODS For this purpose, we used Crh-deficient (Crh-/-) mice and their wildtype (Crh + / +) littermates in the CFA (Complete Freund's Adjuvant)-induced inflammatory pain model. Pain thresholds were evaluated with the Hargreaves apparatus. RESULTS Our experiments showed that Crh deficiency led to increased pain response, which was associated with decreased POMC mRNA levels in locally inflamed paws of these mice. Furthermore, Crh-/- mice had higher paw edema than Crh + / + mice. Histological evaluation of inflamed paw tissues revealed increased inflammatory response in Crh-/- mice. Protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, were higher in inflamed tissue of Crh-/- mice compared to wildtype mice. Corticosterone replacement increased the pain threshold of Crh-/- mice, restored their paw volume to the levels of wildtype mice, and significantly reduced their proinflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, glucocorticoid administration significantly increased POMC mRNA expression in the inflamed paw. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that genetic deficiency of CRH is associated with increased pain. This effect is likely attributable to the accompanying glucocorticoid insufficiency and is in part mediated by opioids expressed locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Karagianni
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Olga Rassouli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Smaragda Poulaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eirini Dermitzaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andrew N Margioris
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Zhang F, Tan Y, Cai Z, An K, Liu Y, Su J. Two plants improve stress response of a subterranean herbivore by downregulating amphetamine addiction pathways. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1342630. [PMID: 38283372 PMCID: PMC10811048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1342630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Captivity serves as the primary method for enhancing animal survival and productivity. However, the stress induced by confinement can hinder animal growth and reproduction. The administration of drugs to captive animals can effectively regulate their stress response and can also be used inartificial breeding, reproduction, and experimental animalization of wild species. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean herbivore, experiences significant stress during the captive process owing to its unique habitat. Methods In our study, we utilized Radix astragali (RA) and Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) extracts to intervene in the stress response of plateau zokors. Results Our findings demonstrated that RA and AS treatment considerably improved food intake and reduced weight loss, stress-related behavior, and stress hormone levels in plateau zokors. Furthermore, the excitatory pathway of amphetamine addition in the hypothalamus was suppressed by RA and AS treatment, acting through the Grin and Prkc gene families. Notably, after RA treatment, the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway, enriched by the Col1a1/3a1/1a2/6a1 gene, was significantly upregulated, potentially enhancing the immune function of captive plateau zokors. Discussion In conclusion, our research demonstrates that RA and AS treatment can effectively alleviate the stress response of plateau zokors in captive environments. The downregulation of the excitation pathway and upregulation of the immune pathway offer valuable insights into the response and potential mechanisms of plant-based drugs in mitigating animal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Zhang
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cai
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Batóg G, Dołoto A, Bąk E, Piątkowska-Chmiel I, Krawiec P, Pac-Kożuchowska E, Herbet M. The interplay of oxidative stress and immune dysfunction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211231. [PMID: 37588599 PMCID: PMC10426741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the concomitant incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), both in terms of incidence, etiology, and clinical consequences. PCOS patients suffering from autoimmune thyroid diseases show insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, weight gain, and metabolic and reproductive complications. Studies have shown that chronic stress and its consequence, i.e. oxidative stress, play an important role in the pathomechanism of both disorders. It has also been shown that long-term exposure to stress triggers biological mechanisms, in particular related to the regulation of the inflammatory cascade, which plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. The paper is a review of the literature on the role of chronic stress, oxidative stress, and immune processes in the pathogenesis of HT and PCOS. In addition, the review is a source of knowledge about the treatment of these diseases, and in particular the use of antioxidants in therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Batóg
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Dołoto
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Bąk
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Krawiec
- Department of Paediatrics and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Niroomand A, Ghaidan H, Hallgren O, Hansson L, Larsson H, Wagner D, Mackova M, Halloran K, Hyllén S, Lindstedt S. Corticotropin releasing hormone as an identifier of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8413. [PMID: 35589861 PMCID: PMC9120482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantion (LTx) recipients have low long-term survival and a high incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), an inflammation of the small airways in chronic rejection of a lung allograft. There is great clinical need for a minimally invasive biomarker of BOS. Here, 644 different proteins were analyzed to detect biomarkers that distinguish BOS grade 0 from grades 1–3. The plasma of 46 double lung transplant patients was analyzed for proteins using a high-component, multiplex immunoassay that enables analysis of protein biomarkers. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) consists of antibody probe pairs which bind to targets. The resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reporter sequence can be quantified by real-time PCR. Samples were collected at baseline and 1-year post transplantation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to validate the findings of the PEA analysis across both time points and microarray datasets from other lung transplantation centers demonstrated the same findings. Significant decreases in the plasma protein levels of CRH, FERC2, IL-20RA, TNFB, and IGSF3 and an increase in MMP-9 and CTSL1 were seen in patients who developed BOS compared to those who did not. In this study, CRH is presented as a novel potential biomarker in the progression of disease because of its decreased levels in patients across all BOS grades. Additionally, biomarkers involving the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as MMP-9 and CTSL1, were increased in BOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niroomand
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Haider Ghaidan
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hansson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillevi Larsson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darcy Wagner
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Mackova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kieran Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Xia Y, Niu Y, Cai J, Liu C, Meng X, Chen R, Kan H. Personal ozone exposure and stress hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107050. [PMID: 34923369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ozone exposure on neuroendocrine responses in humans has not been fully studied. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal panel study with four rounds of visits among 43 college students in Shanghai, China, from May to October 2016. For each visit, we monitored personal real-time ozone exposure for consecutive 3 days (from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00p.m. each day), followed by blood sample collection. We measured serum levels of three hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, including corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, and three catacholamines indicating sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis activation, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. We applied linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the associations between ozone exposure and these neurohormones and further compared models using personal and fixed-site ozone measurements. MAIN RESULTS At lag 0-8 h, personal ozone exposure ranged from 4.5 ppb to 104.3 ppb with an average of 21.0 ± 14.7 ppb, which was approximately half of the ambient ozone concentration. Per 10-ppb increase in personal ozone exposure (lag 0-8 h) was associated with increases of 5.60% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.30%, 9.01%] in CRH, 5.91% (95% CI: 0.55%, 11.56%) in cortisol, and 10.13% (95% CI: 2.75%, 18.05%) in noradrenaline, whereas associated with a 12.15% (95% CI: 1.23%, 21.87%) decrease in dopamine. Overall, models using personal ozone measurements yielded larger effect estimates and better model fits than models using fixed-site measurements. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to low levels of ozone may lead to activation of the HPA and SAM axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xia
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China.
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Bini G, Cohen EB, Chiavaccini L, Messenger KM, Bailey KM. Intravenous dexmedetomidine, morphine, or a combination can result in gallbladder wall thickening; with no significant association with plasma histamine concentrations. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:319-327. [PMID: 35006624 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gallbladder is routinely evaluated during ultrasonographic examinations in dogs. However, published studies describing the effects of sedative agents on gallbladder wall thickness are currently lacking. The aims of this prospective, blinded, randomized crossover pilot study were to test hypotheses that IV morphine would result in gallbladder wall thickening, that morphine administration would increase plasma histamine concentrations, and that combining IV morphine with dexmedetomidine would potentiate gallbladder wall thickening. Six healthy Beagle dogs were sedated with intravenous (IV) morphine 0.4 mg/kg (group M), dexmedetomidine 7 μg/kg (group D), or a combination of the two (group MD). Physiologic parameters were measured at baseline and at regular intervals until the last ultrasonographic scan. Ultrasonographic scans were performed at baseline, 90 s, and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Plasma histamine samples were taken at baseline, 90 s, and 5 and 60 min. Cochran's Q-test was used to compare gallbladder wall thickening between groups, while the association between histamine plasma concentration and gallbladder wall thickness was compared with a mixed-effects model. Baseline gallbladder wall thickness was not significantly different between groups. Six of 18 treatments/dogs (33%) developed gallbladder thickening, with no difference between groups. There was no significant difference in baseline plasma histamine concentrations between groups, and no association between plasma histamine concentration and gallbladder wall thickness. Gallbladder wall thickening was observed in at least one dog in each group, therefore caution is recommended for gallbladder wall thickness ultrasonographic interpretation in dogs when these drugs have been administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ludovica Chiavaccini
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kate M Bailey
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Kageyama K, Iwasaki Y, Daimon M. Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212242. [PMID: 34830130 PMCID: PMC8621508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the molecular mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulation in the hypothalamus under stress and stress resilience. CRF in the hypothalamus plays a central role in regulating the stress response. CRF stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary. ACTH stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are essential for stress coping, stress resilience, and homeostasis. The activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is suppressed by the negative feedback from glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid-dependent repression of cAMP-stimulated Crf promoter activity is mediated by both the negative glucocorticoid response element and the serum response element. Conversely, the inducible cAMP-early repressor can suppress the stress response via inhibition of the cAMP-dependent Crf gene, as can the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the hypothalamus. CRF receptor type 1 is mainly involved in a stress response, depression, anorexia, and seizure, while CRF receptor type 2 mediates “stress coping” mechanisms such as anxiolysis in the brain. Differential effects of FK506-binding immunophilins, FKBP4 and FKBP5, contribute to the efficiency of glucocorticoids under stress resilience. Together, a variety of factors contribute to stress resilience. All these factors would have the differential roles under stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Aomori, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-172-39-5062
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Management Nutrition Course, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka-cho, Suzuka 510-0293, Mie, Japan;
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Aomori, Japan;
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β-Ionone Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Suppression of Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050619. [PMID: 33919331 PMCID: PMC8143342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a major contributing factor of skin aging, which is clinically characterized by wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and dryness. In particular, glucocorticoids are generally considered key hormones for promoting stress-induced skin aging through binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In this work, we aimed to investigate whether β-ionone (a compound occurring in various foods such as carrots and almonds) attenuates dexamethasone-induced suppression of collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, and to explore the mechanisms involved. We found that β-ionone promoted collagen production dose-dependently and increased mRNA expression levels, including collagen type I α 1 chain (COL1A1) and COL1A2 in dexamethasone-treated human dermal fibroblasts. It also raised hyaluronic acid synthase mRNA expression and hyaluronic acid levels. Notably, β-ionone inhibited cortisol binding to GR, subsequent dexamethasone-induced GR signaling, and the expression of several GR target genes. Our results reveal the strong potential of β-ionone for preventing stress-induced skin aging and suggest that its effects are related to the inhibition of GR signaling in human dermal fibroblasts.
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10
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Stadtmüller L, Eckardt M, Zick C, Kupfer J, Schut C. Investigation of predictors of interest in a brief mindfulness-based intervention and its effects in patients with psoriasis at a rehabilitation clinic (SkinMind): an observational study and randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033952. [PMID: 32928844 PMCID: PMC7488799 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis (PS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease accompanied by reduced quality of life. Mindfulness is the ability to focus on the present moment without evaluation. Findings on the effects of 8-week mindfulness trainings in patients with PS reveal positive effects on the severity of the disease and quality of life. However, it remained unclear what distinguishes patients with PS interested in psychological interventions from those without interest and whether also a shorter, namely 2-week mindfulness-based intervention is beneficial in this patient group. This will be investigated with this study. METHODS AND ANALYSES Data will be collected at a rehabilitation clinic in Germany. The study is divided into two parts: study 1a is an observational study. Its aim is to investigate whether sociodemographic, skin-related and psychological factors are significant predictors of interest in a brief psychological intervention in 127 patients with PS. Study 1b is a randomised controlled trial, in which 60 patients (retrieved from study 1a) will be randomised to an intervention or control group (treatment as usual). The main outcome variables are mindfulness and self-compassion. In addition, mediation analyses will be used in an explorative manner to test whether there is a relationship between mindfulness/self-compassion and the severity of PS and whether it is mediated by itch catastrophising and fear of negative evaluation (first model) or perceived stress (second model). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol has been approved by the University of Giessen. Study results will be disseminated by publication of the results at (inter) national conferences and in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS DRKS00017426 and DRKS00017429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stadtmüller
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Markus Eckardt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Zick
- Department of Dermatology, Rehabilitation Clinic Borkum Riff, Borkum, Germany, Borkum, Germany
| | - Joerg Kupfer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christina Schut
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Expression of Stress-Mediating Genes is Increased in Term Placentas of Women with Chronic Self-Perceived Anxiety and Depression. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080869. [PMID: 32752005 PMCID: PMC7463995 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety, chronical stress, and depression during pregnancy are considered to affect the offspring, presumably through placental dysregulation. We have studied the term placentae of pregnancies clinically monitored with the Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). A cutoff threshold for BAI/EPDS of 10 classed patients into an Index group (>10, n = 23) and a Control group (<10, n = 23). Cortisol concentrations in hair (HCC) were periodically monitored throughout pregnancy and delivery. Expression differences of main glucocorticoid pathway genes, i.e., corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B2), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), as well as other key stress biomarkers (Arginine Vasopressin, AVP and O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT) were explored in medial placentae using real-time qPCR and Western blotting. Moreover, gene expression changes were considered for their association with HCC, offspring, gender, and birthweight. A significant dysregulation of gene expression for CRH, AVP, and HSD11B2 genes was seen in the Index group, compared to controls, while OGT and NR3C1 expression remained similar between groups. Placental gene expression of the stress-modulating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B2) was related to both hair cortisol levels (Rho = 0.54; p < 0.01) and the sex of the newborn in pregnancies perceived as stressful (Index, p < 0.05). Gene expression of CRH correlated with both AVP (Rho = 0.79; p < 0.001) and HSD11B2 (Rho = 0.45; p < 0.03), and also between AVP with both HSD11B2 (Rho = 0.6; p < 0.005) and NR3C1 (Rho = 0.56; p < 0.03) in the Control group but not in the Index group; suggesting a possible loss of interaction in the mechanisms of action of these genes under stress circumstances during pregnancy.
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Theoharides TC. Effect of Stress on Neuroimmune Processes. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1007-1014. [PMID: 32451121 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychological stress worsens many diseases, especially those with inflammatory components, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conditions that are significantly correlated in large epidemiologic studies. However, how stress contributes to these conditions is still poorly understood. This narrative review of the relevant literature advances the premise that stress affects inflammatory processes in AD and ASD via stimulation of mast cells (MCs). METHODS MEDLINE was searched between 1980 and 2019 using the terms allergies, atopic dermatitis, autism spectrum disorder, brain, corticotropin-releasing hormone, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mast cells, neuropeptides, stress, neurotensin, and substance P. FINDINGS Exposure to psychological stress is associated with onset and/or exacerbation of AD and ASD. This association could be attributable to activation of MCs, which are ubiquitous in the body, including the brain, and could contribute to inflammation. IMPLICATIONS Understanding and addressing the connection between stress and MCs is important in clarifying the pathogenesis and developing effective treatments for diseases that worsen with stress and involve inflammation, such as AD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Samotij D, Nedoszytko B, Bartosińska J, Batycka-Baran A, Czajkowski R, Dobrucki IT, Dobrucki LW, Górecka-Sokołowska M, Janaszak-Jasienicka A, Krasowska D, Kalinowski L, Macieja-Stawczyk M, Nowicki RJ, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Płoska A, Purzycka-Bohdan D, Radulska A, Reszka E, Siekierzycka A, Słomiński A, Słomiński R, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Strapagiel D, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Szczęch J, Żmijewski M, Reich A. Pathogenesis of psoriasis in the "omic" era. Part I. Epidemiology, clinical manifestation, immunological and neuroendocrine disturbances. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 37:135-153. [PMID: 32489346 PMCID: PMC7262814 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.94832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease affecting about 2% of the world's population. According to current knowledge, psoriasis is a complex disease that involves various genes and environmental factors, such as stress, injuries, infections and certain medications. The chronic inflammation of psoriasis lesions develops upon epidermal infiltration, activation, and expansion of type 1 and type 17 Th cells. Despite the enormous progress in understanding the mechanisms that cause psoriasis, the target cells and antigens that drive pathogenic T cell responses in psoriatic lesions are still unproven and the autoimmune basis of psoriasis still remains hypothetical. However, since the identification of the Th17 cell subset, the IL-23/Th17 immune axis has been considered a key driver of psoriatic inflammation, which has led to the development of biologic agents that target crucial elements of this pathway. Here we present the current understanding of various aspects in psoriasis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Samotij
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bogusław Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Bartosińska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Batycka-Baran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Iwona T. Dobrucki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Dobrucki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górecka-Sokołowska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Disorders and Immunodermatology, Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Janaszak-Jasienicka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Macieja-Stawczyk
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roman J. Nowicki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Purzycka-Bohdan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrianna Radulska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Reszka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Siekierzycka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Słomiński
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir Słomiński
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Szczerkowska-Dobosz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Szczęch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Reich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun 2020; 21:150-168. [PMID: 32203088 PMCID: PMC7276297 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here its side chain is cleaved by CYP11A1 producing pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to cortisol by the enzymes 3-βHSD, CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the regulation of the immune system and exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although corticosteroids are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, they can also be produced in a number of extra-adrenal tissue including the immune system, skin, brain, and intestine. Glucocorticoid production is regulated by ACTH, CRH, and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα. The bioavailability of cortisol is also dependent on its interconversion to cortisone which is inactive, by 11βHSD1/2. Local and systemic glucocorticoid biosynthesis can be stimulated by ultraviolet B, explaining its immunosuppressive activity. In this review, we want to emphasize that dysregulation of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production can play a key role in a variety of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus (LE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and skin inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research on local glucocorticoid production and its bioavailability may open doors into new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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Liu XH, Khansari AR, Teles M, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Zhang YG, Mancera JM, Reyes-López FE, Tort L. Brain and Pituitary Response to Vaccination in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata L.). Front Physiol 2019; 10:717. [PMID: 31275156 PMCID: PMC6591443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a widely used therapeutical strategy in aquaculture, but whether vaccination elicits stress responses in the central neuroendocrine system and enhances the crosstalk between the immune and endocrine systems in the brain or pituitary after vaccination is unclear. To answer this question two experiments using two different vaccine exposure routes, i.e., bath or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, were carried out on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). In the first one, the stress responses of fish subjected to waterborne Vibrio anguillarum bacterin were compared with responses after air exposure or their combination. In the second experiment, fish were subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of Lactococcus garvieae bacterin and we assessed the central stress response and also whether or not a significant immune response was induced in brain and pituitary. In both experiments, blood, brain and pituitary tissues were collected at 1, 6, and 24 h post stress for plasma hormone determination and gene expression analysis, respectively. Results indicated that bath vaccination induced a decreased central stress response compared to air exposure which stimulated both brain and pituitary stress genes. In the second experiment, injection vaccination kept unchanged plasma stress hormones except cortisol that raised at 6 and 24 h. In agreement, non-significant or slight changes on the transcription of stress-related genes were recorded, including the hormone genes of the hypothalamic pituitary interrenal (HPI) axis and other stress markers such as hsp70, hsp90, and mt genes in either brain or pituitary. Significant changes were observed, however, in crhbp and gr. In this second experiment the immune genes il1β, cox2, and lys, showed a strong expression in both brain and pituitary after vaccination, notably il1β which showed more than 10 fold raise. Overall, vaccination procedures, although showing a cortisol response, did not induce other major stress response in brain or pituitary, regardless the administration route. Other than main changes, the alteration of crhbp and gr suggests that these genes could play a relevant role in the feedback regulation of HPI axis after vaccination. In addition, from the results obtained in this work, it is also demonstrated that the immune system maintains a high activity in both brain and pituitary after vaccine injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A R Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Y G Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J M Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu X, Khansari AR, Tort L. Fish pituitary show an active immune response after in vitro stimulation with Vibrio bacterin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 275:65-72. [PMID: 30769010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary is a central organ of the neuro-endocrine system in fish that plays critical roles in various physiological processes, including stress response and behavior. Although it is known that pituitary hormones can have a direct or indirect influence stimulating or suppressing the immune responses, whether there is a local immune response in the pituitary or what is the effect of the immune stimulus on the pituitary function in fish is unknown. With the aim to understand the interaction between the immune responses and the endocrine axes at the pituitary level, particularly the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) axis, pituitaries of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were cultured in vitro, incubated with bacterin, or bacterin plus CRH, cortisol, human recombinant IL1β, or spleen medium for 3 h, and then genes involved in pro-inflammation (il1β, il8, tnfα1, ifnγ), anti-inflammation (tgfβ1b, il10), immune modulation (mhcIIa, c3, mif) and stress response (crhbp, pomca, pomcb, gr1) were tested. Data showed that, incubation with bacterin alone and bacterin plus recombinant IL1β or CRH, as well as medium from bacterin treated spleen caused significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes il1β and il8, while down-regulated the anti-inflammatory gene tgfβ1b. Besides, recombinant IL1β plus bacterin or alone caused raise of mhcIIa and tnfa, respectively. On the contrary, just a slight or even no alteration was recorded in the expression of stress response genes including crhbp, pomca, pomcb and gr1 in the in vitro cultured trout pituitary following this stimulation. These results suggest a local immune gene equipment in the pituitary of fish, and the potential for fish pituitary to develop both innate and adaptive immune responses, whereas that immune stimulation was not able to evoke a significant endocrine stress response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali R Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Onton JA, Matthews SC, Kang DY, Coleman TP. In-Home Sleep Recordings in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reveal Less REM and Deep Sleep <1 Hz. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:196. [PMID: 29867419 PMCID: PMC5958207 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often report suboptimal sleep quality, often described as lack of restfulness for unknown reasons. These experiences are sometimes difficult to objectively quantify in sleep lab assessments. Here, we used a streamlined sleep assessment tool to record in-home 2-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) with concurrent collection of electrodermal activity (EDA) and acceleration. Data from a single forehead channel were transformed into a whole-night spectrogram, and sleep stages were classified using a fully automated algorithm. For this study, 71 control subjects and 60 military-related PTSD subjects were analyzed for percentage of time spent in Light, Hi Deep (1-3 Hz), Lo Deep (<1 Hz), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stages, as well as sleep efficiency and fragmentation. The results showed a significant tendency for PTSD sleepers to spend a smaller percentage of the night in REM (p < 0.0001) and Lo Deep (p = 0.001) sleep, while spending a larger percentage of the night in Hi Deep (p < 0.0001) sleep. The percentage of combined Hi+Lo Deep sleep did not differ between groups. All sleepers usually showed EDA peaks during Lo, but not Hi, Deep sleep; however, PTSD sleepers were more likely to lack EDA peaks altogether, which usually coincided with a lack of Lo Deep sleep. Linear regressions with all subjects showed that a decreased percentage of REM sleep in PTSD sleepers was accounted for by age, prazosin, SSRIs and SNRIs (p < 0.02), while decreased Lo Deep and increased Hi Deep in the PTSD group could not be accounted for by any factor in this study (p < 0.005). Linear regression models with only the PTSD group showed that decreased REM correlated with self-reported depression, as measured with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS; p < 0.00001). DASS anxiety was associated with increased REM time (p < 0.0001). This study shows altered sleep patterns in sleepers with PTSD that can be partially accounted for by age and medication use; however, differences in deep sleep related to PTSD could not be linked to any known factor. With several medications [prazosin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); p < 0.03], as well as SSRIs were associated with less sleep efficiency (b = -3.3 ± 0.95; p = 0.0005) and more sleep fragmentation (b = -1.7 ± 0.51; p = 0.0009). Anti-psychotics were associated with less sleep efficiency (b = -4.9 ± 1.4; p = 0.0004). Sleep efficiency was negatively impacted by SSRIs, antipsychotic medications, and depression (p < 0.008). Increased sleep fragmentation was associated with SSRIs, SNRIs, and anxiety (p < 0.009), while prazosin and antipsychotic medications correlated with decreased sleep fragmentation (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Onton
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Scott C. Matthews
- Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dae Y. Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Todd P. Coleman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Rousset L, Halioua B. Stress and psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1165-1172. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Rousset
- Dermatology Unit; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Ile de France France
| | - Bruno Halioua
- Dermatology Unit; Institut Alfred Fournier; Paris France
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Yang C, Gao J, Du J, Yang X, Jiang J. Altered Neuroendocrine Immune Responses, a Two-Sword Weapon against Traumatic Inflammation. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1409-1419. [PMID: 29209145 PMCID: PMC5715524 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the occurrence and development of injury (trauma, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia and hypoxia), the neuroendocrine and immune system act as a prominent navigation leader and possess an inter-system crosstalk between the reciprocal information dissemination. The fundamental reason that neuroendocrinology and immunology could mix each other and permeate toward the field of traumatology is owing to their same biological languages or chemical information molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, cytokines and their corresponding receptors) shared by the neuroendocrine and immune systems. The immune system is not only modulated by the neuroendocrine system, but also can modulate the biological functions of the neuroendocrine system. The interactive linkage of these three systems precipitates the complicated space-time patterns for the courses of traumatic inflammation. Recently, compelling evidence indicates that the network linkage pattern that initiating agents of neuroendocrine responses, regulatory elements of immune cells and effecter targets for immune regulatory molecules arouse the resistance mechanism disorders, which supplies the beneficial enlightenment for the diagnosis and therapy of traumatic complications from the view of translational medicine. Here we review the alternative protective and detrimental roles as well as possible mechanisms of the neuroendocrine immune responses in traumatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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Varejkova E, Plananska E, Myslivecek J. Lack of CRH Affects the Behavior but Does Not Affect the Formation of Short-Term Memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:341-347. [PMID: 28786031 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is involved in modification of synaptic transmission and affects spatial discrimination learning, i.e., affects the formation of memory in long-term aspect. Therefore, we have focused on CRH effect on short-term memory. We have used stress task avoidance (maze containing three zones: entrance, aversive, and neutral) and compared the behavior and short-term memory in wild-type mice and mice lacking CRH (CRH KO) experiencing one 120-min session of restraint stress. As control, non-stressed animals were used. As expected, the animals that experienced the stress situation tend to spend less time in the zone in which the restraint chamber was present. The animals spent more time in the neutral zone. There were significant differences in number of freezing bouts in the aversive and entrance zones in CRH KO animals. CRH KO control animals entered the neutral zone much more faster than WT control and spent more time immobile in the neutral zone than WT control. These data give evidence that lacking of CRH itself improves the ability of mice to escape away from potentially dangerous area (i.e., those in which the scent of stressed animal is present).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Varejkova
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Plananska
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Theoharides TC. Neuroendocrinology of mast cells: Challenges and controversies. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:751-759. [PMID: 28094875 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are hemotopoietically derived tissue immune cells that are ubiquitous in the body, including neuroendocrine organs such as the hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, ovaries, pancreas and uterus where their action is not well understood. Mast cells have historically been associated with allergies because of their rich content of histamine and tryptase, but more recently with regulation of immunity and inflammation due to their synthesis and release of numerous cytokines and chemokines. Mast cells are located perivascularly and express numerous receptors for diverse ligands such as allergens, pathogens, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones including acetylcholine, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), corticosteroids, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), β-endorphin, epinephrine, 17β-oestradiol, gonadotrophins, hemokinin-A (HKA), leptin, melatonin, neurotensin (NT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Moreover, MC can synthesize and release most of their neurohormonal triggers, including adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), CRH, endorphins, HKA, leptin, melatonin, NT, SP and VIP. Animal experiments have shown that diencephalic MC increase in number during courting in doves, while stimulation of brain and nasal MC leads to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent evidence indicates that MC reactivity exhibits diurnal variations, and it is interesting that melatonin appears to regulate MC secretion. However, the way MC change their phenotype or secrete specific molecules selectively at different pathophysiological settings still remains unknown. Mast cells developed over 500 million years ago and may have served as the original prototype neuroimmunoendocrine cell and then evolved into a master regulator of such interactions, especially as most of the known diseases involve neuroinflammation that worsens with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The skin is considered the mirror of the soul and is affected by neurohormonal triggers, especially stress. Hair follicles, keratinocytes, mast cells, melanocytes, and sebocytes all express sex and stress hormones implicating them in a local "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis." In particular, the peptides corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin (NT) have synergistic action stimulating mast cells and are uniquely elevated in the serum of patients with skin diseases exacerbated by stress. Addressing the neurohormonal regulation of skin function could lead to new targets for effective treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia M Stewart
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Alexandra Taracanova
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pio Conti
- Department of Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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Zhou CL, Yu XJ, Cai DX, Xu YH, Li CY, Sun Q. Inhibiting interleukin-18 production through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, a potential role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in chronic plaque psoriasis. Inflammation 2016; 38:1003-11. [PMID: 25630718 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH receptors (CRH-Rs) are expressed in the skin; CRH-R1 is the predominant receptor. Whether the CRH/CRH-R1 system plays a role in psoriasis has not yet been assessed. Immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA assay, and Western blot analysis were used to investigate the expression of CRH/CRH-R1 in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and that of IL-18 in CRH-treated HaCaT cells. CRH and CRH-R1 were downregulated in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. In vitro, CRH attenuated the expression of IL-18 by a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway through CRH-R1 in HaCaT cells. Thus, an aberrant cutaneous CRH/CRH-R1 system exists in lesions from chronic plaque psoriasis which might play a role in psoriasis and offers further evidence for the study of CRH in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are ubiquitous in the body, but they have historically been associated with allergies, and most recently with regulation of immunity and inflammation. However, it remains a puzzle why so many MCs are located in the diencephalon, which regulates emotions and in the genitourinary tract, including the bladder, prostate, penis, vagina and uterus that hardly ever get allergic reactions. A number of papers have reported that MCs have estrogen, gonadotropin and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors. Moreover, animal experiments have shown that diencephalic MCs increase in number during courting in doves. We had reported that allergic stimulation of nasal MCs leads to hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) activation. Interestingly, anecdotal information indicates that female patients with mastocytosis or mast cell activation syndrome may have increased libido. Preliminary evidence also suggests that MCs may have olfactory receptors. MCs may, therefore, have been retained phylogenetically not only to “smell danger”, but to promote survival and procreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- 1 Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia M Stewart
- 1 Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Tsilioni I, Russell IJ, Stewart JM, Gleason RM, Theoharides TC. Neuropeptides CRH, SP, HK-1, and Inflammatory Cytokines IL-6 and TNF Are Increased in Serum of Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Implicating Mast Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 356:664-72. [PMID: 26763911 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic, idiopathic condition of widespread musculoskeletal pain affecting more women than men. Even though clinical studies have provided evidence of altered central pain pathways, the lack of definitive pathogenesis or reliable objective markers has hampered development of effective treatments. Here we report that the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), and SP-structurally-related hemokinin-1 (HK-1) were significantly (P = 0.026, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.002, respectively) elevated (0.82 ± 0.57 ng/ml, 0.39 ± 0.18 ng/ml, and 7.98 ± 3.12 ng/ml, respectively) in the serum of patients with FMS compared with healthy controls (0.49 ± 0.26 ng/ml, 0.12 ± 0.1 ng/ml, and 5.71 ± 1.08 ng/ml, respectively). Moreover, SP and HK-1 levels were positively correlated (Pearson r = 0.45, P = 0.002) in FMS. The serum concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were also significantly (P = 0.029 and P = 0.006, respectively) higher (2.97 ± 2.35 pg/ml and 0.92 ± 0.31 pg/ml, respectively) in the FMS group compared with healthy subjects (1.79 ± 0.62 pg/ml and 0.69 ± 0.16 pg/ml, respectively). In contrast, serum IL-31 and IL-33 levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.044, respectively) in the FMS patients (849.5 ± 1005 pg/ml and 923.2 ± 1284 pg/ml, respectively) in comparison with healthy controls (1281 ± 806.4 pg/ml and 3149 ± 4073 pg/ml, respectively). FMS serum levels of neurotensin were not different from controls. We had previously shown that CRH and SP stimulate IL-6 and TNF release from mast cells (MCs). Our current results indicate that neuropeptides could stimulate MCs to secrete inflammatory cytokines that contribute importantly to the symptoms of FMS. Treatment directed at preventing the secretion or antagonizing these elevated neuroimmune markers, both centrally and peripherally, may prove to be useful in the management of FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsilioni
- Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine (I.T., J.M.S., T.C.T.); Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (T.C.T.); Fibromyalgia Research and Consulting, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Center of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas (I.J.R.); National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, Utah (R.M.G.)
| | - Irwin J Russell
- Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine (I.T., J.M.S., T.C.T.); Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (T.C.T.); Fibromyalgia Research and Consulting, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Center of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas (I.J.R.); National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, Utah (R.M.G.)
| | - Julia M Stewart
- Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine (I.T., J.M.S., T.C.T.); Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (T.C.T.); Fibromyalgia Research and Consulting, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Center of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas (I.J.R.); National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, Utah (R.M.G.)
| | - Rae M Gleason
- Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine (I.T., J.M.S., T.C.T.); Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (T.C.T.); Fibromyalgia Research and Consulting, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Center of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas (I.J.R.); National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, Utah (R.M.G.)
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine (I.T., J.M.S., T.C.T.); Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (T.C.T.); Fibromyalgia Research and Consulting, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Center of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas (I.J.R.); National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, Utah (R.M.G.)
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Characterization of a novel chicken muscle disorder through differential gene expression and pathway analysis using RNA-sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:399. [PMID: 25994290 PMCID: PMC4438523 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Improvements in poultry production within the past 50 years have led to increased muscle yield and growth rate, which may be contributing to an increased rate and development of new muscle disorders in chickens. Previously reported muscle disorders and conditions are generally associated with poor meat quality traits and have a significant negative economic impact on the poultry industry. Recently, a novel myopathy phenotype has emerged which is characterized by palpably “hard” or tough breast muscle. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to this emerging muscle disorder colloquially referred to as “Wooden Breast”, through the use of RNA-sequencing technology. Methods We constructed cDNA libraries from five affected and six unaffected breast muscle samples from a line of commercial broiler chickens. After paired-end sequencing of samples using the Illumina Hiseq platform, we used Tophat to align the resulting sequence reads to the chicken reference genome and then used Cufflinks to find significant changes in gene transcript expression between each group. By comparing our gene list to previously published histology findings on this disorder and using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA®), we aim to develop a characteristic gene expression profile for this novel disorder through analyzing genes, gene families, and predicted biological pathways. Results Over 1500 genes were differentially expressed between affected and unaffected birds. There was an average of approximately 98 million reads per sample, across all samples. Results from the IPA analysis suggested “Diseases and Disorders” such as connective tissue disorders, “Molecular and Cellular Functions” such as cellular assembly and organization, cellular function and maintenance, and cellular movement, “Physiological System Development and Function” such as tissue development, and embryonic development, and “Top Canonical Pathways” such as, coagulation system, axonal guidance signaling, and acute phase response signaling, are associated with the Wooden Breast disease. Conclusions There is convincing evidence by RNA-seq analysis to support localized hypoxia, oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, as well as the possible presence of muscle fiber-type switching, as key features of Wooden Breast Disease, which are supported by reported microscopic lesions of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1623-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kong L, Wu J, Lin Y, Wang G, Wang J, Liu J, Chen M, Du X, Sun J, Lin J, Dong J. BuShenYiQi granule inhibits atopic dermatitis via improving central and skin Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116427. [PMID: 25658752 PMCID: PMC4319736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of central and skin Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis play important roles in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Our previous studies showed that several Chinese herbs could improve HPA axis function. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of BuShenYiQi granule (BSYQ), a Chinese herbs formula, in AD mice and explored the effective mechanism from regulation of HPA axis. METHODS The ovalbumin (OVA) induced AD mice model were established and treated with BSYQ. We evaluated dermatitis score and histology analysis of dorsal skin lesions, meanwhile, serum corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. The changes of CRH/proopiomelanocortin(POMC) axis elements, corresponding functional receptors and crucial genes of glucocorticosteroidogenesis in the skin were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS The symptoms and pathological changes in skin of AD mice were significantly improved and several markers of inflammation and allergy descended obviously after BSYQ treatment. We found that AD mice had insufficient central HPA tone, but these conditions were markedly improved after BSYQ treatment. The AD mice also showed a disturbed expression of skin HPA. In lesion skin of AD mice, the mRNA and protein expressions of CRH decreased significantly, on the contrary, POMC and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) increased markedly, meanwhile, NR3C1 (mouse GR), CRHR2 and 11-hydroxylase type 1(CYP11B1) were reduced locally. Most of these tested indexes were improved after BSYQ treatment. CONCLUSIONS AD mice displayed the differential expression pattern of central and skin HPA axis and BSYQ treatment significantly alleviated the symptoms of AD mice and presented anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects via regulating the expression of central and skin HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Kong
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanhua Lin
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Genfa Wang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpei Lin
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Tsilioni I, Dodman N, Petra AI, Taliou A, Francis K, Moon-Fanelli A, Shuster L, Theoharides TC. Elevated serum neurotensin and CRH levels in children with autistic spectrum disorders and tail-chasing Bull Terriers with a phenotype similar to autism. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e466. [PMID: 25313509 PMCID: PMC5190146 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by defects in communication and social interactions, as well as stereotypic behaviors. Symptoms typically worsen with anxiety and stress. ASD occur in early childhood, often present with regression and have a prevalence of 1 out of 68 children. The lack of distinct pathogenesis or any objective biomarkers or reliable animal models hampers our understanding and treatment of ASD. Neurotensin (NT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are secreted under stress in various tissues, and have proinflammatory actions. We had previously shown that NT augments the ability of CRH to increase mast cell (MC)-dependent skin vascular permeability in rodents. CRH also induced NT receptor gene and protein expression in MCs, which have been implicated in ASD. Here we report that serum of ASD children (4-10 years old) has significantly higher NT and CRH levels as compared with normotypic controls. Moreover, there is a statistically significant correlation between the number of children with gastrointestinal symptoms and high serum NT levels. In Bull Terriers that exhibit a behavioral phenotype similar to the clinical presentation of ASD, NT and CRH levels are also significantly elevated, as compared with unaffected dogs of the same breed. Further investigation of serum NT and CRH, as well as characterization of this putative canine breed could provide useful insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsilioni
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Dodman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - A I Petra
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Taliou
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - K Francis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - A Moon-Fanelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - L Shuster
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T C Theoharides
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA 02111, USA. E-mail:
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Stress-induced mast cell activation in glabrous and hairy skin. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:105950. [PMID: 24904196 PMCID: PMC4034722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play a key role in modulation of stress-induced cutaneous inflammation. In this study we investigate the impact of repeated exposure to stress on mast cell degranulation, in both hairy and glabrous skin. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Stress 1 day (n = 8), Stress 10 days (n = 7), Stress 21 days (n = 6), and Control (n = 8). Rats in the stress groups were subjected to 2 h/day restraint stress. Subsequently, glabrous and hairy skin samples from animals of all groups were collected to assess mast cell degranulation by histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The impact of stress on mast cell degranulation was different depending on the type of skin and duration of stress exposure. Short-term stress exposure induced an amplification of mast cell degranulation in hairy skin that was maintained after prolonged exposure to stress. In glabrous skin, even though acute stress exposure had a profound stimulating effect on mast cell degranulation, it diminished progressively with long-term exposure to stress. The results of our study reinforce the view that mast cells are active players in modulating skin responses to stress and contribute to further understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in stress-induced initiation or exacerbation of cutaneous inflammatory processes.
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Shaba JJ, Behan Braman A, Robinson NE. Plasma cortisol concentration increases within 6 hours of stabling in RAO-affected horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:642-4. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Shaba
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - A. Behan Braman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - N. E. Robinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC, Rivier J. Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:827-84. [PMID: 23939821 PMCID: PMC3857130 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the corresponding receptors (CRFRs 1 and 2), represents a milestone in our understanding of central mechanisms regulating body and local homeostasis. We focused on the CRF-led signaling systems in the skin and offer a model for regulation of peripheral homeostasis based on the interaction of CRF and the structurally related urocortins with corresponding receptors and the resulting direct or indirect phenotypic effects that include regulation of epidermal barrier function, skin immune, pigmentary, adnexal, and dermal functions necessary to maintain local and systemic homeostasis. The regulatory modes of action include the classical CRF-led cutaneous equivalent of the central HPA axis, the expression and function of CRF and related peptides, and the stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin peptides or cytokines. The key regulatory role is assigned to the CRFR-1α receptor, with other isoforms having modulatory effects. CRF can be released from sensory nerves and immune cells in response to emotional and environmental stressors. The expression sequence of peptides includes urocortin/CRF→pro-opiomelanocortin→ACTH, MSH, and β-endorphin. Expression of these peptides and of CRFR-1α is environmentally regulated, and their dysfunction can lead to skin and systemic diseases. Environmentally stressed skin can activate both the central and local HPA axis through either sensory nerves or humoral factors to turn on homeostatic responses counteracting cutaneous and systemic environmental damage. CRF and CRFR-1 may constitute novel targets through the use of specific agonists or antagonists, especially for therapy of skin diseases that worsen with stress, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Matejec R, Kayser F, Schmal F, Uhle F, Bödeker RH, Maxeiner H, Kolbe JA. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on proopiomelanocortin derivatives and monocytic HLA-DR expression in patients with septic shock. Peptides 2013; 47:133-41. [PMID: 23891702 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about interactions between immune and neuro-endocrine systems in patients with septic shock. We therefore evaluated whether the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and/or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives [ACTH, β-endorphin (β-END), β-lipotropin (β-LPH), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or N-acetyl-β-END (Nac-β-END)] have any influences on monocyte deactivation as a major factor of immunosuppression under septic shock conditions. Sixteen patients with septic shock were enrolled in a double-blind, cross-over and placebo controlled clinical study; 0.5μg/(kgbodyweighth) CRH (or placebo) were intravenously administered for 24h. Using flow cytometry we investigated the immunosuppression in patients as far as related to the loss of leukocyte surface antigen-DR expression on circulating monocytes (mHLA-DR). ACTH, β-END immunoreacive material (IRM), β-LPH IRM, α-MSH and Nac-β-END IRM as well as TNF-α and mHLA-DR expression were determined before, during and after treatment with CRH (or placebo). A significant correlation between plasma concentration of α-MSH and mHLA-DR expression and an inverse correlation between mHLA-DR expression and TNF-α plasma level were found. Additionally, a significant increase of mHLA-DR expression was observed 16h after starting the CRH infusion; 8h later, the mHLA-DR expression had decreased again. Our results indicate that the up-regulation of mHLA-DR expression after CRH infusion is not dependent on the release of POMC derivatives. From the correlation between plasma concentration of α-MSH and mHLA-DR expression, we conclude that in patients with septic shock the down-regulation of mHAL-DR expression is accompanied by the loss of monocytic release of α-MSH into the cardiovascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Matejec
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Quintanar JL, Guzmán-Soto I. Hypothalamic neurohormones and immune responses. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:56. [PMID: 23964208 PMCID: PMC3741963 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the current literature describing the neural-immune interactions, with emphasis on the most recent findings of the effects of neurohormones on immune system. Particularly, the role of hypothalamic hormones such as Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In the past few years, interest has been raised in extrapituitary actions of these neurohormones due to their receptors have been found in many non-pituitary tissues. Also, the receptors are present in immune cells, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine role within the immune system. In general, these neurohormones have been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects on cell proliferation, immune mediators release and cell function. The implications of these findings in understanding the network of hypothalamic neuropeptides and immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
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Tetè S, Varvara G, Murmura G, Saggini A, Maccauro G, Rosati M, Cianchetti E, Tripodi D, Toniato E, Fulcheri M, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pandolfi F, Potalivo G, Conti P, Theoharides T. Impact of Immunity in Autism Spectrum Disorders. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are childhood psychopathologies characterized by having difficulties in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication as well as sensor motor movements. Evidence suggests that in ASDs environmental toxicant exposure, genetic and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved associated with abnormal immune response with allergic problems and elevated serum IgE. ASDs present the major cytokine and chemokine dysfunction in CNS and is mediated by an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain, such as TNF, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8 and others. Mast cells, which are also implicated in ASDs, are worsened by stress and produce proinflammatory cytokines and can be stimulated by neurotensin in the brain and gut, contributing also to the inflammatory response. However, the exact etiology of ASDs remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tetè
- Dental School, University of Chiet-Pescarai, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Varvara
- Dental School, University of Chiet-Pescarai, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Murmura
- Dental School, University of Chiet-Pescarai, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Saggini
- Dermatology Department, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Maccauro
- Orthopedics Division, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Rosati
- Gynecology Division, Pescara Hospital, Italy
| | - E. Cianchetti
- Department of Surgery, Ortona ASL Hospital, Ortona, Italy
| | - D. Tripodi
- Dental School, University of Chiet-Pescarai, Chieti, Italy
| | - E. Toniato
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Fulcheri
- Psychology School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - F. Pandolfi
- Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Potalivo
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - T.C. Theoharides
- Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Alysandratos K, Asadi S, Angelidou A, Zhang B, Sismanopoulos N, Yang H, Critchfield A, Theoharides TC. Neurotensin and CRH interactions augment human mast cell activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48934. [PMID: 23155429 PMCID: PMC3498358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress affects immunity, but the mechanism is not known. Neurotensin (NT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are secreted under stress in various tissues, and have immunomodulatory actions. We had previously shown that NT augments the ability of CRH to increase mast cell-dependent skin vascular permeability in rodents. Here we show that NT triggered human mast cell degranulation and significantly augmented CRH-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. Investigation of various signaling molecules indicated that only NF-κB activation was involved. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with the NTR antagonist SR48692. NT induced expression of CRH receptor-1 (CRHR-1), as shown by Western blot and FACS analysis. Interestingly, CRH also induced NTR gene and protein expression. These results indicate unique interactions among NT, CRH, and mast cells that may contribute to auto-immune and inflammatory diseases that worsen with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos–Dionysios Alysandratos
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Allergy Clinical Research Center, Allergy Section, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shahrzad Asadi
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Asimenia Angelidou
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Allergy Clinical Research Center, Allergy Section, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bodi Zhang
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Maternal/Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Sismanopoulos
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Allergy Clinical Research Center, Allergy Section, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Hailing Yang
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agatha Critchfield
- Division of Maternal/Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Allergy Clinical Research Center, Allergy Section, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hulbert LE, Carroll JA, Ballou MA, Burdick NC, Dailey JW, Caldwell LC, Loyd AN, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Sexually dimorphic stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to an intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge of Brahman cattle following transportation. Innate Immun 2012; 19:378-87. [PMID: 23112011 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912462752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize potential sexually dimorphic stress and immunological responses following a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge in beef cattle. Six female (heifers) and six male (bulls) Brahman calves (264 ± 12 d of age) were administered CRH intravenously (0.5 µg of CRH/kg body mass) after which serum concentrations of cortisol increased from 0.5 h to 4 h. From 1 h to 4 h after CRH administration, serum cortisol concentrations were greater in heifers than in bulls. In all cattle, increased serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ were observed from 2.5 h to 3 h after CRH, with greater concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 in heifers than bulls. Heifer total leukocyte counts decreased 1 h after CRH administration, while bull leukocyte counts and percent neutrophils decreased 2 h after CRH administration. Heifers had greater rectal temperatures than bulls, yet rectal temperatures did not change following administration of CRH. There was no effect of CRH administration on heart rate. However, bulls tended to have increased heart rate 2 h after CRH administration than before CRH. Heifer heart rate was greater than bulls throughout the study. These data demonstrate that acute CRH administration can elicit a pro-inflammatory response, and cattle exhibit a sexually dimorphic pro-inflammatory cytokine and cortisol response to acute CRH administration.
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Angelidou A, Asadi S, Alysandratos KD, Karagkouni A, Kourembanas S, Theoharides TC. Perinatal stress, brain inflammation and risk of autism-review and proposal. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:89. [PMID: 22747567 PMCID: PMC3496584 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by varying deficits in social interactions, communication, and learning, as well as stereotypic behaviors. Despite the significant increase in ASD, there are few if any clues for its pathogenesis, hampering early detection or treatment. Premature babies are also more vulnerable to infections and inflammation leading to neurodevelopmental problems and higher risk of developing ASD. Many autism "susceptibility" genes have been identified, but "environmental" factors appear to play a significant role. Increasing evidence suggests that there are different ASD endophenotypes. DISCUSSION We review relevant literature suggesting in utero inflammation can lead to preterm labor, while insufficient development of the gut-blood-brain barriers could permit exposure to potential neurotoxins. This risk apparently may increase in parents with "allergic" or autoimmune problems during gestation, or if they had been exposed to stressors. The presence of circulating auto-antibodies against fetal brain proteins in mothers is associated with higher risk of autism and suggests disruption of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). A number of papers have reported increased brain expression or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF, which is preformed in mast cells. Recent evidence also indicates increased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory mast cell trigger neurotensin (NT), and of extracellular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is immunogenic. Gene mutations of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), the negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), have been linked to higher risk of autism, but also to increased proliferation and function of mast cells. SUMMARY Premature birth and susceptibility genes may make infants more vulnerable to allergic, environmental, infectious, or stress-related triggers that could stimulate mast cell release of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules, thus contributing to brain inflammation and ASD pathogenesis, at least in an endophenotype of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimenia Angelidou
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Hennessy MB, Jacobs S, Schiml PA, Hawk K, Stafford N, Deak T. Maternal inhibition of infant behavioral response following isolation in novel surroundings and inflammatory challenge. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:395-403. [PMID: 22573346 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During isolation in a novel environment, guinea pig pups gradually begin to display passive behavior that appears to be mediated by proinflammatory activity, that is, "sickness behavior.". Administration of substances that increase proinflammatory activity [corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] prior to isolation induces passive behavior from the beginning of the isolation episode. Here, we show that reunion with the mother in the novel environment rapidly and potently suppresses the passive behavior of isolated pups (Experiment 1); inhibits the passive behavior of pups administered CRF (10 µg, subcutaneous; Experiment 2); and inhibits the passive behavior of male, though not female, pups administered LPS (250 µg/kg, intraperitoneal; Experiment 3). Together these findings suggest that the presence of the mother either recruits other processes that moderate the impact of proinflammatory processes on brain mechanisms mediating the passive response or initiates compensatory mechanisms that counter the effect of proinflammatory activity. Further, the results suggest that for physically ill animals of social species, the adaptive advantage that accrues from maintaining normal social interactions may sometimes outweigh the advantage gained by engaging in sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, 335 Fawcett Hall, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Theoharides TC, Alysandratos KD, Angelidou A, Delivanis DA, Sismanopoulos N, Zhang B, Asadi S, Vasiadi M, Weng Z, Miniati A, Kalogeromitros D. Mast cells and inflammation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:21-33. [PMID: 21185371 PMCID: PMC3318920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are well known for their role in allergic and anaphylactic reactions, as well as their involvement in acquired and innate immunity. Increasing evidence now implicates mast cells in inflammatory diseases where they are activated by non-allergic triggers, such as neuropeptides and cytokines, often exerting synergistic effects as in the case of IL-33 and neurotensin. Mast cells can also release pro-inflammatory mediators selectively without degranulation. In particular, IL-1 induces selective release of IL-6, while corticotropin-releasing hormone secreted under stress induces the release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Many inflammatory diseases involve mast cells in cross-talk with T cells, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, which all worsen by stress. How mast cell differential responses are regulated is still unresolved. Preliminary evidence suggests that mitochondrial function and dynamics control mast cell degranulation, but not selective release. Recent findings also indicate that mast cells have immunomodulatory properties. Understanding selective release of mediators could explain how mast cells participate in numerous diverse biologic processes, and how they exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive actions. Unraveling selective mast cell secretion could also help develop unique mast cell inhibitors with novel therapeutic applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mast cells in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Kageyama K, Teui K, Tamasawa N, Suda T. Regulation and roles of urocortins in the vascular system. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:873723. [PMID: 22654906 PMCID: PMC3359671 DOI: 10.1155/2012/873723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns) are members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides. Ucns would have potent effects on the cardiovascular system via the CRF receptor type 2 (CRF(2) receptor). Regulation and roles of each Ucn have been determined in the vascular system. Ucns have more potent vasodilatory effects than CRF. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) express Ucns1-3 mRNAs, and the receptor, CRF(2a) receptor mRNA. Ucns1-3 mRNA levels are differentially regulated in HUVECs. Differential regulation of Ucns may suggest differential roles of those in HUVECs. Ucn1 and Ucn2 have strong effects on interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression and secretion in rat aortic smooth muscle A7r5 cells. The increase that we observed in IL-6 levels following Ucn treatment of A7r5 cells suggests that smooth muscle cells may be a source of IL-6 secretion under physiological stress conditions. Ucns are important and unique modulators of vascular smooth muscle cells and act directly or indirectly as autocrine and paracrine factors in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
- *Kazunori Kageyama:
| | - Ken Teui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoki Tamasawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Abstract
Antidepressant pharmacotherapy is to date the most often used treatment for depression, but the exact mechanism of action underlying its therapeutic effect is still unclear. Many theories have been put forward to account for depression, as well as antidepressant activity, but none of them is exhaustive. Neuroimmune endocrine impairment is found in depressed patients; high levels of circulating corticosteroids along with hyperactivation of the immune system, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, low levels of melatonin in plasma and urine, and disentrainment of circadian rhythms have been demonstrated. Moreover, antidepressant treatment seems to correct or at least to interfere with these alterations. In this review, we summarize the complex neuroimmune endocrine and chronobiological alterations found in patients with depression and how these systems interact with each other. We also explain how antidepressant therapy can modify these systems, along with some possible mechanisms of action shown in animal and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonioli
- Psychoimmunology Translational Laboratory, Health Science Research Centre, Roehampton University, London, UK
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Hennessy MB, Paik KD, Caraway JD, Schiml PA, Deak T. Proinflammatory activity and the sensitization of depressive-like behavior during maternal separation. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125:426-33. [PMID: 21500883 DOI: 10.1037/a0023559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When guinea pig pups are isolated for a few hours in a novel environment, they exhibit a distinctive passive behavioral response that appears to be mediated by proinflammatory activity. Recently, we observed that pups separated on two consecutive days show an enhanced (sensitized) passive response on the second day. In Experiment 1, pups receiving intracerebroventricular infusion of 50 ng of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 prior to a first separation failed to show a sensitized behavioral response to separation the next day. In Experiment 2, pups separated on Days 1 and 2, or just 2, showed an increase in passive responding during separation on Day 5. Pups injected with the bacterial antigen lipopolysacchride (LPS; 75 μg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal) prior to separation on Day 1 showed an increase in passive behavior several days later not shown by pups injected with saline prior to Day 1 separation. However, injection of LPS without separation on the first day did not enhance responding during an initial separation on the second day. These results suggest that immune activation is necessary, but not sufficient, to account for the sensitization of passive behavior of isolated guinea pig pups the following day, that boosting proinflammatory activity during an initial separation may promote sensitization several days later, and that the sensitized response persists for at least several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Hennessy MB, Fitch C, Jacobs S, Deak T, Schiml PA. Behavioral effects of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor during maternal separation may be mediated by proinflammatory activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:996-1004. [PMID: 21255937 PMCID: PMC3568995 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When guinea pig pups are separated from their mothers in a novel environment, an initial period of active behavior (vocalizing, locomotor activity) wanes after an hour or so and is replaced by a second, passive stage characterized by a crouched stance, closed eyes, and extensive piloerection. If pups are given a peripheral injection of 7-14μg of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) prior to testing, the passive behaviors occur immediately upon separation. We found that intracerebroventricular infusion of 1-10μg of CRF did not increase passive behavior relative to vehicle infusion, but that peripheral injection of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, attenuated the passive behavior induced by peripheral CRF injection. These results together with previous findings suggest that peripheral CRF administration affects behavior of separated guinea pig pups through a mechanism that involves peripheral proinflammatory activity. The possible role of endogenous peripheral CRF in the behavioral response of untreated pups during maternal separation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton OH, 45435, United States,Address Correspondence to: Michael B. Hennessy, PhD, Department of Psychology, 335 Fawcett Hall, Wright State University, 3640 Col. Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH 45435, , Tel: 937.775.2943, FAX: 937.775.3347
| | - Christopher Fitch
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton OH, 45435, United States
| | - Sarah Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton OH, 45435, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Patricia A. Schiml
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton OH, 45435, United States
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Isard O, Knol AC, Castex-Rizzi N, Khammari A, Charveron M, Dréno B. Cutaneous induction of corticotropin releasing hormone by Propionibacterium acnes extracts. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:96-9. [PMID: 20224691 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin commensal bacillus Propionibacterium acnes is known to play a major role in the development of acne vulgaris and it is established that this bacteria is involved both in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory phase of acne. The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a neuropeptide originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is also produced by the skin. CRH has been reported to play a role in the inflammation, the production of sebum and finally the differentiation of keratinocytes. At the therapeutic level, zinc is known to act specifically on inflammatory lesions with still partially known mechanisms and thus could play an important role in the development of inflammatory acne lesions. Our objective was to study the modulation of CRH expression by keratinocytes induced by P. acnes extracts. CRH expression was examined using immunohistochemistry technique on deep-frozen sections of normal human skin explants incubated with two different extracts of P. acnes and with or without zinc salts. We observed that the membrane fraction (FM) of P. acnes increased the CRH expression in the epidermis. This result indicates that P. acnes, by stimulating the production of CRH, can both modulate the differentiation of keratinocytes and increase the local inflammation, arguing that this bacterium plays a role not only in the development of inflammatory acne lesions but also in the formation of the microcomedo in the early stages of acne.
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45
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Rassouli O, Liapakis G, Lazaridis I, Sakellaris G, Gkountelias K, Gravanis A, Margioris AN, Karalis KP, Venihaki M. A novel role of peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21654. [PMID: 21765902 PMCID: PMC3135586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, or factor, (CRH or CRF) exerts important biological effects in multiple peripheral tissues via paracrine/autocrine actions. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of endogenous CRH in the biology of mouse and human skin fibroblasts, the primary cell type involved in wound healing. We show expression of CRH and its receptors in primary fibroblasts, and we demonstrate the functionality of fibroblast CRH receptors by induction of cAMP. Fibroblasts genetically deficient in Crh (Crh-/-) had higher proliferation and migration rates and compromised production of IL-6 and TGF-β1 compared to the wildtype (Crh+/+) cells. Human primary cultures of foreskin fibroblasts exposed to the CRF(1) antagonist antalarmin recapitulated the findings in the Crh-/- cells, exhibiting altered proliferative and migratory behavior and suppressed production of IL-6. In conclusion, our findings show an important role of fibroblast-expressed CRH in the proliferation, migration, and cytokine production of these cells, processes associated with the skin response to injury. Our data suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of CRH may include an important, albeit not explored yet, role in epidermal tissue remodeling and regeneration and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rassouli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Iakovos Lazaridis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Sakellaris
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Gkountelias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andrew N. Margioris
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Katia P. Karalis
- Developmental Biology Section, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Kageyama K, Tamasawa N, Suda T. Signal transduction in the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor system and its clinical implications. Stress 2011; 14:357-67. [PMID: 21438777 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.536279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulatory peptide in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under stress conditions. In response to stress, CRF is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Forskolin- or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-stimulated CRF gene transcription is mediated by the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element on the CRF 5'-promoter region. Estrogens enhance activation of the CRF gene in stress, while inducible cAMP-early repressor suppresses the stress response via inhibition of the cAMP-dependent CRF gene. Glucocorticoid-dependent repression of cAMP-stimulated CRF promoter activity is mediated by both the negative glucocorticoid-response element and the serum-response element, while interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulates the CRF gene. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, stimulated by IL-6 and cAMP, is involved in the negative regulation of CRF gene expression. Such complex mechanisms contribute to stress responses and homeostasis in the hypothalamus. Moreover, disruption of the HPA axis may cause a number of diseases related to stress. For example, CRF-induced p21-activated kinase 3 mRNA expression may be related to the proliferation of corticotrophs in Nelson's syndrome. A higher molecular weight form of immunoreactive β-endorphin, putative proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is increased in CRF-knockout mice, suggesting the important role of CRF in the processing of POMC through changes in prohormone convertase type-1 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
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Liu S, Gao N, Hu HZ, Wang X, Wang GD, Fang X, Gao X, Xia Y, Wood JD. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents. Gastroenterology 2011; 494:63-74. [PMID: 16304680 PMCID: PMC2582187 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) mediates the stress-induced colonic motor activity. Less is known about the role of CRF(2) in the colonic response to stress. METHODS We studied colonic contractile activity in rats and CRF(2)-/-, CRF-overexpressing, and wild-type mice using still manometry; we analyzed defecation induced by acute partial-restraint stress (PRS), and/or intraperitoneal injection of CRF ligands. In rats, we monitored activation of the colonic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons and localization of CRF(1) and CRF(2) using immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. We measured phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by CRF ligands in primary cultures of LMMP neurons (PC-LMMPn) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with CRF(1) and/or CRF(2). RESULTS In rats, a selective agonist of CRF(2) (urocortin 2) reduced CRF-induced defecation (>50%), colonic contractile activity, and Fos expression in the colonic LMMP. A selective antagonist of CRF(2) (astressin(2)-B) increased these responses. Urocortin 2 reduced PRS-induced colonic contractile activity in wild-type and CRF-overexpressing mice, whereas disruption of CRF(2) increased PRS-induced colonic contractile activity and CRF-induced defecation. CRF(2) colocalized with CRF(1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat colon, LMMP, and PC-LMMPn. CRF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in PC-LMMPn; this was inhibited or increased by a selective antagonist of CRF(1) (NBI35965) or astressin(2)-B, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration, EC(50), for the CRF-induced cAMP response was 8.6 nmol/L in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that express only CRF(1); this response was suppressed 10-fold in cells that express CRF(1) and CRF(2). CONCLUSIONS In colon tissues of rodents, CRF(2) activation inhibits CRF(1) signaling in myenteric neurons and the stress-induced colonic motor responses. Disruption of CRF(2) function impairs colonic coping responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210-1218, USA
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Chaniotou Z, Giannogonas P, Theoharis S, Teli T, Gay J, Savidge T, Koutmani Y, Brugni J, Kokkotou E, Pothoulakis C, Karalis KP. Corticotropin-releasing factor regulates TLR4 expression in the colon and protects mice from colitis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2083-92. [PMID: 20732324 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defects in the colonic innate immune response have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, or corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) is a neuropeptide that mediates the stress response in humans, is an immunomodulatory factor with proinflammatory effects, and regulates transcription of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR4. We investigated the role of CRF in an innate immunity-dependent mouse model of IBD. METHODS Crh(-/-) and wild-type (Crh(+/+)) mice, which are glucocorticoid insufficient, were given dextran sodium sulfate in their drinking water to induce colitis; in some experiments, mice were also given glucocorticoids. Phenotypes of mice were compared; tissues were analyzed by histology and for expression of immune mediators. RESULTS Crh(-/-) mice had more colonic inflammation than Crh(+/+) mice, characterized by reduced numbers of crypts and severe epithelial damage and ulcerations. Colonic tissue levels of the proinflammatory factors interleukin-12 and prostaglandin E(2) were increased in the Crh(-/-) mice. Colons of Crh(-/-) mice expressed lower levels of Tlr4 than wild-type mice before, but not after, colitis was induced. Administration of glucocorticoid at low levels did not prevent Crh(-/-) mice from developing severe colitis. Crh(-/-) mice were unable to recover from acute colitis, as indicated by their increased death rate. CONCLUSIONS Mice deficient in CRF down-regulate TLR4 and are more susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. CRF has anti-inflammatory effects in innate immunity-dependent colitis and its recovery phase; these are independent of glucocorticoid administration. CRF might therefore be developed as a therapeutic target for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Chaniotou
- Developmental Biology Section, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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The role of endogenous glucocorticoids in lymphocyte development in melanocortin receptor 2-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Trümbach D, Graf C, Pütz B, Kühne C, Panhuysen M, Weber P, Holsboer F, Wurst W, Welzl G, Deussing JM. Deducing corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 signaling networks from gene expression data by usage of genetic algorithms and graphical Gaussian models. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:159. [PMID: 21092110 PMCID: PMC3002901 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a hallmark of complex and multifactorial psychiatric diseases such as anxiety and mood disorders. About 50-60% of patients with major depression show HPA axis dysfunction, i.e. hyperactivity and impaired negative feedback regulation. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its receptor type 1 (CRHR1) are key regulators of this neuroendocrine stress axis. Therefore, we analyzed CRH/CRHR1-dependent gene expression data obtained from the pituitary corticotrope cell line AtT-20, a well-established in vitro model for CRHR1-mediated signal transduction. To extract significantly regulated genes from a genome-wide microarray data set and to deduce underlying CRHR1-dependent signaling networks, we combined supervised and unsupervised algorithms. RESULTS We present an efficient variable selection strategy by consecutively applying univariate as well as multivariate methods followed by graphical models. First, feature preselection was used to exclude genes not differentially regulated over time from the dataset. For multivariate variable selection a maximum likelihood (MLHD) discriminant function within GALGO, an R package based on a genetic algorithm (GA), was chosen. The topmost genes representing major nodes in the expression network were ranked to find highly separating candidate genes. By using groups of five genes (chromosome size) in the discriminant function and repeating the genetic algorithm separately four times we found eleven genes occurring at least in three of the top ranked result lists of the four repetitions. In addition, we compared the results of GA/MLHD with the alternative optimization algorithms greedy selection and simulated annealing as well as with the state-of-the-art method random forest. In every case we obtained a clear overlap of the selected genes independently confirming the results of MLHD in combination with a genetic algorithm. With two unsupervised algorithms, principal component analysis and graphical Gaussian models, putative interactions of the candidate genes were determined and reconstructed by literature mining. Differential regulation of six candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The combination of supervised and unsupervised algorithms in this study allowed extracting a small subset of meaningful candidate genes from the genome-wide expression data set. Thereby, variable selection using different optimization algorithms based on linear classifiers as well as the nonlinear random forest method resulted in congruent candidate genes. The calculated interacting network connecting these new target genes was bioinformatically mapped to known CRHR1-dependent signaling pathways. Additionally, the differential expression of the identified target genes was confirmed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Trümbach
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, (GmbH) and Technical University Munich, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ingolstädter, Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Graf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kühne
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Panhuysen
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, (GmbH) and Technical University Munich, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ingolstädter, Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Welzl
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, (GmbH) and Technical University Munich, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ingolstädter, Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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