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Nunes PF, da Cruz Coelho E, da Silva JR, da Silva Costa CC, Sampaio RMA, Frade PCR, Ponteira NA, da Cruz SS, Seabra AD, Carneiro DM, Burbano RMR, Martins LC. Hepatitis C and Human Pegivirus Coinfection in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C from the Brazilian Amazon Region: Prevalence, Genotypes and Clinical Data. Viruses 2023; 15:1892. [PMID: 37766298 PMCID: PMC10536978 DOI: 10.3390/v15091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection of HPgV-1 with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common due to shared modes of transmission, with a prevalence of HPgV-1 viremia of approximately 20% among individuals with chronic HCV infection. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA and circulating genotypes in patients with hepatitis C from a health service located in the city of Belém, in the state of Pará, Northern Brazil. A total of 147 samples were included in the study from February to December 2019. Among the participants, 72.1% (106/147) were monoinfected with HCV, with detectable HCV viral RNA, and 27.9% (41/147) were coinfected with HCV/HPgV-1. The most frequently found genotypes were HPgV-1 genotypes 1 and 2 (36.6% and 63.4%), respectively. While for HCV there was a predominance of genotypes 1 and 3 (58.5% and 41.5%). No significant differences were found when comparing any risk, sociodemographic, or clinical factors between groups. Also, there was no statistically significant difference when relating the viral genotypes of both agents. This study indicated that the prevalence of infection by HPgV-1 is high in HCV carriers in Belém, Pará, and probably does not change the clinical course of HCV infection, however, further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ferreira Nunes
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Evelen da Cruz Coelho
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Joseane Rodrigues da Silva
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Camila Carla da Silva Costa
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Regiane Miranda Arnund Sampaio
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Paula Cristina Rodrigues Frade
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Nagib Abdon Ponteira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Samara Silveira da Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil; (S.S.d.C.); (A.D.S.); (D.M.C.); (R.M.R.B.)
| | - Aline Damasceno Seabra
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil; (S.S.d.C.); (A.D.S.); (D.M.C.); (R.M.R.B.)
| | - Debora Monteiro Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil; (S.S.d.C.); (A.D.S.); (D.M.C.); (R.M.R.B.)
| | - Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil; (S.S.d.C.); (A.D.S.); (D.M.C.); (R.M.R.B.)
| | - Luisa Caricio Martins
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica das Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, PA, Brazil; (E.d.C.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (C.C.d.S.C.); (R.M.A.S.); (P.C.R.F.); (N.A.P.); (L.C.M.)
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Yu Y, Wan Z, Wang JH, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication. Virulence 2022; 13:324-341. [PMID: 35132924 PMCID: PMC8837232 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV-1), previously known as GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a single-stranded positive RNA virus belonging to the genus Pegivirus of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by percutaneous injuries (PIs), contaminated blood and/or blood products, sexual contact, and vertical mother-to-child transmission. It is widely prevalent in general population, especially in high-risk groups. HPgV-1 viremia is typically cleared within the first 1–2 years of infection in most healthy individuals, but may persist for longer periods of time in immunocompromised individuals and/or those co-infected by other viruses. A large body of evidences indicate that HPgV-1 persistent infection has a beneficial clinical effect on many infectious diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis C. The beneficial effects seem to be related to a significant reduction of immune activation, and/or the inhabitation of co-infected viruses (e.g. HIV-1). HPgV-1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and myeloid cells, and preferentially replicates in bone marrow and spleen without cytopathic effect, implying a therapeutic potential. The paper aims to summarize the natural history, prevalence and distribution characteristics, and pathogenesis of HPgV-1, and discuss its association with other human viral diseases, and potential use in therapy as a biovaccine or viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zimmerman J, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia-A review of the literature. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2257. [PMID: 34038600 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1)-as known as hepatitis G virus and GB virus C-is a common single-stranded RNA flavivirus. Because few studies have demonstrated an association between HPgV-1 infection and disease, screening for HPgV-1 is not performed routinely. Nonetheless, a beneficial impact of HPgV-1 infection on HIV disease progression has been reported in multiple studies. Given the burden of HIV in Asia and the complex interactions between viral co-infections and the host, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing data from Asia on HPgV-1 infection, including the prevalence and circulating genotypes in all Asian countries with data reported. This review highlights the research conducted thus far and emphasizes the need for additional studies on HPgV-1 across the Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zimmerman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Slavov SN, Maraninchi Silveira R, Hespanhol MR, Sauvage V, Rodrigues ES, Fontanari Krause L, Bittencourt HT, Caro V, Laperche S, Covas DT, Kashima S. Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) RNA prevalence and genotypes in volunteer blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:234-239. [PMID: 31277987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) viremia and genotype diversity among healthy blood donors from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon (city of Macapá, State of Amapá). There is little information for prevalence and circulation of HPgV-1 in this remote Brazilian region. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a study evaluating the HPgV-1 RNA prevalence and circulating genotypes in 431 volunteer blood donors originating from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. The obtained HPgV-1 positive samples were submitted to sequencing and genotyping analysis in order to examine the genotype diversity of this virus in the Brazilian Amazon. RESULTS Our results demonstrated a prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA in 9.5% of the tested blood donors. The phylogenetic analyses of the detected positive samples showed the presence of HPgV-1 genotypes 1, 2 and 3. The most frequently detected genotype was 2 (78.0% of the cases) represented by sub-genotypes 2A (39.0%) and 2B (39.0%). At lower rates, genotypes 1 (14.6%) and 3 (7.4%) were also detected. CONCLUSION Our results revealed the presence of genotypes with European, Asiatic and African endemicity in Amazonian blood donors, probably due to the complex miscegenation processes that took place in this Brazilian region. More investigations, including information for the prevalence of HPgV-1 RNA in blood donors from other Latin American countries are needed to estimate the viremic rates and genotype distribution of this virus in a highly diverse continent like South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Slavov
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R Maraninchi Silveira
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Hespanhol
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Sauvage
- Institut national de la transfusion Sanguine (INTS), département d'études des Agents transmissibles par le sang (DATS), Centre national de référence risques infectieux transfusionnels, 75015 Paris, France
| | - E S Rodrigues
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Fontanari Krause
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Franciscan University, 97010-030 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - H T Bittencourt
- Institute of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amapá, 68900-074 Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - V Caro
- Pole for Genotyping of Pathogens (PGP), Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Environment and Infectious Risks Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S Laperche
- Institut national de la transfusion Sanguine (INTS), département d'études des Agents transmissibles par le sang (DATS), Centre national de référence risques infectieux transfusionnels, 75015 Paris, France
| | - D T Covas
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Kashima
- Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1, GBV-C) RNA prevalence and genotype diversity among volunteer blood donors from an intra-hospital hemotherapy service in Southern Brazil. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 58:174-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Horemheb-Rubio G, Ramos-Cervantes P, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Ávila-Ríos S, García-Morales C, Reyes-Terán G, Escobedo G, Estrada G, García-Iglesias T, Muñoz-Saucedo N, Kershenobich D, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Ruiz-Palacios GM. High HPgV replication is associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184494. [PMID: 28910347 PMCID: PMC5598987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Pegivirus (HPgV) may have a beneficial effect on HIV disease progression in co-infected patients; however, the virologic characteristics of this infection are not well defined. In this study, we determined HPgV viremia prevalence in Mexico and provide new insights to understand HPgV infection and HPgV/HIV co-infection. Methods We analyzed and quantified 7,890 serum samples for HPgV viremia by One-Step RT-Real-Time PCR, 6,484 from healthy blood donors and 1,406 from HIV-infected patients. Data on HIV progression were obtained from patients’ records. HPgV genotyping was performed in 445 samples by nested PCR of the 5’URT region. Finite Mixture Models were used to identify clustering patterns of HPgV viremia in blood donors and co-infected antiretroviral (ART)-naïve patients. Results HPgV was detected in 2.98% of blood donors and 33% of HIV patients, with a wide range of viral loads. The most prevalent genotypes were 3 (58.6%)and 2 (33.7%). HPgV viral loads from healthy blood donors and HPgV/HIV+ ART-naïve co-infected patients were clustered into two component distributions, low and high, with a cut-off point of 5.07log10 and 5.06log10, respectively. High HPgV viremia was associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV infection, independent of the estimated duration of HIV infection or HIV treatment. Conclusions HPgV prevalence in Mexico was similar to that reported for other countries. The prevalent genotypes could be related to Mexico’s geographic location and ethnicity, since genotype 2 is frequent in the United States and Europe and genotype 3 in Asia and Amerindian populations. HPgV viral load demonstrated two patterns of replication, low and high. The more pronounced beneficial response observed in co-infected patients with high HPgV viremia may explain discrepancies found between other studies. Mechanisms explaining high and low HPgV replication should be explored to determine whether the persistently elevated replication depends on host or viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ramos-Cervantes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Arroyo-Figueroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia García-Morales
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Liver Pancreas and Intestinal Motility Laboratory, Hospital General de México, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Estrada
- Blood Bank, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Muñoz-Saucedo
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David Kershenobich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Ben Dhifallah I, Ayouni K, Chouiha A, Sadraoui A, Hogga N, Hammami W, Ben Yahya A, Triki H. Genotype Distribution and Prevalence of Human Pegivirus among High-Risk Populations in Tunisia. Intervirology 2017; 59:170-178. [PMID: 28132064 DOI: 10.1159/000454810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recently discovered non-A-E hepatitis virus has been designated as human Pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is prevalent in high-risk groups such as patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and it is of interest for patients who are at risk for transmitted infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPgV as well as the genotype distribution among patients in the Tunisian population who are infected with HCV and also in multitransfused patients. METHODS A total of 144 patients were screened using RTPCR/nested PCR of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR); 14 cases were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. RESULTS Seven (14.9%) subjects from the multitransfused group and 7 (7.2%) patients infected with HCV, respectively, were found positive for HPgV RNA. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 14 cases revealed that genotype 2a was the main genotype circulating in Tunisian patients. Genotype 2b was found in the amplified samples of 2 HCV-infected patients. CONCLUSION This study enriches the limited data on HPgV prevalence in Tunisia, and shows, for the first time, the molecular epidemiology of the circulating strains in this country.
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Bagasra O, Bagasra AU, Sheraz M, Pace DG. Potential utility of GB virus type C as a preventive vaccine for HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:335-47. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ranjbar MM, Ghorban K, Alavian SM, Keyvani H, Dadmanesh M, Roayaei Ardakany A, Motedayen MH, Sazmand A. GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E2: Computational Molecular Features and Immunoinformatics Study. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e15342. [PMID: 24403917 PMCID: PMC3877655 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) is an enveloped, RNA positive-stranded flavivirus-like particle. E2 envelope protein of GBV-C plays an important role in virus entry into the cytosol, genotyping and as a marker for diagnosing GBV-C infections. Also, there is discussion on relations between E2 protein and gp41 protein of HIV. The purposes of our study are to multi aspect molecular evaluation of GB virus C E2 protein from its characteristics, mutations, structures and antigenicity which would help to new directions for future researches. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Briefly, steps followed here were; retrieving reference sequences of E2 protein, entropy plot evaluation for finding the mutational /conservative regions, analyzing potential Glycosylation, Phosphorylation and Palmitoylation sites, prediction of primary, secondary and tertiary structures, then amino acid distributions and transmembrane topology, prediction of T and B cell epitopes, and finally visualization of epitopes and variations regions in 3D structure. RESULTS Based on the entropy plot, 3 hypervariable regions (HVR) observed along E2 protein located in residues 133-135, 256-260 and 279-281. Analyzing primary structure of protein sequence revealed basic nature, instability, and low hydrophilicity of this protein. Transmembrane topology prediction showed that residues 257-270 presented outside, while residues 234- 256 and 271-293 were transmembrane regions. Just one N-glycosylation site, 5 potential phosphorylated peptides and two palmitoylation were found. Secondary structure revealed that this protein has 6 α-helix, 12 β-strand 17 Coil structures. Prediction of T-cell epitopes based on HLA-A*02:01 showed that epitope NH3-LLLDFVFVL-COOH is the best antigen icepitope. Comparative analysis for consensus B-cell epitopes regarding transmembrane topology, based on physico-chemical and machine learning approaches revealed that residue 231- 296 (NH2- EARLVPLILLLLWWWVNQLAVLGLPAVEAAVAGEVFAGPALSWCLGLPVVSMILGLANLVLYFRWL-COOH) is most effective and probable B cell epitope for E2 protein. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive analysis of a protein with important roles has never been easy, and in case of E2 envelope glycoprotein of HGV, there is no much data on its molecular and immunological features, clinical significance and its pathogenic potential in hepatitis or any other GBV-C related diseases. So, results of the present study may explain some structural, physiological and immunological functions of this protein in GBV-C, as well as designing new diagnostic kits and besides, help to better understandingE2 protein characteristic and other members of Flavivirus family, especially HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khodayar Ghorban
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Middle East Liver Diseases Center (MELD), Tehran, IR Iran
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallh University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallh University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2188945186, E-mail:
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Dadmanesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Yazd, IR Iran
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Wu H, Tien P, Gong X. Phylogenetic diversity of GB virus C at the antigenic site of E2 protein. Virus Res 2013; 178:502-505. [PMID: 24512753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids at position 267-298 in E2 protein of GB virus C (GBV-C) were recognized as the antigenic site, and peptides within the region were previously reported to have inhibitory effect on HIV entry. The effect of sequence variability between different types of GBV-C on the antigenic region of the E2 protein was studied by using phylogenetic analysis. Eighty-one unique sequences encompassing this region derived from all seven GBV-C genotypes were compared to each other in this study. The results showed that GBV-C E2 antigenic nucleotide sites belonging to genotype 3 clustered together regardless of synonymous or nonsynonmous sites in the region, whereas, GBV-C E2 antigenic nucleotide sites belonging to the other 6 genotypes clustered together regardless of genotypes. Despite the fact that GBV-C genotypes might confer different degree of 'protection' against HIV, the lack of clustering as a unique group based on the amino acid differences in the antigenic site among the six genotypes suggested some other genomic regions or secondary structure of E2 protein might have played a crucial role in determining the variable protection effect of GBV-C on HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Po Tien
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Karimi G, Gharehbaghian A, Tafti MF, Vafaiyan V. Emerging infectious threats to the blood supply: seroepidemiological studies in iran - a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:210-7. [PMID: 23922546 DOI: 10.1159/000351540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The risk of transfusion-transmitted infections has been greatly reduced by improvements in donor screening and testing. However, newly recognized blood-borne infectious agents can be threats to blood safety. In order to evaluate the prevalence some of these agents in blood donors, a systematic review was conducted. Data were obtained from published papers related to HGV, Torque Teno virus (TTV), HTLV, West Nile virus (WNV) and SEN virus (SEN-V). Based on these studies, the prevalence of HGV varied from 1 to 8.6% for anti-E2 and from 0 to 4.8% for HGV RNA. The prevalence of TTV DNA and HTLV-I varied from 2.7 to 79.5% and from 0.013 to 2.3%, respectively. The WNV-specific IgM antibody and WNV RNA are negative in blood donors. Prevalence rates of SEN-V in Iranian blood donors range from 23 to 90.8%. Consequences of these infectious agents for blood safety are different. Thus, the need to perform laboratory screening as well as effectiveness and efficiency of laboratory tests depend on pathogenicity level and epidemiological conditions of emerging infections. However, being prepared based on the current level of risk and interventions to reduce the risk can be effective in reducing the potential threat for blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gharib Karimi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Rockstroh JK. Role of GB virus C in modulating HIV disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:563-72. [PMID: 22702320 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and the most closely related human virus to HCV. However, GBV-C does not replicate in hepatocytes, but rather in lymphocytes. GBV-C has a worldwide distribution and is transmitted sexually, parenterally and through mother-to-child transmission. Thus, co-infection with HCV and HIV is common. Until now, no human disease has been associated with GBV-C infection. However, there are several reports of a beneficial effect of GBV-C on HIV disease progression in vivo. Different mechanisms to explain these observations have been proposed, including modification of antiviral cytokine production, HIV co-receptor expression, direct inhibition of HIV-1 entry, T-cell activation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Further understanding of these mechanisms may open new strategies for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Nishiya A, Neto RA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Virol J 2011; 8:345. [PMID: 21745373 PMCID: PMC3142244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. METHODS Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogotá and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. RESULTS Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Botelho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raymundo A Neto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Pontificia Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flair J Carrilho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João RR Pinho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Giret MTM, Miraglia JL, Sucupira MCA, Nishiya A, Levi JE, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Kallas EG. Prevalence, incidence density, and genotype distribution of GB virus C infection in a cohort of recently HIV-1-infected subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18407. [PMID: 21483671 PMCID: PMC3071701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of previous studies elsewhere have indicated that GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) due to similar transmission routes of both viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence density and genotypic characteristics of GBV-C in this population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study population included 233 patients from a cohort primarily comprised of homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1 in São Paulo, Brazil. The presence of GBV-C RNA was determined in plasma samples by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction and quantified by real-time PCR. GBV-C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. HIV viral load, CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were also tested in all patients. The overall prevalence of GBV-C infection was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.29) in the study group. There was no significant difference between patients with and without GBV-C infection and Glycoprotein E2 antibody presence regarding age, sex, HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts and treatment with antiretroviral drugs. An inverse correlation was observed between GBV-C and HIV-1 loads at enrollment and after one year. Also, a positive but not significant correlation was observed between GBV-C load and CD4+ T lymphocyte. Phylogenetic analysis of the GBV-C isolates revealed the presence of genotype 1 and genotype 2, these sub classified into subtype 2a and 2b. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE GBV-C infection is common in recently HIV -1 infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil and the predominant genotype is 2b. This study provides the first report of the GBV-C prevalence at the time of diagnosis of HIV-1 and the incidence density of GBV-C infection in one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa M. Giret
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Miraglia
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Levi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Philip AM, McNicholl JM, Roongpisuthipong A, Chotpitayasunondh T, Shaffer N, Butera S. Prevalence and correlates of GB virus C infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Virol 2010; 83:33-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Supapol WB, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Mock PA, Culnane M, McNicholl J, Roongpisuthipong A, Chotpitayasunondh T, Shaffer N, Butera S. Reduced Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV Associated with Infant but not Maternal GB Virus C Infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1369-77. [PMID: 18419578 DOI: 10.1086/587488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a nonpathogenic member of the Flaviviridae family most closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Infection is common in healthy and immunocompromised people and may persist for years. GBV-C infection is associated with improved survival, improved AIDS-free survival, higher CD4(+) T-cell counts, and lower HIV viral loads in HIV-infected people compared with people infected with HIV but not GBV-C. The mechanism of this effect is not yet clear, but GBV-C has been shown to inhibit HIV replication in vitro through increased synthesis and secretion of anti-HIV b-chemokines MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES, SDF-1, and SDF-2 and downregulation of CCR5 receptor expression. GBV-C also inhibits apoptosis of its host cell, similar to HCV. GBV-C E2 protein in serum has also been associated with prolonged survival in HIV infection; recent evidence indicates that GBV-C E2 protein may neutralize HIV infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L George
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, FDT-8N, 3635 Vista Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Xiang J, Martinez-Smith C, Gale M, Chang Q, Labrecque DR, Schmidt WN, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C NS5A sequence polymorphisms: association with interferon susceptibility and inhibition of PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:261-70. [PMID: 15871663 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) causes persistent infection in humans, although the mechanism by which the virus avoids clearance by the host is unknown. To determine if amino acid polymorphisms in the GB virus type C (GBV-C) NS5A and E2 proteins alter response to interferon (IFN) therapy, we studied the sequence of GBVC NS5A and E2 obtained from people receiving IFN therapy. In addition, we expressed recombinant GBVC NS5A protein to determine if it interferes with RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) function in vitro. GBVC NS5A amplified from a person whose virus was cleared by IFN therapy (IFN sensitive) demonstrated unique amino acid changes occurring in the region that aligns with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IFN sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) compared with NS5A sequences from individuals who did not clear GBV-C (IFN resistant). There were no differences in the E2 sequences obtained from IFN-sensitive and IFN-resistant isolates. Using a yeast genetic system, IFN-resistant NS5A inhibited PKR-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) in yeast, whereas IFN-sensitive NS5A did not inhibit PKR function. GBV-C NS5A amino acid polymorphisms appear to be involved in response to IFN therapy, and IFN-resistant GBV-C NS5A inhibited PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation in a yeast genetic system, suggesting a mechanism by which GBV-C may evade clearance by naturally occurring host antiviral responses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism
- Flaviviridae Infections/complications
- Flaviviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Flaviviridae Infections/virology
- GB virus C/drug effects
- GB virus C/genetics
- GB virus C/pathogenicity
- GB virus C/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/complications
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Recombinant Proteins
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/physiology
- eIF-2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research, Iowa City VA Medical Center and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Ozdarendeli A, Toroman ZA, Kalkan A, Kilic SS, Ozden M, Doymaz MZ. Prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis G virus among hemodialysis patients in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14:102-6. [PMID: 15785102 DOI: 10.1159/000083920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis G virus (HGV) in hemodialysis patients in East Anatolia, Turkey. SUBJECTS AND MATERIALS Eighty-nine hemodialysis patients and 30 healthy individuals were analyzed by using reverse-transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for 5' untranslated region. HGV genotyping was performed by PCR and three randomly selected HGV-positive samples were sequenced. RESULTS Of the 89 hemodialysis patients, HGV RNA was detected in 9 (10.2%). All of our isolates were assigned to genotype 2. CONCLUSION Our results showed that hemodialysis patients carry the risk for HGV infection in East Anatolia, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Firat University Medical School, Elazig, Turkey.
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Payungporn S, Tangkijvanich P, Jantaradsamee P, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Simultaneous quantitation and genotyping of hepatitis B virus by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2004; 120:131-40. [PMID: 15288955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and HBV DNA levels have been implicated in clinical evaluation and prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous HBV DNA quantitation and differentiation between HBV genotypes B and C in a single-step reaction by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. The genotypes obtained by this method were compared with those examined by PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing on 52 serum samples of patients with chronic HBV infection. Using the results obtained by direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as the reference, the accuracy of HBV genotyping by PCR-RFLP and melting curve analysis was 90.38 and 92.31%, respectively. The geometric mean of HBV DNA levels was 3.42 x 10(6), 2.10 x 10(6), 1.19 x 10(5) and 3.10 x 10(4) copies/microl in asymptomatic carriers, patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. It is concluded that this method has the advantages of rapidity, reproducibility and accuracy, which would be feasible and attractive for large-scale analysis, particularly in regions where HBV genotypes B and C are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunchai Payungporn
- Center of Excellence in Viral Hepatitis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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George SL, Xiang J, Stapleton JT. Clinical isolates of GB virus type C vary in their ability to persist and replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Virology 2004; 316:191-201. [PMID: 14644602 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C) replication in vitro is inefficient and inconsistent. In this study, clinical isolates of GBV-C were evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) based culture methods. Isolates varied consistently in their ability to persistently replicate, and yield increased in cells grown without PHA/IL-2 stimulation. The deduced polyprotein sequence of an isolate that replicated well was determined (GenBank AY196904) and compared to 20 full-length GBV-C sequences. Fourteen of the 16 unique amino acid polymorphisms identified were in the coding regions for nonstructural proteins associated with interferon resistance and RNA replication. These data indicate that clinical GBV-C isolates vary in their ability to persist in culture, do not require PHA/IL-2 stimulation, and that sequence variability in key regulatory regions may affect growth in PBMC cultures. Since GBV-C appears to inhibit HIV replication in a coinfection model, these studies should facilitate determination of the mechanism of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L George
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Research, Iowa City VA Medical Center, University of Iowa, and the Helen C. Levitt Center for Viral Pathogenesis, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Schleicher SB, Flehmig BF. Genotyping of GB virus C by restriction pattern analysis of the 5' untranslated region. J Med Virol 2003; 71:226-32. [PMID: 12938197 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a virus that has been proposed as a member of the Flaviviridae family, distantly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). The virus is able to infect humans parenterally and perinatally, although its true pathogenicity remains unknown. The 5' terminal region of GBV-C is the most highly conserved region of the virus genome. Comparison of 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) sequences from GBV-C infected individuals shows that variation is limited to particular sites that are often covariant and associated with different virus genotypes. Extensive sequence analysis of the GBV-C genome provides evidence for the existence of at least five major genotypes, some of which can be further divided into subtypes. For genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), it is essential to identify genomic positions that not only reflect genotype differences, but that also harbor restriction sites that allow recognition of these differences. Restriction site analysis of type-specific sequence motifs predicted that endonucleases BsmFI, HaeII, HinfI, and ScrFI could be used for the identification all known genotypes (types 1-5) with 99.6% accuracy. The method was applied to serum samples from 46 chronic GBV-C carriers of heterogeneous geographical and ethnic origin, comparing observed cleavage patterns of GBV-C variants amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the 5' UTR with the RFLP predicted from sequences deposited in GenBank database. cDNA sequencing and subsequent alignment of the 46 GBV-C isolates confirmed RFLP profiles predicted theoretically. The observed geographical distribution of genotypes is also in agreement with previous reports. This method may be useful for rapid and reliable characterization of GBV-C isolates when either epidemiological or transmission studies are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine B Schleicher
- Children's Hospital, Department I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Nakai K, Win KM, Oo SS, Arakawa Y, Abe K. Molecular characteristic-based epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Myanmar. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1536-9. [PMID: 11283083 PMCID: PMC87966 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1536-1539.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out a molecular characteristic-based epidemiological survey of various hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV), in Myanmar. The study population of 403 subjects consisted of 213 healthy individuals residing in the city of Yangon, Myanmar, and the surrounding suburbs and 190 liver disease patients (155 virus-related liver disease patients and 35 nonviral disease patients). The infection rates of the viruses among the 213 healthy subjects were as follows: 8% for HBV (16 patients), 2% for HCV (4 patients), and 8% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In contrast, for 155 patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, the infection rates were 30% for HBV (46 patients), 27% for HCV (41 patients), and 11% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In the nonviral liver disease group of 35 patients with alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, liver abscess, and biliary disease, the infection rates were 6% for HBV (2 patients), 20% for HCV (7 patients), and 26% for GBV-C/HGV (9 patients). The most common viral genotypes were type C of HBV (77%), type 3b of HCV (67%), and type 2 of GBV-C/HGV (67%). Moreover, testing for HEV among 371 subjects resulted in the detection of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 117 patients (32%). The age prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 3% for patients younger than 20 years and 30% or more for patients 20 years of age or older. Furthermore, a high prevalence of anti-HEV IgG (24%) was also found in swine living together with humans in Yangon. These results suggest that these hepatitis virus infections are widespread in Myanmar and have led to a high incidence of acute and chronic liver disease patients in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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