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Role of Vitronectin and Its Receptors in Neuronal Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012387. [PMID: 36293243 PMCID: PMC9604229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin (VTN), a multifunctional glycoprotein with various physiological functions, exists in plasma and the extracellular matrix. It is known to be involved in the cell attachment, spreading and migration through binding to the integrin receptor, mainly via the RGD sequence. VTN is also widely used in the maintenance and expansion of pluripotent stem cells, but its effects go beyond that. Recent evidence shows more functions of VTN in the nervous system as it participates in neural differentiation, neuronutrition and neurogenesis, as well as in regulating axon size, supporting and guiding neurite extension. Furthermore, VTN was proved to play a key role in protecting the brain as it can reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by interacting with integrin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, evidence suggests that VTN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, but its function has not been fully understood. This review summarizes the functions of VTN and its receptors in neurons and describes the role of VTN in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sutter PA, Rouillard ME, Alshawi SA, Crocker SJ. Extracellular matrix influences astrocytic extracellular vesicle function in wound repair. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147462. [PMID: 33811843 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic injury responses are known to be influenced by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Astrocytes are also recognized as a source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can impact the activity and function of other astrocytes and cell types. Whether the ECM influences the function of astrocytic EVs in the context of wound recovery has not been previously studied. We report EVs from astrocytes cultured on varied ECM substrates are sufficient to elicit distinct injury responses in naive astrocytes that recapitulate the effects of the ECM of origin. When compared with wound recovery on control substrates, EVs from ECM-exposed astrocytes elicited accelerated rates of wound recovery that varied based on each ECM. When EVs were collected from IL-1β treated and ECM-exposed astrocyte cultures, we found that IL-1β arrested wound recovery in naive astrocytes treated with EVs from astrocytes cultured on ECM but adding EVs from IL-1β treated Tenascin-c-cultured astrocytes increased wound recovery. To confirm that ECM was a primary influence on these astrocytic EV functions, we tested the contribution of β1-integrin, a major integrin receptor for the ECM molecules tested in this study. We found that the β1-integrin inhibitor Ha2/5, resulted in EVs that significantly attenuated the wound recovery of naive astrocytes. This provides new information on the importance of culture substrates on astrocytic responses, EV functions and injury responses that may impact the understanding of astroglial responses related to ECM compositional differences in diverse physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Megan E Rouillard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sarah A Alshawi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
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Brain organoid formation on decellularized porcine brain ECM hydrogels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245685. [PMID: 33507989 PMCID: PMC7842896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain tissue models such as cerebral organoids are essential tools for developmental and biomedical research. Current methods to generate cerebral organoids often utilize Matrigel as an external scaffold to provide structure and biologically relevant signals. Matrigel however is a nonspecific hydrogel of mouse tumor origin and does not represent the complexity of the brain protein environment. In this study, we investigated the application of a decellularized adult porcine brain extracellular matrix (B-ECM) which could be processed into a hydrogel (B-ECM hydrogel) to be used as a scaffold for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived brain organoids. We decellularized pig brains with a novel detergent- and enzyme-based method and analyzed the biomaterial properties, including protein composition and content, DNA content, mechanical characteristics, surface structure, and antigen presence. Then, we compared the growth of human brain organoid models with the B-ECM hydrogel or Matrigel controls in vitro. We found that the native brain source material was successfully decellularized with little remaining DNA content, while Mass Spectrometry (MS) showed the loss of several brain-specific proteins, while mainly different collagen types remained in the B-ECM. Rheological results revealed stable hydrogel formation, starting from B-ECM hydrogel concentrations of 5 mg/mL. hESCs cultured in B-ECM hydrogels showed gene expression and differentiation outcomes similar to those grown in Matrigel. These results indicate that B-ECM hydrogels can be used as an alternative scaffold for human cerebral organoid formation, and may be further optimized for improved organoid growth by further improving protein retention other than collagen after decellularization.
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Yang XP, Zhou LX, Yang QJ, Liu L, Cai Y, Ma SL. Diagnostic and prognostic roles of serum vitronectin in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:271-279. [PMID: 27802203 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitronectin (VN) might be involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum vitronectin among HCC patients. METHODS A total of 105 patients with HCC, 91 with liver cirrhosis, 102 with chronic hepatitis, and 100 healthy subjects were recruited. Serum VN and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured. RESULTS Serum VN levels were significantly higher in HCC patients than in the other groups. Based on area under receiver operating characteristic curve, serum VN had similar diagnostic value, compared with serum AFP, in distinguishing HCC from the groups, and also improved the diagnostic value of AFP alone. Serum VN levels were associated with the degree of histological differentiation, multiple foci, vascular tumor thrombosis and tumor node metastasis stage. Serum VN was an independent predictor for early recurrence and disease-free survival. Moreover, serum VN possessed similar prognostic predictive performance as compared to serum AFP and also significantly enhanced the prognostic value of AFP alone. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum VN levels represented high diagnostic value and had close relation to clinicopathological factors and early recurrence, suggesting that serum VN might be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xing Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Jun Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng-Lin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Noguchi KK, Cabrera OH, Swiney BS, Salinas-Contreras P, Smith JK, Farber NB. Hedgehog regulates cerebellar progenitor cell and medulloblastoma apoptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:35-43. [PMID: 26319366 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The external granule layer (EGL) is a proliferative region that produces over 90% of the neurons in the cerebellum but can also malignantly transform into a cerebellar tumor called the medulloblastoma (the most common malignant brain tumor in children). Current dogma considers Hedgehog stimulation a potent proliferative signal for EGL neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and medulloblastomas. However, the Hedgehog pathway also acts as a survival signal in the neural tube where it regulates dorsoventral patterning by controlling NPC apoptosis. Here we show that Hedgehog stimulation is also a potent survival signal in the EGL and medulloblastomas that produces a massive apoptotic response within hours of signal loss in mice. This toxicity can be produced by numerous Hedgehog antagonists (vismodegib, cyclopamine, and jervine) and is Bax/Bak dependent but p53 independent. Finally, since glucocorticoids can also induce EGL and medulloblastoma apoptosis, we show that Hedgehog's effects on apoptosis can occur independent of glucocorticoid stimulation. This effect may play a major role in cerebellar development by directing where EGL proliferation occurs thereby morphologically sculpting growth. It may also be a previously unknown major therapeutic effect of Hedgehog antagonists during medulloblastoma therapy. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for both cerebellar development and medulloblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kiyoshi Noguchi
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Omar Hoseá Cabrera
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Psychological Sciences, One University Boulevard, 325 Stadler Hall, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
| | - Brant S Swiney
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Patricia Salinas-Contreras
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Julie Kathryn Smith
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Nuri B Farber
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Teixeira FG, Panchalingam KM, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Pereira R, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Behie LA. Do hypoxia/normoxia culturing conditions change the neuroregulatory profile of Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cell secretome? Stem Cell Res Ther 2015. [PMID: 26204925 PMCID: PMC4533943 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of human umbilical cord Wharton Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) has been considered a new potential source for future safe applications in regenerative medicine. Indeed, the application of hWJ-MSCs into different animal models of disease, including those from the central nervous system, has shown remarkable therapeutic benefits mostly associated with their secretome. Conventionally, hWJ-MSCs are cultured and characterized under normoxic conditions (21 % oxygen tension), although the oxygen levels within tissues are typically much lower (hypoxic) than these standard culture conditions. Therefore, oxygen tension represents an important environmental factor that may affect the performance of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. However, the impact of hypoxic conditions on distinct mesenchymal stem cell characteristics, such as the secretome, still remains unclear. Methods In the present study, we have examined the effects of normoxic (21 % O2) and hypoxic (5 % O2) conditions on the hWJ-MSC secretome. Subsequently, we address the impact of the distinct secretome in the neuronal cell survival and differentiation of human neural progenitor cells. Results The present data indicate that the hWJ-MSC secretome collected from normoxic and hypoxic conditions displayed similar effects in supporting neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells in vitro. However, proteomic analysis revealed that the use of hypoxic preconditioning led to the upregulation of several proteins within the hWJ-MSC secretome. Conclusions Our results suggest that the optimization of parameters such as hypoxia may lead to the development of strategies that enhance the therapeutic effects of the secretome for future regenerative medicine studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Krishna M Panchalingam
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Sandra Isabel Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Biocant - Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Leo A Behie
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Nakashima K, Umeshima H, Kengaku M. Cerebellar granule cells are predominantly generated by terminal symmetric divisions of granule cell precursors. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:748-58. [PMID: 25820187 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are generated by symmetric and asymmetric cell division of neural stem cells and their derivative progenitor cells. Cerebellar granule cells are the most abundant neurons in the CNS, and are generated by intensive cell division of granule cell precursors (GCPs) during postnatal development. Dysregulation of GCP cell cycle is causal for some subtypes of medulloblastoma. However, the details and mechanisms underlying neurogenesis from GCPs are not well understood. RESULTS Using long-term live-cell imaging of proliferating GCPs transfected with a fluorescent newborn-granule cell marker, we found that GCPs underwent predominantly symmetric divisions, generating two GCPs or two neurons, while asymmetric divisions generating a GCP and a neuron were only occasionally observed, in both dissociated culture and within tissues of isolated cerebellar lobules. We found no significant difference in cell cycle length between proliferative and neurogenic divisions, or any consistent changes in cell cycle length during repeated proliferative division. CONCLUSIONS Unlike neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, which generate many neurons by repeated asymmetric division, cerebellar GCPs produce neurons predominantly by terminal symmetric division. These results indicate diverse mechanisms of neurogenesis in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Nakashima
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umeshima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Cabarcas SM, Sun L, Mathews L, Thomas S, Zhang X, Farrar WL. The differentiation of pancreatic tumor-initiating cells by vitronectin can be blocked by cilengitide. Pancreas 2013; 42:861-70. [PMID: 23462327 PMCID: PMC3676482 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318279d568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is a leading cancer type and its molecular pathology is poorly understood. The only potentially curative therapeutic option available is complete surgical resection; however, this is inadequate as most of the patients are diagnosed at an advanced or metastatic stage. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) constitute a subpopulation of cells within a solid tumor that sustain tumor growth, metastasis, and chemo/radioresistance. Within pancreatic cancer, TICs have been identified based on the expression of specific cell surface markers. METHODS We use a sphere formation assay to enrich putative TICs and use human serum as a driver of differentiation. We demonstrate by using specific blocking reagents that we can inhibit the differentiation process and maintain TIC-associated markers and genes. RESULTS We can induce differentiation of pancreatospheres with the addition of human serum, and we identified vitronectin as an inducer of differentiation. We inhibit differentiation by human serum using an arginine-glycine-aspartate-specific peptide, which is Cilengitide; hence, demonstrating this differentiation is mediated via specific integrin receptors. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our studies further the definition of pancreatic TICs and provide further insight into both the maintenance and differentiation of this lethal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Cabarcas
- Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Bouslama-Oueghlani L, Wehrlé R, Doulazmi M, Chen XR, Jaudon F, Lemaigre-Dubreuil Y, Rivals I, Sotelo C, Dusart I. Purkinje cell maturation participates in the control of oligodendrocyte differentiation: role of sonic hedgehog and vitronectin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49015. [PMID: 23155445 PMCID: PMC3498367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte differentiation is temporally regulated during development by multiple factors. Here, we investigated whether the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation might be controlled by neuronal differentiation in cerebellar organotypic cultures. In these cultures, the slices taken from newborn mice show very few oligodendrocytes during the first week of culture (immature slices) whereas their number increases importantly during the second week (mature slices). First, we showed that mature cerebellar slices or their conditioned media stimulated oligodendrocyte differentiation in immature slices thus demonstrating the existence of diffusible factors controlling oligodendrocyte differentiation. Using conditioned media from different models of slice culture in which the number of Purkinje cells varies drastically, we showed that the effects of these differentiating factors were proportional to the number of Purkinje cells. To identify these diffusible factors, we first performed a transcriptome analysis with an Affymetrix array for cerebellar cortex and then real-time quantitative PCR on mRNAs extracted from fluorescent flow cytometry sorted (FACS) Purkinje cells of L7-GFP transgenic mice at different ages. These analyses revealed that during postnatal maturation, Purkinje cells down-regulate Sonic Hedgehog and up-regulate vitronectin. Then, we showed that Sonic Hedgehog stimulates the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and inhibits their differentiation. In contrast, vitronectin stimulates oligodendrocyte differentiation, whereas its inhibition with blocking antibodies abolishes the conditioned media effects. Altogether, these results suggest that Purkinje cells participate in controlling the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the cerebellum through the developmentally regulated expression of diffusible molecules such as Sonic Hedgehog and vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Bouslama-Oueghlani
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Rosine Wehrlé
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Xiao Ru Chen
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Fanny Jaudon
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Université Montpellier 1 et 2, CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Yolande Lemaigre-Dubreuil
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Équipe de statistique Appliquée, ESPCI ParisTech (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández–CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatif, CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Gopalakrishnan V, Bie B, Sinnappah-Kang ND, Adams H, Fuller GN, Pan ZZ, Majumder S. Myoblast-derived neuronal cells form glutamatergic neurons in the mouse cerebellum. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1839-47. [PMID: 20799335 DOI: 10.1002/stem.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Production of neurons from non-neural cells has far-reaching clinical significance. We previously found that myoblasts can be converted to a physiologically active neuronal phenotype by transferring a single recombinant transcription factor, REST-VP16, which directly activates target genes of the transcriptional repressor, REST. However, the neuronal subtype of M-RV cells and whether they can establish synaptic communication in the brain have remained unknown. M-RV cells engineered to express green fluorescent protein (M-RV-GFP) had functional ion channels but did not establish synaptic communication in vitro. However, when transplanted into newborn mice cerebella, a site of extensive postnatal neurogenesis, these cells expressed endogenous cerebellar granule precursors and neuron proteins, such as transient axonal glycoprotein-1, neurofilament, type-III β-tubulin, superior cervical ganglia-clone 10, glutamate receptor-2, and glutamate decarboxylase. Importantly, they exhibited action potentials and were capable of receiving glutamatergic synaptic input, similar to the native cerebellar granule neurons. These results suggest that M-RV-GFP cells differentiate into glutamatergic neurons, an important neuronal subtype, in the postnatal cerebellar milieu. Our findings suggest that although activation of REST-target genes can reprogram myoblasts to assume a general neuronal phenotype, the subtype specificity may then be directed by the brain microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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García-Lecea M, Kondrychyn I, Fong SH, Ye ZR, Korzh V. In vivo analysis of choroid plexus morphogenesis in zebrafish. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3090. [PMID: 18769618 PMCID: PMC2525818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The choroid plexus (ChP), a component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and as a result plays a role in (i) protecting and nurturing the brain as well as (ii) in coordinating neuronal migration during neurodevelopment. Until now ChP development was not analyzed in living vertebrates due to technical problems. Methodology/Principal Findings We have analyzed the formation of the fourth ventricle ChP of zebrafish in the GFP-tagged enhancer trap transgenic line SqET33-E20 (Gateways) by a combination of in vivo imaging, histology and mutant analysis. This process includes the formation of the tela choroidea (TC), the recruitment of cells from rhombic lips and, finally, the coalescence of TC resulting in formation of ChP. In Notch-deficient mib mutants the first phase of this process is affected with premature GFP expression, deficient cell recruitment into TC and abnormal patterning of ChP. In Hedgehog-deficient smu mutants the second phase of the ChP morphogenesis lacks cell recruitment and TC cells undergo apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first to demonstrate the formation of ChP in vivo revealing a role of Notch and Hedgehog signalling pathways during different developmental phases of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Lecea
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MGL); (VK)
| | - Igor Kondrychyn
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven H. Fong
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhang-Rui Ye
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MGL); (VK)
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Behesti H, Marino S. Cerebellar granule cells: insights into proliferation, differentiation, and role in medulloblastoma pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:435-45. [PMID: 18755286 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells originate from precursors located in the dorsal region of rhombomere one within the hindbrain of developing embryos. They undergo proliferation for an extensive period well into postnatal stages of development to form the major cell type of the cerebellum, the most populous structure within the mammalian brain. Granule cell development is highly dependent upon the cerebellar environment and contact with neighbouring cells. In recent years, the molecular basis of these interactions has started to be unravelled. Granule cell precursors and the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling their proliferation have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumour. Here, we review the control of granule cell generation with emphasis on the molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation during normal and malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourinaz Behesti
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom.
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Spoettl T, Hausmann M, Menzel K, Piberger H, Herfarth H, Schoelmerich J, Bataille F, Rogler G. Role of soluble factors and three-dimensional culture in in vitro differentiation of intestinal macrophages. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1032-41. [PMID: 17373737 PMCID: PMC4146865 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the factor(s) involved in differentiation of intestinal macrophages (IMACs) using a recently established in vitro model.
METHODS: To test whether soluble or membrane bound factors induce IMAC-differentiation, freshly elutriated monocytes (MO) were incubated with conditioned media or cell membranes of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) or cultured with IEC in transwell systems. To determine the importance of an active migration of MO, three-dimensional aggregates from a 1:1-mixture of MO and IEC were examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was examined by caspase-3 Western blots. Extracellular matrix production in differentiation models was compared by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: IMAC differentiation was observed in a complex three-dimensional co-culture model (multicellular spheroid, MCS) with IEC after migration of MO into the spheroids. By co-culture of MO with conditioned media or membrane preparations of IEC no IMAC differentiation was induced. Co-culture of MO with IEC in transwell-cultures, with the two cell populations separated by a membrane also did not result in intestinal-like differentiation of MO. In contrast to IEC-spheroids with immigrating MO in mixed MCS of IEC and MO only a small subpopulation of MO was able to survive the seven day culture period.
CONCLUSION: Intestinal-like differentiation of MO in vitro is only induced in the complex three-dimensional MCS model after immigration of MO indicating a role of cell-matrix and/or cell-cell interactions during the differentiation of IMACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Spoettl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93042, Germany
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Peluffo H, González P, Arís A, Acarin L, Saura J, Villaverde A, Castellano B, González B. RGD domains neuroprotect the immature brain by a glial-dependent mechanism. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:251-61. [PMID: 17721926 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Integrin binding to extracellular matrix ligands, including those presenting RGD motifs, modulate diverse cellular processes. In the brain, many endogenous RGD-containing molecules are induced after damage. Previously, the gene therapy vector termed NLSCt, which displays an RGD motif, was shown to neuroprotect after immature brain excitotoxicity. We analyze whether neuroprotection is mediated by the RGD motif. METHODS RGD-containing synthetic peptide GPenGRGDSPCA (GPen) was injected 2 hours after N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated excitotoxicity to the postnatal day 9 rat brain. Damage and glial/inflammatory response were evaluated 3 days later. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of GPen and NLSCt after N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced cell death was also analyzed in vitro using neuron-purified and mixed neuron-glia primary cultures. To further characterize whether the neuroprotective effect was mediated by glial-derived soluble factors, we also tested the protective ability of conditioned media from RGD-treated microglia, astrocyte, or mixed glia cultures. RESULTS Animals treated with GPen peptide showed functional improvement, a significant reduction in lesion volume up to 28%, and a decrease in the number of degenerating neurons. In addition, N-methyl-D-aspartate-injected animals treated with both RGD-containing molecules at the neuroprotective doses showed a significant increase in microglial reactivity and microglia/macrophage cell number, but no differences in neutrophil infiltration and the astroglial response. Finally, in vitro studies showed that the neuroprotective effect was observed in mixed neuron-glia, but not in neuron-purified cultures. Conditioned media from RGD-treated microglial, astroglial, and mixed-glial cultures were not protective. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that RGD-containing molecules neuroprotect by a glial-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peluffo
- Medical Histology, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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15
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The effects of PACAP on neural cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:50-7. [PMID: 17011642 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PACAP and its receptors are expressed in growth zones of the brain. By stimulating PAC(1)-receptors PACAP can enhance, as well as reduce, the proliferation rate in a cell-type dependent manner. PACAP can enhance the proliferation rate by activating phospholipase C and protein kinase C, although other signal transduction pathways may also be responsible. PACAP can suppress proliferation by inhibiting protein complexes of the cyclins D and E with the cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 and 2, respectively, which are necessary for entry into the cell cycle. PACAP seems to exert these inhibitory effects by acting via the Sonic hedgehog glycoprotein and the small GTPase RhoA. Also, the activation of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor has been suggested. The signal transduction pathways mediating the effects of PACAP on proliferation are discussed.
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Shah PK, Wilkin DJ, Doherty TM, Uzui H, Rajavashisth TB, Asotra K, Pei D. Therapeutic developments in matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.5.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Corrales JD, Rocco GL, Blaess S, Guo Q, Joyner AL. Spatial pattern of sonic hedgehog signaling through Gli genes during cerebellum development. Development 2004; 131:5581-90. [PMID: 15496441 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum consists of a highly organized set of folia that are largely generated postnatally during expansion of the granule cell precursor (GCP)pool. Since the secreted factor sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in Purkinje cells and functions as a GCP mitogen in vitro, it is possible that Shh influences foliation during cerebellum development by regulating the position and/or size of lobes. We studied how Shh and its transcriptional mediators,the Gli proteins, regulate GCP proliferation in vivo, and tested whether they influence foliation. We demonstrate that Shh expression correlates spatially and temporally with foliation. Expression of the Shh target gene Gli1 is also highest in the anterior medial cerebellum, but is restricted to proliferating GCPs and Bergmann glia. By contrast, Gli2is expressed uniformly in all cells in the developing cerebellum except Purkinje cells and Gli3 is broadly expressed along the anteroposterior axis. Whereas Gli mutants have a normal cerebellum, Gli2 mutants have greatly reduced foliation at birth and a decrease in GCPs. In a complementary study using transgenic mice, we show that overexpressing Shh in the normal domain does not grossly alter the basic foliation pattern, but does lead to prolonged proliferation of GCPs and an increase in the overall size of the cerebellum. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that positive Shh signaling through Gli2 is required to generate a sufficient number of GCPs for proper lobe growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoMichelle D Corrales
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Horn NA, Hurst GB, Mayasundari A, Whittemore NA, Serpersu EH, Peterson CB. Assignment of the four disulfides in the N-terminal somatomedin B domain of native vitronectin isolated from human plasma. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35867-78. [PMID: 15173163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405716200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary sequence of the N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain of native vitronectin contains 44 amino acids, including a framework of four disulfide bonds formed by 8 closely spaced cysteines in sequence patterns similar to those found in the cystine knot family of proteins. The SMB domain of vitronectin was isolated by digesting the protein with endoproteinase Glu-C and purifying the N-terminal 1-55 peptide by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Through a combination of techniques, including stepwise reduction and alkylation at acidic pH, peptide mapping with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and NMR, the disulfide bonds contained in the SMB domain have been determined to be Cys(5):Cys(9), Cys(19):Cys(31), Cys(21):Cys(32), and Cys(25):Cys(39). This pattern of disulfides differs from two other connectivities that have been reported previously for recombinant forms of the SMB domain expressed in Escherichia coli. This arrangement of disulfide bonds in the SMB domain from native vitronectin forms a rigid core around the Cys(19): Cys(31) and Cys(21):Cys(32) disulfides. A small positively charged loop is created at the N terminus by the Cys(5): Cys(9) cystine. The most prominent feature of this disulfide-bonding pattern is a loop between Cys(25) and Cys(39) similar to cystine-stabilized alpha-helical structures commonly observed in cystine knots. This alpha-helix has been confirmed in the solution structure determined for this domain using NMR (Mayasundari, A., Whittemore, N. A., Serpersu, E. H., and Peterson, C. B. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 29359-29366). It confers function on the SMB domain, comprising the site for binding to plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and the urokinase receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Horn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Center of Excellence in Structural Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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