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Faig KE, Necka EA, Smith KE, Dimitroff SJ, Norman GJ. Resting parasympathetic activity is associated with malodor-induced change in perceived foreignness of speakers. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3249. [PMID: 37735857 PMCID: PMC10636398 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To protect against infection, individuals have evolved context-dependent pathogen-avoidant strategies, including selective social behaviors aimed at avoiding foreign individuals who may possess greater risk of infection. Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity is associated with social engagement and regulation of the classical immune system but has not been widely investigated in relation to changes in intergroup perception and the behavioral immune system. METHOD The current research investigated the relationship between parasympathetic activity and perceived foreignness of in and outgroup speakers during exposure to a pathogen-relevant odor (butyric acid). High-frequency heart rate variability was measured at rest and while participants rated foreignness of speakers with and without the odor present. RESULTS Findings show that exposure to the odor was associated with higher foreignness perceptions of outgroup speakers and lower foreignness perceptions of ingroup speakers. This effect was especially evident among individuals with higher resting parasympathetic activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the PNS may play a role in changes in social perceptions during a behavioral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Faig
- Department of PsychologyHamilton CollegeClintonNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Karen E. Smith
- Department of PsychologyRutgers University‐NewarkNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Greg J. Norman
- Department of PsychologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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2
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Fontana L, Albayay J, Fernandez-Prieto I, Zampini M. EXPRESS: Olfactory habituation for food and non-food odours. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1209-1219. [PMID: 35866345 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory perception can be modulated by the repeated exposure to odours. Olfactory habituation is a reduced behavioural response to repetitive stimulation. Edibility is considered an important top-down feature that can affect olfactory perception, but whether it could modulate olfactory habituation when food or non-food odours are repeatedly smelled remains unclear. Indeed, due to their ecological salience, food odours attract attention automatically which might slow down habituation. This registered report aimed to determine whether olfactory habituation shows a different pattern when participants are presented with food or non-food odours. In a within-subject design, 50 participants were tested under satiated and fasted states in separated experimental sessions. In each session, participants were exposed to the same food and non-food odour in different blocks of 20 trials each. Participants rated the perceived odour intensity and pleasantness after each trial. We used an intermittent odour presentation to reduce olfactory fatigue while capitalising on the effect of cognitive states on habituation. Linear mixed-effects models showed that the perceived odour intensity decreased over time only for non-food odours. Conversely, the perceived odour pleasantness decreased significantly more across trials for food odours. These effects were retrieved regardless of the participant's hunger state. Our results are in line with the olfactory specific satiety theory which posits a specific decrease in the perceived pleasantness of food odours, without changes in the perceived odour intensity. In short, our findings indicate that perceived odour edibility modulates olfactory habituation, extending the previous literature on the impact of top-down factors on olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fontana
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034
| | - Javier Albayay
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034
| | - Irune Fernandez-Prieto
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy 19034.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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Guadalupe-Fernandez V, De Sario M, Vecchi S, Bauleo L, Michelozzi P, Davoli M, Ancona C. Industrial odour pollution and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health 2021; 20:108. [PMID: 34551760 PMCID: PMC8459501 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the association between residential or occupational short- and long-term exposure to odour pollution from industrial sources and the health status of the exposed population. METHODS The searches were conducted in Medline, EMBASE and Scopus in April 2021. Exposure to an environmental odour from industrial sources in population resident near the source or in workers was considered. We considered outcomes for which there was a biological plausibility, such as wheezing and asthma, cough, headache, nausea and vomiting (primary outcomes). We also included stress-related symptoms and novel outcomes (e.g. mood states). Risk of bias was evaluated using the OHAT tool. For primary outcomes, when at least 3 studies provided effect estimates by comparing exposed subjects versus not exposed, we pooled the study-specific estimates of odour-related effect using random effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Higgins I2. RESULTS Thirty studies were eligible for this review, mainly cross-sectional (n = 23). Only one study involved school-age children and two studies involved workers. Only five studies reported odour effects on objective laboratory or clinical outcomes. Animal Feeding Operations and waste were the most common industrial sources. The overall odds ratios in exposed versus not exposed population were 1.15 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29) for headache (7 studies), 1.09 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.30) for nausea/vomiting (7 studies), and 1.27 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.44) for cough/phlegm (5 studies). Heterogeneity was a moderate concern. Overall, the body of evidence was affected by a definitely high risk of bias in exposure and outcome assessment since most studies used self-reported information. CONCLUSIONS Findings underline the public health importance of odour pollution for population living nearby industrial odour sources. The limited evidence for most outcomes supports the need for high quality epidemiological studies on the association between odour pollution and its effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Guadalupe-Fernandez
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuela De Sario
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Vecchi
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Davoli
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1 (Italy), Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
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4
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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Olfaction in patients with Parkinson's disease: a new threshold test analysis through turning points trajectories. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1641-1653. [PMID: 34328564 PMCID: PMC8536637 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory deficit is a widely documented non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Abnormal turning points trajectories through olfactory threshold testing have been recently reported in patients with olfactory dysfunction, who seem to adapt faster to olfactory stimuli, but data on PD patients are lacking. The aim of this study is to perform olfactory threshold test and explore the turning points trajectories in PD patients in comparison to normal controls. We recruited 59 PD patients without dementia, and no conditions that could influence evaluation of olfaction and cognition. Sixty healthy subjects served as controls. Patients and controls underwent a comprehensive olfactory evaluation with the Sniffin’ Sticks extended test assessing threshold, discrimination and identification and a full neuropsychological evaluation. Besides, threshold test data were analyzed examining all the turning points trajectories. PD patients showed a different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., faster olfactory adaptation, than controls with no effect of age. Normosmic PD patients showed different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., better threshold score, than normosmic controls. Visuospatial dysfunction was the only factor that significantly influenced this pattern. Olfactory threshold trajectories suggested a possible adaptation phenomenon in PD patients. Our data offered some new insights on normosmic PD patients, which appear to be a subset with a specific psychophysical profile. The analysis of the turning points trajectories, through an olfactory threshold test, could offer additional information on olfactory function in PD patients. Future larger studies should confirm these preliminary findings.
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Zakrzewska MZ, Liuzza MT, Lindholm T, Blomkvist A, Larsson M, Olofsson JK. An Overprotective Nose? Implicit Bias Is Positively Related to Individual Differences in Body Odor Disgust Sensitivity. Front Psychol 2020; 11:301. [PMID: 32180752 PMCID: PMC7059856 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body odors are universal elicitors of disgust, a core emotion that plays a key role in the behavioral immune system (BIS) - a set of psychological functions working to avoid disease. Recent studies showed that body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is associated with explicit xenophobia and authoritarianism. In the current experimental pre-registered study (https://osf.io/6jkp2/), we investigated the association between olfactory pathogen cues, BODS and implicit bias toward an outgroup (tested by an implicit association test). Results show that BODS is positively related to implicit bias toward an outgroup, suggesting that social attitudes may be linked to basic chemosensory processes. These attitudes were not influenced by background odors. Additionally, BODS was related to social, but not economic conservatism. This study extends the BIS framework to an experimental context by focusing on the role of disgust and body odors in shaping implicit bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Gösta Ekmans Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Torun Lindholm
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Blomkvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekmans Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas K. Olofsson
- Gösta Ekmans Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Toet A, Eijsman S, Liu Y, Donker S, Kaneko D, Brouwer AM, van Erp JB. The Relation Between Valence and Arousal in Subjective Odor Experience. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Olfactory adaptation is an important process that allows the individual to adjust to changes in the environment. This process has been proposed to be aberrant in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, few studies have examined olfactory adaptation in children with ASD. We examined olfactory adaptation in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children using a pulse ejection system, which resolved problems associated with previous laboratory-based olfactory psychophysical studies. Nine children with ASD and nine TD children participated in this study and all participants completed the entire experiment. Using this system, we found that the TD group showed greater adaptation than the ASD group. Our results provide a better understanding of olfactory adaptation in children with ASD.
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Abstract
Subjective and behavioral responsiveness to odor diminishes during prolonged exposure. The precise mechanisms underlying olfactory desensitization are not fully understood, but previous studies indicate that the phenomenon may be modulated by central-cognitive processes. The present study investigated the effect of attention on perceived intensity during exposure to a pleasant odor. A within-subjects design was utilized with 19 participants attending 2 sessions. During each session, participants continuously rated their perceived intensity of a 10-minute exposure to a pleasant fragrance administered using an olfactometer. An auditory oddball task was implemented to manipulate the focus of attention in each session. Participants were instructed to either direct their attention toward the sounds, but still to rate odor, or to focus entirely on rating the odor. Analysis revealed three 50-second time windows with significantly lower mean intensity ratings during the distraction condition. Curve fitting of the data disclosed a linear function of desensitization in the focused attention condition compared with an exponential decay function during distraction condition, indicating an increased rate of initial desensitization when attention is distracted away from the odor. In the focused-attention condition, perceived intensity demonstrated a regular pattern of odor sensitivity occurring at approximately 1−2 minutes intervals following initial desensitization. Spectral analysis of low-frequency oscillations confirmed the presence of augmented spectral power in this frequency range during focused relative to distracted conditions. The findings demonstrate for the first time modulation of odor desensitization specifically by attentional factors, exemplifying the relevance of top-down control for ongoing perception of odor.
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Abstract
Odorants are perceived orthonasally (nostrils) or retronasally (oral cavity). Prior research indicates route of delivery impacts odorant perception, pleasantness, and directed behaviors thus suggesting differential processing of olfactory information. Adaptation is a form of neural processing resulting in decreased perceived intensity of a stimulus following prolonged and continuous exposure. The present study objective was to determine whether route of delivery differentially impacts olfactory adaptation and whether cross-adaptation occurs between orthonasal and retronasal pathways. Linalool (12%) or vanillin (25%) were delivered orthonasally [6 L/min (LPM)] and retronasally (8 LPM) in air phase through a custom-built olfactometer. Perceived odorant intensity was collected every 5 min over 10-min exposure. Immediately following the exposure period, cross-adaptation was assessed by shunting the delivery of the odorant from the nostrils to the oral cavity, or vice versa. A control study was also completed in which subjects underwent the orthonasal adaptation protocol using stimulus concentrations matched to the intensity of restronasal stimuli (e.g., 1.5% linalool and 6.25% vanillin). Following orthonasal delivery of both high and low vanillin concentrations, results showed perceived intensity decreased significantly at 5 and 10 min. High concentrations of orthonasal linalool similarly decreased significantly whereas lower concentrations decreased but did not reach statistical significance. Linalool and vanillin delivered retronasally did not adapt as perceived intensity actually increased significantly following a 10-min exposure. In addition, evidence of cross-adaptation was not obvious following extended odorant exposure from either delivery pathway. This study suggests that olfactory processing may be affected by the route of odorant delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Pierce
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher T Simons
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Walliczek-Dworschak U, Poncelet J, Baum D, Baki R, Sinding C, Warr J, Hummel T. The Presentation of Olfactory-Trigeminal Mixed Stimuli Increases the Response to Subsequent Olfactory Stimuli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2312-2318. [PMID: 27951642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of (1) the addition of trigeminal stimuli to an olfactory stimulus and (2) the congruence in the odorous mixture after repeated odor presentation. Twenty-five normosmic volunteers were enrolled and presented stimulation blocks, consisting of three habituation stimuli (H) (orange odor), one dishabituation (DH) (control condition, orange odor; congruent condition, orange odor + CO2; incongruent condition, orange odor + l-isopulegol), and one dishabituated stimulus (D) (orange odor). Olfactory event-related potentials were analyzed. Response amplitudes differed significantly in the incongruent condition (N1P2 between H3 and D; peak to peak N1P2 at electrode positions Cz, Fz, and Pz; response amplitudes between H3 and DH). The addition of CO2 modified the perception of orange odor, pronouncing a fruity note, whereas the addition of l-isopulegol as a DH pronounced the l-isopulegol note. This study provides evidence that incongruent trigeminal-olfactory stimulants increase the response to subsequent olfactory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Walliczek-Dworschak
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , University Hospital of Marburg, University of Giessen and Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Johan Poncelet
- Takasago Europe Perfumery Laboratory S.A.R.L. , Paris , France
| | - Daniel Baum
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Ramona Baki
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Jonathan Warr
- Takasago Europe Perfumery Laboratory S.A.R.L. , Paris , France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Sijben R, Panzram C, Rodriguez-Raecke R, Haarmeier T, Freiherr J. Fast Olfactory Threshold Determination Using an Ascending Limits Procedure. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-017-9239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pellegrino R, Sinding C, de Wijk RA, Hummel T. Habituation and adaptation to odors in humans. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:13-19. [PMID: 28408237 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Habituation, or decreased behavioral response, to odors is created by repeated exposure and several detailed characteristics, whereas adaptation relates to the neural processes that constitute this decrease in a behavioral response. As with all senses, the olfactory system continually encounters an enormous variety of odorants which is why mechanisms must exist to segment them and respond to changes. Although most olfactory habitation studies have focused on animal models, this non-systematic review provides an overview of olfactory habituation and adaptation in humans, and techniques that have been used to measure them. Thus far, psychophysics in combination with modern techniques of neural measurement indicate that habituation to odors, or decrease of intensity, is relatively fast with adaptation occurring more quickly at higher cerebral processes than peripheral adaptation. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that many of the characteristics of habitation apply to human olfaction; yet, evidence for some characteristics such as potentiation of habituation or habituation of dishabituation need more support. Additionally, standard experimental designs should be used to minimize variance across studies, and more research is needed to define peripheral-cerebral feedback loops involved in decreased responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellegrino
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Sinding
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, UMR 6265, INRA, UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - R A de Wijk
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell & Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Warden-Smith J, Paul L, Olukogbon K, Bointon ES, Cole RH, John SR, Dong S, Jacob TJC. Light and smell stimulus protocol reduced negative frontal EEG asymmetry and improved mood. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLight and smell have both been shown to induce beneficial changes to human psychophysiology. Bright light therapy has been shown to have a positive impact on anxiety and depression and smell has also been shown to have positive effects on mood, stress, anxiety and depression. We developed a method for the delivery of integrated light and smell stimulation to try to optimise positive psychophysiological benefit. We tested its effectiveness on a physiological measure, EEG frontal alpha asymmetry (FA) and a psychological paradigm, the POMS test, both of which have been used as a measure of emotional state and mood. Light, pleasant smell, combined light+smell and a no stimulus control were delivered for 90s while the frontal alpha asymmetry (FA) was monitored. Smell and light+smell caused significant reductions in negative FA during stimulation. Exposure to a longer 15 min nonadaptive light+smell stimulus protocol reduced negative FA and decreased negative affect (POMS). The effects were greater in the negative FA group. Both the physiological (EEG) and psychometric (POMS) data indicate that integrated light and smell stimulation can reduce negative affect and reduce a marker for anxiety/ depression. This light+smell sensory stimulation protocol could offer a safe treatment for depression/anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laboni Paul
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | - Emma S Bointon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Richard H Cole
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Sarah R John
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Shan Dong
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Tim J C Jacob
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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15
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Hummel T, Fark T, Baum D, Warr J, Hummel CB, Schriever VA. The Rewarding Effect of Pictures with Positive Emotional Connotation upon Perception and Processing of Pleasant Odors-An FMRI Study. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28377697 PMCID: PMC5359254 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This fMRI study was designed to investigate the effect of cross-modal conditioning in 28 female volunteers. Subjects underwent initial fMRI block design scanning during which three pleasant olfactory stimuli were presented and had to be rated with respect to intensity and pleasantness. This was followed by an odor identification task spread out over 3 days: the experimental group was rewarded for successful trials (correct odor identification) with emotionally salient photos, whilst the control group only received randomly displayed, emotionally neutral, pictures. In the final scanning session, the odors were again presented, and subjects rated pleasantness and intensity. Both pleasantness ratings and fMRI data showed effects of the rewarding procedure. Activation in nucleus accumbens and the orbitofrontal cortex confirmed the hypothesis that learnt association of odors with visual stimuli of emotionally positive valence not only increases pleasantness of the olfactory stimuli but is also reflected in the activation of brain structures relevant for hedonic and reward processing. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report successful cross-modal conditioning of olfactory stimuli with visual clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Therese Fark
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Baum
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan Warr
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia B Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Habituation is a filter that optimizes the processing of information by our brain in all sensory modalities. It results in an unconscious reduced responsiveness to continuous or repetitive stimulation. In olfaction, the main question is whether habituation works the same way for any odorant or whether we habituate differently to each odorant? In particular, whether chemical, physical or perceptual cues can limit or increase habituation. To test this, the odour intensity of 32 odorants differing in physicochemical characteristics was rated by 58 participants continuously during 120s. Each odorant was delivered at a constant concentration. Results showed odorants differed significantly in habituation, highlighting the multifactoriality of habituation. Additionally habituation was predicted from 15 physico-chemical and perceptual characteristics of the odorants. The analysis highlighted the importance of trigeminality which is highly correlated to intensity and pleasantness. The vapour pressure, the molecular weight, the Odor Activity Value (OAV) and the number of double bonds mostly contributed to the modulation of habituation. Moreover, length of the carbon chain, number of conformers and hydrophobicity contributed to a lesser extent to the modulation of habituation. These results highlight new principles involved in the fundamental process of habituation, notably trigeminality and the physicochemical characteristics associated.
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Abstract
Olfaction enables most mammalian species to detect and discriminate vast numbers of chemical structures called odorants and pheromones. The perception of such chemical compounds is mediated via two major olfactory systems, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system, as well as minor systems, such as the septal organ and the Grueneberg ganglion. Distinct differences exist not only among species but also among individuals in terms of their olfactory sensitivity; however, little is known about the mechanisms that determine these differences. In research on the olfactory sensitivity of mammals, scientists thus depend in most cases on behavioral testing. In this article, we reviewed scientific studies performed on various mammalian species using different methodologies and target chemical substances. Human and non-human primates as well as rodents and dogs are the most frequently studied species. Olfactory threshold studies on other species do not exist with the exception of domestic pigs. Olfactory testing performed on seals, elephants, and bats focused more on discriminative abilities than on sensitivity. An overview of olfactory sensitivity studies as well as olfactory detection ability in most studied mammalian species is presented here, focusing on comparable olfactory detection thresholds. The basics of olfactory perception and olfactory sensitivity factors are also described.
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Hoffmann-Hensel SM, Freiherr J. Intramodal Olfactory Priming of Positive and Negative Odors in Humans Using Respiration-Triggered Olfactory Stimulation (RETROS). Chem Senses 2016; 41:567-78. [PMID: 27170666 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming describes the principle of modified stimulus perception that occurs due to a previously presented stimulus. Although we have begun to understand the mechanisms of crossmodal priming, the concept of intramodal olfactory priming remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, we applied positive and negative odors using respiration-triggered olfactory stimulation (RETROS), enabling us to record the skin conductance response (SCR) and breathing data without a crossmodal cueing error and measure reaction times (RTs) for olfactory tasks. RT, SCR, and breathing data revealed that negative odors were perceived significantly more arousing than positive ones. In a second experiment, 2 odors were applied during consecutive respirations. Here, we observed intramodal olfactory priming effects: A negative odor preceded by a positive odor was rated as more pleasant than when the same odor was preceded by a negative odor. Additionally, a longer identification RT was found for the second compared with the first odor. We interpret this as increased "perceptual load" due to incomplete first odor processing while the second odor was presented. Furthermore, intramodal priming can be considered a possible reason for the increase of identification RT. The use of RETROS led to these novel insights into olfactory processing beyond crossmodal interaction by providing a noncued unimodal olfactory test, and therefore, RETROS can be used in the experimental design of future olfactory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Maria Hoffmann-Hensel
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauserstr. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Sailer U, Triscoli C, Croy I. Still Eating Despite Decreased Olfactory Pleasure—The Influence of Odor Liking and Wanting on Food Intake. Chem Senses 2016; 41:497-504. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Combined non-adaptive light and smell stimuli lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate and reduced negative affect. Physiol Behav 2016; 156:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Ferdenzi C, Fournel A, Thévenet M, Coppin G, Bensafi M. Viewing Olfactory Affective Responses Through the Sniff Prism: Effect of Perceptual Dimensions and Age on Olfactomotor Responses to Odors. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1776. [PMID: 26635683 PMCID: PMC4656844 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sniffing, which is the active sampling of olfactory information through the nasal cavity, is part of the olfactory percept. It is influenced by stimulus properties, affects how an odor is perceived, and is sufficient (without an odor being present) to activate the olfactory cortex. However, many aspects of the affective correlates of sniffing behavior remain unclear, in particular the modulation of volume and duration as a function of odor hedonics. The present study used a wide range of odorants with contrasted hedonic valence to test: (1) which psychophysical function best describes the relationship between sniffing characteristics and odor hedonics (e.g., linear, or polynomial); (2) whether sniffing characteristics are sensitive to more subtle variations in pleasantness than simple pleasant-unpleasant contrast; (3) how sensitive sniffing is to other perceptual dimensions of odors such as odor familiarity or edibility; and (4) whether the sniffing/hedonic valence relationship is valid in other populations than young adults, such as the elderly. Four experiments were conducted, using 16–48 odorants each, and recruiting a total of 102 participants, including a group of elderly people. Results of the four experiments were very consistent in showing that sniffing was sensitive to subtle variations in unpleasantness but not to subtle variations in pleasantness, and that, the more unpleasant the odor, the more limited the spontaneous sampling of olfactory information through the nasal cavity (smaller volume, shorter duration). This also applied, although to a lesser extent, to elderly participants. Relationships between sniffing and other perceptual dimensions (familiarity, edibility) were less clear. It was concluded that sniffing behavior might be involved in adaptive responses protecting the subject from possibly harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Fournel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Thévenet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | | | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5292, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
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Mörlein D, Christensen RHB, Gertheiss J. Validation of boar taint detection by sensory quality control: relationship between sample size and uncertainty of performance indicators. Meat Sci 2015; 100:232-6. [PMID: 25460131 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To prevent impaired consumer acceptance due to insensitive sensory quality control, it is of primary importance to periodically validate the performance of the assessors. This communication show cases how the uncertainty of sensitivity and specificity estimates is influenced by the total number of assessed samples and the prevalence of positive (here: boar tainted) samples. Furthermore, a statistically sound approach to determining the sample size that is necessary for performance validation is provided. Results show that a small sample size is associated with large uncertainty, i.e., confidence intervals and thus compromising the point estimates for assessor sensitivity. In turn, to reliably identify sensitive assessors with sufficient test power, a large sample size is needed given a certain level of confidence. Easy-to-use tables for sample size estimations are provided.
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23
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Characterization and use of microbial communities in Doenjang to control the unpleasant odor of Ginkgo epicarp. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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24
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Altundag A, Cayonu M, Kayabasoglu G, Salihoglu M, Tekeli H, Cayonu S, Akpinar ME, Hummel T. The Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Individuals With Chronic Halitosis. Chem Senses 2014; 40:47-51. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Trautmann J, Gertheiss J, Wicke M, Mörlein D. How olfactory acuity affects the sensory assessment of boar fat: a proposal for quantification. Meat Sci 2014; 98:255-62. [PMID: 24976560 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to animal welfare concerns the production of entire male pigs is one viable alternative to surgical castration. Elevated levels of boar taint may, however, impair consumer acceptance. Due to the lack of technical methods, control of boar taint is currently done using sensory quality control. While the need for control measures with respect to boar taint has been clearly stated in EU legislation, no specific requirements for selecting assessors have yet been documented. This study proposes tests for the psychophysical evaluation of olfactory acuity to key volatiles contributing to boar taint. Odor detection thresholds for androstenone and skatole are assessed as well as the subject's ability to identify odorants at various levels through easy-to-use paper smell strips. Subsequently, fat samples are rated by the assessors, and the accuracy of boar taint evaluation is studied. Considerable variation of olfactory performance is observed demonstrating the need for objective criteria to select assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trautmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Meat Science Group, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Gertheiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biometrics & Bioinformatics Group, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wicke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Meat Science Group, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, Meat Science Group, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Evidence of rapid recovery from perceptual odor adaptation using a new stimulus paradigm. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1093-105. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Sezille C, Fournel A, Rouby C, Rinck F, Bensafi M. Hedonic appreciation and verbal description of pleasant and unpleasant odors in untrained, trainee cooks, flavorists, and perfumers. Front Psychol 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24478743 PMCID: PMC3900918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is characterized by a salient hedonic dimension. Previous studies have shown that these affective responses to odors are modulated by physicochemical, physiological, and cognitive factors. The present study examined expertise influenced processing of pleasant and unpleasant odors on both perceptual and verbal levels. For this, performance on two olfactory tasks was compared between novices, trainee cooks, and experts (perfumers and flavorists): Members of all groups rated the intensity and pleasantness of pleasant and unpleasant odors (perceptual tasks). They were also asked to describe each of the 20 odorants as precisely as possible (verbal description task). On a perceptual level, results revealed that there were no group-related differences in hedonic ratings for unpleasant and pleasant odors. On a verbal level, descriptions of smells were richer (e.g., chemical, olfactory qualities, and olfactory sources terms) and did not refer to pleasantness in experts compared to untrained subjects who used terms referring to odor sources (e.g., candy) accompanied by terms referring to odor hedonics. In conclusion, the present study suggests that as novices, experts are able to perceptually discriminate odors on the basis of their pleasantness. However, on a semantic level, they conceptualize odors differently, being inclined to avoid any reference to odor hedonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sezille
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Fournel
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Rouby
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Rinck
- Lidilem Laboratory, University of Grenoble Grenoble, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University of Lyon Lyon, France
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28
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Stuck BA, Fadel V, Hummel T, Sommer JU. Subjective Olfactory Desensitization and Recovery in Humans. Chem Senses 2013; 39:151-7. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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29
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Yoder WM, Stratis K, Pattanaik S, Molina A, Nguyen J, Weisberg S, Smith DW. Time Course of Perceptual Adaptation Differs among Odorants. J SENS STUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. Yoder
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Kyle Stratis
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Sweta Pattanaik
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Alex Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Stephanie Weisberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - David W. Smith
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
- Center for Smell and Taste; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
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30
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Meier-Dinkel L, Trautmann J, Frieden L, Tholen E, Knorr C, Sharifi AR, Bücking M, Wicke M, Mörlein D. Consumer perception of boar meat as affected by labelling information, malodorous compounds and sensitivity to androstenone. Meat Sci 2013; 93:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Koranyi N, Gast A, Rothermund K. “Although Quite Nice, I Was Somehow Not Attracted by That Person”. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550612467037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who are motivated to find a romantic partner do not only have to detect desirable mating options but also have to prevent becoming committed to attractive but unpromising contacts. We thus propose that an acquisition of highly positive evaluations of already romantically committed opposite-sex others is prevented by self-regulatory processes. In two experiments, positive evaluative conditioning (EC) effects were obtained for facial photos (conditioned stimulus) of other opposite-sex singles when these pictures were paired with positive trait adjectives or odors (unconditioned stimulus). In line with our hypothesis, however, this positive EC effect did not obtain for faces of other persons who were presented as being already involved in a romantic relationship. The results demonstrate that the acquisition of positive attitudes during mate searching is modulated by self-regulatory processes that inhibit the emergence of futile commitments.
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Mathur PK, ten Napel J, Bloemhof S, Heres L, Knol EF, Mulder HA. A human nose scoring system for boar taint and its relationship with androstenone and skatole. Meat Sci 2012; 91:414-22. [PMID: 22436660 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A system for sensory evaluation of boar taint was used to evaluate boar taint in fat samples from 6574 entire males. The term "human nose scoring" has been used to describe this system. The samples from each boar were heated with a hot iron and three panelists assigned scores of 0 to 4. The reproducibility of HNS ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 reflecting natural variation in the ability of human beings to detect different odors. The correlations of HNS with androstenone ranged from 0.22 to 0.52, while those with skatole ranged from 0.31 to 0.89, suggesting that skatole is a better predictor of boar taint. Considering (1) the relationship of HNS with the boar taint compounds, (2) the ability of HNS to capture variation not accounted for by the boar taint compounds, (3) low estimation costs and (4) low time requirements, HNS can be used in large scale evaluations of boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mathur
- IPG, Institute for Pig Genetics BV, PO Box 43, 6640 AA, Beuningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Young O, Gupta R, Sadooghy-Saraby S. Effects of Cyclodextrins on the Flavor of Goat Milk and Its Yogurt. J Food Sci 2012; 77:S122-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Demattè ML, Endrizzi I, Biasioli F, Corollaro ML, Zampini M, Gasperi F. Individual Variability in the Awareness of Odors: Demographic Parameters and Odor Identification Ability. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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35
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Rinck F, Barkat-Defradas M, Chakirian A, Joussain P, Bourgeat F, Thevenet M, Rouby C, Bensafi M. Ontogeny of Odor Liking during Childhood and Its Relation to Language Development. Chem Senses 2010; 36:83-91. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Smith DW, Gamble KR, Heil TA. A Novel Psychophysical Method for Estimating the Time Course of Olfactory Rapid Adaptation in Humans. Chem Senses 2010; 35:717-25. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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37
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Olsson P, Laska M. Human male superiority in olfactory sensitivity to the sperm attractant odorant bourgeonal. Chem Senses 2010; 35:427-32. [PMID: 20378596 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that sperm chemotaxis critically involves the human olfactory receptor OR1D2, which is activated by the aromatic aldehyde bourgeonal. Given that both natural and sexual selection may act upon the expression of receptors, we hypothesized that human males are more sensitive than human females for bourgeonal. Using a 3-alternative forced-choice test procedure, olfactory detection thresholds were determined for a total of 500 subjects, 250 males, and 250 females between 18 and 40 years of age. We found that male subjects detected bourgeonal at significantly lower concentrations (mean value: 13 ppb) compared with female subjects (mean value: 26 ppb), whereas no such gender difference in olfactory sensitivity was found with helional, a structural analog of bourgeonal, and with n-pentyl acetate, an aliphatic ester, which were tested in parallel. Males and females did not differ in their frequency of specific anosmia for any of the 3 odorants. The frequency distributions of olfactory detection thresholds were monomodal with all 3 odorants in both genders. Olfactory detection thresholds did not differ significantly between pre- and postovulatory females with any of the 3 odorants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study ever to find a human male superiority in olfactory sensitivity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and/or copy number variations in genes coding for olfactory receptors may be the proximate cause for our finding, whereas a gender difference in the behavioral relevance of bourgeonal may be the ultimate cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Olsson
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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38
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Young O, Cummings T, Binnie N. Effect of Several Sugars on Consumer Perception of Cured Sheepmeat. J Food Sci 2009; 74:S198-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Havlicek J, Roberts SC. MHC-correlated mate choice in humans: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:497-512. [PMID: 19054623 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extremely high variability in genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in vertebrates is assumed to be a consequence of frequency-dependent parasite-driven selection and mate preferences based on promotion of offspring heterozygosity at MHC, or potentially, genome-wide inbreeding avoidance. Where effects have been found, mate choice studies on rodents and other species usually find preference for MHC-dissimilarity in potential partners. Here we critically review studies on MHC-associated mate choice in humans. These are based on three broadly different aspects: (1) odor preferences, (2) facial preferences and (3) actual mate choice surveys. As in animal studies, most odor-based studies demonstrate disassortative preferences, although there is variation in the strength and nature of the effects. In contrast, facial attractiveness research indicates a preference for MHC-similar individuals. Results concerning MHC in actual couples show a bias towards similarity in one study, dissimilarity in two studies and random distribution in several other studies. These vary greatly in sample size and heterogeneity of the sample population, both of which may significantly bias the results. This pattern of mixed results across studies may reflect context-dependent and/or life history sensitive preference expression, in addition to higher level effects arising out of population differences in genetic heterogeneity or cultural and ethnic restrictions on random mating patterns. Factors of special relevance in terms of individual preferences are reproductive status and long- vs. short-term mating context. We discuss the idea that olfactory and visual channels may work in a complementary way (i.e. odor preference for MHC-dissimilarity and visual preference for MHC-similarity) to achieve an optimal level of genetic variability, methodological issues and interesting avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Havlicek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Husnikova 2075, 155 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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40
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Olfactory clearance: what time is needed in clinical practice? The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2007; 122:912-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To determine olfactory adaptation and clearance times for healthy individuals, and to assess the effect of common variables upon these parameters.Study design and setting:Fourteen healthy volunteers were recruited for a series of tests. Their initial olfactory threshold levels for phenethyl alcohol were determined. After olfactory exposure to a saturated solution of phenethyl alcohol (i.e. olfactory adaptation), the time taken for subjects to return to their initial olfactory threshold was then recorded (i.e. olfactory clearance). Visual analogue scale scores for subjective variables were also recorded.Results:The 14 subjects performed 120 tests in total. Despite consistent linear trends within individuals, olfactory clearance times varied widely within and between individuals. The mean olfactory clearance time for phenethyl alcohol was 170 seconds (range 81–750). Univariate analysis showed a relationship between olfactory clearance times and age (p = 0.031), symptoms (p = 0.029) and mood (p = 0.048).Conclusions:When testing a person's sense of smell in a clinical setting, recent exposure to similar smells should be noted, and a period of 15 minutes needs to be allowed before retesting if using phenethyl alcohol. Other variables need not be controlled, but greater clearance time may be needed for older patients.
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41
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Bensafi M, Sobel N, Khan RM. Hedonic-specific activity in piriform cortex during odor imagery mimics that during odor perception. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:3254-62. [PMID: 17913994 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00349.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that visual imagery is accompanied by activity in visual cortical areas, including primary visual cortex, whether olfactory imagery exists remains controversial. Here we asked whether cue-dependent olfactory imagery was similarly accompanied by activity in olfactory cortex, and in particular whether hedonic-specific patterns of activity evident in olfactory perception would also be present during olfactory imagery. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure activity in subjects who alternated between smelling and imagining pleasant and unpleasant odors. Activity induced by imagining odors mimicked that induced by perceiving real odorants, not only in the particular brain regions activated, but also in its hedonic-specific pattern. For both real and imagined odors, unpleasant stimuli induced greater activity than pleasant stimuli in the left frontal portion of piriform cortex and left insula. These findings combine with findings from other modalities to suggest activation of primary sensory cortical structures during mental imagery of sensory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Bensafi
- Laboratoire Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, et Cognition, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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42
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Sucker K, Both R, Bischoff M, Guski R, Krämer U, Winneke G. Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part II: dose–response associations and their modification by hedonic tone. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:683-94. [PMID: 17906873 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk-assessment for environmental odors and the development of an appropriate guideline for protection against undue odor annoyance have long been hampered by the difficulties of assessing odor exposure and community annoyance responses. In recent years, however, dose-response associations between frequency of odor events and odor annoyance level in the affected population were established. However, the influence of hedonic tone (pleasantness-unpleasantness) and perceived odor strength (intensity) on the degree of odor annoyance have long been neglected in such studies and accompanying guidelines. In order to close this gap a pertinent field study was conducted in the vicinity of six odor emitting plants, two with pleasant (sweets production, rusk bakery), with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and with presumably unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). METHODS A standardized sensory method was developed (described in Part I in the accompanying paper) to quantify intensity and hedonic tone within the assessment of odor exposure by systematic field inspection with trained observers. Additionally, exposure-information, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints and irritation symptoms were collected from the exposed residents through direct interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish dose-response associations between odor frequency, intensity and hedonic tone as independent variables and annoyance or symptom reporting as the dependent variable. RESULTS It is shown that exposure-annoyance as well as exposure-symptom associations are strongly influenced by odor hedonic. Whereas pleasant odors induced little to no annoyance, both neutral and unpleasant ones did. Additional inclusion of odor intensity did not improve the prediction of odor annoyance. Frequency of reported symptoms was found to be exclusively mediated by annoyance. The results are discussed in terms of environmental stress emphasizing the WHO-definition of health. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings the existing German guideline against undue odor annoyance was modified.
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Contextual cues during olfactory learning improve memory for smells in children. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reden J, Maroldt H, Fritz A, Zahnert T, Hummel T. A study on the prognostic significance of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 264:139-44. [PMID: 17006637 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-006-0157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the frequency and prognostic significance of qualitative olfactory dysfunction (parosmia, phantosmia) in a retrospective patient based study. A total of 392 patients with impairment of olfaction were tested at least two times for their olfactory function using the "Sniffin' Sticks". The mean interval between the first and the last test was 11 months. At the first visit 34% of all patients reported parosmia. Parosmia was most frequent in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss (56%), and less frequent in idiopathic, posttraumatic, sinunasal disease with frequencies of 10, 14, and 28%, respectively. In contrast, only 12% of all patients had phantosmias, with no significant differences between the patient groups. Improvement of olfactory function was found in 23% of all patients (n = 90). Pre-existing parosmia or phantosmia had no significant effect on recovery rate. Regarding qualitative olfactory dysfunction, 29% of those patients reporting parosmia reported relief of this symptom after an average of 12 months, whereas 53% of phantosmic patients lost phantosmia during the observation period. Although it has been suggested that olfactory distortion s could be regarded as an indicator of early recovery of decreased olfactory sensitivity, the current data indicate that occurrence of parosmia or phantosmia has little prognostic value. Phantosmia disappears at a faster rate than parosmia. These insights into qualitative olfactory dysfunction are regarded to be significant in the counseling of patients with olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reden
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School ("Technische Universität Dresden"), Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Gautam SH, Otsuguro KI, Ito S, Saito T, Habara Y. Intensity of odorant stimulation affects mode of Ca2+ dynamics in rat olfactory receptor neurons. Neurosci Res 2006; 55:410-20. [PMID: 16730825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between the intensity of odorant stimulation and the mode of spatiotemporal Ca(2+) dynamics in Fluo-4-loaded rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) using a confocal laser scanning microscope. We found that relatively smaller Ca(2+) transients remained confined to the knob while larger ones spread to the soma with latency. Prolonged odor exposure ensured the spread of Ca(2+) transients from the knob to the soma. Upon exposing ORNs to progressively increasing concentrations of odor, the Ca(2+) transients that were confined to the knob at lower concentrations extended to the soma at higher concentrations. Stimulation with progressively increasing concentrations of forskolin plus IBMX yielded identical results. Partial inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by MDL12330A changed the odor response extending to the soma to a response confined to the knob. Blocking of L-type Ca(2+) channels by nifedipine reduced the magnitude of the response extending to the soma but had no effect on the response confined to the knob. It is thus suggested that Ca(2+) transients confined to the knob represent weak stimulation, and, speculatively, such responses either constitute inhibitory responses or indicate weak excitatory responses that fail to outstand the spontaneous electrical noise of ORNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Hari Gautam
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Jacob TJC, Wang L. A new method for measuring reaction times for odour detection at iso-intensity: Comparison between an unpleasant and pleasant odour. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:500-5. [PMID: 16469339 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A psychophysical detection test was developed to measure the reaction time of human subjects to a pleasant and an unpleasant odour. The response latencies to stimulation with a malodour (valeric acid) and pleasant odorant (amyl acetate) were compared over a range of different stimulus strengths. By expressing reaction time as a function of detection rate, the responses to the two odours can be compared at iso-intensity across the concentration range. This is the first study that allows odorants to be compared at the same intensity over a range of concentrations. The malodour valeric acid was detected more rapidly than amyl acetate; at the 50% detection level the reaction time for the detection of amyl acetate was 1.74 s compared 1.36 s for valeric acid (380 ms or 22% faster). Women were significantly faster than men at detecting both the unpleasant (by 18%) and pleasant (by 26%) odour at the 50% detection level and this disparity increased with decreasing stimulus strength. In conclusion, we demonstrate the ability of a new method for the measurement of reaction times to odour detection to discriminate between two different odours - a malodour and a non-malodour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J C Jacob
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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