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A Novel Preparation Technique for Human Nasal Respiratory Mucosa to Disclose Its Glycosylation Pattern for Bioadhesive Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030973. [PMID: 36986834 PMCID: PMC10052101 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To shed some light on glycotargeting as a potential strategy for nasal drug delivery, a reliable preparation method for human nasal mucosa samples and a tool to investigate the carbohydrate building blocks of the glycocalyx of the respiratory epithelium are required. Applying a simple experimental setup in a 96-well plate format together with a panel of six fluorescein-labeled lectins with different carbohydrate specificities allowed for the detection and quantification of accessible carbohydrates in the mucosa. As confirmed by binding experiments at 4 °C, both quantitatively by fluorimetry and qualitatively by microscopy, the binding of wheat germ agglutinin exceeded that of the others by 150% on average, indicating a high content of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid. Providing energy by raising the temperature to 37 °C revealed uptake of the carbohydrate-bound lectin into the cell. Moreover, repeated washing steps during the assay gave a slight hint as to the influence of mucus renewal on bioadhesive drug delivery. All in all, the experimental setup reported here for the first time is not only a suitable approach to estimating the basics and potential of nasal lectin-mediated drug delivery but also meets the needs for answering a broad variety of scientific questions involving the use of ex vivo tissue samples.
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Dual effects of the tryptophan-derived bacterial metabolite indole on colonic epithelial cell metabolism and physiology: comparison with its co-metabolite indoxyl sulfate. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1371-1382. [PMID: 35107624 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indole, which is produced by the intestinal microbiota from L-tryptophan, is recovered at millimolar concentrations in the human feces. Indoxyl sulfate (IS), the main indole co-metabolite, can be synthesized by the host tissues. Although indole has been shown to restore intestinal barrier function in experimental colitis, little is known on the effects of indole and IS on colonic epithelial cell metabolism and physiology. In this study, we compared the effects of indole and IS on the human colonic epithelial HT-29 Glc-/+ and Caco-2 cell lines, exposed to these compounds for 1-48 h. Indole, but not IS, was cytotoxic at 5 mM, altering markedly colonocyte proliferation. Both molecules, used up to 2.5 mM, induced a transient oxidative stress in colonocytes, that was detected after 1 h, but not after 48 h exposure. This was associated with the induction after 24 h of the expression of glutathione reductase, heme oxygenase, and cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1. Indole and IS used at 2.5 mM impaired colonocyte respiration by diminishing mitochondrial oxygen consumption and maximal respiratory capacity. Indole, but not IS, displayed a slight genotoxic effect on colonocytes. Indole, but not IS, increased transepithelial resistance in colonocyte monolayers. Indole and IS used at 2.5 mM, induced a secretion of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 after 3 h incubation, and an increase of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion after 48 h. Although our results suggest beneficial effect of indole on epithelial integrity, overall they indicate that indole and IS share adverse effects on colonocyte respiration and production of reactive oxygen species, in association with the induction of enzymes of the antioxidant defense system. This latter process can be viewed as an adaptive response toward oxidative stress. Both compounds increased the production of inflammatory cytokines from colonocytes. However, only indole, but not IS, affected DNA integrity in colonocytes. Since colonocytes little convert indole to IS, the deleterious effects of indole on colonocytes appear to be unrelated to its conversion to IS.
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3
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Zhang T, Tang JZ, Fei X, Li Y, Song Y, Qian Z, Peng Q. Can nanoparticles and nano‒protein interactions bring a bright future for insulin delivery? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:651-667. [PMID: 33777673 PMCID: PMC7982494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, frequent injections required to effectively control the glycemic levels lead to substantial inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to improve insulin delivery, many efforts have been made, such as developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. Although some improvements have been achieved, the ultimate results are still unsatisfying and none of insulin-loaded NPs systems have been approved for clinical use so far. Recently, nano‒protein interactions and protein corona formation have drawn much attention due to their negative influence on the in vivo fate of NPs systems. As the other side of a coin, such interactions can also be used for constructing advanced drug delivery systems. Herein, we aim to provide an insight into the advance and flaws of various NPs-based insulin delivery systems. Particularly, an interesting discussion on nano‒protein interactions and its potentials for developing novel insulin delivery systems is initiated. Insulin therapy plays essential roles in treating diabetes. Optimizing insulin delivery enhances insulin therapy. Nanoparticles are promising systems for delivery of insulin. Nano-protein interactions influence the delivery of nanoparticles. Nano-protein interactions can be used for advanced delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - James Zhenggui Tang
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Xiaofan Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding author.
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Oldenkamp HF, Vela Ramirez JE, Peppas NA. Re-evaluating the importance of carbohydrates as regenerative biomaterials. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:1-12. [PMID: 30740237 PMCID: PMC6362819 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi F Oldenkamp
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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Wijetunge SS, Wen J, Yeh CK, Sun Y. Lectin-Conjugated Liposomes as Biocompatible, Bioadhesive Drug Carriers for the Management of Oral Ulcerative Lesions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1487-1495. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sashini S. Wijetunge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States of America
| | - Jianchuan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States of America
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States of America
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States of America
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Ituarte S, Brola TR, Fernández PE, Mu H, Qiu JW, Heras H, Dreon MS. A lectin of a non-invasive apple snail as an egg defense against predation alters the rat gut morphophysiology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198361. [PMID: 29856808 PMCID: PMC5983499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The eggs of the freshwater Pomacea apple snails develop above the water level, exposed to varied physical and biological stressors. Their high hatching success seems to be linked to their proteins or perivitellins, which surround the developing embryo providing nutrients, sunscreens and varied defenses. The defensive mechanism has been unveiled in P. canaliculata and P. maculata eggs, where their major perivitellins are pigmented, non-digestible and provide a warning coloration while another perivitellin acts as a toxin. In P. scalaris, a species sympatric to the former, the defense strategy seems different, since no toxin was found and the major perivitellin, PsSC, while also colored and non-digestible, is a carbohydrate-binding protein. In this study we examine the structure and function of PsSC by sequencing its subunits, characterizing its carbohydrate binding profile and evaluating its effect on gut cells. Whereas cDNA sequencing and database search showed no lectin domain, glycan array carbohydrate binding profile revealed a strong specificity for glycosphingolipids and ABO group antigens. Moreover, PsSC agglutinated bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Inspired on the defensive properties of seed lectins we evaluated the effects of PsSC on intestinal cells both in vitro (Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells) and in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. PsSC binds to Caco-2 cell membranes without reducing its viability, while a PsSC-containing diet temporarily induces large epithelium alterations and an increased absorptive surface. Based on these results, we propose that PsSC is involved in embryo defenses by altering the gut morphophysiology of potential predators, a convergent role to plant defensive lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ituarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tabata Romina Brola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia Elena Fernández
- Instituto de Patología B. Epstein, Cátedra de Patología General Veterinaria, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Huawei Mu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Sebastián Dreon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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7
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Wagner AM, Gran MP, Peppas NA. Designing the new generation of intelligent biocompatible carriers for protein and peptide delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:147-164. [PMID: 29719776 PMCID: PMC5925450 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and peptides have revolutionized treatment for a number of diseases, and the expected increase in macromolecule-based therapies brings a new set of challenges for the pharmaceutics field. Due to their poor stability, large molecular weight, and poor transport properties, therapeutic proteins and peptides are predominantly limited to parenteral administration. The short serum half-lives typically require frequent injections to maintain an effective dose, and patient compliance is a growing issue as therapeutic protein treatments become more widely available. A number of studies have underscored the relationship of subcutaneous injections with patient non-adherence, estimating that over half of insulin-dependent adults intentionally skip injections. The development of oral formulations has the potential to address some issues associated with non-adherence including the interference with daily activities, embarrassment, and injection pain. Oral delivery can also help to eliminate the adverse effects and scar tissue buildup associated with repeated injections. However, there are several major challenges associated with oral delivery of proteins and peptides, such as the instability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, low permeability, and a narrow absorption window in the intestine. This review provides a detailed overview of the oral delivery route and associated challenges. Recent advances in formulation and drug delivery technologies to enhance bioavailability are discussed, including the co-administration of compounds to alter conditions in the GI tract, the modification of the macromolecule physicochemical properties, and the use of improved targeted and controlled release carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Margaret P. Gran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Corresponding author at: McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Tel.: +1 512 471 6644; fax: +1 512 471 8227.
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8
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Hurley BP, Eaton AD, Zimmermann C, Delaney B. Polarized monolayer cultures of human intestinal epithelial cell lines exposed to intractable proteins - In vitro hazard identification studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Hurley BP, Pirzai W, Eaton AD, Harper M, Roper J, Zimmermann C, Ladics GS, Layton RJ, Delaney B. An experimental platform using human intestinal epithelial cell lines to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Guillaume O, Park J, Monforte X, Gruber-Blum S, Redl H, Petter-Puchner A, Teuschl AH. Fabrication of silk mesh with enhanced cytocompatibility: preliminary in vitro investigation toward cell-based therapy for hernia repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:37. [PMID: 26704554 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that combining cells with meshes prior to implantation successfully enhanced hernia repair. The idea is to create a biologic coating surrounding the mesh with autologous cells, before transplantation into the patient. However, due to the lack of a prompt and robust cell adhesion to the meshes, extensive in vitro cultivation is required to obtain a homogenous cell layer covering the mesh. In this context, the objective of this publication is to manufacture meshes made of silk fibres and to enhance the cytoadhesion and cytocompatibility of the biomaterial by surface immobilization of a pro-adhesive wheat germ agglutinin (lectin WGA). We first investigated the affinity between the glycoprotein WGA and cells, in solution and then after covalent immobilization of WGA on silk films. Then, we manufactured meshes made of silk fibres, tailored them with WGA grafting and finally evaluated the cytocompatibility and the inflammatory response of silk and silk-lectin meshes compared to common polypropylene mesh, using fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. The in vitro experiments revealed that the cytocompatibility of silk can be enhanced by surface immobilization with lectin WGA without exhibiting negative response in terms of pro-inflammatory reaction. Grafting lectin to silk meshes could bring advantages to facilitate cell-coating of meshes prior to implantation, which is an imperative prerequisite for abdominal wall tissue regeneration using cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Guillaume
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Park
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - X Monforte
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Höchstädtplatz 5, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Gruber-Blum
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien, Montleartstrasse 37, 1171, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Petter-Puchner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncological Surgery, Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien, Montleartstrasse 37, 1171, Vienna, Austria
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Teuschl
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Höchstädtplatz 5, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Albac S, Schmitz A, Lopez-Alayon C, d'Enfert C, Sautour M, Ducreux A, Labruère-Chazal C, Laue M, Holland G, Bonnin A, Dalle F. Candida albicansis able to use M cells as a portal of entry across the intestinal barrierin vitro. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:195-210. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Albac
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Antonin Schmitz
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Carolina Lopez-Alayon
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Mycologie; Paris France
- INRA; USC 2019; Paris France
| | - Marc Sautour
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Amandine Ducreux
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Catherine Labruère-Chazal
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, UFR Sciences et Techniques; Dijon France
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Alain Bonnin
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
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Engleder E, Demmerer E, Wang X, Honeder C, Zhu C, Studenik C, Wirth M, Arnoldner C, Gabor F. Determination of the glycosylation-pattern of the middle ear mucosa in guinea pigs. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:124-30. [PMID: 25724132 PMCID: PMC4379074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the glycosylation pattern of the middle ear mucosa (MEM) of guinea pigs, an approved model for middle ear research, was characterized with the purpose to identify bioadhesive ligands which might prolong the contact time of drug delivery systems with the middle ear mucosa (MEM). To assess the utility of five fluorescein labeled plant lectins with different carbohydrate specificities as bioadhesive ligands, viable MEM specimens were incubated at 4°C and the lectin binding capacities were calculated from the MEM-associated relative fluorescence intensities. Among all lectins under investigation, fluorescein-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (F-WGA) emerged as the highest bioadhesive lectin. In general, the accessibility of carbohydrate moieties of the MEM followed the order: sialic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (WGA)>>mannose and galactosamine (Lensculinaris agglutinin)>N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (Solanumtuberosum agglutinin)>fucose (Ulexeuropaeus isoagglutinin I)>>terminal mannose α-(1,3)-mannose (Galanthusnivalis agglutinin). Competitive inhibition studies with the corresponding carbohydrate revealed that F-WGA-binding was inhibited up to 90% confirming specificity of the F-WGA-MEM interaction. The cilia of the MEM were identified as F-WGA binding sites by fluorescence imaging as well as a z-stack of overlays of transmission, F-WGA- and nuclei-stained images of the MEM. Additionally, co-localisation experiments revealed that F-WGA bound to acidic mucopolysaccharides of the MEM. All in all, lectin-mediated bioadhesion to the MEM is proposed as a new concept for drug delivery to prolong the residence time of the drug in the tympanic cavity especially for successful therapy for difficult-to-treat diseases such as otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Engleder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Demmerer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chengjing Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Studenik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wirth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Arnoldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Gupta PN. Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and M Cell Targeting. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Wang XY, Koller R, Wirth M, Gabor F. Lectin-Grafted PLGA Microcarriers Loaded with Fluorescent Model Drugs: Characteristics, Release Profiles, and Cytoadhesion Studies. Sci Pharm 2014; 82:193-205. [PMID: 24634852 PMCID: PMC3951229 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1312-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PLGA microparticles loaded with three different fluorescent model drugs, fluorescein sodium (hydrophilic), sulforhodamine (amphoteric), and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY® 493/503, lipophilic), were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. Due to varying hydrophilicity, the diameters of the microparticles ranged between 4.1 and 4.7 μm. According to fluorimetric analysis, the loading varied from 0.06 to 2.25 μg of the model drug per mg PLGA. In terms of the release profile, the fluorescein sodium-entrapped formulation exhibited thermo-responsive release kinetics. In the case of sulforhodamine- and BODIPY® 493/503-loaded particles, almost no release was observed, neither at 4°C nor 37°C during the first 50 hours. Furthermore, to estimate the bioadhesive properties of such drug delivery systems, the surface of the loaded particles was grafted with wheat germ agglutinin by applying the carbodiimide method. Cytoadhesion studies with Caco-2 monolayers revealed an up to 1.9-fold and 3.6-fold increase in the bioadhesion of the lectin-functionalized, model drug-loaded particles as compared to the albumin- and non-grafted microcarriers, respectively. All in all, the results clearly indicated that the lipophilicity of the polymer matching that of the drug favored entrapment, whereas mismatching impeded loading into the PLGA-microparticles. Even in the case of low loading, these delivery systems might be useful for the fluorescent detections and microscopic imaging of cellular interactions due to their fluorescent properties and lack of dye leakage. Moreover, lectin grafting can mediate bioadhesive properties to such particulate drug carriers which could be a promising approach to improve drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Koller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wirth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Mo R, Jiang T, Di J, Tai W, Gu Z. Emerging micro- and nanotechnology based synthetic approaches for insulin delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3595-629. [PMID: 24626293 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60436e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is essential for type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetics to maintain blood glucose levels and prolong lives. The traditional administration requires frequent subcutaneous insulin injections that are associated with poor patient compliance, including pain, local tissue necrosis, infection, and nerve damage. Taking advantage of emerging micro- and nanotechnologies, numerous alternative strategies integrated with chemical approaches for insulin delivery have been investigated. This review outlines recent developments in the controlled delivery of insulin, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, subcutaneous and closed-loop insulin delivery. Perspectives from new materials, formulations and devices at the micro- or nano-scales are specifically surveyed. Advantages and limitations of current delivery methods, as well as future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Mo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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He X, Liu F, Liu L, Duan T, Zhang H, Wang Z. Lectin-Conjugated Fe2O3@Au Core@Shell Nanoparticles as Dual Mode Contrast Agents for in Vivo Detection of Tumor. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:738-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400456j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia He
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fuyao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- China-Japan
Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Taicheng Duan
- National Analytical Research Center of Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- China-Japan
Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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17
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Rochereau N, Drocourt D, Perouzel E, Pavot V, Redelinghuys P, Brown GD, Tiraby G, Roblin X, Verrier B, Genin C, Corthésy B, Paul S. Dectin-1 is essential for reverse transcytosis of glycosylated SIgA-antigen complexes by intestinal M cells. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001658. [PMID: 24068891 PMCID: PMC3775721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the long-awaited identification of Dectin-1 and Siglec-5 as the M cell co-receptors that mediate the reverse transcytosis of secretory IgA molecules to mount a gut immune response. Intestinal microfold (M) cells possess a high transcytosis capacity and are able to transport a broad range of materials including particulate antigens, soluble macromolecules, and pathogens from the intestinal lumen to inductive sites of the mucosal immune system. M cells are also the primary pathway for delivery of secretory IgA (SIgA) to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. However, although the consequences of SIgA uptake by M cells are now well known and described, the mechanisms whereby SIgA is selectively bound and taken up remain poorly understood. Here we first demonstrate that both the Cα1 region and glycosylation, more particularly sialic acid residues, are involved in M cell–mediated reverse transcytosis. Second, we found that SIgA is taken up by M cells via the Dectin-1 receptor, with the possible involvement of Siglec-5 acting as a co-receptor. Third, we establish that transcytosed SIgA is taken up by mucosal CX3CR1+ dendritic cells (DCs) via the DC-SIGN receptor. Fourth, we show that mucosal and systemic antibody responses against the HIV p24-SIgA complexes administered orally is strictly dependent on the expression of Dectin-1. Having deciphered the mechanisms leading to specific targeting of SIgA-based Ag complexes paves the way to the use of such a vehicle for mucosal vaccination against various infectious diseases. Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies are secreted into the gut lumen and are considered to be a first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from gut pathogens. SIgA patrol the mucus and are usually known to help immune tolerance via entrapping dietary antigens and microorganisms and other mechanisms. SIgA, in complex with its antigens, can also be taken back up by the intestinal epithelium in a process known as reverse transcytosis. SIgA can thereby promote the uptake and delivery of antigens from the intestinal lumen to the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (GALT), influencing inflammatory responses. This reverse transcytosis of SIgA is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells. Because M cells possess the ability to take up antigens and are therefore important to the local immune system, they are a key target for the specific delivery of novel mucosal vaccines against various diseases. M cell receptors that take up the SIgA-antigen complexes, which serve as mucosal vaccine vehicles, represent an important aspect of this vaccine strategy. The identification of SIgA receptor(s) on the surface of M cells has, however, remained elusive for more than a decade. In this study, we now identify Dectin-1 and Siglec-5 as the key receptors for M cell–mediated reverse transcytosis of SIgA complexes. We further find that the glycosylation modification, and particularly sialylation, of SIgA is required for its uptake by M cells. We show that, when administered orally in complex with SIgA, the HIV p24 antigen is taken up in a strictly Dectin-1-dependent manner to stimulate a mucosal and systemic antibody response. These findings are considered important for understanding gut immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cricetulus
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- HIV Core Protein p24/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/cytology
- Lectins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Transcytosis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rochereau
- GIMAP/EA3064, INSERM CIE3 Vaccinology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Pavot
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, FRE3310/CNRS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Redelinghuys
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xavier Roblin
- GIMAP/EA3064, INSERM CIE3 Vaccinology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, FRE3310/CNRS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Christian Genin
- GIMAP/EA3064, INSERM CIE3 Vaccinology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP/EA3064, INSERM CIE3 Vaccinology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Dreon MS, Frassa MV, Ceolín M, Ituarte S, Qiu JW, Sun J, Fernández PE, Heras H. Novel animal defenses against predation: a snail egg neurotoxin combining lectin and pore-forming chains that resembles plant defense and bacteria attack toxins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63782. [PMID: 23737950 PMCID: PMC3667788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most eggs are intensely predated, the aerial egg clutches from the aquatic snail Pomacea canaliculata have only one reported predator due to unparalleled biochemical defenses. These include two storage-proteins: ovorubin that provides a conspicuous (presumably warning) coloration and has antinutritive and antidigestive properties, and PcPV2 a neurotoxin with lethal effect on rodents. We sequenced PcPV2 and studied whether it was able to withstand the gastrointestinal environment and reach circulation of a potential predator. Capacity to resist digestion was assayed using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), fluorescence spectroscopy and simulated gastrointestinal proteolysis. PcPV2 oligomer is antinutritive, withstanding proteinase digestion and displaying structural stability between pH 4.0-10.0. cDNA sequencing and protein domain search showed that its two subunits share homology with membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF)-like toxins and tachylectin-like lectins, a previously unknown structure that resembles plant Type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins and bacterial botulinum toxins. The protomer has therefore a novel AB toxin combination of a MACPF-like chain linked by disulfide bonds to a lectin-like chain, indicating a delivery system for the former. This was further supported by observing PcPV2 binding to glycocalix of enterocytes in vivo and in culture, and by its hemaggutinating, but not hemolytic activity, which suggested an interaction with surface oligosaccharides. PcPV2 is able to get into predator's body as evidenced in rats and mice by the presence of circulating antibodies in response to sublethal oral doses. To our knowledge, a lectin-pore-forming toxin has not been reported before, providing the first evidence of a neurotoxic lectin in animals, and a novel function for ancient and widely distributed proteins. The acquisition of this unique neurotoxic/antinutritive/storage protein may confer the eggs a survival advantage, opening new perspectives in the study of the evolution of animal defensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sebastián Dreon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET CCT-La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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19
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Dresch RR, Zanetti GD, Irazoqui FJ, Sendra VG, Zlocowski N, Bernardi A, Rosa RM, Battastini AMO, Henriques AT, Vozári-Hampe MM. Staining tumor cells with biotinylated ACL-I, a lectin isolated from the marine sponge, Axinella corrugata. Biotech Histochem 2012; 88:1-9. [PMID: 22954064 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.717304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axinella corrugata lectin 1 (ACL-1) was purified from aqueous extracts of the marine sponge, Axinella corrugata. ACL-1 strongly agglutinates native rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutination is inhibited by N-acetyl derivatives, particularly N, N', N"-triacetylchitotriose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. We investigated the capacity of biotinylated ACL-1 to stain several transformed cell lines including breast (T-47D, MCF7), colon (HT-29), lung (H460), ovary (OVCAR-3) and bladder (T24). ACL-I may bind to both monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of tumor cells, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D- glucosamine glycan types. The lectins are useful, not only as markers and diagnostic parameters, but also for tissue mapping in suspicious neoplasms. In addition, they provide a better understanding of neoplasms at the cytological and molecular levels. Furthermore, the use of potential metastatic markers such as lectins is crucial for developing successful tools for therapy against cancer. We observed that biotinylated ACL-I stains tumor cells and may hold potential as a probe for identifying transformed cells and for studying glycan structures synthesized by such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Dresch
- Postgraduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Abstract
Immunotherapy, in recent times, has found its application in a variety of immunologically mediated diseases. Oral immunotherapy may not only increase patient compliance but may, in particular, also induce both systemic as well as mucosal immune responses, due to mucosal application of active agents. To improve the bioavailability and to trigger strong immunological responses, recent research projects focused on the encapsulation of drugs and antigens into polymer particles. These particles protect the loaded antigen from the harsh conditions in the GI tract. Furthermore, modification of the surface of particles by the use of lectins, such as Aleuria aurantia lectin, wheatgerm agglutinin or Ulex europaeus-I, enhances the binding to epithelial cells, in particular to membranous cells, of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Membranous cell-specific targeting leads to an improved transepithelial transport of the particle carriers. Thus, enhanced uptake and presentation of the encapsulated antigen by antigen-presenting cells favor strong systemic, but also local, mucosal immune responses.
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21
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Wang C, Ho PC, Lim LY. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced intracellular delivery of paclitaxel to colon cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Mishra N, Tiwari S, Vaidya B, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Lectin anchored PLGA nanoparticles for oral mucosal immunization against hepatitis B. J Drug Target 2010; 19:67-78. [DOI: 10.3109/10611861003733946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Plattner VE, Germann B, Neuhaus W, Noe CR, Gabor F, Wirth M. Characterization of two blood-brain barrier mimicking cell lines: distribution of lectin-binding sites and perspectives for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2009; 387:34-41. [PMID: 19963051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study plant lectins with distinct sugar specificities were applied to two blood-brain barrier (BBB) mimicking cell lines, namely human ECV304 and porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells PBMEC/C1-2 in order to elucidate their glycosylation pattern and to evaluate the lectin-cell interaction for lectin-mediated targeting. The bioadhesive properties of fluorescein-labeled lectins were investigated with monolayers as well as single cells using fluorimetry and flow cytometry, followed by confirmation of the specificity of binding. For PBMEC/C1-2 layers highest binding capacity was found for wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), followed by Dolichus biflorus agglutinin (DBA) whereas single cell experiments revealed a predominance of DBA only. Analyzing ECV304 monolayers and single cells, WGA yielded the strongest interaction without any changes during cultivation. The binding capacities of the other lectins increased significantly during differentiation. As similar results to primary cells and brain sections were observed, both cell lines seem to be suitable as models for lectin-interaction studies. Thus, an additional focus was set on the mechanisms involved in uptake and intracellular fate of selected lectins. Cytoinvasion studies were performed with WGA for human ECV304 cells and WGA as well as DBA for PBMEC/C1-2 cells. For both lectins, the association rate to the cells was dependent on temperature which indicated cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Plattner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Gao X, Wang T, Wu B, Chen J, Chen J, Yue Y, Dai N, Chen H, Jiang X. Quantum dots for tracking cellular transport of lectin-functionalized nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Sakuma S, Yano T, Masaoka Y, Kataoka M, Hiwatari KI, Tachikawa H, Shoji Y, Kimura R, Ma H, Yang Z, Tang L, Hoffman RM, Yamashita S. In vitro/in vivo biorecognition of lectin-immobilized fluorescent nanospheres for human colorectal cancer cells. J Control Release 2008; 134:2-10. [PMID: 19014984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peanut agglutinin (PNA)-immobilized polystyrene nanospheres with surface poly(N-vinylacetamide) (PNVA) chains encapsulating coumarin 6 were designed as a novel colonoscopic imaging agent. PNA was a targeting moiety that binds to beta-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which is the terminal sugar of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen that is specifically expressed on the mucosal side of colorectal cancer cells. PNVA was immobilized with the aim of reducing nonspecific interactions between imaging agents and normal tissues. Coumarin 6 was encapsulated into nanosphere cores to provide endoscopically detectable fluorescence intensity. After incubation of imaging agents with human cells, the fluorescence intensity of imaging agent-bound cells was estimated quantitatively. The average fluorescence intensity of any type of colorectal cancer cell used in this study was higher than that of small intestinal epithelial cells that had not exposed the carbohydrate. The in vivo performance of imaging agents was subsequently evaluated using a human colorectal cancer orthotopic animal model. Imaging agent-derived strong fluorescence was observed at several sites of the large intestinal mucosa in the tumor-implanted nude mice after the luminal side of the colonic loop was contacted with imaging agents. In contrast, when mice that did not undergo tumor implantation were used, the fluorescence intensity on the mucosal surface was extremely low. Data indicated that imaging agents bound to colorectal cancer cells and the cancer cell-derived tumors with high affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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26
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Gupta PN, Khatri K, Goyal AK, Mishra N, Vyas SP. M-cell targeted biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles for oral immunization against hepatitis B. J Drug Target 2008; 15:701-13. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860701637982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Lavelle EC, Grant G, Pfuller U, O'Hagan DT. Immunological Implications of the use of Plant Lectins for Drug and Vaccine Targeting to the Gastrointestinal Tract. J Drug Target 2008; 12:89-95. [PMID: 15203902 DOI: 10.1080/10611860410001693733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant lectins are under consideration as targeting agents to enhance the efficacy of orally administered drugs and vaccines. A significant issue that must be considered is the immunogenicity of these molecules since an immune response to the targeting agent may interfere with its ability to interact with the epithelium. In contrast, the ability of certain lectins to activate the immune system may be exploited in the delivery of vaccines. We previously demonstrated that plant lectins vary widely in their immunogenicity and in particular that mistletoe lectins (ML) I, II and II (MLI, MLII, MLIII) are potent immunogens when administered nasotracheally. Here, we measured immune responses following oral delivery of the MLs and assessed their ability to enhance responses to a co-administered antigen to determine if the molecules possess adjuvant activity. Oral administration of the lectins induced potent lectin-specific systemic and mucosal antibody responses. In addition, each of the three lectins possessed adjuvant activity when delivered orally together with ovalbumin (OVA). The lectins enhanced both serum and mucosal antibody responses to the co-delivered antigen. This shows for the first time that MLI, MLII and MLIII possess adjuvant activity when administered orally and may provide a platform for the generation of effective mucosal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Lavelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, 2 Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Plattner VE, Wagner M, Ratzinger G, Gabor F, Wirth M. Targeted drug delivery: Binding and uptake of plant lectins using human 5637 bladder cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:572-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Fillafer C, Friedl DS, Wirth M, Gabor F. Fluorescent bionanoprobes to characterize cytoadhesion and cytoinvasion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:627-33. [PMID: 18491364 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To overcome current limitations in diagnostic imaging and targeted drug delivery, a highly versatile tool is presented that can be used to representatively investigate the effects of submicroparticles intended for the use in biological systems. An effective approach to render colloids trackable is developed by stable attachment of the fluorescent probe BODIPY 493/503 (BOD: 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) to a biodegradable and biocompatible particle core matrix. BOD submicroparticles are shown to be stable, can be surface modified, and exhibit high fluorescence emission. Upon conjugation with human serum albumin (nonspecific) and wheat germ agglutinin (biorecognitive) as model ligands explicit differences are found in the cytoadhesive and cytoinvasive characteristics of the submicroparticles using Caco-2 cells. These results demonstrate the potency of BOD-labeled colloids as a versatile analytical platform for a multifaceted investigation of cell-particle interactions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fillafer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Gunning AP, Chambers S, Pin C, Man AL, Morris VJ, Nicoletti C. Mapping specific adhesive interactions on living human intestinal epithelial cells with atomic force microscopy. FASEB J 2008; 22:2331-9. [PMID: 18263697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Specific molecular-receptor interactions with gut epithelium cells are important in understanding bioactivity of food components and drugs, binding of commensal microflora, attachment and initiation of defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria and for development of targeted delivery systems to the gut. However, methods for probing such interactions are lacking. Methodology has been developed and validated to measure specific molecular-receptor interactions on living human colorectal cancer cells as in vitro models for the gut epithelium. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure ligand-receptor interactions and to map receptor locations on cell surfaces. Measurements were made using silica beads attached to the AFM tip-cantilever assembly, which were functionalized by coupling of ligands to the bead surface. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds to the glycosylated extracellular domain III of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Methodology was tested by measuring binding of WGA to the surface of confluent monolayers of living Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. The measured modal detachment force of 125 pN is typical of values expected for single molecule interactions. Adhesive events were used to map the location of binding sites on the cell surface revealing heterogeneity in their distribution within and between cells within the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patrick Gunning
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Petrossian K, Banner LR, Oppenheimer SB. Lectin binding and effects in culture on human cancer and non-cancer cell lines: examination of issues of interest in drug design strategies. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:491-500. [PMID: 17706752 PMCID: PMC2077840 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
By using a non-cancer and a cancer cell line originally from the same tissue (colon), coupled with testing lectins for cell binding and for their effects on these cell lines in culture, this study describes a simple multi-parameter approach that has revealed some interesting results that could be useful in drug development strategies. Two human cell lines, CCL-220/Colo320DM (human colon cancer cells, tumorigenic in nude mice) and CRL-1459/CCD-18Co (non-malignant human colon cells) were tested for their ability to bind to agarose microbeads derivatized with two lectins, peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea agglutinin, PNA) and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and the effects of these lectins were assessed in culture using the MTT assay. Both cell lines bound to DBA-derivatized microbeads, and binding was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but not by L-fucose. Neither cell line bound to PNA-derivatized microbeads. Despite the lack of lectin binding using the rapid microbead method, PNA was mitogenic in culture at some time points and its mitogenic effect displayed a reverse-dose response. This was also seen with effects of DBA on cells in culture. While this is a simple study, the results were statistically highly significant and suggest that: (1) agents may not need to bind strongly to cells to exert biological effects, (2) cell line pairs derived from diseased and non-diseased tissue can provide useful comparative data on potential drug effects and (3) very low concentrations of potential drugs might be initially tested experimentally because reverse-dose responses should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven B. Oppenheimer
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-818-677-3336; Fax: +1-818-677-2034. E-mail address: (S.B. Oppenheimer)
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Toegel S, Harrer N, Plattner VE, Unger FM, Viernstein H, Goldring MB, Gabor F, Wirth M. Lectin binding studies on C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 chondrocytes provide a basis for new tissue engineering and drug delivery perspectives in cartilage research. J Control Release 2007; 117:121-9. [PMID: 17126445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the applicability of plant lectins as mediators of bioadhesion in cartilage research using human chondrocyte cell lines C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2. The bioadhesive properties of fluorescein-labelled lectins with different carbohydrate specificities were investigated by flow cytometry. Specificity of the lectin-cell interactions was ascertained by competitive inhibition using complementary carbohydrates. As compared to that of other lectins, the interaction between wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and chondrocytic cells was characterised by remarkable cytoadhesion, adequate binding strength and a high degree of specificity for N-acetyl-glucosamine as contained in hyaluronan chains. We therefore suggest WGA to be a promising candidate for mediating bioadhesion to low-adhesive scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering. Moreover, the WGA-association rate of C-28/I2 and T/C-28a2 cells was dependent on temperature indicating cellular uptake of membrane-bound WGA. Intracellular enrichment was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Equilibration of intracellular pH gradients with monensin resulted in the reversal of quenching effects indicating accumulation of WGA within acid compartments of chondrocytic cells. Thus, WGA might be internalised into chondrocytes together with hyaluronan via the CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway and accumulated within lysosomes. This physiological process could represent a feasible pathway to target WGA-functionalised drug delivery devices into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang N, Ping Q, Huang G, Xu W, Cheng Y, Han X. Lectin-modified solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for oral administration of insulin. Int J Pharm 2006; 327:153-9. [PMID: 16935443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and characterize lectin-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing insulin and to evaluate the potential of the lectin-modified colloidal carriers for oral administration of peptide and protein drugs. SLNs were prepared by three different methods. For comparison, some insulin-loaded SLNs were modified with wheat germ agglutinin-N-glutaryl-phosphatidylethanolamine (WGA-N-glut-PE). The particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of insulin-loaded SLNs were determined. Insulin-loaded SLNs prepared by an appropriate modification of the double dispersion method yielded the highest drug entrapment efficiency, which was more than 60%. In vivo experiments were carried out using insulin-loaded SLNs and WGA-modified SLNs prepared by this method. SLNs and WGA-modified SLNs protected insulin against degradation by digestive enzymes in vitro. The stabilizing effect of WGA-modified SLNs was greater than that observed in SLNs. After oral administration of insulin-loaded SLNs or WGA-modified SLNs to rats, the relative pharmacological bioavailabilities were 4.46% and 6.08%, and the relative bioavailabilities were 4.99% and 7.11%, respectively, in comparison to subcutaneous injection of insulin. These results demonstrated that SLNs and WGA-modified SLNs promoted the oral absorption of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- The Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University, 44 Wen hua Xi Lu, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
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des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Préat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006; 116:1-27. [PMID: 17050027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins remain poorly bioavailable upon oral administration. One of the most promising strategies to improve their oral delivery relies on their association with colloidal carriers, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, stable in gastrointestinal tract, protective for encapsulated substances and able to modulate physicochemical characteristics, drug release and biological behavior. The mechanisms of transport of these nanoparticles across intestinal mucosa are reviewed. In particular, the influence of size and surface properties on their non-specific uptake or their targeted uptake by enterocytes and/or M cells is discussed. Enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells, i.e. M cells by (i) modeling surface properties to optimize access to and transport by M cells (ii) identifying surface markers specific to human M cell allowing targeting to M cells and nanoparticles transcytosis is illustrated. Encouraging results upon in vivo testing are reported but low bioavailability and lack of control on absorbed dose slow down products development. Vaccines are certainly the most promising applications for orally delivered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Avenue E. Mounier, 73-20, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Nanoscale analysis of protein and peptide absorption: insulin absorption using complexation and pH-sensitive hydrogels as delivery vehicles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:183-97. [PMID: 16777391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of drugs to cure chronic diseases are achieved by combination of intelligent material design with advances in nanotechnology. Since many drugs act as protagonists or antagonists to different chemicals in the body, a delivery system that can respond to the concentrations of certain molecules in the body is invaluable. For this purpose, intelligent therapeutics or "smart drug delivery" calls for the design of the newest generation of sensitive materials based on molecular recognition. Biomimetic polymeric networks can be prepared by designing interactions between the building blocks of biocompatible networks and the desired specific ligands and by stabilizing these interactions by a three-dimensional structure. These structures are at the same time flexible enough to allow for diffusion of solvent and ligand into and out of the networks. Synthetic networks that can be designed to recognize and bind biologically significant molecules are of great importance and influence a number of emerging technologies. These synthetic materials can be used as unique systems or incorporated into existing drug delivery technologies that can aid in the removal or delivery of biomolecules and restore the natural profiles of compounds in the body.
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Welty LAY, Heinrich EL, Garcia K, Banner LR, Summers ML, Baresi L, Metzenberg S, Coyle-Thompson C, Oppenheimer SB. Analysis of unconventional approaches for the rapid detection of surface lectin binding ligands on human cell lines. Acta Histochem 2006; 107:411-20. [PMID: 16414103 PMCID: PMC1857331 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For over a decade our laboratory has developed and used a novel histochemical assay using derivatized agarose beads to examine the surface properties of various cell types. Most recently, we have used this assay to examine lectin binding ligands on two human cell types, CCL-220, a colon cancer cell line, and CRL-1459, a non-cancer colon cell line. We found that CCL-220 cells bound specific lectins better than CRL-1459, and this information was used to test for possible differential toxicity of these lectins in culture, as a possible approach in the design of more specific anti-cancer drugs. Although we have examined the validity of the bead-binding assay in sea urchin cell systems, we have not previously validated this technique for mammalian cells. Here the binding results of the bead assay are compared with conventional fluorescence assays, using lectins from three species (Triticum vulgaris, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Lens culinaris) on the two colon cell lines. These lectins were chosen because they seemed to interact with the two cell lines differently. Binding results obtained using both assays were compared for frozen, thawed and fixed; cultured and fixed; and live cells. Both qualitative and quantitative fluorescence results generally correlated with those using the bead assay. Similar results were also obtained with all of the three different cell preparation protocols. The fluorescence assay was able to detect lower lectin binding ligand levels than the bead assay, while the bead assay, because it can so rapidly detect cells with large numbers of lectin binding ligands, is ideal for initial screening studies that seek to identify cells that are rich in surface binders for specific molecules. The direct use of frozen, thawed and fixed cells allows rapid mass screening for surface molecules, without the requirement for costly and time consuming cell culture.
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Heinrich EL, Welty LAY, Banner LR, Oppenheimer SB. Direct targeting of cancer cells: a multiparameter approach. Acta Histochem 2005; 107:335-44. [PMID: 16181664 PMCID: PMC1857334 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lectins have been widely used in cell surface studies and in the development of potential anticancer drugs. Many past studies that have examined lectin toxicity have only evaluated the effects on cancer cells, not their non-cancer counterparts. In addition, few past studies have evaluated the relationship between lectin-cell binding and lectin toxicity on both cell types. Here we examine these parameters in one study: lectin-cell binding and lectin toxicity with both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. We found that the human colon cancer cell line CCL-220/Colo320DM bound to agarose beads derivatized with Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (PHA-L) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), while the non-cancer human colon cell line CRL-1459/CCD-18Co did not. When these lectins were tested for their effects on cell viability in culture, both cell lines were affected by the lectins but at 6, 48 and 72 h incubation times, PHA-L was most toxic to the cancer cell line in a concentration dependent manner. At 48 h incubation, WGA was more toxic to the cancer cell line. The results suggest that it may be possible to develop lectin protocols that selectively target cancer cells for death. In any case, examination of both malignant cells and their non-malignant counterparts, analysis of their binding characteristics to immobilized lectins, and examination of the toxicity of free lectins in culture, provides a multiparameter model for obtaining more comprehensive information than from more limited approaches.
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De Mejía EG, Prisecaru VI. Lectins as Bioactive Plant Proteins: A Potential in Cancer Treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45:425-45. [PMID: 16183566 DOI: 10.1080/10408390591034445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant lectins, a unique group of proteins and glycoproteins with potent biological activity, occur in foods like wheat, corn, tomato, peanut, kidney bean, banana, pea, lentil, soybean, mushroom, rice, and potato. Thus, dietary intakes by humans can be significant. Many lectins resist digestion, survive gut passage, and bind to gastrointestinal cells and/or enter the circulation intact, maintaining full biological activity. Several lectins have been found to possess anticancer properties in vitro, in vivo, and in human case studies; they are used as therapeutic agents, preferentially binding to cancer cell membranes or their receptors, causing cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth. These compounds can become internalized into cells, causing cancer cell agglutination and/or aggregation. Ingestion of lectins also sequesters the available body pool of polyamines, thereby thwarting cancer cell growth. They also affect the immune system by altering the production of various interleukins, or by activating certain protein kinases. Lectins can bind to ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis. They also modify the cell cycle by inducing non-apoptotic G1-phase accumulation mechanisms, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and can activate the caspase cascade. Lectins can also downregulate telomerase activity and inhibit angiogenesis. Although lectins seem to have great potential as anticancer agents, further research is still needed and should include a genomic and proteomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira González De Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Dong Y, Feng SS. Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)/montmorillonite nanoparticles for oral delivery of anticancer drugs. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6068-76. [PMID: 15894372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This research developed a novel bioadhesive drug delivery system, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)/montmorillonite (PLGA/MMT) nanoparticles, for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA/MMT nanoparticles were prepared by the emulsion/solvent evaporation method. MMT was incorporated in the formulation as a matrix material component, which also plays the role of a co-emulsifier in the nanoparticle preparation process. Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA/MMT nanoparticles were found to be of spherical shape with a mean size of around 310 nm and polydispersity of less than 0.150. Adding MMT component to the matrix material appears to have little influence on the particles size and the drug encapsulation efficiency. The drug release pattern was found biphasic with an initial burst followed by a slow, sustained release, which was not remarkably affected by the MMT component. Cellular uptake of the fluorescent coumarin 6-loaded PLGA/MMT nanoparticles showed that MMT enhanced the cellular uptake efficiency of the pure PLGA nanoparticles by 57-177% for Caco-2 cells and 11-55% for HT-29 cells, which was dependent on the amount of MMT and the particle concentration in incubation. Such a novel formulation is expected to possess extended residence time in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which promotes oral delivery of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Kesisoglou F, Zimmermann EM. Novel drug delivery strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:451-63. [PMID: 16296767 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.3.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two idiopathic inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Existing therapy for IBD consists mainly of orally or rectally administered small drug molecules, such as 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids, or potent systemic immune suppressants. IBD presents a challenging target for drug delivery, particularly by the oral route, as, contrary to most therapeutic regimens, minimal systemic absorption and maximal intestinal wall drug levels are desired. Several delivery strategies are employed to achieve this goal, including the chemical modification of the drug molecules, the use of controlled- and delayed-release formulations and the use of bioadhesive particles. The goal of this review is to summarise existing IBD therapy and examine novel approaches in intestinal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Kesisoglou
- University of Michigan Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Zhang N, Ping QN, Huang GH, Xu WF. Investigation of lectin-modified insulin liposomes as carriers for oral administration. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:247-59. [PMID: 15814248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and characterize lectin-modified liposomes containing insulin and to evaluate the potential of these modified colloidal carriers for oral administration of peptide and protein drugs. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), tomato lectin (TL), or Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA1) were conjugated by coupling their amino groups to carbodiimide-activated carboxylic groups of N-glutaryl-phosphatidylethanolamine (N-glut-PE). Insulin liposomes dispersions were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation technique and modified with the lectin-N-glut-PE conjugates. Lectin-modified liposomes were characterized according to particles size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. The hypoglycemic effect indicated by pharmacological bioavailability of insulin liposomes modified with WGA, TL and UEA1 were 21.40, 16.71 and 8.38% in diabetic mice as comparison with abdominal cavity injection of insulin, respectively. After oral administration of the insulin liposomes modified with WGA, TL and UEA1 to rats, the relative pharmacological bioavailabilities were 8.47, 7.29 and 4.85%, the relative bioavailability were 9.12, 7.89 and 5.37% in comparison with subcutaneous injection of insulin, respectively. In the two cases, no remarkable hypoglycemic effects were observed with the conventional insulin liposomes. These results confirmed that lectin-modified liposomes promote the oral absorption of insulin due to the specific-site combination on GI cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- The Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University, 44 Wen Hua Xi Lu, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
Oral delivery of drugs to the small intestine is an important topic in the research and development of more effective oral dose forms. This review highlights several important developments in this area. An overriding theme in drug delivery to the small intestine is how to increase the efficiency (ie, how to increase bioavailability) of absorption. The role of P-glycoprotein and intestinal transporters is discussed in this regard. These systems are normally studied under defined in vitro conditions; recent data suggest that this approach, though useful, may not fully represent the in vivo situation. Recent advances and issues in the characterization and prediction of drug absorption from the small intestine are reviewed. These efforts, if successful, will shorten development timelines by eliminating compounds with poor absorption characteristics early in the process. Nanoparticulate delivery systems and those prepared by microfabrication technology are being used to improve bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. A relatively new technique (electroporation) has been proposed to enhance oral delivery of macromolecules, still an unrealized objective in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Friend
- MicroDose Technologies, Inc., 4262 US Route 1, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA.
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Roth-Walter F, Schöll I, Untersmayr E, Fuchs R, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Weissenböck A, Scheiner O, Gabor F, Jensen-Jarolim E. M cell targeting with Aleuria aurantia lectin as a novel approach for oral allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:1362-8. [PMID: 15577836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent and quality of the immune response to orally applied allergens may critically depend on the precise site of uptake at the intestinal mucosa. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to construct allergen vehicles optimized for oral allergen immunotherapy. METHODS By using a murine model, we examined the immunomodulatory effect of birch pollen proteins entrapped in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres, which were specifically targeted to enterocytes or to M cells, in an ongoing T h 2 response. BALB/c mice express different carbohydrates on these 2 cell types. To target the sialylic residues on murine enterocytes, we functionalized microspheres with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and, to target alpha-L-fucose on M cells, with a lectin from Aleuria aurantia (AAL), the orange peel mushroom. RESULTS Both WGA and AAL functionalization enhanced binding to human Caco2 cells substantially, which express sialylic and, as carcinoma cells, also alpha-L-fucose residues. Different groups of BALB/c mice were first sensitized to birch pollen and subsequently fed with birch pollen-loaded functionalized (WGA microspheres, AAL microspheres) or nonfunctionalized, birch pollen extract-loaded particles. When mice were fed with AAL microspheres, birch pollen-specific IgG2a, but not IgG1 or IgE, increased significantly. As expected, in a 3 H-thymidin assay, their splenocytes proliferated specifically on birch pollen stimulation. Both targeting strategies, using WGA or AAL, induced IL-10 as well as IL-4 production. However, in AAL microsphere-treated mice, IFN-gamma synthesis was significantly increased, which may be responsible for the significant IgG2a production in this group. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that targeting M cells by using AAL-coated allergen vehicles may be a promising strategy for oral allergen immunotherapy.
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Weissenböck A, Wirth M, Gabor F. WGA-grafted PLGA-nanospheres: preparation and association with Caco-2 single cells. J Control Release 2004; 99:383-92. [PMID: 15451596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biotech drugs are poorly absorbed, highly susceptible to loss of activity, and require formulations with protective effects. Their incorporation into nanospheres is a promising approach since colloidal formulations were shown to be absorbed. Due to rather low absorption rates the surface engineering with absorption enhancing agents is a current challenge. Thus, an optimized protocol relying on carbodiimide-mediated covalent binding of biorecognitive ligands to the surface of biodegradable and biocompatible poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) nanospheres was established. Important parameters such as retainment of particle size distribution and biorecognitive characteristics of the ligand as well as storage stability were considered. As exemplified by nanoparticles grafted with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) as a carbohydrate binding ligand and Caco-2 single cells, flow cytometry as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed improved cytoassociation of the nanoscaled carriers as compared to the unmodified ones. As detected by flow cytometry, the binding of WGA-decorated nanospheres considerably increases the roughness of the cell surface with increasing ligand density. Additionally, the biorecognitive nanoparticles were not toxic in the Caco-2 model. The protocol presented for surface modification of nanospheres promises high versatility of application in search for biorecognitive ligands enhancing the cytoadhesion, cytoinvasion as well as transcellular transport of colloidal carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weissenböck
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Blanchette J, Kavimandan N, Peppas NA. Principles of transmucosal delivery of therapeutic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:142-51. [PMID: 15082336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in medicine have led to new treatment options for patients and physicians as a more developed understanding of the molecular basis of disease states is translated into new therapeutic agents. Many of these new agents are compounds that are not able to reach the bloodstream when administered by the oral route preventing the ability to enjoy the benefits this delivery route provides such as lower cost and increased quality of life. Our laboratory has focused on the use of hydrogel carriers to increase the bioavailability of orally administered therapeutic agents ranging from proteins such as insulin to chemotherapeutics like bleomycin. The foundations of this research as well as recent advances are reviewed along with a discussion of the challenges of oral administration and other emerging strategies for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blanchette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Gabor F, Bogner E, Weissenboeck A, Wirth M. The lectin-cell interaction and its implications to intestinal lectin-mediated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:459-80. [PMID: 14969753 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on the fact that oligosaccharides encode biological information, the biorecognition between lectinised drug delivery systems and glycosylated structures in the intestine can be exploited for improved peroral therapy. Basic research revealed that some lectins can mediate mucoadhesion, cytoadhesion, and cytoinvasion of drugs. Entering the vesicular pathway by receptor mediated endocytosis, part of the conjugated drug is accumulated within the lysosomes. Additionally, part of the drug is supposed to be transported across the epithelium. Moreover, factors probably adversely influencing feasibility of the concept such as toxicity, immunogenicity, and intestinal stability of plant lectins are discussed. As exemplified by lectin-grafted prodrug and carrier systems, this strategy is expected to improve absorption and probably bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs, peptides and proteins as well as therapeutic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Gabor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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48
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Walter F, Schöll I, Untersmayr E, Ellinger A, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Scheiner O, Gabor F, Jensen-Jarolim E. Functionalisation of allergen-loaded microspheres with wheat germ agglutinin for targeting enterocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:281-7. [PMID: 14766205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed particles applicable for oral immunotherapy of type I allergy by protecting allergens from digestion and supporting intestinal antigen uptake. Therefore, birch-pollen allergens were entrapped in poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by spray-drying rendering microspheres with a main population of 1-3microm. Microspheres were further coated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to target enterocytes. Coating with WGA did not alter the surface characteristics of the microspheres as demonstrated in scanning electron microscopy. Binding of WGA was specific and could be inhibited by chitotriose to 14.7+/-6.9%. Comparable amounts of allergen were released from both particle-types with 46.3+/-1.7% and 44.5+/-2.6% during 21 days. Simulating gastric digestion in vitro, antigenicity of allergens entrapped in WGA-microspheres was preserved to 59.8+/-1.5% even after 2h. Feedings of BALB/c mice with WGA-microspheres induced higher levels of allergen-specific IgG-levels than gavages of uncoated microparticles or naked protein. Thus, we conclude that WGA-microspheres are suitable vehicles for oral delivery and mucosal targeting due to lectin-mediated bioadhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Walter
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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Tao SL, Lubeley MW, Desai TA. Synthesis of cytoadhesive poly(methylmethacrylate) for applications in targeted drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 67:369-75. [PMID: 14619915 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to incorporate cytoadhesive properties into poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) for potential applications in highly localized tissue-specific drug delivery. First, the PMMA was chemically modified by aminolysis to yield amine-terminated surfaces. X-ray photoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of surface nitrogen entities, and the distribution of amine groups was found to be relatively uniform, as characterized by atomic force microscopy. The availability of these groups for attachment of biologically active molecules was characterized by fluorescence microscopy after immobilization of avidin-FITC. To render the PMMA cytoadhesive, avidin molecules were conjugated to the amine-terminated surfaces with a hydroxy-succinimide-catalyzed carbodiimide reagent and biotin-labeled lectins (tomato, which binds selectively to Caco-2 cells, and peanut, an unrelated lectin) subsequently were attached utilizing avidin-biotin chemistry. Cytoadhesive activity was evaluated by characterizing the interactions between microfabricated PMMA particles and Caco-2 monolayers. After 15-, 30-, 60-, and 120-min incubation periods, the tomato lectin-conjugated PMMA showed a two to sixfold increase in Caco-2 cell recognition over control particles. Furthermore, the stability of the cytoadhesive PMMA interactions appeared to be three to seven times greater than that of the control surfaces. These findings demonstrate that cytoadhesive properties of modified PMMA, making this novel bioactive polymer very promising for applications in targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Tao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Lambkin I, Pinilla C, Hamashin C, Spindler L, Russell S, Schink A, Moya-Castro R, Allicotti G, Higgins L, Smith M, Dee J, Wilson C, Houghten R, O'Mahony D. Toward targeted oral vaccine delivery systems: selection of lectin mimetics from combinatorial libraries. Pharm Res 2003; 20:1258-66. [PMID: 12948024 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025061317400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various lectins bind specifically to oligosaccharides on intestinal cells. Exploiting this specificity, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA1) has been used as a ligand for targeted oral vaccine delivery to M cells (antigen-presenting cells) in follicle-associated epithelium. In this study we characterized compounds identified from mixture-based positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries, which mimic UEA1 and, thus, may have properties applicable to targeted drug delivery. METHODS Two UEA1 mimetics were synthesized and their activity was verified on live cells. The ability of the lead compound, a tetragalloyl D-Lysine amide construct (4-copy gallic acid construct), to deliver dye-loaded polystyrene particles to M cells was assessed in an in situ mouse gut loop model. RESULTS The 4-copy gallic acid construct inhibited UEA1 binding to Caco-2 cell membranes with an IC50 of 3 microM, a 650- to 5000-fold increase over the natural UEA1 substrate alpha-L-fucose. The biotin-labeled derivative of this construct demonstrated comparable binding activity as verified on live cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Preclinical studies confirmed its ability to mediate M cell-specific delivery of streptavidin-coated particles in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Polyphenolic compounds, D-Lysine scaffolds with multiple galloyl groups, can mimic functional activities of UEA1. Properties of such molecules, including low molecular weight, stability, ease of synthesis and low cost, highlight their potential for application in targeted vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Lambkin
- Elan Drug Delivery, Biotechnology Building, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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