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Horiuchi S, Kuroda Y, Oyafuso R, Komizu Y, Maeda K, Ishida S. Formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi, and increased bile acid production in sandwich-cultured human cryopreserved hepatocytes using commercially available culture medium. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2605-2617. [PMID: 38753187 PMCID: PMC11272753 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis results in drug discontinuation and market withdrawal, and the prediction of cholestasis risk is critical in the early stages of drug development. Animal tests and membrane vesicle assay are currently being conducted to assess the risk of cholestasis in the preclinical stage. However, these methods have drawbacks, such as species differences with humans and difficulties in evaluating the effects of drug metabolism and other transporters, implying the need for a cholestasis risk assessment system using human hepatocytes. However, human hepatocytes hardly form functional, extended bile canaliculi, a requirement for cholestasis risk assessment. We previously established a culture protocol for functional, extended bile canaliculi formation in human iPSC-derived hepatocytes. In this study, we modified this culture protocol to support the formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi in human cryopreserved hepatocytes (cryoheps). The production of bile acids, which induces bile canaliculi extension, increased time-dependently during bile canaliculi formation using this protocol, suggesting that increased bile acid production may be involved in the extended bile canaliculi formation. We have also shown that our culture protocol can be applied to cryoheps from multiple donors and that bile canaliculi can be formed stably among different culture batches. Furthermore, this protocol enables long-term maintenance of bile canaliculi and scaling down to culture in 96-well plates. We expect our culture protocol to be a breakthrough for in vitro cholestasis risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Horiuchi
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukie Kuroda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Oyafuso
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Komizu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Bessone F, Hillotte GL, Ahumada N, Jaureguizahar F, Medeot AC, Roma MG. UDCA for Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Basis. Semin Liver Dis 2024; 44:1-22. [PMID: 38378025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse reaction to medications and other xenobiotics that leads to liver dysfunction. Based on differential clinical patterns of injury, DILI is classified into hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types; although hepatocellular DILI is associated with inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis, cholestatic DILI is associated with bile plugs and bile duct paucity. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been empirically used as a supportive drug mainly in cholestatic DILI, but both curative and prophylactic beneficial effects have been observed for hepatocellular DILI as well, according to preliminary clinical studies. This could reflect the fact that UDCA has a plethora of beneficial effects potentially useful to treat the wide range of injuries with different etiologies and pathomechanisms occurring in both types of DILI, including anticholestatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antinecrotic, mitoprotective, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviating, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, a revision of the literature has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA across the whole DILI spectrum, and these findings were associated with the multiple mechanisms of UDCA hepatoprotection. This should help better rationalize and systematize the use of this versatile and safe hepatoprotector in each type of DILI scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Geraldine L Hillotte
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ahumada
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Jaureguizahar
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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van Rosmalen BV, Visentin M, Furumaya A, van Delden OM, Kazemier G, van Gulik TM, Verheij J, Stieger B. Association Between Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Organic Anion Transporters, and Farnesoid X Receptor in Benign Focal Liver Lesions. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:118-125. [PMID: 38050024 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion uptake and efflux transporters [organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3 and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)2 and MRP3] that mediate the transport of the hepatobiliary-specific contrast agent gadoxetate (Gd-EOB-DTPA) are direct or indirect targets of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a key regulator of bile acid and lipid homeostasis. In benign liver tumors, FXR expression and activation is not yet characterized. We investigated the expression and activation of FXR and its targets in hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and their correlation with Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI patterns were assessed by an expert radiologist. The intensity of the lesions on the hepatobiliary phase was correlated to mRNA expression levels of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, MRP2, MRP3, FXR, and small heterodimer partner (SHP) in fresh surgical specimens of patients with FNH or HCA subtypes. Normal and tumor sample pairs of 43 HCA and 14 FNH were included. All FNH (14/14) were hyperintense. Of the 34 HCA with available Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI, 6 were hyperintense and 28 HCA were hypointense. OATP1B3 was downregulated in the hypointense tumors compared with normal surrounding liver tissue (2.77±3.59 vs. 12.9±15.6, P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation between FXR expression and activation and OATP1B3 expression level was found in the HCA cohort. SHP showed a trend toward downregulation in hypointense HCA. In conclusion, this study suggests that the MRI relative signal in HCA may reflect expression level and/or activity of SHP and FXR. Moreover, our data confirms the pivotal role of OATP1B3 in Gd-EOB-DTPA uptake in HCA. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: FXR represents a valuable target for the treatment of liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Currently, two molecules, ursodeoxycholate and obeticholate, are approved for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and cholestasis, with several compounds in clinical trials for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Because FXR expression and activation is associated with gadoxetate accumulation in HCA, an atypical gadoxetate-enhanced MRI pattern might arise in patients under FXR-targeted therapy, thereby complicating the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle V van Rosmalen
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Michele Visentin
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Alicia Furumaya
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Otto M van Delden
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., T.M.vG.); Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (B.V.vR., A.F., O.M.vD., T.M.vG., J.V.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland (M.V., B.S.); Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.M.vD.); Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); and Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.V.)
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Xiang D, Yang J, Liu L, Yu H, Gong X, Liu D. The regulation of tissue-specific farnesoid X receptor on genes and diseases involved in bile acid homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115606. [PMID: 37812893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids and vitamins and have also been identified as signaling molecules involved in regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immunity. Disturbances in BA homeostasis are associated with various enterohepatic and metabolic diseases, such as cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. As a key regulator, the nuclear orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) precisely regulates BA homeostasis by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation. FXR is widely regarded as the most potential therapeutic target. Obeticholic acid is the only FXR agonist approved to treat patients with primary biliary cholangitis, but its non-specific activation of systemic FXR also causes high-frequency side effects. In recent years, developing tissue-specific FXR-targeting drugs has become a research highlight. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of tissue-specific intestine/liver FXR in regulating genes involved in BA homeostasis and briefly discusses tissue-specific FXR as a therapeutic target for treating diseases. These findings provide the basis for the development of tissue-specific FXR modulators for the treatment of enterohepatic and metabolic diseases associated with BA dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuepeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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5
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Role of FXR in Renal Physiology and Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032408. [PMID: 36768731 PMCID: PMC9916923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor, also known as the bile acid receptor, belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, which performs its functions by regulating the transcription of target genes. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidney and adrenal gland, maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose and lipids by regulating a diverse array of target genes. It also participates in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and fibrosis. The kidney is a key organ that manages water and solute homeostasis for the whole body, and kidney injury or dysfunction is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the kidney, FXR plays an important role in renal water reabsorption and is thought to perform protective functions in acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease, especially diabetic kidney disease. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological function of FXR in the kidney.
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Men WJ, Meng ZJ, Wang Q, Chen MY, Zhai YX, Shi H, Wang AH, Zhou K. The changes of hepatic bile acid synthesis and transport and bile acids profiles in isopsoralen-induced liver injury C57BL/6J mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1701-1709. [PMID: 36066106 PMCID: PMC9467544 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2116057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEST Isopsoralen, one of the main active and quality-control compounds in Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fabaceae), has antitumor and oestrogen-like effects. Previous studies demonstrated that isopsoralen induced hepatotoxicity and its long-term exposure led to cholestatic liver injury. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of three- or seven-day exposure of low dose isopsoralen (80 mg/kg) on bile acid homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control, three- and seven-day groups (n = 14 per group, half female and half male). Isopsoralen suspension was administrated intragastrically at 80 mg/kg once a day. Blood and liver samples were collected to measure biochemical indices and transport of BAs. The histopathology of the liver was also observed. HPLC-MS/MS was also used to measure the BAs profiles and transport activity. RESULTS In the study, isopsoralen increased the levels of serum AST, ALT in three- and seven-day groups, and caused vacuolar degeneration and swelling in the liver. Canalicular efflux transporters BSEP, OSTα, MRP2, MRP3, and basolateral uptake transporters NTCP, OATP4 were inhibited after seven-day-administration. Moreover, amino acid binding enzymes (BAAT and BACS) were also inhibited after seven-day-administration. The composition of BAs changed greatly and the concentration of some unconjugated-BAs which have stronger hydrophobicity, such as CA, CDCA, was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Isopsoralen (80 mg/kg) caused hepatotoxicity after short-term exposure by inhibiting the expression of efflux transporters, amino acid binding enzymes, and disrupting BAs spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-jie Men
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao-jun Meng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-ying Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-xia Zhai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - An-hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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7
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Rausch M, Samodelov SL, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA. The Farnesoid X Receptor as a Master Regulator of Hepatotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213967. [PMID: 36430444 PMCID: PMC9695947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a bile acid (BA) sensor that links the enterohepatic circuit that regulates BA metabolism and elimination to systemic lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, FXR represents a real guardian of the hepatic function, preserving, in a multifactorial fashion, the integrity and function of hepatocytes from chronic and acute insults. This review summarizes how FXR modulates the expression of pathway-specific as well as polyspecific transporters and enzymes, thereby acting at the interface of BA, lipid and drug metabolism, and influencing the onset and progression of hepatotoxicity of varying etiopathogeneses. Furthermore, this review article provides an overview of the advances and the clinical development of FXR agonists in the treatment of liver diseases.
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8
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Ye X, Zhang T, Han H. PPARα: A potential therapeutic target of cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:916866. [PMID: 35924060 PMCID: PMC9342652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of bile acids in the liver leads to the development of cholestasis and hepatocyte injury. Nuclear receptors control the synthesis and transport of bile acids in the liver. Among them, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the most common receptor studied in treating cholestasis. The activation of this receptor can reduce the amount of bile acid synthesis and decrease the bile acid content in the liver, alleviating cholestasis. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) have a FXR excitatory effect, but the unresponsiveness of some patients and the side effect of pruritus seriously affect the results of UDCA or OCA treatment. The activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) has emerged as a new target for controlling the synthesis and transport of bile acids during cholestasis. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARα can effectively reduce cholestatic liver injury, thereby improving patients’ physiological status. Here, we will focus on the function of PPARα and its involvement in the regulation of bile acid transport and metabolism. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARα will be discussed in some detail. Finally, we will discuss the application of PPARα agonists for cholestatic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang, ; Han Han,
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9
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Role of bile acids and their receptors in gastrointestinal and hepatic pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:432-450. [PMID: 35165436 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) can regulate their own metabolism and transport as well as other key aspects of metabolic homeostasis via dedicated (nuclear and G protein-coupled) receptors. Disrupted BA transport and homeostasis results in the development of cholestatic disorders and contributes to a wide range of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, impaired BA homeostasis can also affect the intestine, contributing to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal and oesophageal cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the role of BAs and their disrupted homeostasis in the development of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders and present novel insights on how targeting BA pathways might contribute to novel treatment strategies for these disorders.
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10
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Kang L, Li D, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Pan M, Hu Y, Si L, Zhang Y, Huang J. Hepatotoxicity of the Major Anthraquinones Derived From Polygoni Multiflori Radix Based on Bile Acid Homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878817. [PMID: 35662717 PMCID: PMC9157432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR), the dried root of Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb., has been widely used as traditional Chinese medicines in clinical practice for centuries. However, the frequently reported hepatotoxic adverse effects hindered its safe use in clinical practice. This study aims to explore the hepatotoxic effect of PMR extract and the major PMR derived anthraquinones including emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in mice and the underlying mechanisms based on bile acid homeostasis. After consecutively treating the ICR mice with PMR extract or individual anthraquinones for 14 or 28 days, the liver function was evaluated by measuring serum enzymes levels and liver histological examination. The compositions of bile acids (BAs) in the bile, liver, and plasma were measured by LC-MS/MS, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA). Additionally, gene and protein expressions of BA efflux transporters, bile salt export pump (Bsep) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), were examined to investigate the underlying mechanisms. After 14-day administration, mild inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver was observed in the physcion- and PMR-treated groups, while it was found in all the treated groups after 28-day treatment. Physcion and PMR extract induced hepatic BA accumulation after 14-day treatment, but such accumulation was attenuated after 28-day treatment. Based on the PLS-DA results, physcion- and PMR-treated groups were partially overlapping and both groups showed a clear separation with the control group in the mouse liver. The expression of Bsep and Mrp2 in the physcion- and PMR-treated mouse liver was decreased after 14-day treatment, while the downregulation was abrogated after 28-day treatment. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that both PMR extract and tested anthraquinones could alter the disposition of either the total or individual BAs in the mouse bile, liver, and plasma via regulating the BA efflux transporters and induce liver injury, which provide a theoretical basis for the quality control and safe use of PMR in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Minhong Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luqin Si
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Noh K, Chow ECY, Quach HP, Groothuis GMM, Tirona RG, Pang KS. Significance of the Vitamin D Receptor on Crosstalk with Nuclear Receptors and Regulation of Enzymes and Transporters. AAPS J 2022; 24:71. [PMID: 35650371 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), in addition to other nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is involved in the regulation of enzymes, transporters and receptors, and therefore intimately affects drug disposition, tissue health, and the handling of endogenous and exogenous compounds. This review examines the role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol, the natural VDR ligand, on activation of the VDR and its crosstalk with other nuclear receptors towards the regulation of enzymes and transporters, notably many of the cytochrome P450s including CYP3A4 and sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) as well as cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Moreover, the VDR upregulates the intestinal channel, TRPV6, for calcium absorption, LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in brain for β-amyloid peptide efflux and influx, the sodium phosphate transporters (NaPi), the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and organic solute transporters (OSTα-OSTβ) for bile acid absorption and efflux, respectively, the renal organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) and several of the ATP-binding cassette protein transporters-the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). Hence, the role of the VDR is increasingly being recognized for its therapeutic potential and pharmacologic activity, giving rise to drug-drug interactions (DDI). Therapeutically, ligand-activated VDR shows anti-inflammatory effects towards the suppression of inflammatory mediators, improves cognition by upregulating amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide clearance in brain, and maintains phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) balance and kidney function and bone health, demonstrating the crucial roles of the VDR in disease progression and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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12
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Mizoi K, Kobayashi M, Mashimo A, Matsumoto E, Masuda N, Itoh M, Ueno T, Tachiki H, Ishida S, Ogihara T. Directional Drug Transport through Membrane-Supported Monolayers of Human Liver-Derived Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:150-153. [PMID: 34980776 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a new assay system for screening biliary excretion drugs. When monolayers of human liver-derived cell lines HepG2 and Huh-7 were grown on an insert membrane, the efflux ratio (ER: ratio of the apparent permeability coefficient in the basal-to-apical direction (Papp,B-to-A) to that in the apical to basal direction (Papp,A-to-B)) of sulfobromophthalein (BSP), a model substrate of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), was greater than 1.0, indicating transport of BSP in the efflux direction. The efflux transport was significantly suppressed by MK-571, an inhibitor of MRPs, in both cell lines. Expression of MRP2 mRNA in HepG2 and Huh-7 was 3.5- and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, than in primary human hepatocytes, while expression of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein mRNAs was markedly lower, supporting the idea that MRP2 is the main mediator of directional BSP transport in this assay system. The advantage of our system is the potential to quantitatively evaluate biliary excretion of MRP2 substrates in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Arisa Mashimo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Eiko Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Norio Masuda
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | | | | | - Seiichi Ishida
- Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
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13
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Mooranian A, Zamani N, Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Luna G, Mikov M, Goločorbin-Kon S, Stojanovic G, Kojic S, Al-Salami H. Pharmacological Effects of Secondary Bile Acid Microparticles in Diabetic Murine Model. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e062620183199. [PMID: 32589561 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200626213735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Examine bile acids effects in Type 2 diabetes. BACKGROUND In recent studies, the bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has shown potent antiinflammatory effects in obese patients while in type 2 diabetics (T2D) levels of the pro-inflammatory bile acid lithocholic acid were increased, and levels of the anti-inflammatory bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid were decreased, in plasma. OBJECTIVE Hence, this study aimed to examine applications of novel UDCA microparticles in diabetes. METHODS Diabetic balb/c adult mice were divided into three equal groups and gavaged daily with either empty microcapsules, free UDCA, or microencapsulated UDCA over two weeks. Their blood, tissues, urine, and faeces were collected for blood glucose, inflammation, and bile acid analyses. UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. RESULTS UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. CONCLUSION Bile acids modulated the bile profile without affecting blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
| | - Nassim Zamani
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad,Serbia
| | | | - Goran Stojanovic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad,Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojic
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad,Serbia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia,Australia
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14
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Balasubramaniyan N, Devereaux MW, Orlicky DJ, Sokol RJ, Suchy FJ. miR-199a-5p inhibits the Expression of ABCB11 in Obstructive Cholestasis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101400. [PMID: 34774795 PMCID: PMC8665360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11) is an efflux transporter for bile acids on the liver canalicular membrane. The expression of this transporter is reduced in cholestasis; however, the mechanisms contributing to this reduction are unclear. In this study, we sought to determine whether miR-199a-5p contributes to the depletion of ABCB11/Abcb11 in cholestasis in mice. In a microRNA (miRNA) screen of mouse liver after common bile duct ligation (CBDL), we found that miR-199a-5p was significantly upregulated by approximately fourfold. In silico analysis predicted that miR-199a-5p would target the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ABCB11/Abcb11 mRNA. The expression of ABCB11-3′-UTR luciferase construct in Huh-7 cells was markedly inhibited by cotransfection of a miRNA-199a-5p mimic, which was reversed by an miRNA-199a-5p mimic inhibitor. We also show treatment of mice after CBDL with the potent nuclear receptor FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) significantly increased Abcb11 mRNA and protein and decreased miR-199a-5p expression. Computational mapping revealed a well-conserved FXR-binding site (FXRE) in the promoter of the gene encoding miR-199a-5, termed miR199a-2. Electromobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and miR199a-2 promoter-luciferase assays confirmed that this binding site was functional. Finally, CBDL in mice led to depletion of nuclear repressor NcoR1 binding at the miR199a-2 promoter, which facilitates transcription of miR199a-2. In CBDL mice treated with OCA, NcoR1 recruitment to the miR199a-2 FXRE was maintained at levels found in sham-operated mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that miR-199a-5p is involved in regulating ABCB11/Abcb11 expression, is aberrantly upregulated in obstructive cholestasis, and is downregulated by the FXR agonist OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael W Devereaux
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Ronald J Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado
| | - Frederick J Suchy
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado.
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15
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Bessone F, Hernández N, Tanno M, Roma MG. Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:331-348. [PMID: 34130334 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The most concerned issue in the context of drug/herb-induced chronic cholestasis is vanishing bile duct syndrome. The progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to ductopenia is usually not dose dependent, and has a delayed onset that should be suspected when abnormal serum cholestasis enzyme levels persist despite drug withdrawal. Immune-mediated cholangiocyte injury, direct cholangiocyte damage by drugs or their metabolites once in bile, and sustained exposure to toxic bile salts when biliary epithelium protective defenses are impaired are the main mechanisms of cholangiolar damage. Current therapeutic alternatives are scarce and have not shown consistent beneficial effects so far. This review will summarize the current literature on the main diagnostic tools of ductopenia and its histological features, and the differential diagnostic with other ductopenic diseases. In addition, pathomechanisms will be addressed, as well as the connection between them and the supportive and curative strategies for ductopenia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nelia Hernández
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mario Tanno
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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16
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Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:131-148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Anticholestatic mechanisms of ursodeoxycholic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Vierling JM, Adams D, Alpini G, Banales JM, Beuers U, Björnsson E, Bowlus C, Carbone M, Chazouillères O, Dalekos G, De Gottardi A, Harada K, Hirschfield G, Invernizzi P, Jones D, Krawitt E, Lanzavecchia A, Lian ZX, Ma X, Manns M, Mavilio D, Quigley EM, Sallusto F, Shimoda S, Strazzabosco M, Swain M, Tanaka A, Trauner M, Tsuneyama K, Zigmond E, Gershwin ME. The challenges of primary biliary cholangitis: What is new and what needs to be done. J Autoimmun 2019; 105:102328. [PMID: 31548157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is an uncommon, chronic, cholangiopathy of autoimmune origin and unknown etiology characterized by positive anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), female preponderance and progression to cirrhosis if left untreated. The diagnosis is based on AMA- or PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)-positivity in the presence of a cholestatic biochemical profile, histologic confirmation being mandatory only in seronegative cases. First-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is effective in preventing disease progression in about two thirds of the patients. The only approved second-line treatment is obeticholic acid. This article summarizes the most relevant conclusions of a meeting held in Lugano, Switzerland, from September 23rd-25th 2018, gathering basic and clinical scientists with various background from around the world to discuss the latest advances in PBC research. The meeting was dedicated to Ian Mackay, pioneer in the field of autoimmune liver diseases. The role of liver histology needs to be reconsidered: liver pathology consistent with PBC in AMA-positive individuals without biochemical cholestasis is increasingly reported, raising the question as to whether biochemical cholestasis is a reliable disease marker for both clinical practice and trials. The urgent need for new biomarkers, including more accurate markers of cholestasis, was also widely discussed during the meeting. Moreover, new insights in interactions of bile acids with biliary epithelia in PBC provide solid evidence of a role for impaired epithelial protection against potentially toxic hydrophobic bile acids, raising the fundamental question as to whether this bile acid-induced epithelial damage is the cause or the consequence of the autoimmune attack to the biliary epithelium. Strategies are needed to identify difficult-to-treat patients at an early disease stage, when new therapeutic approaches targeting immunologic pathways, in addition to bile acid-based therapies, may be effective. In conclusion, using interdisciplinary approaches, groundbreaking advances can be expected before long in respect to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of PBC, with the ultimate aim of improving its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK; European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER.
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - John M Vierling
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Adams
- Birmingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Einar Björnsson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Landspitali the National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Christopher Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marco Carbone
- Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - George Dalekos
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Research, Laboratory of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Epatocentro Ticino & Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale and Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- European Reference Network ERN RARE-LIVER; Division Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, Monza, Italy
| | - David Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Edward Krawitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eamon Mm Quigley
- Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA.
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19
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Blokker BA, Maijo M, Echeandia M, Galduroz M, Patterson AM, Ten A, Philo M, Schungel R, Gutierrez‐de Juan V, Halilbasic E, Fuchs C, Le Gall G, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Banales JM, Rushbrook SM, Mato JM, Trauner M, Müller M, Martínez‐Chantar ML, Varela‐Rey M, Beraza N. Fine-Tuning of Sirtuin 1 Expression Is Essential to Protect the Liver From Cholestatic Liver Disease. Hepatology 2019; 69:699-716. [PMID: 30229970 PMCID: PMC6492079 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis comprises aetiologically heterogeneous conditions characterized by accumulation of bile acids in the liver that actively contribute to liver damage. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates liver regeneration and bile acid metabolism by modulating farnesoid X receptor (FXR); we here investigate its role in cholestatic liver disease. We determined SIRT1 expression in livers from patients with cholestatic disease, in two experimental models of cholestasis, as well as in human and murine liver cells in response to bile acid loading. SIRT1-overexpressing (SIRToe ) and hepatocyte-specific SIRT1-KO (knockout) mice (SIRThep-/- ) were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) and were fed with a 0.1% DDC (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine) diet to determine the biological relevance of SIRT1 during cholestasis. The effect of NorUDCA (24-norursodeoxycholic acid) was tested in BDL/SIRToe mice. We found that SIRT1 was highly expressed in livers from cholestatic patients, mice after BDL, and Mdr2 knockout mice (Mdr2-/- ) animals. The detrimental effects of SIRT1 during cholestasis were validated in vivo and in vitro. SIRToe mice showed exacerbated parenchymal injury whereas SIRThep-/- mice evidenced a moderate improvement after BDL and 0.1% DDC feeding. Likewise, hepatocytes isolated from SIRToe mice showed increased apoptosis in response to bile acids, whereas a significant reduction was observed in SIRThep-/- hepatocytes. Importantly, the decrease, but not complete inhibition, of SIRT1 exerted by norUDCA treatment correlated with pronounced improvement in liver parenchyma in BDL/SIRToe mice. Interestingly, both SIRT1 overexpression and hepatocyte-specific SIRT1 depletion correlated with inhibition of FXR, whereas modulation of SIRT1 by NorUDCA associated with restored FXR signaling. Conclusion: SIRT1 expression is increased during human and murine cholestasis. Fine-tuning expression of SIRT1 is essential to protect the liver from cholestatic liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt A. Blokker
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom,Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Monica Maijo
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Marta Echeandia
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mikel Galduroz
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Patterson
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Ten
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Philo
- Metabolomics UnitQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Schungel
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom,Department of Food, Nutrition, FacilitiesUniversity of Applied Sciences MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Virginia Gutierrez‐de Juan
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)DerioSpain
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver SurgeryMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal DiseasesBiodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, IkerbasqueDonostiaSpain
| | - Simon M. Rushbrook
- Department of GastroenterologyNorfolk and Norwich University HospitalNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - José M. Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)DerioSpain
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - María Luz Martínez‐Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)DerioSpain
| | - Marta Varela‐Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)DerioSpain
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic ProgrammeQuadram InstituteNorwichUnited Kingdom,CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)DerioSpain
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20
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Li J, Woolbright BL, Zhao W, Wang Y, Matye D, Hagenbuch B, Jaeschke H, Li T. Sortilin 1 Loss-of-Function Protects Against Cholestatic Liver Injury by Attenuating Hepatic Bile Acid Accumulation in Bile Duct Ligated Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:34-47. [PMID: 28453831 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin 1 (Sort1) is an intracellular trafficking receptor that mediates protein sorting in the endocytic or secretory pathways. Recent studies revealed a role of Sort1 in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study further investigated the role of Sort1 in modulating BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in bile duct ligated mice. We found that Sort1 knockout (KO) mice had attenuated liver injury 24 h after bile duct ligation (BDL), which was mainly attributed to less bile infarct formation. Sham-operated Sort1 KO mice had about 20% larger BA pool size than sham-operated wildtype (WT) mice, but 24 h after BDL Sort1 KO mice had significantly attenuated hepatic BA accumulation and smaller BA pool size. After 14 days BDL, Sort1 KO mice showed significantly lower hepatic BA concentration and reduced expression of inflammatory and fibrotic marker genes, but similar degree of liver fibrosis compared with WT mice. Unbiased quantitative proteomics revealed that Sort1 KO mice had increased hepatic BA sulfotransferase 2A1, but unaltered phase-I BA metabolizing cytochrome P450s or phase-III BA efflux transporters. Consistently, Sort1 KO mice showed elevated plasma sulfated taurocholate after BDL. Finally, we found that liver Sort1 was repressed after BDL, which may be due to BA activation of farnesoid x receptor. In conclusion, we report a role of Sort1 in the regulation of hepatic BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in mice. The mechanisms underlying increased hepatic BA elimination in Sort1 KO mice after BDL require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - David Matye
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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21
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Masaoutis C, Theocharis S. The farnesoid X receptor: a potential target for expanding the therapeutic arsenal against kidney disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:107-116. [PMID: 30577722 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid (BA) receptor widely distributed among tissues, a major sensor of BA levels, primary suppressor of hepatic BA synthesis and secondary regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Chronic kidney disease is a common, multifactorial condition with metabolic and inflammatory causes and implications. An array of natural and synthetic FXR agonists has been developed, but not yet studied clinically in kidney disease. Areas covered: Following a summary of FXR's physiological functions in the kidney, we discuss its effects in renal disease with emphasis on chronic and acute kidney disease, chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, and renal neoplasia. Most information is derived from animal models; no relevant clinical study has been conducted to date. Expert opinion: Most available preclinical data indicates a promising outlook for clinical research in this direction. We believe FXR agonism to be an auspicious approach to treating renal disease, considering that multifactorial diseases call for ideally wide-reaching therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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22
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Preventive effect of artemisinin extract against cholestasis induced via lithocholic acid exposure. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181011. [PMID: 30217945 PMCID: PMC6246771 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive cholestasis characterized by biliary pressure increase leading to leakage of bile back that causes liver injury. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of artemisinin in obstructive cholestasis in mice. The present study was carried out on 40 adult healthy mice that were divided into 4 groups, 10 mice each; the negative control group didn’t receive any medication. The normal group was fed normally with 100 mg/kg of artemisinin extract orally. The cholestatic group fed on 1% lithocholic acid (LCA) mixed into control diet and cholestatic group co-treated with 100 mg/kg of artemisinin extract orally. Mice were treated for 1 month then killed at end of the experiment. A significant increase in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total and direct bilirubin was detected in mice exposed to LCA toxicity. That increase was significantly reduced to normal values in mice co-treated with artemisinin. LCA toxicity causes multiple areas of necrosis of irregular distribution. However, artemisinin co-treatment showed normal hepatic architecture. Moreover, LCA causes down-regulation of hepatic mRNA expressions of a set of genes that are responsible for ATP binding cassette and anions permeability as ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8, organic anion-transporting polypeptide, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 genes that were ameliorated by artemisinin administration. Similarly, LCA toxicity significantly down-regulated hepatic mRNA expression of constitutive androstane receptor, OATP4, and farnesoid x receptor genes. However, artemisinin treatment showed a reasonable prevention. In conclusion, the current study strikingly revealed that artemisinin treatment can prevent severe hepatotoxicity and cholestasis that led via LCA exposure.
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23
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Nuclear Receptor Metabolism of Bile Acids and Xenobiotics: A Coordinated Detoxification System with Impact on Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113630. [PMID: 30453651 PMCID: PMC6274770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have provided numerous insights over the past years on how members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily tightly regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Besides the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the transcriptional control of bile acid transport and metabolism, this review provides an overview on how this metabolic sensor prevents the accumulation of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolites, as well as of exogenous chemicals, in coordination with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Decrypting this network should provide cues to better understand how these metabolic nuclear receptors participate in physiologic and pathologic processes with potential validation as therapeutic targets in human disabilities and cancers.
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24
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Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072069. [PMID: 30013008 PMCID: PMC6073382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.
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25
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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26
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Macrophage-derived IL-1β/NF-κB signaling mediates parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 29643332 PMCID: PMC5895696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In infants intolerant of enteral feeding because of intestinal disease, parenteral nutrition may be associated with cholestasis, which can progress to end-stage liver disease. Here we show the function of hepatic macrophages and phytosterols in parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) pathogenesis using a mouse model that recapitulates the human pathophysiology and combines intestinal injury with parenteral nutrition. We combine genetic, molecular, and pharmacological approaches to identify an essential function of hepatic macrophages and IL-1β in PNAC. Pharmacological antagonism of IL-1 signaling or genetic deficiency in CCR2, caspase-1 and caspase-11, or IL-1 receptor (which binds both IL-1α and IL-1β) prevents PNAC in mice. IL-1β increases hepatocyte NF-κB signaling, which interferes with farnesoid X receptor and liver X receptor bonding to respective promoters of canalicular bile and sterol transporter genes (Abcc2, Abcb11, and Abcg5/8), resulting in transcriptional suppression and subsequent cholestasis. Thus, hepatic macrophages, IL-1β, or NF-κB may be targets for restoring bile and sterol transport to treat PNAC.
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27
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Liu M, Liu C, Chen H, Huang X, Zeng X, Zhou J, Mi S. Prevention of cholesterol gallstone disease by schaftoside in lithogenic diet-induced C57BL/6 mouse model. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:1-9. [PMID: 28993159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schaftoside (SS) is a bioactive compound present in the Herba Desmodii Styracifolii (DS), a herb that has been used to treat cholelithiasis and urolithiasis in Chinese medicine. Whether SS inhibits cholesterol (Ch) gallstone formation has not been investigated. This study examined the effects of oral intake of SS on Ch gallstone formation in C57BL/6 mice fed a lithogenic diet. The rate of gallstone formation was recorded. Levels of Ch, triglycerides (TG) and bile salts (BS) were measured in the bile and serum. Liver histopathology was examined microscopically, and mRNA expression levels of key genes involved in cholesterol and bile metabolism were determined by qPCR. Mice fed SS were protected against gallstone formation, had increased biliary levels of BS, and reduced biliary Ch levels, resulting in a lower Ch saturation index (CSI). In addition, mice fed SS had lower serum TG and Ch levels, increased mRNA expression of liver X receptor α, ATP binding cassette transporter 5/8 (ABCG5/8), and ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP) in the ileum, and of farnesoid X receptor and bile salt export protein (BSEP) in the liver and ileum. SS also protected against histologically determined liver damage. Overall, these data indicate that SS protects against Ch gallstone formation in mice, and that the effect is mediated by activation of ileal liver X receptor α and hepatic farnesoid X receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Changhui Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of food and drug, Anhui Science and Technology of University, Fengyang 233100, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Xiaotao Huang
- Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, PR China; Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Juncheng Zhou
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Suiqing Mi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
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28
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Miura T, Tachikawa M, Ohtsuka H, Fukase K, Nakayama S, Sakata N, Motoi F, Naitoh T, Katayose Y, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Unno M. Application of Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics to Profile Protein Expression Changes of Hepatic Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes During Cholic Acid-Promoted Liver Regeneration. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2499-2508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Slopianka M, Herrmann A, Pavkovic M, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Ernst R, Mally A, Keck M, Riefke B. Quantitative targeted bile acid profiling as new markers for DILI in a model of methapyrilene-induced liver injury in rats. Toxicology 2017; 386:1-10. [PMID: 28529062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, bile acids (BAs) were reported as promising markers for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). BAs have been suggested to correlate with hepatocellular and hepatobiliary damage; however a clear connection of BA patterns with different types of DILI remains to be established. To investigate if BAs can improve the assessment of liver injury, 20 specific BAs were quantitatively profiled via LC-MS/MS in plasma and liver tissue in a model of methapyrilene-induced liver injury in rats. Methapyrilene, a known hepatotoxin was dosed daily over 14-days at doses of 30 and 80mg/kg, followed by a recovery phase of 10days. Conventional preclinical safety endpoints were related to BA perturbations and to hepatic gene expression profiling for a mechanistic interpretation of effects. Histopathological signs of hepatocellular and hepatobiliary damage with significant changes of clinical chemistry markers were accompanied by significantly increased levels of indivdual BAs in plasma and liver tissue. BA perturbations were already evident at the earliest time point after 30mg/kg treatment, and thereby indicating better sensitivity than clinical chemistry parameters. Furthermore, the latter markers suggested recovery of liver injury, whereas BA levels in plasma and liver remained significantly elevated during the recovery phase, in line with persistent histopathological findings of bile duct hyperplasia (BDH) and bile pigment deposition. Gene expression profiling revealed downregulation of genes involved in BA synthesis (AMACR, BAAT, ACOX2) and hepatocellular uptake (NTCP, OATs), and upregulation for efflux transporters (MRP2, MRP4), suggesting an adaptive hepatocellular protection mechanism against cytotoxic bile acid accumulation. In summary, our data suggests that specific BAs with high reliability such as cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) followed by glycocholic acid (GCA), taurocholic acid (TCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) can serve as additional biomarkers for hepatocellular/hepatobiliary damage in the liver in rat toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Slopianka
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; University Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Herrmann
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mira Pavkovic
- Bayer AG, Biomarker Research, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | - Rainer Ernst
- Bayer AG, Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Muellerstraße 178, Building S116, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- University Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Keck
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bjoern Riefke
- Bayer AG, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Van den Bossche L, Borsboom D, Devriese S, Van Welden S, Holvoet T, Devisscher L, Hindryckx P, De Vos M, Laukens D. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid protects bile acid homeostasis under inflammatory conditions and dampens Crohn's disease-like ileitis. J Transl Med 2017; 97:519-529. [PMID: 28165466 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids regulate the expression of intestinal bile acid transporters and are natural ligands for nuclear receptors controlling inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that signaling through these receptors is impaired in inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated whether tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a secondary bile acid with cytoprotective properties, regulates ileal nuclear receptor and bile acid transporter expression and assessed its therapeutic potential in an experimental model of Crohn's disease (CD). Gene expression of the nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor and vitamin D receptor and the bile acid transporters apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter and organic solute transporter α and β was analyzed in Caco-2 cell monolayers exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, in ileal tissue of TNFΔARE/WT mice and in inflamed ileal biopsies from CD patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TNFΔARE/WT mice and wild-type littermates were treated with TUDCA or placebo for 11 weeks and ileal histopathology and expression of the aforementioned genes were determined. Exposing Caco-2 cell monolayers to TNFα impaired the mRNA expression of nuclear receptors and bile acid transporters, whereas co-incubation with TUDCA antagonized their downregulation. TNFΔARE/WT mice displayed altered ileal bile acid homeostasis that mimicked the situation in human CD ileitis. Administration of TUDCA attenuated ileitis and alleviated the downregulation of nuclear receptors and bile acid transporters in these mice. These results show that TUDCA protects bile acid homeostasis under inflammatory conditions and suppresses CD-like ileitis. Together with previous observations showing similar efficacy in experimental colitis, we conclude that TUDCA could be a promising therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease, warranting a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Borsboom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Devriese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Welden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Holvoet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Hindryckx
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine De Vos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Kulkarni SR, Soroka CJ, Hagey LR, Boyer JL. Sirtuin 1 activation alleviates cholestatic liver injury in a cholic acid-fed mouse model of cholestasis. Hepatology 2016; 64:2151-2164. [PMID: 27639250 PMCID: PMC5115990 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sirtuin1 (Sirt1; mammalian homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme Sir2) is a transcriptional and transactivational regulator of murine farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), which is the primary bile acid (BA) sensor, and critical regulator of BA metabolism in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Previous studies have suggested compromised Sirt1 expression in rodent models of cholestatic liver injury. We hypothesized that Sirt1 could be potentially targeted to alleviate cholestatic liver injury. In cultured primary human hepatocytes, SIRT1 messenger RNA was down-regulated after GCA treatment, potentially through induction of microRNA (miR)-34a, whereas tauroursodeoxycholic acid induced SIRT1 expression without affecting miR-34a expression. Sirt1 expression was also significantly down-regulated in three mouse models of liver injury (bile duct ligation, 1% cholic acid [CA] fed, and the Mdr2-/- mouse). Mice fed CA diet also demonstrated hepatic FXR hyperacetylation and induction of the Janus kinase/p53 pathway. Mice fed a CA diet and concurrently administered the Sirt1 activator, SRT1720 (50 mg/kg/day, orally), demonstrated 40% and 45% decrease in plasma alanine aminotransferase and BA levels, respectively. SRT1720 increased hepatic BA hydrophilicity by increasing tri- and tetrahydroxylated and decreasing the dihydroxylated BA fraction. SRT1720 administration also inhibited hepatic BA synthesis, potentially through ileal fibroblast growth factor 15- and Fxr-mediated inhibition of cytochrome p450 (Cyp) 7a1 and Cyp27a1, along with increased hepatic BA hydroxylation in association with Cyp2b10 induction. SRT1720 administration significantly induced renal multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α, and constitutive androstance receptor expression along with ∼2-fold increase in urinary BA concentrations. CONCLUSION SRT1720 administration alleviates cholestatic liver injury in mice by increasing hydrophilicity of hepatic BA composition and decreasing plasma BA concentration through increased BA excretion into urine. Thus, use of small-molecule activators of Sirt1 presents a novel therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. (Hepatology 2016;64:2151-2164).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya R Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carol J Soroka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James L Boyer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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32
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Oh AR, Bae JS, Lee J, Shin E, Oh BC, Park SC, Cha JY. Ursodeoxycholic acid decreases age-related adiposity and inflammation in mice. BMB Rep 2016; 49:105-10. [PMID: 26350747 PMCID: PMC4915113 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a natural, hydrophilic nontoxic bile acid, is clinically effective for treating cholestatic and chronic liver diseases. We investigated the chronic effects of UDCA on age-related lipid homeostasis and underlying molecular mechanisms. Twenty-week-old C57BL/6 male and female mice were fed a diet with or without 0.3% UDCA supplementation for 25 weeks. UDCA significantly reduced weight gain, adiposity, hepatic triglyceride, and hepatic cholesterol without incidental hepatic injury. UDCA-mediated hepatic triglyceride reduction was associated with downregulated hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and of other genes involved in lipogenesis (Chrebp, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, and Me1) and fatty acid uptake (Ldlr, Cd36). The inflammatory cytokines Tnfa, Ccl2, and Il6 were significantly decreased in liver and/or white adipose tissues of UDCA-fed mice. These data suggest that UDCA exerts beneficial effects on age-related metabolic disorders by lowering the hepatic lipid accumulation, while concurrently reducing hepatocyte and adipocyte susceptibility to inflammatory stimuli. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(2): 105-110]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Bae
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Eunji Shin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Korea
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33
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Han CY, Kim TH, Koo JH, Kim SG. Farnesoid X receptor as a regulator of fuel consumption and mitochondrial function. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1062-74. [PMID: 27515052 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of energy homeostasis is crucial for survival of organism. There exists a close link between energy metabolism and cell survival, which are coordinately regulated by common signaling pathways. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) serves as a ligand-mediated transcription factor to regulate diverse genes involved in bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, controlling cellular and systemic energy metabolism. Another important aspect on FXR biology is related to its beneficial effect on cell survival. FXR exerts antioxidative and cytoprotective effect, which is closely associated with the ability of FXR to regulate mitochondrial function. To maintain complex biological processes under homeostasis, FXR activity needs to be dynamically and tightly controlled by different signaling pathways and modifications. In this review, we discuss the role of FXR in the regulation of energy metabolism and cell survival, with the goal of understanding molecular basis for FXR regulation in physiological and pathological conditions. This information may be of assistance in understanding recent advancements of FXR research and strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeob Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Biological Assessments of Encapsulated Pancreatic β-Cells: Their Potential Transplantation in Diabetes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Chen H, Huang X, Min J, Li W, Zhang R, Zhao W, Liu C, Yi L, Mi S, Wang N, Wang Q, Zhu C. Geniposidic acid protected against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and acute intrahepatic cholestasis, due to Fxr-mediated regulation of Bsep and Mrp2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:197-207. [PMID: 26723467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposidic acid (GPA) is the main constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae), which has long been used to treat inflammation, jaundice and hepatic disorders. The cholagogic effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) and GPA have been widely reported, but the underlying occurrence mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This investigation was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotection effect and potential mechanisms of GPA derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) on fighting against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) caused liver injury with acute intrahepatic cholestasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intragastrically (i.g.) administered with the GPA (100, 50 and 25mg/kg B.W. every 24h) for seven consecutive days, and then they were treated with ANIT (i.g. 65mg/kg once in the 5th day) which induced liver injury with acute intrahepatic cholestasis. Serum and bile biochemical analysis, bile flow rate and liver histopathology were measured to evaluate the protective effect of GPA fight against ANIT treatment. The protein and mRNA expression levels of farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), bile-salt export pump (Bsep), multidrug resistance associated protein2 (Mrp2), were evaluated to study the effect of liver protection about GPA against ANIT induced hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Some abnormalities were observed on ANIT treated rats including weight loss, reduced food intake and hair turned yellow. Obtained results demonstrated that at dose 100 and 50mg/kg B.W. (P<0.01) and 25mg/kg B.W. (P<0.05) of GPA pretreated dramatically prevented ANIT induced decreased in bile flow rate. Compared with ANIT treated group, the results of bile biochemical parameters about total bile acid (TBA) was increased by GPA at groups with any dose (P<0.01), glutathione (GSH) was increased significantly at high dose (P<0.01) and medium dose (P<0.05), total bilirubin (TB) was increased at high and medium dose (P<0.05), direct bilirubin (DB) was only increased at high dose (P<0.01). Serum levels of glutamic-Oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), TB, DB and TBA in comparison with ANIT treated group (P<0.01) were reduced by GPA (between 100 and 50mg/kg B.W.) pretreatment. Histopathology of the liver tissue showed that pathological damages and hepatic portal area filled with bile were relieved after GPA pretreatment compared with ANIT treated group. The protein and mRNA expression of Fxr, Bsep and Mrp2 were decreased in ANIT treated group. On the contrary, the protein and mRNA of Fxr, Bsep and Mrp2 were up regulated significantly pretreatment by GPA at dose of high and medium groups. On protein level of Bsep and Mrp2 the result shown no statistical difference in GPA (25mg/kg B.W.), but it was not same shown in mRNA level. CONCLUSION The results of this investigation have demonstrated that the GPA exerts a dose dependent hepatoprotection effect on ANIT induced liver damage with acute intrahepatic cholestasis in rats, which may due to Fxr mediated regulation of bile transporters like Bsep and Mrp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaotao Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jianbin Min
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Lang Yi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Suiqing Mi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ningsheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Biochemical Pharmacology Laboratory Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Brandoni A, Torres AM. Expression of renal Oat5 and NaDC1 transporters in rats with acute biliary obstruction. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8817-8825. [PMID: 26269671 PMCID: PMC4528024 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine renal expression of organic anion transporter 5 (Oat5) and sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter 1 (NaDC1), and excretion of citrate in rats with acute extrahepatic cholestasis.
METHODS: Obstructive jaundice was induced in rats by double ligation and division of the common bile duct (BDL group). Controls underwent sham operation that consisted of exposure, but not ligation, of the common bile duct (Sham group). Studies were performed 21 h after surgery. During this period, animals were maintained in metabolic cages in order to collect urine. The urinary volume was determined by gravimetry. The day of the experiment, blood samples were withdrawn and used to measure total and direct bilirubin as indicative parameters of hepatic function. Serum and urine samples were used for biochemical determinations. Immunoblotting for Oat5 and NaDC1 were performed in renal homogenates and brush border membranes from Sham and BDL rats. Immunohistochemistry studies were performed in kidneys from both experimental groups. Total RNA was extracted from rat renal tissue in order to perform reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Another set of experimental animals were used to evaluate medullar renal blood flow (mRBF) using fluorescent microspheres.
RESULTS: Total and direct bilirubin levels were significantly higher in BDL animals, attesting to the adequacy of biliary obstruction. An important increase in mRBF was determined in BDL group (Sham: 0.53 ± 0.12 mL/min per 100 g body weight vs BDL: 1.58 ± 0.24 mL/min per 100 g body weight, P < 0.05). An increase in the urinary volume was observed in BDL animals. An important decrease in urinary levels of citrate was seen in BDL group. Besides, a decrease in urinary citrate excretion (Sham: 0.53 ± 0.11 g/g creatinine vs BDL: 0.07 ± 0.02 g/g creatinine, P < 0.05) and an increase in urinary excretion of H+ (Sham: 0.082 ± 0.03 μmol/g creatinine vs BDL: 0.21 ± 0.04 μmol/g creatinine, P < 0.05) were observed in BDL animals. We found upregulations of both proteins Oat5 and NaDC1 in brush border membranes where they are functional. Immunohistochemistry technique corroborated these results for both proteins. No modifications were observed in Oat5 mRNA and in NaDC1 mRNA levels in kidney from BDL group as compared with Sham ones.
CONCLUSION: Citrate excretion is decreased in BDL rats, at least in part, because of the higher NaDC1 expression. Using the outward gradient of citrate generated by NaDC1, Oat5 can reabsorb/eliminate different organic anions of pathophysiological importance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bilirubin/blood
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/urine
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/blood
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/genetics
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/metabolism
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/urine
- Citric Acid/urine
- Common Bile Duct/surgery
- Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters/genetics
- Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Jaundice, Obstructive/blood
- Jaundice, Obstructive/genetics
- Jaundice, Obstructive/metabolism
- Jaundice, Obstructive/urine
- Kidney/metabolism
- Ligation
- Male
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Renal Circulation
- Renal Elimination
- Symporters/genetics
- Symporters/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Varma S, Revencu N, Stephenne X, Scheers I, Smets F, Beleza-Meireles A, Reding R, Roskams T, Sokal EM. Retargeting of bile salt export pump and favorable outcome in children with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Hepatology 2015; 62:198-206. [PMID: 25847299 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated predictors of clinical evolution in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 patients and how they relate to bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression and its (re)targeting. Our retrospective study included 22 children with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Clinical, biochemical, and histological characteristics were reviewed on admittance and following treatment with either ursodeoxycholic acid alone (10 mg/kg thrice daily, n = 19) or partial biliary diversion (n = 3). Immunostaining of BSEP was performed in 20 patients. Response to treatment was defined as normalization of pruritus, disappearance of jaundice, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels <1.5 times the upper limit of normal. Ten of 22 patients were responders, and paired biopsies were available in six. De novo or retargeted canalicular expression of BSEP occurred in four of these six, two of whom exhibited baseline intracellular expression. Twelve of 22 were nonresponders and exhibited earlier onset of jaundice (<9 months), neonatal cholestasis, and higher ALT levels. An ALT >165 IU/L produced 72% sensitivity and 55% specificity in predicting nonresponse. Seven patients were still responding at last follow-up (median = 20 months, range 5-67 months). Three responders relapsed after 56, 72, and 82 months, respectively. Of nine surviving responders, median relapse-free survival time was 72 months (95% confidence interval 48-96 months) and 5-year relapse-free survival was 75% (95% confidence interval 33-100%). Intracellular BSEP at baseline was seen in six, of whom five were responders. Genetic analysis was performed in 17 of 22, confirming diagnosis in 13 (76%) and in four (24%) in whom only heterozygous mutation was identified. CONCLUSION De novo or retargeted canalicular expression of BSEP occurs in treatment responders; children with late-onset presentation, lower ALT, and intracellular BSEP expression are likely to respond, at least transiently, to nontransplant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharat Varma
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond Reding
- Unités de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Katholiek Universiteit Leuven, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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Bile acid signaling through farnesoid X and TGR5 receptors in hepatobiliary and intestinal diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:18-33. [PMID: 25655287 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(14)60307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-known functions of bile acids (BAs) are the emulsification and absorption of lipophilic xenobiotics. However, the emerging evidences in the past decade showed that BAs act as signaling molecules that not only autoregulate their own metabolism and enterohepatic recirculation, but also as important regulators of integrative metabolism by activating nuclear and membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors. The present review was to get insight into the role of maintenance of BA homeostasis and BA signaling pathways in development and management of hepatobiliary and intestinal diseases. DATA SOURCES Detailed and comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases was carried out for original and review articles. RESULTS Disturbances in BA homeostasis contribute to the development of several hepatobiliary and intestinal disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, cholesterol gallstone disease, intestinal diseases and both hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma. CONCLUSION Further efforts made in order to advance the understanding of sophisticated BA signaling network may be promising in developing novel therapeutic strategies related not only to hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal but also systemic diseases.
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Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, Yu E, Osborn O, Lackey D, Yoshihara E, Perino A, Jacinto S, Lukasheva Y, Atkins AR, Khvat A, Schnabl B, Yu RT, Brenner DA, Coulter S, Liddle C, Schoonjans K, Olefsky JM, Saltiel AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 2015; 21:159-65. [PMID: 25559344 PMCID: PMC4320010 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The systemic expression of the bile acid (BA) sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has led to promising new therapies targeting cholesterol metabolism, triglyceride production, hepatic steatosis and biliary cholestasis. In contrast to systemic therapy, bile acid release during a meal selectively activates intestinal FXR. By mimicking this tissue-selective effect, the gut-restricted FXR agonist fexaramine (Fex) robustly induces enteric fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), leading to alterations in BA composition, but does so without activating FXR target genes in the liver. However, unlike systemic agonism, we find that Fex reduces diet-induced weight gain, body-wide inflammation and hepatic glucose production, while enhancing thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). These pronounced metabolic improvements suggest tissue-restricted FXR activation as a new approach in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoon Fang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Denise Lackey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessia Perino
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jacinto
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Lukasheva
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Celay J, Olivas I, Juanarena N, Arcelus S, Uriarte I, Marín JJG, Avila MA, Medina JF, Prieto J. A GAPDH-mediated trans-nitrosylation pathway is required for feedback inhibition of bile salt synthesis in rat liver. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1084-93. [PMID: 25066374 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bile salts inhibit their own production by inducing the nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) (encoded by NR0B2), which contributes to repression of the gene encoding cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), a key enzyme for the control of bile salt synthesis. On the other hand, bile salts stimulate hepatic synthesis of nitric oxide. We investigated the role of nitric oxide signaling in the control of CYP7A1 expression and the involvement in this process of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which participates in intracellular propagation of nitric oxide signals. METHODS We studied the effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis (L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester [L-NAME]) or protein nitrosylation (via dithiothreitol) on bile salt homeostasis in male Wistar rats placed on a cholate-rich diet for 5 days and in cultured primary hepatocytes. S-nitrosylation of GAPDH was assessed using a biotin-switch assay. Interacions of SHP with other proteins and with the Cyp7a1 promoter sequence were studied using immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. We reduced the GAPDH levels in H35 cells with small interfering RNAs. GAPDH nitrosylation was assessed in normal and cholestatic rat and human livers. RESULTS Rats placed on cholate-rich diets and given L-NAME had increased intrahepatic and biliary levels of bile salts, and deficiency in repression of CYP7A1 (at the messenger RNA and protein levels) in liver tissue, despite preserved induction of SHP. In cultured hepatocytes, L-NAME or dithiothreitol blocked cholate-induced down-regulation of CYP7A1 without impairing SHP up-regulation. In hepatocytes, cholate promoted S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and its translocation to the nucleus, accompanied by S-nitrosylation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), deacetylases that participate, respectively, in the formation of Cyp7a1 and Shp repressor complexes. Knockdown of GAPDH prevented repression of CYP7A1 by cholate, and blocking nuclear transport of nitrosylated GAPDH reduced cholate-induced nitrosylation of HDAC2 and SIRT1; this effect was accompanied by abrogation of Cyp7a1 repression. Cholate induced binding of SHP to HDAC2 and its recruitment to the Cyp7a1 promoter; these processes were inhibited by blocking nitric oxide synthesis. Levels of nitrosylated GAPDH and nitrosylated HDAC2 were increased in cholestatic human and rat livers reflecting increased concentrations of bile salts in these conditions. CONCLUSIONS In rat liver, excess levels of bile salts activate a GAPDH-mediated transnitrosylation cascade that provides feedback inhibition of bile salt synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Rodríguez-Ortigosa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Jon Celay
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Israel Olivas
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Juanarena
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arcelus
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Juan G Marín
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F Medina
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain; Liver Unit, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain.
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Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Hrycay E, Forrest D, Liu L, Wang R, Tai J, Deo A, Ling V, Bandiera S. Hepatic bile acid metabolism and expression of cytochrome P450 and related enzymes are altered in Bsep (-/-) mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 389:119-32. [PMID: 24399466 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP/Bsep; gene symbol ABCB11/Abcb11) translocates bile salts across the hepatocyte canalicular membrane into bile in humans and mice. In humans, mutations in the ABCB11 gene cause a severe childhood liver disease known as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Targeted inactivation of mouse Bsep produces milder persistent cholestasis due to detoxification of bile acids through hydroxylation and alternative transport pathways. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether functional expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) is altered by Bsep inactivation in mice and whether bile acids regulate CYP and mEH expression in Bsep (-/-) mice. CYP expression was determined by measuring protein levels of Cyp2b, Cyp2c and Cyp3a enzymes and CYP-mediated activities including lithocholic acid hydroxylation, testosterone hydroxylation and alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylation in hepatic microsomes prepared from female and male Bsep (-/-) mice fed a normal or cholic acid (CA)-enriched diet. The results indicated that hepatic lithocholic acid hydroxylation was catalyzed by Cyp3a/Cyp3a11 enzymes in Bsep (-/-) mice and that 3-ketocholanoic acid and murideoxycholic acid were major metabolites. CA feeding of Bsep (-/-) mice increased hepatic Cyp3a11 protein levels and Cyp3a11-mediated testosterone 2β-, 6β-, and 15β-hydroxylation activities, increased Cyp2b10 protein levels and Cyp2b10-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylation activity, and elevated Cyp2c29 and mEH protein levels. We propose that bile acids upregulate expression of hepatic Cyp3a11, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c29 and mEH in Bsep (-/-) mice and that Cyp3a11 and multidrug resistance-1 P-glycoproteins (Mdr1a/1b) are vital components of two distinct pathways utilized by mouse hepatocytes to expel bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Hrycay
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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González PM, Lagos CF, Ward WC, Polli JE. Structural requirements of the human sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT): role of 3- and 7-OH moieties on binding and translocation of bile acids. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:588-98. [PMID: 24328955 DOI: 10.1021/mp400575t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are the end products of cholesterol metabolism. One of the critical steps in their biosynthesis involves the isomerization of the 3β-hydroxyl (-OH) group on the cholestane ring to the common 3α-configuration on BAs. BAs are actively recaptured from the small intestine by the human Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Transporter (hASBT) with high affinity and capacity. Previous studies have suggested that no particular hydroxyl group on BAs is critical for binding or transport by hASBT, even though 3β-hydroxylated BAs were not examined. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the 3α-OH group on BAs binding and translocation by hASBT. Ten 3β-hydroxylated BAs (Iso-bile acids, iBAs) were synthesized, characterized, and subjected to hASBT inhibition and uptake studies. hASBT inhibition and uptake kinetics of iBAs were compared to that of native 3α-OH BAs. Glycine conjugates of native and isomeric BAs were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations to identify topological descriptors related to binding and translocation by hASBT. Iso-BAs bound to hASBT with lower affinity and exhibited reduced translocation than their respective 3α-epimers. Kinetic data suggests that, in contrast to native BAs where hASBT binding is the rate-limiting step, iBAs transport was rate-limited by translocation and not binding. Remarkably, 7-dehydroxylated iBAs were not hASBT substrates, highlighting the critical role of 7-OH group on BA translocation by hASBT, especially for iBAs. Conformational analysis of gly-iBAs and native BAs identified topological features for optimal binding as: concave steroidal nucleus, 3-OH "on-" or below-steroidal plane, 7-OH below-plane, and 12-OH moiety toward-plane. Our results emphasize the relevance of the 3α-OH group on BAs for proper hASBT binding and transport and revealed the critical role of 7-OH group on BA translocation, particularly in the absence of a 3α-OH group. Results have implications for BA prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M González
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Av Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
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Staudinger JL, Woody S, Sun M, Cui W. Nuclear-receptor-mediated regulation of drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in gut and liver. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:48-59. [PMID: 23330541 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.748793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality and are classically thought to result, in part, from variation in expression and activity of hepatic enzymes of drug metabolism. It is now known that alterations in the expression of genes that encode drug- and bile-acid-transporter proteins in both the gut and liver play a previously unrecognized role in determining patient drug response and eventual clinical outcome. Four nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily members, including pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3), farnesoid X receptor (NR1H4), and vitamin D receptor (NR1I1), play pivotal roles in drug- and bile-acid-activated programs of gene expression to coordinately regulate drug- and bile-acid transport activity in the intestine and liver. This review focuses on the NR-mediated gene activation of drug and bile-acid transporters in these tissues as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Staudinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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Matsubara T, Li F, Gonzalez FJ. FXR signaling in the enterohepatic system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:17-29. [PMID: 22609541 PMCID: PMC3491147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterohepatic circulation serves to capture bile acids and other steroid metabolites produced in the liver and secreted to the intestine, for reabsorption back into the circulation and reuptake to the liver. This process is under tight regulation by nuclear receptor signaling. Bile acids, produced from cholesterol, can alter gene expression in the liver and small intestine via activating the nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2), vitamin D receptor (VDR; NR1I1), G protein coupled receptor TGR5, and other cell signaling pathways (JNK1/2, AKT and ERK1/2). Among these controls, FXR is known to be a major bile acid-responsive ligand-activated transcription factor and a crucial control element for maintaining bile acid homeostasis. FXR has a high affinity for several major endogenous bile acids, notably cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. By responding to excess bile acids, FXR is a bridge between the liver and small intestine to control bile acid levels and regulate bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic flow. FXR is highly expressed in the liver and gut, relative to other tissues, and contributes to the maintenance of cholesterol/bile acid homeostasis by regulating a variety of metabolic enzymes and transporters. FXR activation also affects lipid and glucose metabolism, and can influence drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Correspondence: Frank J. Gonzalez, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel: 301-496-9067, Fax: 301-496-8419,
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Halilbasic E, Claudel T, Trauner M. Bile acid transporters and regulatory nuclear receptors in the liver and beyond. J Hepatol 2013; 58:155-68. [PMID: 22885388 PMCID: PMC3526785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) transporters are critical for maintenance of the enterohepatic BA circulation where BAs exert their multiple physiological functions including stimulation of bile flow, intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients, solubilization and excretion of cholesterol, as well as antimicrobial and metabolic effects. Tight regulation of BA transporters via nuclear receptors is necessary to maintain proper BA homeostasis. Hereditary and acquired defects of BA transporters are involved in the pathogenesis of several hepatobiliary disorders including cholestasis, gallstones, fatty liver disease and liver cancer, but also play a role in intestinal and metabolic disorders beyond the liver. Thus, pharmacological modification of BA transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors opens novel treatment strategies for a wide range of disorders.
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Key Words
- bile acids, cholestasis, fatty liver disease, gallstones, liver regeneration, liver cancer
- 6-ecdca, 6-ethylchenodeoxycholic acid
- ae2, anion exchanger 2
- abcg5/8, cholesterol efflux pump, atp-binding cassette, subfamily g, member 5/8
- ba, bile acid
- ampk, amp activated protein kinase
- bcrp (abcg2), breast cancer resistance protein, atp-binding cassette, subfamily g, member 2
- bric, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
- bsep (abcb11), bile salt export pump
- car (nr1i3), constitutive androstane receptor
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- fgf15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- fxr (nr1h4), farnesoid x receptor/bile acid receptor
- glp-1, glucagon like peptide 1
- gr (nr3c1), glucocorticoid receptor
- hcc, hepatocellular carcinoma
- hnf1α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha
- hnf4α (nr2a1), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
- ibabp (fabp6, ilbp), intestinal bile acid-binding protein, fatty acid-binding protein 6
- icp, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
- il6, interleukin 6
- lca, lithocholic acid
- lrh-1 (nr5a2), liver receptor homolog-1
- lxrα (nr1h3), liver x receptor alpha
- mdr1 (abcb1), p-glycoprotein, atp-binding cassette, subfamily b, member 1
- mdr2/mdr3 (abcb4), multidrug resistance protein 2 (rodents)/3 (human)
- mrp2 (abcc2), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 2
- mrp3 (abcc3), multidrug resistance-associated protein 3, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 3
- mrp4 (abcc4), multidrug resistance-associated protein 4, atp-binding cassette, subfamily c, member 4
- nafld, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- nash, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- norudca, norursodeoxycholic acid
- nr, nuclear receptor
- ntcp (slc10a1), sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, solute carrier family 10, member 1
- oatp1a2 (slco1a2, oatp1, oatp-a, slc21a3), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1a2
- oatp1b1 (slco1b1, oatp2, oatp-c, slc21a6), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b1
- oatp1b3 (slco1b3, oatp8, slc21a8), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b3
- ostαβ, organic solute transporter alpha/beta
- pbc, primary biliary cirrhosis
- pfic, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- ph, partial hepatectomy
- pparα (nr1c1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- pparγ (nr1c3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- psc, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- pxr (nr1i2), pregnane x receptor
- rarα (nr1b1), retinoic acid receptor alpha
- rxrα (nr2b1), retinoid x receptor alpha
- shp (nr0b2), short heterodimer partner
- src2, p160 steroid receptor coactivator
- tgr5, g protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- tpn, total parenteral nutrition
- udca, ursodeoxycholic acid
- vdr (nr1i1), vitamin d receptor. please note that for the convenience of better readability and clarity, abbreviations for transporters and nuclear receptors were capitalized throughout this article when symbols were identical for human and rodents
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Trauner
- Corresponding author. Address: Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 01 40400 4741; fax: +43 01 40400 4735.
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Masereeuw R, Russel FGM. Regulatory pathways for ATP-binding cassette transport proteins in kidney proximal tubules. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:883-94. [PMID: 22961390 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transport proteins (ABC transporters) represent important determinants of drug excretion. Protective or excretory tissues where these transporters mediate substrate efflux include the kidney proximal tubule. Regulation of the transport proteins in this tissue requires elaborate signaling pathways, including genetic, epigenetic, nuclear receptor mediated, posttranscriptional gene regulation involving microRNAs, and non-genomic (kinases) pathways triggered by hormones and/or growth factors. This review discusses current knowledge on regulatory pathways for ABC transporters in kidney proximal tubules, with a main focus on P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance proteins 2 and 4, and breast cancer resistance protein. Insight in these processes is of importance because variations in transporter activity due to certain (disease) conditions could lead to significant changes in drug efficacy or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences/Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Yacovino LL, Aleksunes LM. Endocrine and metabolic regulation of renal drug transporters. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:407-21. [PMID: 22933250 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal xenobiotic transporters are important determinants of urinary secretion and reabsorption of chemicals. In addition to glomerular filtration, these processes are key to the overall renal clearance of a diverse array of drugs and toxins. Alterations in kidney transporter levels and function can influence the efficacy and toxicity of chemicals. Studies in experimental animals have revealed distinct patterns of renal transporter expression in response to sex hormones, pregnancy, and growth hormone. Likewise, a number of disease states including diabetes, obesity, and cholestasis alter the expression of kidney transporters. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the major xenobiotic transporters expressed in the kidneys and an understanding of metabolic conditions and hormonal factors that regulate their expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Yacovino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Jonker JW, Liddle C, Downes M. FXR and PXR: potential therapeutic targets in cholestasis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 130:147-58. [PMID: 21801835 PMCID: PMC4750880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disorders encompass hepatobiliary diseases of diverse etiologies characterized by the accumulation of bile acids, bilirubin and cholesterol as the result of impaired secretion of bile. Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors are implicated in the adaptive response to cholestasis. NRs coordinately regulate bile acid and phospholipid transporter genes required for hepatobiliary transport, as well as the phases I and II metabolizing enzymes involved in processing of their substrates. In this review we will focus on FXR and PXR, two members of the NR family whose activities are regulated by bile acids. In addition, we also discuss the potential of pharmacological modulators of these receptors as novel therapies for cholestatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan W. Jonker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 050 361 1261; fax: +31 050 361 1746
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 858 453 4100; fax: +1 858 455 1349
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Mei D, Li J, Liu H, Liu L, Wang X, Guo H, Liu C, Duan R, Liu X. Induction of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in liver, intestine and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:709-18. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.654363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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