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DeJulius CR, Gulati S, Hasty KA, Crofford LJ, Duvall CL. Recent Advances in Clinical Translation of Intra-Articular Osteoarthritis Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000088. [PMID: 33709019 PMCID: PMC7941755 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints and a leading cause of physical disability in adults. Intra-articular (IA) therapy is a popular treatment strategy for localized, single-joint OA; however, small-molecule drugs such as corticosteroids do not provide prolonged relief. One possible reason for their lack of efficacy is high clearance rates from the joint through constant lymphatic drainage of the synovial tissues and synovial fluid and also by their exchange via the synovial vasculature. Advanced drug delivery strategies for extended release of therapeutic agents in the joint space is a promising approach to improve outcomes for OA patients. Broadly, the basic principle behind this strategy is to encapsulate therapeutic agents in a polymeric drug delivery system (DDS) for diffusion- and/or degradation-controlled release, whereby degradation can occur by hydrolysis or tied to relevant microenvironmental cues such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protease activity. In this review, we highlight the development of clinically tested IA therapies for OA and highlight recent systems which have been investigated preclinically. DDS strategies including hydrogels, liposomes, polymeric microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs), drug conjugates, and combination systems are introduced and evaluated for clinical translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlisle R DeJulius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Shubham Gulati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Karen A Hasty
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 1211 Union Ave. Suite 520, Memphis, TN 38104, United States
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21 Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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Lemnalol Modulates the Electrophysiological Characteristics and Calcium Homeostasis of Atrial Myocytes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110619. [PMID: 31671563 PMCID: PMC6891404 DOI: 10.3390/md17110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, an inflammatory response to infection provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is associated with high mortality, as well as ischemic stroke and new-onset atrial arrhythmia. Severe bacterial infections causing sepsis always result in profound physiological changes, including fever, hypotension, arrhythmia, necrosis of tissue, systemic multi-organ dysfunction and finally death. LPS challenge-induced inflammatory responses during sepsis may increase the likelihood of the arrhythmogenesis. Lemnalol is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined whether Lemnalol (0.1 μM) could modulate the electrophysiological characteristics and calcium homeostasis of atrial myocytes under the influence of LPS (1μg/mL). Under challenge with LPS, Lemnalol-treated LA myocytes, had a longer AP duration at 20%, 50% and 90% repolarization of the amplitude, compared to the LPS-treated cells. LPS-challenged LA myocytes showed increased late sodium current, Na+-Ca2+ exchanger current, transient outward current, rapid component of delayed rectifier potassium current, tumor necrosis factor-α, NF-κB and increased phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor (RyR), but a lower L-type Ca2+ current than the control LA myocytes. Exposure to Lemnalol reversed the LPS-induced effects. The LPS-treated and control groups of LA myocytes, with or without the existence of Lemnalol. showed no apparent alterations in the sodium current amplitude or Cav1.2 expression. The expression of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA2) was reduced by LPS treatment, while Lemnalol ameliorated the LPS-induced alterations. The phosphorylation of RyR was enhanced by LPS treatment, while Lemnalol attenuated the LPS-induced alterations. In conclusion, Lemnalol modulates LPS-induced alterations of LA calcium homeostasis and blocks the NF-κB pathways, which may contribute to the attenuation of LPS-induced arrhythmogenesis.
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Taurine transporter (TauT) deficiency impairs ammonia detoxification in mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6313-6318. [PMID: 30862735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ammonia handling was analyzed in taurine transporter (TauT) KO mice. Surprisingly, hyperammonemia was present at an age of 3 and 12 months despite normal tissue integrity. This was accompanied by cerebral RNA oxidation. As shown in liver perfusion experiments, glutamine production from ammonia was diminished in TauT KO mice, whereas urea production was not affected. In livers from 3-month-old TauT KO mice protein expression and activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) were unaffected, whereas the ammonia-transporting RhBG protein was down-regulated by about 50%. Double reciprocal plot analysis of glutamine synthesis versus perivenous ammonia concentration revealed that TauT KO had no effect on the capacity of glutamine formation in 3-month-old mice, but doubled the ammonia concentration required for half-maximal glutamine synthesis. Since hepatic RhBG expression is restricted to GS-expressing hepatocytes, the findings suggest that an impaired ammonia transport into these cells impairs glutamine synthesis. In livers from 12-, but not 3-month-old TauT KO mice, RhBG expression was not affected, surrogate markers for oxidative stress were strongly up-regulated, and GS activity was decreased by 40% due to an inactivating tyrosine nitration. This was also reflected by kinetic analyses in perfused liver, which showed a decreased glutamine synthesizing capacity by 43% and a largely unaffected ammonia concentration dependence. It is concluded that TauT deficiency triggers hyperammonemia through impaired hepatic glutamine synthesis due to an impaired ammonia transport via RhBG at 3 months and a tyrosine nitration-dependent inactivation of GS in 12-month-old TauT KO mice.
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Trocha M, Merwid-Ląd A, Pieśniewska M, Kwiatkowska J, Fereniec-Gołębiewska L, Kowalski P, Szeląg A, Sozański T. Age-related differences in function and structure of rat livers subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:388-395. [PMID: 29593814 PMCID: PMC5868678 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver function is affected during ischemia/reperfusion (IR). The current state of knowledge about liver aging processes during IR is incomplete. We evaluated the effects of aging on liver structure and function under IR conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals were divided into control (C-2) and ischemia/reperfusion (IR-2) groups of young rats (2-4 months old) and C-12 and IR-12 groups of old rats (12-14 months old). The livers from IR-2 and IR-12 groups were subjected to partial ischemia (60 min), followed by global reperfusion (4 h). Blood samples were obtained during reperfusion (0, 30 and 240 min) to estimate the activity of aminotransferases (ALT, AST). After IR, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in liver homogenates. RESULTS At all points of reperfusion, an increase in aminotransferase activity levels in the ischemic groups was observed; mainly between IR-12 and C-12 rats. The concentration of TNF-α was significantly higher in young animals (in non-ischemic groups: p = 0.09, in ischemic groups: p = 0.05). Under IR conditions, the concentration of IL-1b dropped (p = 0.05). The concentration of MDA was significantly higher in mature animals (in non-ischemic groups: p = 0.09, in ischemic groups: p = 0.05). In ischemic groups an increase in necrosis rate was observed regardless of age. Rats in the IR-12 group showed the most pronounced changes in hepatic architecture, including increased micro- and macrosteatosis and parenchymal cell destruction. CONCLUSIONS The function and structure of mature livers slightly deteriorate with age and these differences are more noticeable under IR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Trocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Merwid-Ląd
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Przemysław Kowalski
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sozański
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lee YS, Kim DY, Kim TJ, Kim SY, Jeong JM, Jeong WI, Jung JK, Choi JK, Yi HS, Byun JS. Loss of toll-like receptor 3 aggravates hepatic inflammation but ameliorates steatosis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:957-962. [PMID: 29410095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis has been well documented; however, little is known about the role of TLR3. In this study, we determined whether the depletion of TLR3 modulated hepatic injury in mice and further aimed to provide mechanistic insights into the TLR3-mediated modulation of diet-induced hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation. Hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response were induced by feeding wild-type (WT) or TLR3 knockout mice a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Primary liver resident cells, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), were treated with palmitic acid. TLR3 knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed severe hepatic inflammation accompanied by nuclear factor-κB and IRF3 activation, which is mainly induced by the activation of Kupffer cells. Decreased TLR4 expression was restored in hepatic mononuclear cells and Kupffer cells in TLR3 knockout mice compared to that in the WT. Moreover, hepatic steatosis was decreased in TLR3 knockout mice. Hepatocytes from TLR3 knockout mice exhibited reduced expression of cannabinoid receptors. HSCs from TLR3 knockout mice showed decreased expression of the enzymes involved in endocannabinoid synthesis. In conclusion, this study suggests that the selective modulation of TLR3 could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatic inflammation and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kap Choi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
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Byun JS, Suh YG, Yi HS, Lee YS, Jeong WI. Activation of toll-like receptor 3 attenuates alcoholic liver injury by stimulating Kupffer cells and stellate cells to produce interleukin-10 in mice. J Hepatol 2013; 58:342-9. [PMID: 23023014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The important function of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) has been well documented in alcoholic liver injury. However, little is known about the role of TLR3. Thus, we tested whether TLR3 activation in HSCs and Kupffer cells could attenuate alcoholic liver injury in vivo, and investigated its possible mechanism in vitro. METHODS Alcoholic liver injury was achieved by feeding wild type (WT), TLR3 knockout (TLR3(-/-)) and interleukin (IL)-10(-/-) mice with high-fat diet plus binge ethanol drinking for 2 weeks. To activate TLR3, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was injected into mice. For in vitro studies, HSCs and Kupffer cells were isolated and treated with poly I:C. RESULTS In WT mice, poly I:C treatment reduced alcoholic liver injury and fat accumulation by suppressing nuclear factor-κB activation and sterol response element-binding protein 1c expression in the liver. In addition, freshly isolated HSCs and Kupffer cells from poly I:C-treated mice showed enhanced expression of IL-10 compared to controls. Infiltrated macrophage numbers and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-6 on these cells were decreased after poly I:C treatment. In vitro, poly I:C treatment enhanced the expression of IL-10 via a TLR3-dependent mechanism in HSCs and Kupffer cells. Finally, the protective effects of poly I:C on alcoholic liver injury were diminished in TLR3(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS TLR3 activation ameliorates alcoholic liver injury via the stimulation of IL-10 production in HSCs and Kupffer cells. TLR3 could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seok Byun
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lu YCS, Evans CH, Grodzinsky AJ. Effects of short-term glucocorticoid treatment on changes in cartilage matrix degradation and chondrocyte gene expression induced by mechanical injury and inflammatory cytokines. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R142. [PMID: 21888631 PMCID: PMC3308070 DOI: 10.1186/ar3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic joint injury damages cartilage and causes adjacent joint tissues to release inflammatory cytokines, increasing the risk of developing osteoarthritis. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the combined catabolic effects of mechanical injury, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)/soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) on cartilage could be abolished by short-term treatment with glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone. Methods In an initial dexamethasone-dose-response study, bovine cartilage explants were treated with TNFα and increasing concentrations of dexamethasone. Bovine and human cartilage explants were then subjected to individual and combined treatments with TNFα, IL-6/sIL-6R and injury in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. Treatment effects were assessed by measuring glycosaminoglycans (GAG) release to the medium and synthesis of proteoglycans. Additional experiments tested whether pre-exposure of cartilage to dexamethasone could prevent GAG loss and inhibition of biosynthesis induced by cytokines, and whether post-treatment with dexamethasone could diminish the effects of pre-established cytokine insult. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels for genes involved in cartilage homeostasis (proteases, matrix molecules, cytokines, growth and transcription factors) were measured in explants subjected to combined treatments with injury, TNFα and dexamethasone. To investigate mechanisms associated with dexamethasone regulation of chondrocyte metabolic response, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist (RU486) and proprotein convertase inhibitor (RVKR-CMK) were used. Results Dexamethasone dose-dependently inhibited GAG loss and the reduction in biosynthesis caused by TNFα. The combination of mechanical injury, TNFα and IL-6/sIL-6R caused the most severe GAG loss; dexamethasone reduced this GAG loss to control levels in bovine and human cartilage. Additionally, dexamethasone pre-treatment or post-treatment of bovine explants lowered GAG loss and increased proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage explants exposed to TNFα. Dexamethasone did not down-regulate aggrecanase mRNA levels. Post-transcriptional regulation by dexamethasone of other genes associated with responses to injury and cytokines was noted. GR antagonist reversed the effect of dexamethasone on sulfate incorporation. RVKR-CMK significantly reduced GAG loss caused by TNFα + IL-6 + injury. Conclusions Short-term glucocorticoid treatment effectively abolished the catabolic effects exerted by the combination of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanical injury: dexamethasone prevented proteoglycan degradation and restored biosynthesis. Dexamethasone appears to regulate the catabolic response of chondrocytes post-transcriptionally, since the abundance of transcripts encoding aggrecanases was still elevated in the presence of dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong C S Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, 500 Technology Square NE47-377, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Vollmar B, Menger MD. The hepatic microcirculation: mechanistic contributions and therapeutic targets in liver injury and repair. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1269-339. [PMID: 19789382 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex functions of the liver in biosynthesis, metabolism, clearance, and host defense are tightly dependent on an adequate microcirculation. To guarantee hepatic homeostasis, this requires not only a sufficient nutritive perfusion and oxygen supply, but also a balanced vasomotor control and an appropriate cell-cell communication. Deteriorations of the hepatic homeostasis, as observed in ischemia/reperfusion, cold preservation and transplantation, septic organ failure, and hepatic resection-induced hyperperfusion, are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. During the last two decades, experimental studies have demonstrated that microcirculatory disorders are determinants for organ failure in these disease states. Disorders include 1) a dysregulation of the vasomotor control with a deterioration of the endothelin-nitric oxide balance, an arterial and sinusoidal constriction, and a shutdown of the microcirculation as well as 2) an overwhelming inflammatory response with microvascular leukocyte accumulation, platelet adherence, and Kupffer cell activation. Within the sequelae of events, proinflammatory mediators, such as reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are the key players, causing the microvascular dysfunction and perfusion failure. This review covers the morphological and functional characterization of the hepatic microcirculation, the mechanistic contributions in surgical disease states, and the therapeutic targets to attenuate tissue injury and organ dysfunction. It also indicates future directions to translate the knowledge achieved from experimental studies into clinical practice. By this, the use of the recently introduced techniques to monitor the hepatic microcirculation in humans, such as near-infrared spectroscopy or orthogonal polarized spectral imaging, may allow an early initiation of treatment, which should benefit the final outcome of these critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Naylor PH. Zadaxin (thymosin alpha1) for the treatment of viral hepatitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:281-7. [PMID: 15992078 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zadaxin (thymosin alpha1; Talpha1) is a synthetic 28 amino acid peptide with multiple biological activities primarily directed towards immune response enhancement. Since the immune system plays a critical role in the control and elimination of viral hepatitis infection, immune active agents such as Talpha1 are of potential therapeutic value. In clinical trials, Talpha1 has been shown to be effective in chronic hepatitis B, both asmonotherapy and in combination with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). In chronic hepatitis C it was effective in combination with IFN-alpha. Since Talpha1 has few side-effects and is effective in combination with IFN-alpha, future clinical trials should evaluate the potential of Talpha1 to enhance the activity of antivirals such as IFN-alpha, ribavirin and lamivudine as viral hepatitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Naylor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Tsuchiya T, Higami Y, Komatsu T, Tanaka K, Honda S, Yamaza H, Chiba T, Ayabe H, Shimokawa I. Acute stress response in calorie-restricted rats to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:568-79. [PMID: 15811426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) reduces morbidity and mortality in a wide range of organisms, possibly through the stress response machinery. We analyzed the acute phase response of CR rats to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory challenge. Six-month-old male F344 rats, fed ad libitum (AL) or a 30% calorie-restricted diet from 6 weeks of age, received an intravenous LPS injection and were then sacrificed between 0 and 8 h. CR attenuated liver injury without reduction in the plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines or nitric oxide (NO). Western blotting analysis of liver tissue demonstrated that CR did not affect the degradation of cytoplasmic I-kappaB and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, a key transcription factor after inflammatory challenge. We also analyzed the liver gene expression profiles at 0, 1 and 4 h with DNA arrays and cluster analysis. Compared with the AL group, CR upregulated the expression of several genes for inflammatory mediators or their related molecules at 0 h, but not at 1 or 4 h. CR downregulated genes for energy or xenobiotic metabolism and stress response proteins at 0 h. At 1 h, the relatively downregulated genes by CR were those for proteases and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The present results suggest that CR attenuates liver injury without suppression of the proinflammatory response, and that the protective effect emerges from constitutively, rather than inductively, expressed gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Department of Pathology and Gerontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
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Pestel S, Jungermann K, Schieferdecker HL. Re-evaluation of thin layer chromatography as an alternative method for the quantification of prostaglandins from rat Kupffer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 75:123-39. [PMID: 15789620 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to conventionally used immunoassays, thin layer chromatography (TLC)--by prelabeling of cells with radioactive arachidonic acid (AA)--allows to differentiate between cellularly built and added prostanoids and thus to investigate feedback effects of prostanoids on their own release. PGD2, TXB2 and PGE2 released from zymosan-stimulated Kupffer cells were separated with distinct RF-values, corresponding to those of the pure substances. Quantification of PGD2 and PGE2 gave comparable results with TLC and immunoassays, but measurement in the presence of added prostanoids was only possible with TLC. Moreover TLC was superior to immunoassays in having a longer linear range while being comparably sensitive. Cellularly built TXB2 in its radioactively labeled form was not detectable by TLC. Inhibition of TXB2 release by externally added AA or technical artifacts were excluded, suggesting that the cellular AA-pools used for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis differ in their accessibility for added AA. Thus, TLC is a simple, sensitive and precise method for the quantification of cellularly built prostaglandins but not of thromboxane even in the presence of added prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pestel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany.
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Shteyer E, Liao Y, Muglia LJ, Hruz PW, Rudnick DA. Disruption of hepatic adipogenesis is associated with impaired liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2004; 40:1322-32. [PMID: 15565660 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The liver responds to injury with regulated tissue regeneration. During early regeneration, the liver accumulates fat. Neither the mechanisms responsible for nor the functional significance of this transient steatosis have been determined. In this study, we examined patterns of gene expression associated with hepatic fat accumulation in regenerating liver and tested the hypothesis that disruption of hepatic fat accumulation would be associated with impaired hepatic regeneration. First, microarray-based gene expression analysis revealed that several genes typically induced during adipocyte differentiation were specifically upregulated in the regenerating liver prior to peak hepatocellular fat accumulation. These observations suggest that hepatic fat accumulation is specifically regulated during liver regeneration. Next, 2 methods were employed to disrupt hepatocellular fat accumulation in the regenerating liver. Because exogenous leptin supplementation reverses hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice, the effects of leptin supplementation on liver regeneration in wild-type mice were examined. The data showed that leptin supplementation resulted in suppression of hepatocellular fat accumulation and impairment of hepatocellular proliferation during liver regeneration. Second, because glucocorticoids regulate cellular fat accumulation during adipocyte differentiation, the effects of hepatocyte-specific disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor were similarly evaluated. The results showed that hepatic fat accumulation and hepatocellular proliferation were also suppressed in mice with liver specific disruption of glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, suppression of hepatocellular fat accumulation is associated with impaired hepatocellular proliferation following partial hepatectomy, indicating that hepatocellular fat accumulation is specifically regulated during and may be essential for normal liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Shteyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression. Endocr Rev 2003; 24:488-522. [PMID: 12920152 DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a highly regulated physiological process that is critically important for homeostasis. A precise physiological control of inflammation allows a timely reaction to invading pathogens or to other insults without causing overreaction liable to damage the host. The cellular signaling pathways identified as important regulators of inflammation are the signal transduction cascades mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB and the activator protein-1, which can both be modulated by glucocorticoids. Their use in the clinic includes treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, allograft rejection, and allergic skin diseases. Although glucocorticoids have been widely used since the late 1940s, the molecular mechanisms responsible for their antiinflammatory activity are still under investigation. The various molecular pathways proposed so far are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Van Amersfoort ES, Van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J. Receptors, mediators, and mechanisms involved in bacterial sepsis and septic shock. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:379-414. [PMID: 12857774 PMCID: PMC164216 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.3.379-414.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis and septic shock result from the overproduction of inflammatory mediators as a consequence of the interaction of the immune system with bacteria and bacterial wall constituents in the body. Bacterial cell wall constituents such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans, and lipoteichoic acid are particularly responsible for the deleterious effects of bacteria. These constituents interact in the body with a large number of proteins and receptors, and this interaction determines the eventual inflammatory effect of the compounds. Within the circulation bacterial constituents interact with proteins such as plasma lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. The interaction of the bacterial constituents with receptors on the surface of mononuclear cells is mainly responsible for the induction of proinflammatory mediators by the bacterial constituents. The role of individual receptors such as the toll-like receptors and CD14 in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules is discussed in detail. In addition, the roles of a number of other receptors that bind bacterial compounds such as scavenger receptors and their modulating role in inflammation are described. Finally, the therapies for the treatment of bacterial sepsis and septic shock are discussed in relation to the action of the aforementioned receptors and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin S Van Amersfoort
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lee BS, Kim NJ, Jeong HY, Lee HY, Kang DY, Noh SM. Changes in serum cytokine concentration: a morphological study of liver cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation in rats. Korean J Intern Med 2003; 18:6-12. [PMID: 12760262 PMCID: PMC4531599 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2003.18.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is a diffuse hepatic fibrosis, and nodule formation. The transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are very important cytokines in hepatic fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the changes of the serum cytokines and morphological changes following common bile duct ligation in experimental rats. METHODS Common bile ducts of fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were ligated and seven male rats were set aside as controls. Five rats each were sacrificed in 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 experimental weeks. Light microscopic studies and liver function tests were performed during the above experimental weeks. The levels of serum TGF-beta 1 and IL-10 were analyzed by ELISA. Also, alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) immunohistochemical stains were performed. RESULTS On the eighth week after common bile duct ligation, most hepatic lobular areas had been replaced by proliferated bile ducts and fibrous tissue (typical biliary cirrhosis). Serum TGF-beta 1 levels between the control group and the common bile duct ligation group showed statistically significant changes. The alpha-SMA was stained at proliferated bile ducts. These findings were correlated with each other. CONCLUSION Thus, this experiment may clarify our understanding of the mechanism in liver fibrogenesis. Also, indicated is a need to explore the therapeutic potential of these cytokines as anti-fibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pathology, Chung Nam National University Hospital, Daesa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-721, Korea.
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16
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Lozano JM, Padillo J, Montero JL, Peña J, De la Mata M, Muntané J. Immunomodulatory activity of TNF-alpha during acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and its protection by PGE1 in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:197-207. [PMID: 12586601 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mediates hepatocyte cell death by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and its protection by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)). The activation of immune system plays an important role in the development of liver injury. TNF-alpha and PGE(1) regulate the activity and cytokine release of different inflammatory cells. The present study was undertaken to determine if the noxious or hepatic protective properties of TNF-alpha during D-GalN-induced liver injury was related to an alteration by PGE(1) of the immunoregulatory activity of TNF-alpha. The role of TNF-alpha was assessed by anti-TNF-alpha antibodies to D-GalN-treated rats in the presence or absence of PGE(1). D-GalN enhanced the percentage of monocytes and T lymphocytes in the total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). D-GalN enhanced the activation degree of monocytes, but reduced that of T lymphocytes. D-GalN also enhanced TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma concentrations in blood. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies abolished all immunological changes and greatly reduced liver damage induced by D-GalN. The protection by PGE(1) against D-GalN liver injury was associated with an increase in TNF-alpha concentration and a reduction of IL-1alpha and IL-6. These changes were associated with a reduction of monocyte activation degree and a recovery of that of T lymphocytes. Although anti-TNF-alpha antibodies abolished the protection by PGE(1) against D-GalN-liver injury, they did not essentially counteract the effect of the prostanoid in all immunological parameters studied. The present study showed that the protection against D-GalN liver damage by PGE(1) or anti-TNF-alpha was associated with similar effects on the inflammatory parameters studied. Nevertheless, the abolishment of liver protection by PGE(1) with anti-TNF-alpha in D-GalN-treated rats in the presence of a protective cytokine profile suggests that the release of TNF-alpha induced by PGE(1) pre-administration was exerting a direct protective effect on hepatocytes against D-GalN injury. Consequently, the effect of PGE(1) on inflammatory parameters studied during liver injury was unrelated to TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Lozano
- Unidad de Investigación, Unidad Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Av Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba E-14004, Spain
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17
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Schade S, Bezugla Y, Kolada A, Kamionka S, Scheibe R, Dieter P. Diverse functional coupling of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 with final prostanoid synthases in liver macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1227-32. [PMID: 12234603 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of resident liver macrophages resulted in a coordinated enhanced expression of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E(2)-synthase. LPS-pretreated liver macrophages showed a higher release of PGE(2) after zymosan, phorbol ester and A23187, of PGF(2alpha) after zymosan and A23187, whereas the release of thromboxane B(2) and PGD(2) was unchanged. Inhibition of COX-1 and -2 by specific inhibitors (SC560, SC236) inhibited the prostanoid release between 50-80% and 20-40%, respectively, indicating a predominant role for COX-1. In detail (1) the zymosan-induced release of all prostanoids was inhibited to a similar degree by the COX-1 inhibitor (about 70%) and the COX-2 inhibitor (20-30%), (2) PGE(2) release after all stimuli was inhibited to a greater extent by SC560 (70-90%) compared to SC236 (5-30%), (3) the phorbol ester- and A23187-induced release of PGF(2alpha) and PGD(2) was inhibited equally (40-50%) by both inhibitors, (3) TxB(2) release after phorbol ester and A23187 was inhibited by SC560 by 50 and 30%, and by SC236 by 50 and 70%, respectively. cPLA(2), COX-1 and -2, and the final prostanoid synthases were found in different subcellular fractions. These results indicate, that the functional coupling of COX-1 and -2 to final prostanoid synthases depends on the stimulation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schade
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Dieter P, Kolada A, Kamionka S, Schadow A, Kaszkin M. Lipopolysaccharide-induced release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins in liver macrophages: regulation by Group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2, but not by Group V and Group IIA secretory phospholipase A2. Cell Signal 2002; 14:199-204. [PMID: 11812647 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a delayed release (lag phase of 2-4 h) of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin (PG) D2 in rat liver macrophages. Group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) becomes phosphorylated within minutes after the addition of LPS. The phosphorylated form of cPLA2 shows an enhanced in vitro activity. The Ca2+ dependence of cPLA2 activity is not affected by phosphorylation of the enzyme. In addition, LPS induces an enhanced expression of cPLA2 mRNA (after 2-4 h) and an enhanced expression of cPLA2 protein (after 8 h). The cellular cPLA2 activity is enhanced about twofold 24 h after LPS treatment. Liver macrophages constitutively express mRNAs encoding Groups V and IIA secretory PLA2 (sPLA2). LPS has no effect on the levels of Groups V and IIA sPLA2 mRNA expression. Despite mRNA expression, Groups V and IIA sPLA2 protein and sPLA2 activity are not detectable in unstimulated or LPS-stimulated liver macrophages. Collectively, these and earlier [Mediators Inflammation 8 (1999) 295.] results suggest that in liver macrophages the LPS-induced delayed release of AA and prostanoids is mediated by phosphorylation and an enhanced expression of cPLA2, a de novo expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, but not by the actions of Group V or Group IIA sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dieter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Fennekohl A, Sugimoto Y, Segi E, Maruyama T, Ichikawa A, Püschel GP. Contribution of the two Gs-coupled PGE2-receptors EP2-receptor and EP4-receptor to the inhibition by PGE2 of the LPS-induced TNFalpha-formation in Kupffer cells from EP2-or EP4-receptor-deficient mice. Pivotal role for the EP4-receptor in wild type Kupffer cells. J Hepatol 2002; 36:328-34. [PMID: 11867175 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) formation in Kupffer cells via an increase in cAMP. Four receptor-subtypes have been cloned for PGE2 so far. Two of them, the EP2-receptor and the EP4-receptor are linked to stimulatory Gs-proteins and could mediate the inhibition by PGE2 of TNFalpha-formation. METHODS The significance of both receptors for PGE2-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha-formation was studied using Kupffer cells of mice in which either one of the two receptors had been eliminated by homologous recombination. RESULTS The mRNAs of both receptors were expressed in wild type mouse Kupffer cells. Exogenous PGE2 inhibited TNFalpha-formation in Kupffer cells lacking either EP2-receptor or EP4-receptor to a similar extent as in control cells, however, 10-fold higher PGE2 concentrations were needed for half maximal inhibition in cells lacking the EP4-receptor than in control or EP2-receptor-deficient cells. The response to endogenous PGE2 was blunted in EP4-receptor-deficient mice only and especially after prolonged incubation. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate, that PGE2 can inhibit TNFalpha-formation via both the EP2- and the EP4-receptor and that, however, the EP4-receptor appears to be physiologically more relevant in Kupffer cells since it conferred a high affinity response to PGE2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Hepatitis/immunology
- Hepatitis/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/cytology
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fennekohl
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Abteilung Biochemie der Ernährung, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
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20
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Fink MP. Prostaglandins and sepsis: still a fascinating topic despite almost 40 years of research. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L534-6. [PMID: 11504677 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.l534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Onda M, Willingham M, Wang QC, Kreitman RJ, Tsutsumi Y, Nagata S, Pastan I. Inhibition of TNF-alpha produced by Kupffer cells protects against the nonspecific liver toxicity of immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38, LMB-2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:7150-6. [PMID: 11120846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LMB-2 (anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38) is a recombinant immunotoxin composed of the Fv fragment of the anti-Tac Ab fused to a 38-kDa form of Pseudomonas: exotoxin A. Recent clinical trials showed that LMB-2 is a promising agent for the treatment of patients with Tac-positive leukemia or lymphoma. One major side effect that needs to be overcome is nonspecific liver toxicity. In the current study, we have analyzed the mechanism of this toxicity using a mouse model. Mice that were injected with a lethal dose of LMB-2 showed severe hepatic necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that LMB-2 accumulated in Kupffer cells in the liver, suggesting that the damage to the hepatocytes was indirect. When we examined the effects of LMB-2 on peritoneal macrophages, cells in the same lineage as Kupffer cells, we found that LMB-2 induced the production of TNF-alpha by these cells. Following LMB-2 administration to mice, the levels of TNF-alpha in the liver increased to very high levels, whereas the rise in serum levels was modest. In addition, the LMB-2-induced liver toxicity was blocked by a specific TNF binding protein (TNFsRp55). Liver toxicity was also blocked by indomethacin, which also blocked the rise of TNF-alpha in the liver. Both TNFsRp55 and indomethacin treatment protected mice against a lethal dose of LMB-2. These data indicate that TNF-alpha produced in the liver by Kupffer cells has an important causal role in the nonspecific liver toxicity of LMB-2. These findings have important clinical implications for the use of immunotoxins in the therapy of patients with cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Antigens, CD/pharmacology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Exotoxins/administration & dosage
- Exotoxins/metabolism
- Exotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/toxicity
- Immunotoxins/administration & dosage
- Immunotoxins/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/toxicity
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Pseudomonas/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/toxicity
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Dieter P, Scheibe R, Jakobsson PJ, Watanabe K, Kolada A, Kamionka S. Functional coupling of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 to discrete prostanoid synthases in liver macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:488-92. [PMID: 11027502 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The profile of released prostanoids after addition of exogenous arachidonic acid to resident liver macrophages is different from the profile obtained in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells. In resident and lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells, AA leads to a release of thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin F(2alpha), E(2), and D(2). A specifically enhanced formation of prostaglandin E(2) is obtained in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells. Resident liver macrophages express cyclooxygenase 1, and thromboxane A(2)-, prostaglandin F(2alpha)-, E(2)-, and D(2)-synthase. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide induces-in addition to cyclooxygenase 2-an enhanced expression of the prostaglandin E(2) synthase. In resident liver macrophages, the formation of prostanoids from exogenous arachidonic acid is completely inhibited by SC560 (a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 1), but remains unchanged with SC236 (a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2). In lipopolysaccharide-pretreated liver macrophages, the formation of thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin F(2alpha) and D(2) is equally inhibited by SC560 and SC236 by about 50%. In contrast, the formation of prostaglandin E(2) is inhibited to a greater extent by SC560 (75%) compared to SC236 (26%). We conclude from these data, that in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated liver macrophages (i) cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 couple both to discrete prostanoid synthases, (ii) the functional coupling of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 to the thromboxane A(2)-, prostaglandin F(2alpha)-, and D(2)-synthase is almost identical, and (iii) the enhanced prostaglandin E(2) synthesis is due to an enhanced expression of the prostaglandin E(2) synthase, which is coupled more efficiently to cyclooxygenase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dieter
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, D-01307, Germany
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23
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Milosevic N, Maier P. Lead stimulates intercellular signalling between hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 401:317-28. [PMID: 10936489 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of intercellular signalling between liver cells in lead (Pb)(1)-induced liver toxicity was investigated in cocultures of freshly isolated and cultured rat hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. The Kupffer cells (seeded onto culture dish inserts), the hepatocytes or the two in cocultures were exposed to Pb acetate (2-50 microM) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (0.1-1000 ng/ml). In hepatocyte cultures, the combined Pb/lipopolysaccharide treatment induced no significant increase in the release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) whereas in Kupffer cell cultures and in cocultures, at low lipopolysaccharide levels (0.1 and 1 ng/ml), TNF-alpha release was synergistically increased (up to 30-fold) when compared to lipopolysaccharide exposure alone. This stimulation of Kupffer cell-derived TNF-alpha release was specific for Pb or not detectable with mercury and cadmium. As a response to the Pb/lipopolysaccharide induced release of TNF-alpha, the cocultured hepatocytes increased their nitric oxide (NO) content sixfold when compared with lipopolysaccharide alone and downregulated the negatively regulated acute phase protein albumin. This downregulation was also detectable without lipopolysaccharide and without TNF-alpha release, indicating that Pb induces additional thus far unidentified Kupffer cell-derived factors, which interact with the cocultured hepatocytes. At the time of TNF-alpha release, the viability of the hepatocytes and the Kupffer cells was not affected. However, after a 48-h treatment period, Pb induced a Kupffer cell specific toxicity without affecting the hepatocytes. Loss of hepatocyte viability after lipopolysaccharide/Pb stimulation was only detectable in the presence of cocultured Kupffer cells together with human-derived granulocytes. It is concluded that Pb stimulates intercellular signalling between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes which is synergistically enhanced in the presence of low lipopolysaccharide levels. The released Kupffer cell-derived signals (e.g. cytokines) promotes most likely proteolytic hepatocyte killing in combination with a direct cellular interaction between the granulocytes and the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milosevic
- Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schorenstr. 16, CH-8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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24
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Dieter P, Hempel U, Malessa B, Fitzke E, Tran-Thi TA, MacLouf J, Créminon C, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y. Lipopolysaccharide- and liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE-induced formation of eicosanoids, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in macrophages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 469:443-8. [PMID: 10667366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4793-8_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Dieter
- TU Dresden, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Germany
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25
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Huang ZF, Massey JB, Via DP. Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA stability by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in human in vitro differentiated macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:187-94. [PMID: 10810453 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a highly inducible gene in macrophages by pro-inflammatory cytokines. A major mechanism for cytokine-induced COX-2 expression is stabilization of COX-2 mRNA. In this study, we examined the induction of COX-2 expression by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in human primary in vitro differentiated macrophages. IL-1 beta (5 ng/mL) or TNF-alpha (1 ng/mL) induced up to an approximately 40-fold increase of COX-2 mRNA in macrophages during a 2 to 2.5-hr incubation. Run-off experiments demonstrated that cytokine stimulation had only a mild effect on the COX-2 transcription rate (approximately 10-40% increase). The translation blocker cycloheximide (CHM) (10 mg/mL) superinduced COX-2 mRNA during 2 hr of incubation and further stabilized the COX-2 mRNA (T1/2 > 4 hr). The CHM-superinduced COX-2 mRNA was subject to a rapid degradation after removal of CHM (T1/2 < 1 hr). Both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha stabilized cytokine-induced COX-2 mRNA (T1/2 > or = 2 hr). Maximal stabilization of COX-2 mRNA after a short-term stimulation required the continued presence of IL-1 beta in the medium. Long-term treatment of TNF-alpha destabilized the induced COX-2 mRNA. Cells simultaneously treated with both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha had a reduced induction of COX-2, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 mRNA. In transcription-arrested cells, the translation blocker puromycin affected the TNF-alpha-induced stabilization and destabilization of COX-2 mRNA, but not the IL-1 beta-induced stabilization. The studies suggest that positive and negative regulation of mRNA stability may play a major role in cytokine-mediated COX-2 induction in human macrophages. TNF-alpha may play both pro-inflammatory and protective roles during inflammation by regulation of pro-inflammatory gene transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Huang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Ung DY, Woodhouse KA, Sefton MV. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) production by rat peritoneal macrophages is not polyacrylate surface-chemistry dependent. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1999; 46:324-30. [PMID: 10397988 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19990905)46:3<324::aid-jbm3>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylate films in the absence of added endotoxin caused rat peritoneal macrophages to secrete a small amount of TNFalpha. There was little difference, if any, among the materials, which included various co- or ter-polymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate. The materials were surface characterized and endotoxin cleaned prior to testing. Equivalent endotoxin levels associated with the material were <0.03 EU/mL for all materials but two; for polyHEMA, the most contaminated material, it was 0.23 EU/mL. Films of the materials were incubated with freshly isolated rat peritoneal macrophages for 6 to 24 h before the TNFalpha levels in the supernatant were analyzed for biological activity, using L929 cells as a target. When endotoxin was added, far greater quantities of TNFalpha were generated at 24 h compared to 6 h, but still there was little effect with regard to material chemistry. Such an in vitro assay proved not to be useful for the screening of potential microencapsulation materials for peritoneal biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Ung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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27
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Hase K, Xiong Q, Basnet P, Namba T, Kadota S. Inhibitory effect of tetrahydroswertianolin on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent hepatic apoptosis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57:1431-7. [PMID: 10353265 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of tetrahydroswertianolin (THS), a hepatoprotective agent from Swertia japonica, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent hepatic apoptosis induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) (700 mg/kg, i.p.) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 microg/kg, i.p.) in mice. Apoptotic symptoms were observed at the initial stage of liver damage. By 5 hr after intoxication, hepatic DNA fragmentation had risen to 2123%, with the value in untreated mice set at 100%, without a significant elevation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. There was a parallel increase in hepatocytes undergoing chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation. By 8 hr after intoxication, serum ALT activity had risen to 3707 U/L. Pretreatment with THS (50 mg/kg, p.o.) at 18 and 2 hr before intoxication significantly reduced DNA fragmentation to 821% of that in untreated mice and prevented the emergence of chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation. A significant and dose-dependent reduction in serum ALT activity at 8 hr also was observed with THS pretreatment. These effects of THS were different from those observed from pretreatment with glycyrrhizin (GCR), which is a clinically used hepatoprotective agent with membrane-stabilizing activity. GCR pretreatment (100 mg/kg, p.o.) did not inhibit hepatic DNA fragmentation (1588% of untreated mice), although this compound significantly protected against serum ALT elevation (1463 U/L). These data suggest that an inhibitory effect on the progression of hepatic apoptosis prior to liver injury may be involved in the hepatoprotective mechanisms of THS, whereas it appears that GCR affects the processes after apoptosis. In a separate experiment, we found that the concentration of serum TNF-alpha rose to 2016 pg/mL at 1 hr after intoxication of mice with D-GalN and LPS, but this increase was suppressed by THS pretreatment (10, 50, or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) to 716, 454, or 406 pg/mL, respectively. Further study with a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method showed that THS blocked TNF-alpha production at the transcriptional level. Because TNF-alpha is a critical mediator to elicit apoptosis in this model, the property of suppressing TNF-alpha production may be of prime importance for THS inhibition of hepatic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hase
- Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan
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28
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Milosevic N, Schawalder H, Maier P. Kupffer cell-mediated differential down-regulation of cytochrome P450 metabolism in rat hepatocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 368:75-87. [PMID: 10096772 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonparenchymal cells, particularly Kupffer cells, might play an important role in the modulation of xenobiotic metabolism in liver and its pharmacological and toxicological consequences. This intercellular communication via the exchange of soluble factors was investigated in primary rat Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Freshly isolated rat Kupffer cells were seeded onto cell culture inserts and cocultured with 5 day old serum-free rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures at a ratio of 1:1 for 2 days. Hepatocyte cultures, Kupffer cell cultures or cocultures were treated with 0.1 ng/ml-10 microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Within this concentration range, no significant toxicity was observed in either cell type. In LPS-exposed cocultures, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) levels rose up to 5 ng/ml within 5 h; nitric oxide (NO) levels increased up to 70 microM within 48 h of treatment, both in a dose-dependent fashion. The release of negative (albumin) and positive (alpha1-acid-glycoprotein) acute phase proteins from the hepatocytes was strongly down- and up-regulated, respectively. The simultaneous treatment of the cocultures with phenobarbital and LPS (10 ng/ml) or 3-methylcholanthrene and LPS (10 ng/ml) resulted in a strong down-regulation (85%) of the phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2B1 in the hepatocytes whereas the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced isoform CYP1A1 was only weakly affected (15%). This specific down-regulation of CYP2B1 was mediated exclusively by TNFalpha, released from the Kupffer cells. It was not linked with NO release from or inducible NO synthase activity in the hepatocytes. The TNFalpha release was not affected by the two xenobiotics. Acetaminophen tested in these cocultures showed no direct interaction with the Kupffer cells. The use of liver cell cocultures is therefore a useful approach to investigate the influence of intercellular communication on xenobiotic metabolism in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milosevic
- Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zürich, Schwerzenbach
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Dieter P, Hempel U, Kamionka S, Kolada A, Malessa B, Fitzke E, Tran-Thi TA. Prostaglandin E2 affects differently the release of inflammatory mediators from resident macrophages by LPS and muramyl tripeptides. Mediators Inflamm 1999; 8:295-303. [PMID: 10815618 PMCID: PMC1781814 DOI: 10.1080/09629359990306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS and MTP-PE (liposome-encapsulated N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-:[1',2'dipalmitoyl -sni-glycero-3-(hydroxy-phosphoryl-oxyl)] etylamide) induce in liver macrophages a synthesis and release of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and prostanoids. Both agents induce an expression of mRNA's encoding TNF-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and of corresponding proteins. LPS and MTP-PE induce a rapid activation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) isoenzymes-1 and -2. Inhibition of map kinase isoenzymes leads to a decreased release of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and prostaglandin (PG) E2 after both agents. The transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 are strongly activated by LPS within 30 minutes. MTP-PE induces a weak activation of both transcription factors only after 5 hours. Inhibition of NF-kappaB inhibits the LPS- but not the MTP-PE-induced release of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and PGE2. PGE2 release after LPS is higher than after MTP-PE. Exogenously added PGE2 inhibits the activation of map kinase and TNF-alpha release by LPS, but not by MTP-PE. Release of nitric oxide after LPS and MTP-PE is enhanced after prior addition of PGE2. PGD2 is without any effect. MTP-PE, but not LPS, induces a cytotoxicity of Kupffer cells against P815 tumor target cells. The MTP-PE-induced cytotoxicity is reduced by TNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies, indicating the involvement of TNF-alpha. Thus our results suggest that the different potencies of LPS and MTP-PE as immunomodulators probably result from different actions on Kupffer cells, resulting in differences in the amounts and kinetics of released TNF-alpha and PGE2, and that PGE2 plays an important regulatory role in the action of LPS, but not in the actions of MTP-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dieter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
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30
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Aldred A, Nagy LE. Ethanol dissociates hormone-stimulated cAMP production from inhibition of TNF-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:G98-G106. [PMID: 9886984 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.g98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol impairs hormone-stimulated cAMP production in a number of cell types, yet the effects of ethanol on downstream responses mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are not understood. Here we have investigated the effects of ethanol feeding on cAMP-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis in rat Kupffer cells. Male Wistar rats were fed liquid diets containing 36% of calories as ethanol for 4 wk or were pair fed a control diet. Stimulation of cAMP production by the adenosine A2 receptor agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)-adenosine (NECA), prostaglandin E2, or forskolin was decreased to 25% of control values in Kupffer cells isolated from ethanol-fed rats. This decrease was associated with a reduction in the quantity of immunoreactive Gsalpha protein in ethanol-fed rats, with no changes observed in Gialpha or Gbeta. TNF-alpha production was higher in ethanol-fed rats in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or latex beads. Despite the profound reduction in the ability of hormone to increase cAMP production, NECA and prostaglandin E2 inhibited TNF-alpha production to an equivalent degree in Kupffer cells from ethanol- and pair-fed rats. Total activity and immuoreactive protein quantity of PKA did not differ between groups. Activation of PKA in response to a 15-min treatment with 1 microM NECA was reduced by 50% in ethanol-fed rats compared with control. Despite this reduction in activation, translocation of the catalytic subunit of PKA to the nucleus and phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein in response to activation were observed in Kupffer cells from both ethanol- and pair-fed rats. These data demonstrate that there is a dissociation between ethanol-induced desensitization of hormone-stimulated cAMP production in rat Kupffer cells and the downstream inhibition of TNF-alpha production mediated by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aldred
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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31
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Thompson KC, Trowern A, Fowell A, Marathe M, Haycock C, Arthur MJ, Sheron N. Primary rat and mouse hepatic stellate cells express the macrophage inhibitor cytokine interleukin-10 during the course of activation In vitro. Hepatology 1998; 28:1518-24. [PMID: 9828215 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of local tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells) and of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblast phenotype are two key events in liver inflammation and fibrosis. It is known that products of activated macrophages may activate stellate cells. We have hypothesized that the products of activated HSCs may also modulate the activity of Kupffer cells. The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), produced by lymphocytes and macrophages, has profound inhibitory actions on macrophages. Normal rat and mouse HSCs that differentiate in vivo and in vitro to activated myofibroblasts were isolated by enzyme perfusion and density centrifugation with or without centrifugal elutriation, confirmed by vitamin A autofluorescence and positive immunostaining for the myofibroblast markers desmin and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Conditioned media and lysates from these cells were found to down-regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) secretion by the mouse macrophage line RAW 267.4. In highly purified preparations of rat HSCs, messenger RNA (mRNA) for IL-10 was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), from the time of isolation to up to 120 days of culture on plastic. Long-term cultures of unstimulated mouse HSCs secreted IL-10 protein as detected by immunoblotting and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-10 protein was undetectable by immunohistochemistry in mouse HSCs for the first 3 days in culture. After this, the percentage of IL-10-positive cells increased to 45% at day 7 and 100% by day 14, and expression of IL-10 continued in long-term cultures of up to 120 days. The expression of IL-10 by the stromal cells that govern the fibrotic process in the liver may have important implications for the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Thompson
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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32
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Muntané J, Montero JL, Marchal T, Perez-Seoane C, Lozano JM, Fraga E, Pintado CO, Miño G. Effect of PGE1 on TNF-alpha status and hepatic D-galactosamine-induced apoptosis in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:197-207. [PMID: 10221824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 has hepatoprotective properties in several clinical and experimental models of liver dysfunction. Hepatotoxicity induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) is a suitable animal model of human acute hepatic failure. The aim of the study was to investigate if prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) protection against hepatic D-GalN-induced apoptosis was related to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) content in serum. This cytokine is associated with in vitro apoptosis and general inflammatory disorders. In this study, PGE1 was administered 30 min before D-GalN to rats. In other experiments, several doses of TNF-alpha were administered 15min after PGE1 to D-Ga1N-treated rats. Several parameters related to apoptosis and necrosis were measured by flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis, biochemical analysis, and optical and electron microscopy. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha was quantified by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PGE1 by itself did not modify the cell cycle of hepatocytes and liver toxicity, but increased TNF-alpha in serum in comparison with the control group. D-Galactosamine increased the percentage of hepatocytes in apoptosis and in the S phase of the cell cycle, and decreased those in G0/G1. Such an increase of hepatocytes in apoptosis was correlated with a higher number of apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation in liver than control samples. Also, D-GalN increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and TNF-alpha in serum compared with the control group. Pre-administration of PGE1 to D-GalN-treated rats reduced all the parameters of apoptosis and necrosis in liver, and increased additionallyTNF-alpha content in serum. In those experiments where low doses of TNF-alpha were administered to PGE1 and D-GalN-treated rats an inverse relationship appeared between TNF-alpha and ALT content in serum. In conclusion, the protective effects of PGE1 on D-GalN-induced apoptosis may be linked to its capacity to modulate cell division and/or its immunomodulatory activity. In this sense, our experimental results suggest that TNF-alpha could be involved in protection or exacerbation of liver damage in relation to the pathophysiological status of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muntané
- Servicio Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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Knittel T, Müller L, Saile B, Ramadori G. Effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on proliferation, activation and protein synthesis of rat hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 1997; 27:1067-80. [PMID: 9453433 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatic stellate cells represent the principal matrix-synthesising cells of damaged liver and are targets of a number of cytokines currently under investigation. The study analyses the effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma on proliferation, "activation" and protein synthesis of hepatic stellate cells. METHODS Primary cultures of hepatic stellate cells were exposed to tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Cell proliferation was studied by 3H-thymidine and bromo-deoxy-uridine incorporation. Protein synthesis was analysed using immunoprecipitation, Western- and Northern blotting techniques. RESULTS Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells was reduced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, while "activation" of hepatic stellate cells as assessed by expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin and of TGF-beta/activin type I receptor was induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha but downregulated by interferon-gamma. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha increased the synthesis of distinct extracellular matrix proteins, particularly of fibronectin and tenascin, but decreased collagen type III expression. In contrast, interferon-gamma reduced the synthesis of all connective tissue proteins tested. Among the protease inhibitors, interferon-gamma induced C1-esterase inhibitor synthesis, while tumour necrosis factor-alpha stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 production. CONCLUSIONS Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma decrease proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, while "activation" of hepatic stellate cells and synthesis of proteins involved in matrix metabolism are regulated in a differential, cytokine-specific manner, suggesting that both cytokines play an important role in liver repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Knittel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany
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34
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Dieter P, Ambs P, Fitzke E, Schwende H. Lipopolysaccharide and liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE-induced cytotoxicity and release of eicosanoids, tumor necrosis factor- alpha and nitric oxide in liver macrophages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 407:485-90. [PMID: 9321995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1813-0_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Dieter
- Biochemical Institute/Tumor Biology Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Behar-Cohen FF, Parel JM, Pouliquen Y, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, Goureau O, Heydolph S, Courtois Y, De Kozak Y. Iontophoresis of dexamethasone in the treatment of endotoxin-induced-uveitis in rats. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65:533-45. [PMID: 9464186 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1997.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a Coulomb Controlled Iontophoresis system (CCI) in the local delivery of corticosteroids for the treatment of uveitis. The therapeutic efficacy of Dexamethasone (Dex) administered by CCI was compared to systemic injection and to topical application with the iontophoresis apparatus in the absence of electrical current. The evaluation was done in the treatment of the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model, and in the effect on TNF gene expression in the iris/ciliary body as well as in the retina and on TNF levels in aqueous humor and vitreous. Dex was administered either at the time of LPS injection or 5 hours later. For iontophoresis, we used a 1 ml reservoir-electrode covering the cornea, the limbus, and the first millimeter of the sclera. The applied electrical current was of 400 microA during four minutes with a total surface charge of 0.4 C cm-2. EIU was evaluated by clinical examination, by counts of intraocular inflammatory cells on histological sections, and by measuring the protein levels in the aqueous humor and in the vitreous. The TNF-alpha gene expression in the iris and ciliary body, and in the retina was evaluated by RT-PCR. The systemic effect of Dex delivered by CCI was evaluated on the level of serum TNF-alpha in EIU. Our results demonstrated that local administration of Dex by CCI inhibited anterior and posterior signs of intraocular inflammation as effectively as systemic administration, with no effect on systemic level of TNF. In the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, the protein exudation. TNF levels and the cellular infiltration were inhibited. The TNF-alpha gene expression was inhibited in the anterior as well as the posterior segment of the eye. No clinical nor histological damage were caused by the CCI apparatus. In conclusion, CCI administration of Dex allows for a therapeutic effect on the posterior as well as the anterior segment of the eye, and may present a viable alternative to systemic administration of glucocorticoids in severe ocular inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Behar-Cohen
- INSERM U450 Développement, Viellissement et Pathologie de la Rétine, Association Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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36
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Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Lane MD, Clemens M, Diehl AM. Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2557-62. [PMID: 9122234 PMCID: PMC20127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/1996] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically obese fatty/fatty rats and obese/obese mice exhibit increased sensitivity to endotoxin hepatotoxicity, quickly developing steatohepatitis after exposure to low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Among obese animals, females are more sensitive to endotoxin liver injury than males. LPS induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), the proven affecter of endotoxin liver injury, is no greater in the livers, white adipose tissues, or sera of obese animals than in those of lean controls. Indeed, the lowest serum concentrations of TNF occur in female obese rodents, which exhibit the most endotoxin-induced liver injury. Several cytokines that modulate the biological activity of TNF are regulated abnormally in the livers of obese animals. After exposure to LPS, mRNA of interferon gamma, which sensitizes hepatocytes to TNF toxicity, is overexpressed, and mRNA levels of interleukin 10, a TNF inhibitor, are decreased. The phagocytic activity of liver macrophages and the hepatic expression of a gene encoding a macrophage-specific receptor are also decreased in obesity. This new animal model of obesity-associated liver disease demonstrates that hepatic macrophage dysfunction occurs in obesity and suggests that this might promote steatohepatitis by sensitizing hepatocytes to endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Yang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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37
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Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bellezzo JM, Britton RS, Bacon BR, Fox ES. Thiol regulation of endotoxin-induced release of tumour necrosis factor alpha from isolated rat Kupffer cells. Biochem J 1996; 320 ( Pt 3):1005-10. [PMID: 9003392 PMCID: PMC1218027 DOI: 10.1042/bj3201005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines released by hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) have a central role in the pathogenesis of liver injury and the cardiovascular abnormalities of sepsis. Because cytokine release is controlled primarily at the level of gene expression, intracellular signalling mechanisms that control the transcription of cytokine genes are critical links to organ injury. Oxidant stress up-regulates and antioxidants down-regulate the pleiotropic transcription factor NF-kappa B, a DNA-binding protein that induces the expression of cytokines and vascular adhesion molecules. Thiol-bearing molecules are also important inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation, but whether this inhibition represents an antioxidant effect is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether important endogenous and pharmacological thiols modulate the activation of NF-kappa B and the release of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) from Kupffer cells and to ascertain whether these effects are mediated through glutathione. Exposure of rat Kupffer cells to a physiologically relevant concentration of lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml) activated NF-kappa B within 1 h and induced the release of TNF-alpha over 5 h. Cellular glutathione content remained unchanged after lipopolysaccharide exposure, but both glutathione monoethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-cysteine increased cellular glutathione levels, blocked NF-kappa B activation and inhibited the release of TNF-alpha. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis prevented the NAC-induced increase in Kupffer cell glutathione, yet it did not prevent the inhibition of TNF-alpha release by NAC. Thus the inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by pharmacological thiols such as NAC might reflect a more general role of the intracellular thiol redox status in NF-kappa B regulation rather than the antioxidant properties of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Neuschwander-Tetri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
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38
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Herfarth HH, Mohanty SP, Rath HC, Tonkonogy S, Sartor RB. Interleukin 10 suppresses experimental chronic, granulomatous inflammation induced by bacterial cell wall polymers. Gut 1996; 39:836-45. [PMID: 9038666 PMCID: PMC1383456 DOI: 10.1136/gut.39.6.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interleukin 10 (IL10) inhibits monocyte/macrophage and T lymphocyte effector functions. This study examined the effect of systemically administered IL10 on acute and chronic granulomatous enterocolitis, hepatitis, and arthritis in a rat model. METHODS Lewis rats were injected intramurally with streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS) polymers. Beginning 12 hours before PG-APS injection, rats were treated daily with subcutaneous murine recombinant IL10 or vehicle for three or 17 days. RESULTS IL10 attenuated acute enterocolitis in a dose dependent fashion (p < 0.01). Protective effects were more profound in the chronic granulomatous phase with decreased enterocolitis and markedly inhibited leucocytosis, hepatic granulomas, and chronic erosive arthritis (p < 0.001). IL10 downregulated tissue IL1, IL6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma gene expression, consistent with the in vitro effects of IL10 on PG-APS-stimulated splenocytes. Caecal IL1 protein concentrations and IL2 and interferon gamma secretion by in vitro stimulated mesenteric lymph nodes were downregulated in IL10 treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exogenous IL10 can inhibit experimental granulomatous inflammatory responses and suggest that IL10 treatment could be an effective new therapeutic approach in human disorders such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Herfarth
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7080, USA
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Zhang F, Warskulat U, Häussinger D. Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by anisoosmolarity and betaine in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). FEBS Lett 1996; 391:293-6. [PMID: 8764992 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoosmotic exposure (205 mosmol/l) of rat liver macrophages together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibited the LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release by about 60% and markedly diminished the LPS-induced increase of TNF-alpha mRNA levels. Hyperosmotic exposure (405 mosmol/l) had no effect on total TNF-alpha release, however, both TNF-alpha accumulation in the medium and the LPS-induced increase of TNF-alpha mRNA levels were significantly delayed under these conditions. This delay was abolished upon addition of betaine, which acts as an osmolyte in Kupffer cells. When LPS was added to Kupffer cells that had been preexposed to hyperosmotic medium for 24 h, the LPS-induced TNF-alpha release was inhibited by 90% when compared to normoosmotic conditions. Likewise, the LPS-induced increase in TNF-alpha mRNA levels was largely abolished. Inhibition of TNF-alpha release and of the increase in the TNF-alpha mRNA level in response to hyperosmolarity/LPS, however, was largely overcome when indomethacin or betaine was present during the hyperosmotic preincubation period. Because betaine has recently been shown to inhibit the hyperosmolarity-induced induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and stimulation of prostaglandin production, these findings suggest that the effect of betaine in restoring the LPS-induced TNF-alpha response in hyperosmotically exposed Kupffer cells is mediated by an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The findings point to a regulatory role of cell volume and betaine for TNF-alpha production by liver macrophages, suggesting a new role of osmolytes in modulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Tran-Thi TA, Decker K, Baeuerle PA. Differential activation of transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 in rat liver macrophages. Hepatology 1995; 22:613-9. [PMID: 7635431 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840220235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) respond to many stimulations with the production of bioactive substances including cytokines, eicosanoids, and inorganic radicals. In this study the activation of transcription factors by substances inducing cytokine gene expression or superoxide formation in rat Kupffer cells was examined. Using primary cultures of rat Kupffer cells the role of NF-kappa B and activator protein 1 (AP-1) in the expression of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Both transcription factors were strongly activated but with different kinetics. Maximal DNA-binding activity was induced with 50 ng of LPS/mL of medium and persisted for at least 24 hours. At that time, NF-kappa B- as well as AP-1-DNA complexes decreased their mobilities in native gels. Among the cytokines tested only TNF-alpha and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were able to activate NF-kappa B in Kupffer cells. Phorbol ester and zymosan activated AP-1 but not NF-kappa B; the treatment of zymosan yielding a modified form of AP-1. Of all substances found to interfere with TNF-alpha production by Kupffer cells (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, dexamethasone, prostaglandin E2, interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]) only pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was able to completely inhibit the activation of NF-kappa B by LPS. Although not abrogating the LPS activation of NF-kappa B, dexamethasone inhibited that of AP-1. The results indicate a direct participation of NF-kappa B in the regulation of TNF-alpha synthesis and a differential effect of LPS on NF-kappa B and AP-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Tran-Thi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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