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Carulli D, de Winter F, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in Adult Nervous System Plasticity and Disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:672891. [PMID: 34045951 PMCID: PMC8148045 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.672891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, originally discovered as guidance cues for developing axons, are involved in many processes that shape the nervous system during development, from neuronal proliferation and migration to neuritogenesis and synapse formation. Interestingly, the expression of many Semaphorins persists after development. For instance, Semaphorin 3A is a component of perineuronal nets, the extracellular matrix structures enwrapping certain types of neurons in the adult CNS, which contribute to the closure of the critical period for plasticity. Semaphorin 3G and 4C play a crucial role in the control of adult hippocampal connectivity and memory processes, and Semaphorin 5A and 7A regulate adult neurogenesis. This evidence points to a role of Semaphorins in the regulation of adult neuronal plasticity. In this review, we address the distribution of Semaphorins in the adult nervous system and we discuss their function in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carulli
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tan G. Inhibitory effects of Semaphorin 3F as an alternative candidate to anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody on angiogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:756-765. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hollville E, Deshmukh M. Physiological functions of non-apoptotic caspase activity in the nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:127-136. [PMID: 29199140 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases that play important and well-defined roles in apoptosis and inflammation. Increasing evidence point to alternative functions of caspases where restricted and localized caspase activation within neurons allows for a variety of non-apoptotic and non-inflammatory processes required for brain development and function. In this review, we highlight sublethal caspase functions in axon and dendrite pruning, neurite outgrowth and dendrite branches formation, as well as in long-term depression and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, as non-apoptotic activity of caspases is often confined in space and time in neurons, we also discuss the mechanisms that restrict caspase activity in order to maintain the neuronal networks in a healthy and functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Meyer LAT, Fritz J, Pierdant-Mancera M, Bagnard D. Current drug design to target the Semaphorin/Neuropilin/Plexin complexes. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:700-708. [PMID: 27906605 PMCID: PMC5160035 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1261785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Semaphorin/Neuropilin/Plexin (SNP) complexes control a wide range of biological processes. Consistently, activity deregulation of these complexes is associated with many diseases. The increasing knowledge on SNP had in turn validated these molecular complexes as novel therapeutic targets. Targeting SNP activities by small molecules, antibodies and peptides or by soluble semaphorins have been proposed as new therapeutic approach. This review is focusing on the latest demonstration of this potential and discusses some of the key questions that need to be addressed before translating SNP targeting into clinically relevant approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. T. Meyer
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Justine Fritz
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Pierdant-Mancera
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U1109 – MN3T Lab, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, France
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Bavarsad Shahripour R, Harrigan MR, Alexandrov AV. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities. Brain Behav 2014; 4:108-22. [PMID: 24683506 PMCID: PMC3967529 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an expanding field of research investigating the benefits of medicines with multiple mechanisms of action across neurological disorders. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), widely known as an antidote to acetaminophen overdose, is now emerging as treatment of vascular and nonvascular neurological disorders. NAC as a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione modulates glutamatergic, neurotrophic, and inflammatory pathways. AIM AND DISCUSSION Most NAC studies up to date have been carried out in animal models of various neurological disorders with only a few studies completed in humans. In psychiatry, NAC has been tested in over 20 clinical trials as an adjunctive treatment; however, this topic is beyond the scope of this review. Herein, we discuss NAC molecular, intracellular, and systemic effects, focusing on its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases including spinocerebellar ataxia, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundbor type as well as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION Finally, we review the potential applications of NAC to facilitate recovery after traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and in treatment of cerebrovascular vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Harrigan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrei V Alexandrov
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama
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Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by a Neuropilin-1 Binding Peptide Derived from Semaphorin 3A. Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ezkurdia N, Coll M, Raurell I, Rodriguez S, Cuenca S, González A, Guardia J, Esteban R, Genescà J, Martell M. Blockage of the afferent sensitive pathway prevents sympathetic atrophy and hemodynamic alterations in rat portal hypertension. Liver Int 2012; 32:1295-305. [PMID: 22292477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Portal hypertension causes arterial vasodilation and sympathetic atrophy in the splanchnic area. We aimed to demonstrate a relationship between hemodynamic alterations and sympathetic atrophy by investigating a pathway from sensitive afferent signals to mesenteric sympathetic ganglia. METHODS Experiments were conducted in sham and portal vein ligated (PVL) adult and neonatal rats treated with vehicle or capsaicin. Hemodynamic parameters, and immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot of different tissues were analysed. RESULTS cFos expression in the brain supraoptic nuclei was used to confirm abrogation of the afferent signal in capsaicin-treated PVL rats (effectively afferent blocked). Neonatal and adult PVL afferent blocked rats showed simultaneous prevention of hemodynamic alterations and sympathetic atrophy (measured by tyrosine hydroxylase expression in nerve structures of splanchnic vasculature). Not effectively afferent blocked rats showed none of these effects, behaving as PVL vehicle. All capsaicin treated animals presented loss of calcitonin gene-related peptide in superior mesenteric artery and ganglia, whereas neuronal nitric oxide synthase remained unaffected. Neuronal markers semaphorin-3A, nerve growth factor, its precursor and p75 neurotrophic receptor, were significantly over-expressed in the PVL sympathetic ganglia compared with sham, but not in effectively afferent blocked rats. Semaphorin-3A staining in mesenteric ganglia co-localized with vesicular acetylcholine transporter, but not with adrenergic, nitrergic and sensory axons, suggesting that semaphorin-3A might originate in preganglionic neurons. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the nervous system has a central role in the genesis of the circulatory abnormalities of portal hypertension, and support that mesenteric sympathetic atrophy contributes to splanchnic arterial vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahia Ezkurdia
- Liver Unit-Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatic Disease Laboratory, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Prestoz L, Jaber M, Gaillard A. Dopaminergic axon guidance: which makes what? Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:32. [PMID: 22866028 PMCID: PMC3408579 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesotelencephalic pathways in the adult central nervous system have been studied in great detail because of their implication in major physiological functions as well as in psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the ontogeny of these pathways and the molecular mechanisms that guide dopaminergic axons during embryogenesis have been only recently studied. This line of research is of crucial interest for the repair of lesioned circuits in adulthood following neurodegenerative diseases or common traumatic injuries. For instance, in the adult, the anatomic and functional repair of the nigrostriatal pathway following dopaminergic embryonic neuron transplantation suggests that specific guidance cues exist which govern embryonic fibers outgrowth, and suggests that axons from transplanted embryonic cells are able to respond to theses cues, which then guide them to their final targets. In this review, we first synthesize the work that has been performed in the last few years on developing mesotelencephalic pathways, and summarize the current knowledge on the identity of cellular and molecular signals thought to be involved in establishing mesotelencephalic dopaminergic neuronal connectivity during embryogenesis in the central nervous system of rodents. Then, we review the modulation of expression of these molecular signals in the lesioned adult brain and discuss their potential role in remodeling the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic circuitry, with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease (PD). Identifying guidance molecules involved in the connection of grafted cells may be useful for cellular therapy in Parkinsonian patients, as these molecules may help direct axons from grafted cells along the long distance they have to travel from the substantia nigra to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Prestoz
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases, INSERM U1084, University of PoitiersPoitiers, France.
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Ueyama H, Horibe T, Nakajima O, Ohara K, Kohno M, Kawakami K. Semaphorin 3A lytic hybrid peptide binding to neuropilin-1 as a novel anti-cancer agent in pancreatic cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:60-6. [PMID: 21945444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that novel targeted "hybrid peptide" in which epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding peptide was conjugated with lytic-type peptide had selective cytotoxic activity to EGFR expressing cancer cells. In this study, we have generated a novel type hybrid peptide, semaphorin 3A lytic (Sema3A-lytic), which is composed of two functional amino acid domains: a sequence derived from Sema3A that binds to neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and a cytotoxic lytic peptide. We found that this hybrid peptide had cytotoxic activity against NRP1-positive pancreatic cancer cell lines such as BxPC-3 and Panc-1, whereas the peptide did not affect the viability of normal cells in vitro. It was also found by affinity analysis that Sema3A peptide binds to NRP1, and two arginines (372R and 377R) in Sema3A peptide are involved in the interaction with NRP1 protein. In addition, confocal microscopy analysis revealed that Sema3A-lytic peptide could not penetrate normal cells regardless of the presence of NRP1 mRNA, suggesting that the ability of Sema3A-lytic peptide to concentrate adjacent to the cell membrane by binding to NRP1 with the target-binding moiety contributes to its selective cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that Sema3A-lytic hybrid peptide would be a possible anti-cancer agent for treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Ueyama
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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ZHU N, MA J, ZENG SJ, LIN YT, ZHANG XW, ZUO MX. Age-dependent Expression of GAP-43, Netrin-1, Collapsin-1, and Neuropilin-1 in Murine Cerebellum*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2008.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Axon guidance and synaptic maintenance: preclinical markers for neurodegenerative disease and therapeutics. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:142-9. [PMID: 19162339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Axon-guidance-pathway molecules are involved in connectivity and repair throughout life (beyond guiding brain wiring during fetal development). One study found that variations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in axon-guidance-pathway genes were predictive of three Parkinson's disease (PD) outcomes (susceptibility, survival free of PD and age at onset of PD) in genome-wide association (GWA) datasets. The axon-guidance-pathway genes DCC, EPHB1, NTNG1, SEMA5A and SLIT3 were represented by SNPs predicting PD outcomes. Beyond GWA analyses, we also present relevant neurobiological roles of these axon-guidance-pathway molecules and consider mechanisms by which abnormal axon-guidance-molecule signaling can cause loss of connectivity and, ultimately, PD. Novel drugs and treatments could emerge from this new understanding.
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Ji JD, Ivashkiv LB. Roles of semaphorins in the immune and hematopoietic system. Rheumatol Int 2009; 29:727-34. [PMID: 19139899 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-0852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins were originally discovered in the nervous system, and have been implicated in repulsive axon guidance during the development of nervous system. Semaphorins are also implicated in tumor progression, by affecting adhesion, migration of malignant cells and angiogenesis, and are involved in normal cardiovascular development. Recently, several semaphorins and their receptors are expressed in a variety of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and affect immune cell functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. This review focuses on recent work on the functions of semaphorins in the immune system and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dae Ji
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, Anam-Dong 5-Ga, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea.
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Sloan EK, Capitanio JP, Cole SW. Stress-induced remodeling of lymphoid innervation. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:15-21. [PMID: 17697764 PMCID: PMC2754291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs have long been known to harbor neural fibers from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, but recent studies suggest a surprising degree of plasticity in the density of innervation. This review summarizes data showing that behavioral stress can increase the density of catecholaminergic neural fibers within lymphoid organs of adult primates. Stress-induced neural densification is associated with increased expression of neurotrophic factors, and functional consequences include alterations in lymph node cytokine expression and increased replication of a lymphotropic virus. The finding that behavioral stress can tonically alter lymph node neural structure suggests that behavioral factors could exert long-term regulatory influences on the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica K. Sloan
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA School of Medicine, and UCLA AIDS Institute
| | - John P. Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA School of Medicine, and UCLA AIDS Institute
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UCLA Molecular Biology Institute
- Address correspondence to: Steve W. Cole, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, 11-934 Factor Building, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095-1678, , (310) 267-4243
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Smith RA. Permissive and repulsive cues and signalling pathways of axonal outgrowth and regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 267:125-81. [PMID: 18544498 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)00603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Successful axonal outgrowth in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is central to the process of nerve regeneration and brain repair. To date, much of the knowledge on axonal guidance and outgrowth comes from studies on neuritogenesis and patterning during development where distal growth cones constantly sample the local environment and respond to specific physical and trophic influences. Opposing permissive (e.g., growth factors) and hostile signals (e.g., repulsive cues) are processed, leading to growth cone remodelling, and a concomitant restructuring of the cytoskeleton, thereby permitting pioneering extension and a potential for establishing synaptic connections. Repulsive cues, such as semaphorins, ephrins and myelin-secreted inhibitory glycoproteins, act through their respective receptors to affect the collapsing or turning of growth cones via several pathways, such as the Rho GTPases signalling which precipitates the cytoskeletal changes. One of the direct modulators of microtubules is the family of brain-specific proteins, collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP). Exciting evidence emerged recently that cleavage of CRMPs in response to injury-activated proteases, such as calpain, signals axonal retraction and neuronal death in adult post-mitotic neurons, while blocking this signal transduction prevents axonal retraction and death following excitotoxic insult and cerebral ischemia. Regeneration is minimal in injured postnatal CNS, albeit the occurrence of some limited remodelling in areas where synaptic plasticity is prevalent. Frequently in the absence of axonal regeneration, there is not only an inevitable loss of functional connections, but also a loss of neurons, such as through the actions of dependence receptors. Deciphering the cues and signalling pathways of axonal guidance and outgrowth may hold the key to fully understanding nerve regeneration and brain repair, thereby opening the way for developing potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng T Hou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Lesnick TG, Papapetropoulos S, Mash DC, Ffrench-Mullen J, Shehadeh L, de Andrade M, Henley JR, Rocca WA, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM. A genomic pathway approach to a complex disease: axon guidance and Parkinson disease. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e98. [PMID: 17571925 PMCID: PMC1904362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While major inroads have been made in identifying the genetic causes of rare Mendelian disorders, little progress has been made in the discovery of common gene variations that predispose to complex diseases. The single gene variants that have been shown to associate reproducibly with complex diseases typically have small effect sizes or attributable risks. However, the joint actions of common gene variants within pathways may play a major role in predisposing to complex diseases (the paradigm of complex genetics). The goal of this study was to determine whether polymorphism in a candidate pathway (axon guidance) predisposed to a complex disease (Parkinson disease [PD]). We mined a whole-genome association dataset and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were within axon-guidance pathway genes. We then constructed models of axon-guidance pathway SNPs that predicted three outcomes: PD susceptibility (odds ratio = 90.8, p = 4.64 × 10−38), survival free of PD (hazards ratio = 19.0, p = 5.43 × 10−48), and PD age at onset (R2 = 0.68, p = 1.68 × 10−51). By contrast, models constructed from thousands of random selections of genomic SNPs predicted the three PD outcomes poorly. Mining of a second whole-genome association dataset and mining of an expression profiling dataset also supported a role for many axon-guidance pathway genes in PD. These findings could have important implications regarding the pathogenesis of PD. This genomic pathway approach may also offer insights into other complex diseases such as Alzheimer disease, diabetes mellitus, nicotine and alcohol dependence, and several cancers. Complex diseases are common disorders that are believed to have many causes. Examples include Alzheimer disease, diabetes mellitus, nicotine and alcohol dependence, and several cancers. This study represents a paradigm shift from single gene to pathway studies of complex diseases. We present the example of Parkinson disease (PD) and a complex array of chemical signals that wires the brain during fetal development (the axon guidance pathway). We mined a dataset that studied hundreds of thousands of DNA variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in persons with and without PD and identified SNPs that were assigned to axon-guidance pathway genes. We then identified sets of SNPs that were highly predictive of PD susceptibility, survival free of PD, and age at onset of PD. The effect sizes and the statistical significance observed for the pathway were far greater than for any single gene. We validated our findings for the pathway using a second SNP dataset for PD and also a dataset for PD that studied RNA variations. There is prior evidence that the axon guidance pathway might play a role in other brain disorders (e.g., Alzheimer disease, Tourette syndrome, dyslexia, epilepsy, and schizophrenia). A genomic pathway approach may lead to important breakthroughs for many complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Lesnick
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Spiridon Papapetropoulos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Lina Shehadeh
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John R Henley
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Walter A Rocca
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - J. Eric Ahlskog
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Demetrius M Maraganore
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Nitzan A, Kermer P, Shirvan A, Bähr M, Barzilai A, Solomon AS. Examination of cellular and molecular events associated with optic nerve axotomy. Glia 2006; 54:545-56. [PMID: 16906543 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analyzing cellular behavior during scar formation and determining the expression of growth inhibiting molecules in the optic nerve and retina following acute optic nerve injury. METHODS A rat model of complete transection of the optic nerve that spares the vascular supply and the neural scaffold was used. The response of the optic nerve and retinas to axotomy was studied by immunological and biochemical approaches. RESULTS Optic nerve axotomy led to massive cell invasion at the site of injury that spread along both sides of the nerve. The cells were microglia, oligodendrocytes, and to a lesser extent astrocytes. A marked induction of semaphorin 3A was evident, especially in the area of the scar, and persisted up to the 28th day of the experiment. Expression of neuropilin-1, a component of the semaphorin 3A receptor, increased following injury. The molecular events associated with axotomy were studied by measuring the levels of semaphorin 3A, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 in the retina. Semaphorin 3A levels and the activated form of p38 were elevated 3 days post-axotomy and then declined; ERK1/2 activation levels reached their peak 14 days post axotomy. Acute nerve injury led to morphological alterations in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and the extracellular matrix, disrupting the delicate internal organization of the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that cell invasion, semaphorin 3A and neuropilin-1 induction, and disruption of the internal organization of the optic nerve contribute to axotomy-induced degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Nitzan
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Niclou SP, Ehlert EME, Verhaagen J. Chemorepellent axon guidance molecules in spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:409-21. [PMID: 16629626 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating axons stop growing when they reach the border of the glial-fibrotic scar, presumably because they encounter a potent molecular barrier inhibiting growth cone advance. Chemorepulsive axon guidance molecules provide a non-permissive environment restricting and channeling axon growth in the developing nervous system. These molecules could also act as growth-inhibitory molecules in the regenerating nervous system. The receptors for repulsive guidance cues are expressed in the mature nervous system, suggesting that adult neurons are sensitive to the activity of developmentally active repulsive proteins. In this review, we summarize recent observations on semaphorins, ephrins, and slits in the injured brain and spinal cord, providing evidence that these proteins are major players in inhibiting axonal regeneration and establishing the glial-fibrotic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Niclou
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hou ST, Jiang SX, Desbois A, Huang D, Kelly J, Tessier L, Karchewski L, Kappler J. Calpain-cleaved collapsin response mediator protein-3 induces neuronal death after glutamate toxicity and cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2241-9. [PMID: 16495451 PMCID: PMC6674801 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4485-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) mediate growth cone collapse during development, but their roles in adult brains are not clear. Here we report the findings that the full-length CRMP-3 (p63) is a direct target of calpain that cleaves CRMP-3 at the N terminus (+76 amino acid). Interestingly, activated calpain in response to excitotoxicity in vitro and cerebral ischemia in vivo also cleaved CRMP-3, and the cleavage product of CRMP-3 (p54) underwent nuclear translocation during neuronal death. The expression of p54 was colocalized with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive nuclei in glutamate-treated cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and in ischemic neurons located in the infarct core after focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that p54 might be involved in neuronal death. Overexpression studies showed that p54, but not p63, caused death of human embryonic kidney cells and CGNs, whereas knock-down CRMP-3 expression by selective small interfering RNA protected neurons against glutamate toxicity. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role of CRMP-3 in that calpain cleavage of CRMP-3 and the subsequent nuclear translocation of the truncated CRMP-3 evokes neuronal death in response to excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. Our findings also establish a novel route of how calpain signals neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, National Research Council Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Chédotal A, Kerjan G, Moreau-Fauvarque C. The brain within the tumor: new roles for axon guidance molecules in cancers. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1044-56. [PMID: 16015381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits, semaphorins and netrins are three families of proteins that can attract or repel growing axons and migrating neurons in the developing nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that they are widely expressed outside the nervous system and that they may play important roles in cancers. Several of the genes encoding these proteins are localized on chromosomal region associated with frequent loss-of-heterozygosity in tumors and cancer cell lines and there is also significant hypermethylation of their promoter suggesting that they may act as tumor suppressors. In addition, proteins in all these families and their receptors appear to control the vascularization of the tumors. Last, many axon guidance molecules also regulate cell migration and apoptosis in normal and tumorigenic tissues. Overall, this suggests that molecules that could mimick or block the activity of axon guidance molecules may be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chédotal
- CNRS UMR7102, Equipe Développement Neuronal, Université Paris 6, Batiment B, Case 12, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Maraganore DM, de Andrade M, Lesnick TG, Strain KJ, Farrer MJ, Rocca WA, Pant PVK, Frazer KA, Cox DR, Ballinger DG. High-resolution whole-genome association study of Parkinson disease. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:685-93. [PMID: 16252231 PMCID: PMC1271381 DOI: 10.1086/496902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a two-tiered, whole-genome association study of Parkinson disease (PD). For tier 1, we individually genotyped 198,345 uniformly spaced and informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 443 sibling pairs discordant for PD. For tier 2a, we individually genotyped 1,793 PD-associated SNPs (P<.01 in tier 1) and 300 genomic control SNPs in 332 matched case-unrelated control pairs. We identified 11 SNPs that were associated with PD (P<.01) in both tier 1 and tier 2 samples and had the same direction of effect. For these SNPs, we combined data from the case-unaffected sibling pair (tier 1) and case-unrelated control pair (tier 2) samples and employed a liberalization of the sibling transmission/disequilibrium test to calculate odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values. A SNP within the semaphorin 5A gene (SEMA5A) had the lowest combined P value (P=7.62 x 10(-6)). The protein encoded by this gene plays an important role in neurogenesis and in neuronal apoptosis, which is consistent with existing hypotheses regarding PD pathogenesis. A second SNP tagged the PARK11 late-onset PD susceptibility locus (P=1.70 x 10(-5)). In tier 2b, we also selected for genotyping additional SNPs that were borderline significant (P<.05) in tier 1 but that tested a priori biological and genetic hypotheses regarding susceptibility to PD (n=941 SNPs). In analysis of the combined tier 1 and tier 2b data, the two SNPs with the lowest P values (P=9.07 x 10(-6); P=2.96 x 10(-5)) tagged the PARK10 late-onset PD susceptibility locus. Independent replication across populations will clarify the role of the genomic loci tagged by these SNPs in conferring PD susceptibility.
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Osborne NJ, Begbie J, Chilton JK, Schmidt H, Eickholt BJ. Semaphorin/neuropilin signaling influences the positioning of migratory neural crest cells within the hindbrain region of the chick. Dev Dyn 2005; 232:939-49. [PMID: 15729704 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the hindbrain region, neural crest cell migration is organized into three streams that follow the segmentation of the neuroepithelium into distinct rhombomeric compartments. Although the streaming of neural crest cells is known to involve signals derived from the neuroepithelium, the molecular properties underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, we have mapped the expression of the signaling component of two secreted class III Semaphorins, Semaphorin (Sema) 3A and Sema 3F, at time points that correspond to neural crest cell migration within the hindbrain region of the chick. Both Semaphorins are expressed within rhombomeres at levels adjacent to crest-free mesenchyme and expression of the receptor components essential for Semaphorin activity by neural crest cells suggests a function in restricting neural crest cell migration. By using bead implantation and electroporation in ovo, we define a role for both Semaphorins in the maintenance of neural crest cell streams in proximity to the neural tube. Attenuation of Semaphorin signaling by expression of soluble Neuropilin-Fc resulted in neural crest cells invading adjacent mesenchymal territories that are normally crest-free. The loss or misguidance of specific neural crest cell populations after changes in Semaphorin signaling also affects the integration of the cranial sensory ganglia. Thus, Sema 3A and 3F, expressed and secreted by the hindbrain neuroepithelium contributes to the appropriate positioning of neural crest cells in proximity to the neural tube, a process crucial for the subsequent establishment of neuronal connectivity within the hindbrain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Osborne
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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22
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Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Agari T, Wenji Y, Hishikawa T, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Kimura T, Borlongan CV, Date I. Toxicity of semaphorin3A for dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005; 382:61-5. [PMID: 15911122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) is known to cause neuronal apoptosis and serves as a chemorepellent factor for axonal growth. In our previous report, we found that Sema3A was up-regulated in the 6-OHDA-injected striatum of rats, suggesting that Sema3A was likely involved in dopaminergic (DA) depletion. In this study, we investigated whether Sema3A directly worked as a neurotoxin to DA neurons both in vitro and in vivo. First, effects of various dosages of Sema3A administration on the DA neurons of the E14 murine ventral mesencephalon were examined in vitro. Sema3A at a dose over 500 ng/ml induced apoptosis to DA neurons. Next, we examined whether the continuous infusion of Sema3A exerted degeneration of DA neurons in rats. We established a Sema3A-secreting cell line (BHK-Sema3A), confirming the secreting functions by immunocytochemical and Western blot assays. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally implanted into the striatum with BHK-Sema3A or BHK non-Sema3A control cells, and subsequently underwent behavioral and immunohistochemical evaluations. Rats that received BHK-Sema3A did not show significant differences in the number of amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotations and TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta compared to the control group. Our results revealed that Sema3A was toxic to cultured DA neurons at very high dosages, but the continuous secretion of Sema3A at modest dosage in vivo did not produce Parkinsonian pathophysiologic symptoms. Optimizing the dosage and infusion location (i.e., nigra) and timing (more than 1 week post-transplantation) might further reveal the contribution of Sema3A to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Castro-Rivera E, Ran S, Thorpe P, Minna JD. Semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) induces apoptosis in lung and breast cancer, whereas VEGF165 antagonizes this effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11432-7. [PMID: 15273288 PMCID: PMC509218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403969101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) is a secreted member of the semaphorin family, important in axonal guidance. We and others have shown that SEMA3B can act as a tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis either by reexpression in tumor cells or applied as a soluble ligand. The common method of inactivation of SEMA3B is by allele loss and tumor-acquired promoter methylation. We studied the mechanism of SEMA3B-induced tumor cell apoptosis and found that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 significantly decreased the proapoptotic and antimitotic effect of transfected or secreted SEMA3B on lung and breast cancer cells. VEGF165 binds to neuropilin, receptors for SEMA3B, and we found that SEMA3B competed for binding of 125I-VEGF165 to lung and breast cancer cells. We also found that small interfering RNA knockdown of tumor-produced VEGF-A or the use of an anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (Ab) significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro. By contrast, VEGF121, a VEGF variant that lacks binding to neuropilin (NP)-1 or NP-2 receptors, was not expressed in tumor cells and had no effect on SEMA3B growth-suppressing activities. In conclusion, we hypothesize that VEGF165, produced by tumor cells, acts as an autocrine survival factor and that SEMA3B mediates its tumor-suppressing effects, at least in part, by blocking this VEGF autocrine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Castro-Rivera
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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24
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Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi A, Yano A, Muraoka K, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I. Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1494-504. [PMID: 15066146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has previously been shown to display neuroprotective effects following ischemia, suggesting that VEGF may potentially be applied as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of other neurological diseases. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective capacity of VEGF in a model of Parkinson's disease. VEGF was found to be neuroprotective against cell death of primary E14 murine ventral mesencephalic neurons induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment in vitro. Further, rats receiving a continuous infusion of VEGF into the striatum via encapsulated hVEGF-secreting cells (baby hamster kidney-VEGF) displayed a significant decrease in amphetamine-induced rotational behavior and a significant preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and fibers compared with control animals. VEGF likely functions via direct mechanisms by signaling through the neuropilin receptor expressed upon dopaminergic neurons in response to 6-OHDA treatment. Further, VEGF is likely to promote neuroprotection indirectly by activating the proliferation of glia and by promoting angiogenesis. Our results support a potential neuroprotective role for VEGF in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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25
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Moreno-Flores MT, Martín-Aparicio E, Martín-Bermejo MJ, Agudo M, McMahon S, Avila J, Díaz-Nido J, Wandosell F. Semaphorin 3C preserves survival and induces neuritogenesis of cerebellar granule neurons in culture. J Neurochem 2004; 87:879-90. [PMID: 14622119 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins (sema) constitute a family of molecules sharing a common extracellular domain (semaphorin domain). This family includes several types of secreted and membrane-associated molecules that are grouped into eight subclasses (subclasses 1-7 and viral semaphorins). Subclass 3 semaphorins are secreted molecules involved in axonal guidance, mainly through repulsive gradients and induction of growth cone collapse. More recently sema 3 molecules have been identified as positive factors in dependence of the type of neurons. Besides their axonal guidance function, some semaphorins have been implicated in apoptosis and survival. We investigated the effect of sema3C on survival and neurite outgrowth of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in culture. 3T3 cells were stably transfected with sema3C. Several clonal lines were established and tested for their neuritogenic activity and one, S3C-8, was selected for the bulk of experiments. S3C-8 was co-cultured with CGNs. Sema3C enhanced CGN viability as assessed in co-cultures of CGNs with monolayers of S3C-8 in comparison with co-cultures of CGNs with control mock-transfected 3T3 cells. Moreover sema3C induced neuritogenesis of cultured CGNs, which express neuropilin-1 and -2. S3C-8 cells, overexpressing sema3C, were significantly more neuritogenic for CGN than poly l-lysine (PLL), a positive substrate for CGNs, as assessed by the measurement of the length of neurites and confirmed by Tau expression along the time of culture. CGNs co-cultured with S3C-8, showed up-regulation of the expression of axonal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as Tau, phosphorylated MAP2C and mode I-phosphorylated MAP1B compared with neurons cultured on control 3T3 cells. We also found increased expression of a specific marker of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, high molecular weight MAP2 (HMW-MAP2). Interestingly, there was no accompanying up-regulation of a marker enriched within the neuronal somatodendritic domain, mode II-phosphorylated MAP1B. These data support the idea that secreted sema3C favors survival and neuritogenesis of cultured CGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Moreno-Flores
- Centro de Biología 'Severo Ochoa', Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Giraudon P, Vincent P, Vuaillat C, Verlaeten O, Cartier L, Marie-Cardine A, Mutin M, Bensussan A, Belin MF, Boumsell L. Semaphorin CD100 from Activated T Lymphocytes Induces Process Extension Collapse in Oligodendrocytes and Death of Immature Neural Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1246-55. [PMID: 14707103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An inappropriate cross talk between activated T lymphocytes infiltrating the CNS and neural cells can sustain the onset and progression of demyelination and axonal degeneration in neuroinflammatory diseases. To mimic this deleterious cross talk, we designed an experimental paradigm consisting of transient cocultures of T lymphocytes chronically activated by retrovirus infection (not virus productive) with human multipotent neural precursors or primary oligodendrocytes from rat brain. We showed that activated T lymphocytes induced apoptotic death of multipotent neural progenitors and immature oligodendrocytes after a progressive collapse of their process extensions. These effects were reminiscent of those induced by brain semaphorin on neural cells. Blockade by specific Abs of soluble CD100 (sCD100)/semaphorin 4D released by activated T cells, or treatment with rsCD100, demonstrated that this immune semaphorin has the ability to collapse oligodendrocyte process extensions and to trigger neural cell apoptosis, most likely through receptors of the plexin family. The specific presence of sCD100 in the cerebrospinal fluid and of CD100-expressing T lymphocytes in the spinal cord of patients suffering with neuroinflammatory demyelination pointed to the potential pathological effect of sCD100 in the CNS. Thus, our results show that CD100 is a new important element in the deleterious T cell-neural cell cross talk during neuroinflammation and suggest its role in demyelination or absence of remyelination in neuroinflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis and human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM Unit 433, Experimental Neurobiology and Physiopathology, Federative Institut of Neuroscience 19, Faculty of Medicine R Laennec, rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
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27
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Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Date I. The Potential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Central Nervous System. Rev Neurosci 2004; 15:293-307. [PMID: 15526553 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2004.15.4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been widely investigated, and reported to have pleiotropic functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and its supporting physiological environment. VEGF is involved in not only such well-known functions as angiogenesis, accentuation of vessel permeability, and glial proliferation, but also more recently acknowledged functions such as neuroprotection and even neurogenesis itself. Most recently, the neurogenesis function has attracted much attention, and a number of research groups have taken up the challenge of elucidating this activity. In keeping with this trend, our knowledge of VEGF receptors has increased, and certain suggestions concerning the mechanisms of neuroprotection have come to light in the course of the ongoing work, though at times what the researchers had to work with was only a tiny percent of the signal transduction of VEGF. Together with flt-1 (VEGF receptor 1) and flk-1 (VEGF receptor 2), neuropilin (NP) is frequently described as being involved in the neuroprotective effects of VEGF. In this review, both the direct and indirect neuroprotective effects of VEGF, including various signaling pathways as well as the neurogenesis induced by this factor, are discussed in the context of the newly emerging insights into the biological mechanisms of VEGF and closely related, interacting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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28
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Klagsbrun M, Takashima S, Mamluk R. The role of neuropilin in vascular and tumor biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 515:33-48. [PMID: 12613541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0119-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and NRP2 are related transmembrane receptors that function as mediators of neuronal guidance and angiogenesis. NRPs bind members of the class 3 semaphorin family, regulators of neuronal guidance, and of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of angiogenesis factors. There is substantial evidence that NRPs serve as mediators of developmental and tumor angiogenesis. NRPs are expressed in endothelial cells (EC) and bind VEGF165. NRP1 is a co-receptor for VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) that enhances the binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR2 and VEGF165-mediated chemotaxis. NRP1 expression is regulated in EC by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the transcription factors dHAND and Ets-1, and vascular injury. During avian blood vessel development NRP1 is expressed only in arteries whereas NRP2 is expressed in veins. Transgenic mouse models demonstrate that NRP1 plays a critical role in embryonic vascular development. Overexpression of NRP1 results in the formation of excess capillaries and hemorrhaging. NRP1 knockouts have defects in yolk sac, embryo and neuronal vascularization, and in development of large vessels in the heart. Tumor cells express NRPs and bind VEGF165. NRP1 upregulation is positively correlated with the progression of various tumors. Overexpression of NRPI in rat tumor cells results in enlarged tumors and substantially enhanced tumor angiogenesis. On the other hand, soluble NRP1 (sNRP1) is an antagonist of tumor angiogenesis. Semaphorin 3A binds to EC and tumor cells. It also inhibits EC motility and capillary sprouting in vitro. VEGF165 and Sema3A are competitive inhibitors for NRP1 mediated functions in EC and neurons. These results suggest that NRP1 is a novel regulator of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klagsbrun
- Department of Surgical Research, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Shirvan A, Kimron M, Holdengreber V, Ziv I, Ben-Shaul Y, Melamed S, Melamed E, Barzilai A, Solomon AS. Anti-semaphorin 3A antibodies rescue retinal ganglion cells from cell death following optic nerve axotomy. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49799-807. [PMID: 12376549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204793200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the optic nerve in mammals induces retrograde degeneration and apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) bodies. The mechanisms that mediate the response of the neuronal cells to the axonal injury are still unknown. We have previously shown that semaphorins, axon guidance molecules with repulsive cues, are capable of mediating apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells (Shirvan, A., Ziv, I., Fleminger, G., Shina, R., He, Z., Brudo, I., Melamed, E., and Brazilai, A. (1999) J. Neurochem. 73, 961-971). In this study, we examined the involvement of semaphorins in an in vivo experimental animal model of complete axotomy of the rat optic nerve. We demonstrate that a marked induction of type III semaphorin proteins takes place in ipsilateral retinas at early stages following axotomy, well before any morphological signs of RGC apoptosis can be detected. Time course analysis revealed that a peak of expression occurred after 2-3 days and then declined. A small conserved peptide derived from semaphorin 3A that was previously shown to induce neuronal death in culture was capable of inducing RGC loss upon its intravitreous injection into the rat eye. Moreover, we demonstrate a marked inhibition of RGC loss when axotomized eyes were co-treated by intravitreous injection of function-blocking antibodies against the semaphorin 3A-derived peptide. Marked neuronal protection from degeneration was also observed when the antibodies were applied 24 h post-injury. We therefore suggest that semaphorins are key proteins that modulate the cell fate of axotomized RGC. Neutralization of the semaphorin repulsive function may serve as a promising new approach for treatment of traumatic injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system or of ophthalmologic diseases such as glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy that induce apoptotic RGC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shirvan
- Department of Neurology and the Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Petach Tiqva 49100, Israel.
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30
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Skaper SD, Moore SE, Walsh FS. Cell signalling cascades regulating neuronal growth-promoting and inhibitory cues. Prog Neurobiol 2001; 65:593-608. [PMID: 11728645 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During development of the nervous system, neurons extend axons over considerable distances in a highly stereospecific fashion in order to innervate their targets in an appropriate manner. This involves the recognition, by the axonal growth cone, of guidance cues that determine the pathway taken by the axons. These guidance cues can act to promote and/or repel growth cone advance, and they can act either locally or at a distance from their place of synthesis. The directed growth of axons is partly governed by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on the neuronal growth cone that bind to CAMs on the surface of other axons or non-neuronal cells. In vitro assays have established the importance of the CAMs (N-CAM, N-cadherin and the L1 glycoprotein) in promoting axonal growth over cells, such as Schwann cells, astrocytes and muscle cells. Strong evidence now exists implicating the fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase as the primary signal transduction molecule in the CAM pathway. Cell adhesion molecules are important constituents of synapses, and CAMs appear to play important and diverse roles in regulating synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. Negative extracellular signals which physically direct neurite growth have also been described. The latter include the neuronal growth inhibitory proteins Nogo and myelin-associated glycoprotein, as well as the growth cone collapsing Semaphorins/neuropilins. Although less well characterised, evidence is now beginning to emerge describing a role for Rho kinase-mediated signalling in inhibition of neurite outgrowth. This review focuses on some of the major themes and ideas associated with this fast-moving field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Skaper
- Neurology Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Essex CM19 5AW, Harlow, UK
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31
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Wong CC, Leung MS. Effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on the expressions of growth cone proteins and axon guidance molecules related genes in the hippocampus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 184:143-50. [PMID: 11694350 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During critical periods of development, hypothyroidism causes abnormalities of the central nervous system such as incomplete maturation of neuronal and glial cells, reduction in synaptic densities and myelin deficits. In this study expression of development regulated genes, ie transcription of beta-actin, sema 3F, CRMP 1 to 4, GAP-43, G alpha o1, G alpha o2 and translation of beta-actin, G alpha o, G alpha o1, CRMP-2, CRMP-4 genes were examined in the hippocampus of neonatal methimazole induced hypothyroid rats at the age of day 16. All CRMPs mRNA levels were significantly higher in the hypothyroid rats. Significant higher CRMP-2 protein but not CRMP-4 protein was found in the hypothyroid rats. The neonatal experimental hypothyroid states did not affect the protein levels of beta-actin but up-regulate its mRNA. Transcription of CRMP 1 to 4, GAP-43, G alpha o1 but not G alpha o2 and sema 3F was altered by the neonatal treatment. The only sex difference in gene expression was found in the transcription of CRMP-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wong
- Department of Physiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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